Commit | Line | Data |
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d396a558 JH |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | ||
3 | perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms | |
4 | ||
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
6 | ||
7 | An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers | |
8 | on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization, | |
395f5a0c PK |
9 | internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other |
10 | than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC. | |
d396a558 JH |
11 | |
12 | Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX. | |
13 | ||
14 | =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS | |
15 | ||
16 | =head2 ASCII | |
17 | ||
18 | The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of | |
19 | integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character | |
20 | interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers. | |
51b5cecb | 21 | The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary |
d396a558 | 22 | digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". |
51b5cecb | 23 | ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute |
d396a558 JH |
24 | document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 |
25 | (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is | |
26 | given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that | |
27 | can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include | |
28 | English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American | |
29 | languages. | |
30 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
31 | There are many character sets that extend the range of integers |
32 | from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). | |
33 | One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set. | |
34 | ||
d396a558 JH |
35 | =head2 ISO 8859 |
36 | ||
37 | The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the | |
38 | International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which | |
39 | adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European | |
40 | languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. | |
41 | ||
42 | =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) | |
43 | ||
44 | A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute | |
45 | accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 | |
46 | include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, | |
47 | Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, | |
3958b146 | 48 | Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without |
d396a558 JH |
49 | the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. |
50 | German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style | |
51 | quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions | |
52 | to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. | |
53 | In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is | |
51b5cecb | 54 | also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819). |
d396a558 JH |
55 | |
56 | =head2 EBCDIC | |
57 | ||
395f5a0c | 58 | The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a |
51b5cecb PP |
59 | large collection of slightly different single and multi byte |
60 | coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 | |
61 | and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive | |
62 | from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. | |
d396a558 JH |
63 | The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the |
64 | upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there | |
65 | were gaps within each latin alphabet range. | |
66 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
67 | Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set |
68 | identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading | |
69 | zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant. | |
70 | E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places. | |
71 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
72 | =head2 13 variant characters |
73 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
74 | Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that |
75 | are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters | |
76 | are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are: | |
d396a558 | 77 | |
51b5cecb | 78 | \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ ` |
d396a558 JH |
79 | |
80 | =head2 0037 | |
81 | ||
82 | Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 | |
83 | characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used | |
51b5cecb PP |
84 | in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system |
85 | that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 | |
86 | in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values. | |
d396a558 JH |
87 | |
88 | =head2 1047 | |
89 | ||
90 | Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus | |
91 | Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is | |
395f5a0c PK |
92 | used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition |
93 | for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places. | |
d396a558 JH |
94 | |
95 | =head2 POSIX-BC | |
96 | ||
97 | The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from | |
98 | 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set. | |
99 | ||
64c66fb6 JH |
100 | =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points |
101 | ||
102 | In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a | |
103 | character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned | |
104 | the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65. | |
105 | This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which | |
106 | are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers. | |
107 | The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256? | |
108 | (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used) | |
109 | In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This | |
110 | means that the equivalences | |
111 | ||
112 | pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character | |
113 | unpack("U", $character) == ord $character | |
114 | ||
115 | will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over | |
116 | all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC | |
117 | equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal | |
118 | 65, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".) | |
119 | ||
dc4af4bb JH |
120 | =head2 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC |
121 | ||
122 | =over 4 | |
123 | ||
124 | =item * | |
125 | ||
126 | Many of the remaining seem to be related to case-insensitive matching: | |
127 | for example, C<< /[\x{131}]/ >> (LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I) does | |
128 | not match "I" case-insensitively, as it should under Unicode. | |
129 | (The match succeeds in ASCII-derived platforms.) | |
130 | ||
131 | =item * | |
132 | ||
133 | The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not | |
134 | supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma. | |
135 | ||
136 | =back | |
137 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
138 | =head2 Unicode and UTF |
139 | ||
140 | UTF is a Unicode Transformation Format. UTF-8 is a Unicode conforming | |
141 | representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like ASCII. | |
142 | UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an EBCDIC | |
143 | transparent manner. | |
144 | ||
8704cfd1 | 145 | =head2 Using Encode |
8f94de01 JH |
146 | |
147 | Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode | |
148 | to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points | |
149 | ||
150 | use Encode 'from_to'; | |
151 | ||
152 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); | |
153 | ||
154 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points | |
155 | from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1'); | |
156 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points | |
157 | ||
158 | and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points | |
159 | ||
160 | use Encode 'from_to'; | |
161 | ||
162 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); | |
163 | ||
164 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points | |
165 | from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'}); | |
166 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points | |
167 | ||
168 | For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features | |
169 | of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>. | |
170 | ||
aa2b82fc JH |
171 | Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables |
172 | you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use | |
173 | ||
174 | use Encode; | |
175 | open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii"); | |
176 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
177 | open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic"); | |
178 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
179 | open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1"); | |
180 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
181 | open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8"); | |
182 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; | |
183 | ||
184 | to get two files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 37 EBCDIC, | |
185 | ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII) respective | |
186 | UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC). See the | |
187 | documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details. | |
188 | ||
189 | As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally | |
190 | ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC). | |
191 | ||
d396a558 JH |
192 | =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES |
193 | ||
194 | The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including | |
195 | the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), | |
196 | C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the | |
197 | table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1 | |
198 | extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly | |
395f5a0c | 199 | corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with |
d396a558 JH |
200 | substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, |
201 | s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ | |
1e054b24 PP |
202 | in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do |
203 | not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The | |
204 | "names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are | |
205 | somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are | |
206 | flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets | |
207 | are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you | |
208 | would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table | |
209 | (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not | |
210 | work with a pod2_other_format translation) through: | |
d396a558 JH |
211 | |
212 | =over 4 | |
213 | ||
214 | =item recipe 0 | |
215 | ||
216 | =back | |
217 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
218 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
219 | -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod | |
395f5a0c PK |
220 | |
221 | If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you | |
222 | might want to write: | |
223 | ||
224 | =over 4 | |
225 | ||
226 | =item recipe 1 | |
227 | ||
228 | =back | |
229 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
230 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
231 | while (<FH>) { | |
232 | if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { | |
233 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { | |
234 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); | |
235 | } | |
236 | elsif ($7 ne '') { | |
237 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); | |
238 | } | |
239 | else { | |
240 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); | |
395f5a0c PK |
241 | } |
242 | } | |
243 | } | |
d396a558 JH |
244 | |
245 | If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then | |
246 | run the table through: | |
247 | ||
248 | =over 4 | |
249 | ||
395f5a0c | 250 | =item recipe 2 |
d396a558 JH |
251 | |
252 | =back | |
253 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
254 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
255 | -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod | |
395f5a0c PK |
256 | |
257 | Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal: | |
258 | ||
259 | =over 4 | |
260 | ||
261 | =item recipe 3 | |
262 | ||
263 | =back | |
264 | ||
84f709e7 | 265 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
395f5a0c | 266 | while (<FH>) { |
84f709e7 JH |
267 | if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { |
268 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { | |
269 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); | |
395f5a0c | 270 | } |
84f709e7 JH |
271 | elsif ($7 ne '') { |
272 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); | |
395f5a0c PK |
273 | } |
274 | else { | |
84f709e7 | 275 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
395f5a0c PK |
276 | } |
277 | } | |
278 | } | |
279 | ||
280 | ||
281 | incomp- incomp- | |
282 | 8859-1 lete lete | |
283 | chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC | |
284 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
285 | <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 | |
286 | <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1 | |
287 | <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2 | |
288 | <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3 | |
289 | <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55 | |
290 | <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45 | |
291 | <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46 | |
292 | <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 | |
293 | <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22 | |
294 | <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5 | |
295 | <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 *** | |
296 | <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11 | |
297 | <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12 | |
298 | <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13 | |
299 | <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14 | |
300 | <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15 | |
301 | <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 | |
302 | <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17 | |
303 | <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18 | |
304 | <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19 | |
305 | <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60 | |
306 | <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61 | |
307 | <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50 | |
308 | <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38 | |
309 | <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24 | |
310 | <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 | |
311 | <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63 | |
312 | <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39 | |
313 | <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28 | |
314 | <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29 | |
315 | <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30 | |
316 | <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31 | |
317 | <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 | |
318 | ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 | |
319 | " 34 127 127 127 34 127 | |
320 | # 35 123 123 123 35 123 | |
321 | $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 | |
322 | % 37 108 108 108 37 108 | |
323 | & 38 80 80 80 38 80 | |
324 | ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 | |
325 | ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 | |
326 | ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 | |
327 | * 42 92 92 92 42 92 | |
328 | + 43 78 78 78 43 78 | |
329 | , 44 107 107 107 44 107 | |
330 | - 45 96 96 96 45 96 | |
331 | . 46 75 75 75 46 75 | |
332 | / 47 97 97 97 47 97 | |
333 | 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 | |
334 | 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 | |
335 | 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 | |
336 | 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 | |
337 | 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 | |
338 | 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 | |
339 | 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 | |
340 | 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 | |
341 | 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 | |
342 | 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 | |
343 | : 58 122 122 122 58 122 | |
344 | ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 | |
345 | < 60 76 76 76 60 76 | |
346 | = 61 126 126 126 61 126 | |
347 | > 62 110 110 110 62 110 | |
348 | ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 | |
349 | @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 | |
350 | A 65 193 193 193 65 193 | |
351 | B 66 194 194 194 66 194 | |
352 | C 67 195 195 195 67 195 | |
353 | D 68 196 196 196 68 196 | |
354 | E 69 197 197 197 69 197 | |
355 | F 70 198 198 198 70 198 | |
356 | G 71 199 199 199 71 199 | |
357 | H 72 200 200 200 72 200 | |
358 | I 73 201 201 201 73 201 | |
359 | J 74 209 209 209 74 209 | |
360 | K 75 210 210 210 75 210 | |
361 | L 76 211 211 211 76 211 | |
362 | M 77 212 212 212 77 212 | |
363 | N 78 213 213 213 78 213 | |
364 | O 79 214 214 214 79 214 | |
365 | P 80 215 215 215 80 215 | |
366 | Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 | |
367 | R 82 217 217 217 82 217 | |
368 | S 83 226 226 226 83 226 | |
369 | T 84 227 227 227 84 227 | |
370 | U 85 228 228 228 85 228 | |
371 | V 86 229 229 229 86 229 | |
372 | W 87 230 230 230 87 230 | |
373 | X 88 231 231 231 88 231 | |
374 | Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 | |
375 | Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 | |
376 | [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ### | |
377 | \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ### | |
378 | ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 *** | |
379 | ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ### | |
380 | _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 | |
381 | ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ### | |
382 | a 97 129 129 129 97 129 | |
383 | b 98 130 130 130 98 130 | |
384 | c 99 131 131 131 99 131 | |
385 | d 100 132 132 132 100 132 | |
386 | e 101 133 133 133 101 133 | |
387 | f 102 134 134 134 102 134 | |
388 | g 103 135 135 135 103 135 | |
389 | h 104 136 136 136 104 136 | |
390 | i 105 137 137 137 105 137 | |
391 | j 106 145 145 145 106 145 | |
392 | k 107 146 146 146 107 146 | |
393 | l 108 147 147 147 108 147 | |
394 | m 109 148 148 148 109 148 | |
395 | n 110 149 149 149 110 149 | |
396 | o 111 150 150 150 111 150 | |
397 | p 112 151 151 151 112 151 | |
398 | q 113 152 152 152 113 152 | |
399 | r 114 153 153 153 114 153 | |
400 | s 115 162 162 162 115 162 | |
401 | t 116 163 163 163 116 163 | |
402 | u 117 164 164 164 117 164 | |
403 | v 118 165 165 165 118 165 | |
404 | w 119 166 166 166 119 166 | |
405 | x 120 167 167 167 120 167 | |
406 | y 121 168 168 168 121 168 | |
407 | z 122 169 169 169 122 169 | |
408 | { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ### | |
409 | | 124 79 79 79 124 79 | |
410 | } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ### | |
411 | ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ### | |
412 | <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7 | |
413 | <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 | |
414 | <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 | |
415 | <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 | |
416 | <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 | |
417 | <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 | |
418 | <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 *** | |
419 | <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 | |
420 | <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 | |
421 | <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 | |
422 | <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 | |
423 | <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 | |
424 | <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 | |
425 | <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 | |
426 | <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 | |
427 | <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 | |
428 | <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 | |
429 | <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 | |
430 | <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 | |
431 | <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 | |
432 | <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 | |
433 | <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 | |
434 | <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 | |
435 | <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 | |
436 | <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 | |
437 | <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 | |
438 | <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 | |
439 | <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 | |
440 | <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 | |
441 | <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 | |
442 | <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 | |
443 | <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 | |
444 | <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ### | |
445 | <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 | |
446 | <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 | |
447 | <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ### | |
448 | <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 | |
449 | <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 | |
450 | <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 | |
451 | <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ### | |
452 | <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 | |
453 | <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ### | |
454 | <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 | |
455 | <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 | |
456 | <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 | |
457 | <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ### | |
458 | <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 | |
459 | <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 | |
460 | <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ### | |
461 | <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 | |
462 | <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 | |
463 | <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 | |
464 | <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 | |
465 | <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 | |
466 | <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 | |
467 | <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 | |
468 | <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 | |
469 | <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 | |
470 | <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 | |
471 | <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 | |
472 | <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 | |
473 | <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 | |
474 | <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 | |
475 | <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 | |
476 | <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 | |
477 | <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 | |
478 | <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 | |
479 | <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 | |
480 | <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 | |
481 | <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 | |
482 | <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 | |
483 | <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 | |
484 | <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 | |
485 | <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 | |
486 | <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 | |
487 | <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 | |
488 | <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 | |
489 | <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 | |
490 | <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 | |
491 | <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 | |
492 | <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 | |
493 | <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 | |
494 | <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 | |
495 | <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 | |
496 | <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 | |
497 | <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 | |
498 | <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 | |
499 | <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 | |
500 | <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 | |
501 | <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 | |
502 | <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ### | |
503 | <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 | |
504 | <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ### | |
505 | <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 | |
506 | <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ### | |
507 | <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 | |
508 | <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 | |
509 | <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 | |
510 | <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 | |
511 | <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 | |
512 | <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 | |
513 | <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 | |
514 | <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 | |
515 | <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 | |
516 | <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 | |
517 | <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 | |
518 | <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 | |
519 | <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 | |
520 | <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 | |
521 | <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 | |
522 | <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 | |
523 | <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 | |
524 | <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 | |
525 | <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 | |
526 | <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 | |
527 | <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 | |
528 | <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 | |
529 | <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 | |
530 | <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 | |
531 | <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 | |
532 | <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 | |
533 | <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 | |
534 | <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ### | |
535 | <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 | |
536 | <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 | |
537 | <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 | |
538 | <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 | |
539 | <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 | |
540 | <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115 | |
d396a558 JH |
541 | |
542 | If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than | |
543 | ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through: | |
544 | ||
545 | =over 4 | |
546 | ||
395f5a0c | 547 | =item recipe 4 |
d396a558 JH |
548 | |
549 | =back | |
550 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
551 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
552 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ | |
553 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
554 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
555 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod | |
d396a558 JH |
556 | |
557 | If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit | |
558 | 42 in the last line to 51, like this: | |
559 | ||
560 | =over 4 | |
561 | ||
395f5a0c | 562 | =item recipe 5 |
d396a558 JH |
563 | |
564 | =back | |
565 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
566 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
567 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ | |
568 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
569 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
570 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod | |
d396a558 JH |
571 | |
572 | If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit | |
573 | 51 in the last line to 60, like this: | |
574 | ||
575 | =over 4 | |
576 | ||
395f5a0c | 577 | =item recipe 6 |
d396a558 JH |
578 | |
579 | =back | |
580 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
581 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
582 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ | |
583 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
584 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
585 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod | |
d396a558 JH |
586 | |
587 | ||
588 | =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS | |
589 | ||
590 | To determine the character set you are running under from perl one | |
591 | could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more | |
592 | character values. For example: | |
593 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
594 | $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); |
595 | $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193); | |
d396a558 | 596 | |
51b5cecb | 597 | Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that: |
d396a558 | 598 | |
84f709e7 JH |
599 | $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9; |
600 | $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5; | |
d396a558 JH |
601 | |
602 | To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of | |
603 | the characters that differ between them. For example: | |
604 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
605 | $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37); |
606 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21); | |
d396a558 JH |
607 | |
608 | Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any | |
609 | of the code sets, e.g.: | |
610 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
611 | $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; |
612 | $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; | |
613 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; | |
614 | $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187; | |
d396a558 JH |
615 | |
616 | However, it would be unwise to write tests such as: | |
617 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
618 | $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG |
619 | $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED | |
d396a558 JH |
620 | |
621 | Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII machines | |
84f709e7 JH |
622 | from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq |
623 | chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that | |
624 | because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an | |
d396a558 JH |
625 | ASCII machine) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there. |
626 | ||
84f709e7 | 627 | To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC |
d396a558 JH |
628 | code page you can use the Config module like so: |
629 | ||
630 | use Config; | |
84f709e7 | 631 | $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define'; |
d396a558 JH |
632 | |
633 | =head1 CONVERSIONS | |
634 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
635 | =head2 tr/// |
636 | ||
d396a558 JH |
637 | In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to |
638 | another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the | |
639 | above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. | |
640 | The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns | |
641 | provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily | |
642 | reversed. | |
643 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
644 | For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second |
645 | column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use | |
d5d9880c | 646 | it in tr/// like so: |
d396a558 | 647 | |
84f709e7 JH |
648 | $cp_037 = |
649 | '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' . | |
650 | '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' . | |
651 | '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' . | |
652 | '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' . | |
653 | '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' . | |
654 | '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' . | |
655 | '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' . | |
656 | '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' . | |
657 | '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' . | |
658 | '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' . | |
659 | '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' . | |
660 | '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' . | |
661 | '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' . | |
662 | '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' . | |
663 | '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' . | |
664 | '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ; | |
d396a558 JH |
665 | |
666 | my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; | |
d7449b02 | 667 | eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/'; |
d396a558 | 668 | |
d5d9880c | 669 | To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// |
d396a558 JH |
670 | arguments like so: |
671 | ||
672 | my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; | |
d7449b02 | 673 | eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/'; |
d5d9880c PK |
674 | |
675 | Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to | |
676 | obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe | |
677 | 0 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well. | |
1e054b24 PP |
678 | |
679 | =head2 iconv | |
d396a558 | 680 | |
d5d9880c | 681 | XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility |
d396a558 JH |
682 | available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's |
683 | documentation for information on iconv. | |
684 | ||
3958b146 | 685 | On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv |
d396a558 JH |
686 | shell utility from within perl would be to: |
687 | ||
395f5a0c | 688 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
84f709e7 | 689 | $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1` |
d396a558 JH |
690 | |
691 | or the inverse map: | |
692 | ||
395f5a0c | 693 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
84f709e7 | 694 | $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047` |
d396a558 | 695 | |
d396a558 JH |
696 | For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN. |
697 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
698 | =head2 C RTL |
699 | ||
395f5a0c | 700 | The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions. |
1e054b24 | 701 | |
d396a558 JH |
702 | =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES |
703 | ||
704 | The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with | |
705 | care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following array | |
706 | will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC machine | |
707 | or an ASCII machine: | |
708 | ||
84f709e7 | 709 | @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25 |
d396a558 JH |
710 | |
711 | The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results | |
712 | when operating on string or character data in a perl program running | |
713 | on an EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is | |
714 | an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>: | |
715 | ||
716 | # EBCDIC-based examples | |
84f709e7 JH |
717 | print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" |
718 | print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" | |
719 | print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; | |
720 | print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n"; | |
d396a558 JH |
721 | |
722 | An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters | |
723 | in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed | |
51b5cecb PP |
724 | as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")> |
725 | C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC machines has been | |
726 | ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the | |
d396a558 JH |
727 | thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are |
728 | using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table | |
51b5cecb | 729 | but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; |
d396a558 JH |
730 | s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./; |
731 | s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; | |
732 | s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are | |
733 | identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only | |
51b5cecb PP |
734 | one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character |
735 | may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC | |
736 | machines and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on | |
737 | 0037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters | |
d396a558 JH |
738 | not one. |
739 | ||
740 | chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC | |
741 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
742 | "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***>< | |
743 | "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***>< | |
744 | "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> | |
745 | "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> | |
746 | "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> | |
747 | "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28> | |
748 | "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.> | |
749 | "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6> | |
750 | "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE> | |
751 | "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23> | |
752 | "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13> | |
753 | "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14> | |
754 | "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> | |
755 | "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> | |
756 | "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> | |
757 | "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> | |
758 | "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> | |
759 | "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> | |
760 | "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> | |
761 | "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> | |
762 | "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> | |
763 | "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29> | |
764 | "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> *** | |
765 | "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE> | |
766 | "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7> | |
767 | "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL> | |
768 | "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> | |
769 | "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18> | |
770 | "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15> | |
771 | "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ | |
772 | "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> | |
773 | "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***>< | |
774 | "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***>< | |
775 | ||
776 | ||
777 | =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES | |
778 | ||
779 | =over 8 | |
780 | ||
781 | =item chr() | |
782 | ||
783 | chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired | |
784 | character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For example: | |
785 | ||
84f709e7 | 786 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193); |
d396a558 JH |
787 | |
788 | =item ord() | |
789 | ||
790 | ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC machine. | |
791 | For example: | |
792 | ||
84f709e7 | 793 | $the_number_193 = ord("A"); |
d396a558 JH |
794 | |
795 | =item pack() | |
796 | ||
797 | The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set | |
798 | encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include: | |
799 | ||
800 | $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); | |
801 | # $foo eq "ABCD" | |
84f709e7 | 802 | $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); |
d396a558 JH |
803 | # same thing |
804 | ||
805 | $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); | |
806 | # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD" | |
807 | ||
808 | =item print() | |
809 | ||
810 | One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to | |
811 | print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place | |
812 | for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for | |
813 | CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides | |
814 | recommend something similar to: | |
815 | ||
816 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; | |
817 | # this may be wrong on EBCDIC | |
818 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
819 | Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example |
820 | you should instead write that as: | |
d396a558 JH |
821 | |
822 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia | |
823 | ||
824 | That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done | |
825 | by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for | |
826 | the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for | |
827 | further details. | |
828 | ||
829 | =item printf() | |
830 | ||
831 | The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa | |
832 | will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed | |
833 | on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include: | |
834 | ||
835 | printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC | |
836 | ||
837 | =item sort() | |
838 | ||
839 | EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for | |
840 | mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below. | |
841 | ||
842 | =item sprintf() | |
843 | ||
844 | See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use | |
845 | of sprintf would be: | |
846 | ||
84f709e7 | 847 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193); |
d396a558 JH |
848 | |
849 | =item unpack() | |
850 | ||
851 | See the discussion of pack() above. | |
852 | ||
853 | =back | |
854 | ||
855 | =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES | |
856 | ||
857 | As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as | |
858 | [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap | |
b3b6085d PP |
859 | characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> |
860 | that lie between I and J would not be matched by the | |
1b2d223b JH |
861 | regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. This works in |
862 | the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is | |
863 | explicitly numeric: C<[\x89-\x91]> will match C<\x8e>, even | |
864 | though C<\x89> is C<i> and C<\x91 > is C<j>, and C<\x8e> | |
865 | is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint. | |
51b5cecb PP |
866 | |
867 | If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet | |
d396a558 JH |
868 | regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such |
869 | as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII machines to | |
51b5cecb | 870 | have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>. |
d396a558 | 871 | |
51b5cecb | 872 | Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or |
d396a558 JH |
873 | octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following |
874 | set of subs: | |
875 | ||
876 | sub is_c0 { | |
877 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
878 | $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; | |
879 | } | |
880 | ||
881 | sub is_print_ascii { | |
882 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
883 | $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; | |
884 | } | |
885 | ||
886 | sub is_delete { | |
887 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
888 | $char eq "\177"; | |
889 | } | |
890 | ||
891 | sub is_c1 { | |
892 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
893 | $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; | |
894 | } | |
895 | ||
896 | sub is_latin_1 { | |
897 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
898 | $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; | |
899 | } | |
900 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
901 | The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. |
902 | However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points | |
903 | and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such as | |
d396a558 JH |
904 | C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print |
905 | out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection | |
906 | of character classification subs that is capable of working across the | |
907 | four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows: | |
908 | ||
909 | sub Is_c0 { | |
910 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 911 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 | 912 | return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
84f709e7 JH |
913 | } |
914 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 | |
d396a558 JH |
915 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
916 | } | |
84f709e7 | 917 | if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc |
d396a558 JH |
918 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
919 | } | |
920 | } | |
921 | ||
922 | sub Is_print_ascii { | |
923 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
924 | $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; | |
925 | } | |
926 | ||
927 | sub Is_delete { | |
928 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 929 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 | 930 | return $char eq "\177"; |
84f709e7 JH |
931 | } |
932 | else { # ebcdic | |
d396a558 JH |
933 | return $char eq "\007"; |
934 | } | |
935 | } | |
936 | ||
937 | sub Is_c1 { | |
938 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 939 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 JH |
940 | return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
941 | } | |
84f709e7 | 942 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
d396a558 JH |
943 | return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
944 | } | |
84f709e7 | 945 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
d396a558 JH |
946 | return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
947 | } | |
84f709e7 JH |
948 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
949 | return $char =~ | |
d396a558 JH |
950 | /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/; |
951 | } | |
952 | } | |
953 | ||
954 | sub Is_latin_1 { | |
955 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
84f709e7 | 956 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 JH |
957 | return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
958 | } | |
84f709e7 JH |
959 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
960 | return $char =~ | |
d396a558 JH |
961 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
962 | } | |
84f709e7 | 963 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
d396a558 JH |
964 | return $char =~ |
965 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; | |
966 | } | |
84f709e7 JH |
967 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
968 | return $char =~ | |
d396a558 JH |
969 | /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
970 | } | |
971 | } | |
972 | ||
973 | Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent | |
974 | of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be | |
975 | to use the characters in the range explicitly: | |
976 | ||
977 | sub Is_latin_1 { | |
978 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
979 | $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/; | |
980 | } | |
981 | ||
982 | Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the | |
983 | presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. | |
d396a558 JH |
984 | |
985 | =head1 SOCKETS | |
986 | ||
987 | Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network | |
988 | byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a | |
989 | host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. | |
990 | Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on | |
991 | output. | |
992 | ||
993 | =head1 SORTING | |
994 | ||
995 | One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones | |
996 | are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the | |
997 | letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the | |
998 | two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter | |
999 | for drive, that is: | |
1000 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
1001 | @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII, |
1002 | # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC | |
d396a558 JH |
1003 | |
1004 | The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is | |
1005 | even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. | |
b3b6085d PP |
1006 | An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes |
1007 | before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII machine, but | |
51b5cecb | 1008 | the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine. |
b3b6085d | 1009 | (Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig> |
51b5cecb | 1010 | C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of |
b3b6085d | 1011 | E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is |
51b5cecb | 1012 | at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl). |
d396a558 JH |
1013 | |
1014 | The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on | |
1015 | ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions | |
1016 | on how to deal with these differences. | |
1017 | ||
51b5cecb | 1018 | =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. |
d396a558 JH |
1019 | |
1020 | This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require | |
1021 | some user education. | |
1022 | ||
51b5cecb | 1023 | =head2 MONO CASE then sort data. |
d396a558 | 1024 | |
51b5cecb | 1025 | In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to |
d396a558 JH |
1026 | C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data. |
1027 | If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ | |
1028 | then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then | |
1029 | apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE | |
51b5cecb PP |
1030 | and include Latin-1 characters then apply: |
1031 | ||
84f709e7 | 1032 | tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/; |
51b5cecb | 1033 | tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/; |
84f709e7 | 1034 | s/ß/SS/g; |
d396a558 | 1035 | |
51b5cecb | 1036 | then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not |
b3b6085d PP |
1037 | address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at |
1038 | code point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines | |
51b5cecb PP |
1039 | where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a |
1040 | Unicode enabled Perl you might try: | |
d396a558 | 1041 | |
51b5cecb PP |
1042 | tr/^?/\x{178}/; |
1043 | ||
1044 | The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case | |
1045 | of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason. | |
1046 | ||
1047 | =head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert. | |
d396a558 JH |
1048 | |
1049 | This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network | |
1050 | connection. | |
1051 | ||
1052 | =head2 Perform sorting on one type of machine only. | |
1053 | ||
1054 | This strategy can employ a network connection. As such | |
1055 | it would be computationally expensive. | |
1056 | ||
395f5a0c | 1057 | =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS |
1e054b24 PP |
1058 | |
1059 | There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set | |
1060 | mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the | |
1061 | previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are | |
1062 | discussed next. | |
1063 | ||
1064 | =head2 URL decoding and encoding | |
d396a558 | 1065 | |
51b5cecb | 1066 | Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an |
1e054b24 PP |
1067 | attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example |
1068 | the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form: | |
d396a558 JH |
1069 | |
1070 | http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/ | |
1071 | ||
1072 | may also be expressed as either of: | |
1073 | ||
1074 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/ | |
1075 | ||
1076 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/ | |
1077 | ||
51b5cecb | 1078 | where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example |
d396a558 JH |
1079 | of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047: |
1080 | ||
84f709e7 | 1081 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/'; |
d396a558 JH |
1082 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
1083 | my @a2e_1047 = ( | |
1084 | 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, | |
1085 | 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31, | |
1086 | 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97, | |
1087 | 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111, | |
1088 | 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214, | |
1089 | 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109, | |
1090 | 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150, | |
1091 | 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7, | |
1092 | 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27, | |
1093 | 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255, | |
1094 | 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188, | |
1095 | 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171, | |
1096 | 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119, | |
1097 | 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89, | |
1098 | 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87, | |
1099 | 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223 | |
1100 | ); | |
1101 | $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge; | |
1102 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
1103 | Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such |
1104 | a URL under the 1047 code page: | |
1105 | ||
84f709e7 | 1106 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/'; |
1e054b24 PP |
1107 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
1108 | my @e2a_1047 = ( | |
1109 | 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, | |
1110 | 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31, | |
1111 | 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7, | |
1112 | 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26, | |
1113 | 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124, | |
1114 | 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94, | |
1115 | 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63, | |
1116 | 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34, | |
1117 | 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177, | |
1118 | 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164, | |
1119 | 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174, | |
1120 | 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215, | |
1121 | 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245, | |
1122 | 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255, | |
1123 | 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213, | |
1124 | 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159 | |
1125 | ); | |
84f709e7 | 1126 | # The following regular expression does not address the |
1e054b24 PP |
1127 | # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A') |
1128 | $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge; | |
1129 | ||
1130 | where a more complete solution would split the URL into components | |
1131 | and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts. | |
1132 | ||
1133 | In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed | |
1134 | but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 | |
1135 | you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown. | |
1136 | ||
1137 | =head2 uu encoding and decoding | |
1138 | ||
1139 | The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC | |
1140 | characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the | |
1141 | following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer: | |
1142 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
1143 | $all_byte_chrs = ''; |
1144 | for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); } | |
1145 | $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs); | |
210b36aa | 1146 | ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm; |
1e054b24 PP |
1147 | M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL |
1148 | M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9 | |
1149 | M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6& | |
1150 | MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S | |
1151 | MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@ | |
1152 | ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P`` | |
1153 | ENDOFHEREDOC | |
84f709e7 | 1154 | if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) { |
1e054b24 PP |
1155 | print "Yes "; |
1156 | } | |
1157 | $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs); | |
84f709e7 | 1158 | if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) { |
1e054b24 PP |
1159 | print "indeed\n"; |
1160 | } | |
1161 | ||
1162 | Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided | |
1163 | that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately: | |
1164 | ||
84f709e7 JH |
1165 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
1166 | @e2a = ( # this must be filled in | |
1167 | ); | |
1168 | $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/; | |
1e054b24 PP |
1169 | open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne ""; |
1170 | while(<>) { | |
1171 | last if /^end/; | |
1172 | next if /[a-z]/; | |
1173 | next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) == | |
1174 | int(length() / 4); | |
1175 | print OUT unpack("u", $_); | |
1176 | } | |
1177 | close(OUT); | |
1178 | chmod oct($mode), $file; | |
1179 | ||
1180 | ||
1181 | =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding | |
1182 | ||
1183 | On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of | |
1184 | the printable set using: | |
1185 | ||
1186 | # This QP encoder works on ASCII only | |
84f709e7 | 1187 | $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge; |
1e054b24 PP |
1188 | |
1189 | Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines | |
1190 | would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a | |
1191 | array is omitted for brevity): | |
1192 | ||
1193 | if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII | |
1194 | $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII | |
1195 | @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map | |
84f709e7 JH |
1196 | } |
1197 | else { # EBCDIC | |
1e054b24 | 1198 | $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC |
84f709e7 | 1199 | @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above) |
1e054b24 | 1200 | } |
84f709e7 | 1201 | $qp_string =~ |
1e054b24 PP |
1202 | s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge; |
1203 | ||
1204 | (although in production code the substitutions might be done | |
1205 | in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the | |
1206 | ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map). | |
1207 | ||
1208 | Such QP strings can be decoded with: | |
1209 | ||
1210 | # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only | |
1211 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge; | |
1212 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; | |
1213 | ||
1214 | Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines | |
1215 | would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is | |
1216 | omitted for brevity): | |
1217 | ||
1218 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge; | |
1219 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; | |
1220 | ||
395f5a0c | 1221 | =head2 Caesarian ciphers |
1e054b24 PP |
1222 | |
1223 | The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment | |
1224 | dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius | |
1225 | Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes | |
1226 | referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after | |
1227 | the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps | |
1228 | on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the | |
1229 | interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps | |
1230 | (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet | |
1231 | rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will | |
1232 | work on ASCII and EBCDIC machines: | |
1233 | ||
1234 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl | |
1235 | ||
84f709e7 | 1236 | while(<>){ |
1e054b24 PP |
1237 | tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/; |
1238 | print; | |
1239 | } | |
1240 | ||
1241 | In one-liner form: | |
1242 | ||
84f709e7 | 1243 | perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print' |
1e054b24 PP |
1244 | |
1245 | ||
1246 | =head1 Hashing order and checksums | |
1247 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
1248 | To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on |
1249 | hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored | |
1250 | on an ASCII based machine and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based machine. | |
1e054b24 PP |
1251 | XXX |
1252 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1253 | =head1 I18N AND L10N |
1254 | ||
1255 | Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least | |
1256 | in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system dependent | |
1257 | and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below. | |
1258 | ||
1259 | =head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS | |
1260 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
1261 | Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters |
1262 | on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with | |
1263 | the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms. | |
1264 | ||
1265 | Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX. | |
d396a558 JH |
1266 | |
1267 | =head1 OS ISSUES | |
1268 | ||
1269 | There may be a few system dependent issues | |
1270 | of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers. | |
1271 | ||
522b859a | 1272 | =head2 OS/400 |
51b5cecb | 1273 | |
d396a558 JH |
1274 | =over 8 |
1275 | ||
522b859a JH |
1276 | =item PASE |
1277 | ||
1278 | The PASE environment is runtime environment for OS/400 that can run | |
1279 | executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400, see L<perlos400>. PASE | |
1280 | is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE. | |
1281 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1282 | =item IFS access |
1283 | ||
1284 | XXX. | |
1285 | ||
1286 | =back | |
1287 | ||
395f5a0c | 1288 | =head2 OS/390, z/OS |
d396a558 | 1289 | |
51b5cecb PP |
1290 | Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS. |
1291 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1292 | =over 8 |
1293 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
1294 | =item chcp |
1295 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
1296 | B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing |
1297 | one's code page. See also L<chcp>. | |
51b5cecb | 1298 | |
d396a558 JH |
1299 | =item dataset access |
1300 | ||
1301 | For sequential data set access try: | |
1302 | ||
1303 | my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`; | |
1304 | ||
1305 | or: | |
1306 | ||
1307 | my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`; | |
1308 | ||
1309 | See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN. | |
1310 | ||
395f5a0c | 1311 | =item OS/390, z/OS iconv |
51b5cecb | 1312 | |
1e054b24 PP |
1313 | B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. |
1314 | See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages. | |
51b5cecb | 1315 | |
d396a558 JH |
1316 | =item locales |
1317 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
1318 | On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files |
1319 | are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390 | |
1320 | or z/OS. | |
d396a558 JH |
1321 | |
1322 | =back | |
1323 | ||
1324 | =head2 VM/ESA? | |
1325 | ||
1326 | XXX. | |
1327 | ||
1328 | =head2 POSIX-BC? | |
1329 | ||
1330 | XXX. | |
1331 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
1332 | =head1 BUGS |
1333 | ||
1334 | This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter | |
b1866b2d | 1335 | translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation |
51b5cecb PP |
1336 | was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts |
1337 | while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program | |
1338 | (for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis | |
3958b146 | 1339 | as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at |
395f5a0c | 1340 | the first occurrence of 8 bit characters. |
51b5cecb PP |
1341 | |
1342 | Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to | |
395f5a0c PK |
1343 | be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might |
1344 | seem to imply. | |
51b5cecb | 1345 | |
b3b6085d PP |
1346 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1347 | ||
395f5a0c | 1348 | L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>. |
b3b6085d | 1349 | |
d396a558 JH |
1350 | =head1 REFERENCES |
1351 | ||
1352 | http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps | |
1353 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1354 | http://www.unicode.org/ |
1355 | ||
1356 | http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/ | |
1357 | ||
51b5cecb PP |
1358 | http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/ |
1359 | B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings, | |
1360 | September 1999. | |
1361 | ||
395f5a0c | 1362 | B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., |
51b5cecb PP |
1363 | ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000. |
1364 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1365 | B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - |
1366 | Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996. | |
1367 | ||
1368 | "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing | |
1369 | & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999; | |
1370 | ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA. | |
1371 | ||
1e054b24 PP |
1372 | B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication> |
1373 | Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, | |
1374 | 1998. | |
1375 | ||
395f5a0c PK |
1376 | http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM |
1377 | B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer. | |
1378 | ||
1379 | =head1 HISTORY | |
1380 | ||
1381 | 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp. | |
1382 | ||
d396a558 JH |
1383 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1384 | ||
b3b6085d | 1385 | Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 |
d396a558 | 1386 | with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and |
b3b6085d PP |
1387 | AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC |
1388 | help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. | |
1e054b24 PP |
1389 | Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and |
1390 | Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and | |
1391 | registered service marks used in this document are the property of | |
1392 | their respective owners. | |
84f709e7 JH |
1393 | |
1394 |