2 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Stephen McCamant. All rights reserved.
3 # This program is free software; you can redistribute and/or modify it
4 # under the same terms as Perl itself.
6 # Note: we need to keep track of how many use declarations/BEGIN
7 # blocks this module uses, so we can avoid printing them when user
8 # asks for the BEGIN blocks in her program. Update the comments and
9 # the count in concise_specials if you add or delete one. The
10 # -MO=Concise counts as use #1.
13 use warnings; # uses #3 and #4, since warnings uses Carp
15 use Exporter (); # use #5
17 our $VERSION = "0.86";
18 our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
19 our @EXPORT_OK = qw( set_style set_style_standard add_callback
20 concise_subref concise_cv concise_main
21 add_style walk_output compile reset_sequence );
23 ( io => [qw( walk_output compile reset_sequence )],
24 style => [qw( add_style set_style_standard )],
25 cb => [qw( add_callback )],
26 mech => [qw( concise_subref concise_cv concise_main )], );
29 use B qw(class ppname main_start main_root main_cv cstring svref_2object
30 SVf_IOK SVf_NOK SVf_POK SVf_IVisUV SVf_FAKE OPf_KIDS OPf_SPECIAL
31 CVf_ANON PAD_FAKELEX_ANON PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI SVf_ROK);
35 ["(?(#label =>\n)?)(*( )*)#class (#addr) #name (?([#targ])?) "
36 . "#svclass~(?((#svaddr))?)~#svval~(?(label \"#coplabel\")?)\n",
37 "(*( )*)goto #class (#addr)\n",
40 ["#hyphseq2 (*( (x( ;)x))*)<#classsym> #exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"
41 . "~#flags(?(/#private)?)(?(:#hints)?)(x(;~->#next)x)\n"
42 , " (*( )*) goto #seq\n",
43 "(?(<#seq>)?)#exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"],
45 ["(x(;(*( )*))x)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)(x( ;\n)x)",
47 "(?(#seq)?)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)"],
49 ["#class (#addr)\n\top_next\t\t#nextaddr\n\top_sibling\t#sibaddr\n\t"
50 . "op_ppaddr\tPL_ppaddr[OP_#NAME]\n\top_type\t\t#typenum\n" .
51 ($] > 5.009 ? '' : "\top_seq\t\t#seqnum\n")
52 . "\top_flags\t#flagval\n\top_private\t#privval\t#hintsval\n"
53 . "(?(\top_first\t#firstaddr\n)?)(?(\top_last\t\t#lastaddr\n)?)"
54 . "(?(\top_sv\t\t#svaddr\n)?)",
57 "env" => [$ENV{B_CONCISE_FORMAT}, $ENV{B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT},
58 $ENV{B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT}],
61 # Renderings, ie how Concise prints, is controlled by these vars
63 our $stylename; # selects current style from %style
64 my $order = "basic"; # how optree is walked & printed: basic, exec, tree
66 # rendering mechanics:
67 # these 'formats' are the line-rendering templates
68 # they're updated from %style when $stylename changes
69 my ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
72 my $base = 36; # how <sequence#> is displayed
73 my $big_endian = 1; # more <sequence#> display
74 my $tree_style = 0; # tree-order details
75 my $banner = 1; # print banner before optree is traversed
76 my $do_main = 0; # force printing of main routine
77 my $show_src; # show source code
79 # another factor: can affect all styles!
80 our @callbacks; # allow external management
82 set_style_standard("concise");
88 ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt) = @_;
89 #warn "set_style: deprecated, use set_style_standard instead\n"; # someday
90 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @_ == 3;
94 my ($newstyle,@args) = @_;
95 die "style '$newstyle' already exists, choose a new name\n"
96 if exists $style{$newstyle};
97 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @args == 3;
98 $style{$newstyle} = [@args];
99 $stylename = $newstyle; # update rendering state
102 sub set_style_standard {
103 ($stylename) = @_; # update rendering state
104 die "err: style '$stylename' unknown\n" unless exists $style{$stylename};
105 set_style(@{$style{$stylename}});
112 # output handle, used with all Concise-output printing
113 our $walkHandle; # public for your convenience
114 BEGIN { $walkHandle = \*STDOUT }
116 sub walk_output { # updates $walkHandle
118 return $walkHandle unless $handle; # allow use as accessor
120 if (ref $handle eq 'SCALAR') {
122 die "no perlio in this build, can't call walk_output (\\\$scalar)\n"
123 unless $Config::Config{useperlio};
124 # in 5.8+, open(FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE) writes to string
125 open my $tmp, '>', $handle; # but cant re-set existing STDOUT
126 $walkHandle = $tmp; # so use my $tmp as intermediate var
129 my $iotype = ref $handle;
130 die "expecting argument/object that can print\n"
131 unless $iotype eq 'GLOB' or $iotype and $handle->can('print');
132 $walkHandle = $handle;
136 my($order, $coderef, $name) = @_;
137 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
139 return concise_stashref(@_)
140 unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
141 concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $name);
144 sub concise_stashref {
147 foreach my $k (sort keys %$h) {
148 next unless defined $h->{$k};
150 my $coderef = *s{CODE} or next;
152 print "FUNC: ", *s, "\n";
153 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
154 next unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
155 eval { concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $k) };
156 warn "err $@ on $codeobj" if $@;
160 # This should have been called concise_subref, but it was exported
161 # under this name in versions before 0.56
162 *concise_cv = \&concise_subref;
165 my ($order, $cv, $name) = @_;
166 # name is either a string, or a CODE ref (copy of $cv arg??)
170 if (ref($cv->XSUBANY) =~ /B::(\w+)/) {
171 print $walkHandle "$name is a constant sub, optimized to a $1\n";
175 print $walkHandle "$name is XS code\n";
178 if (class($cv->START) eq "NULL") {
180 if (ref $name eq 'CODE') {
181 print $walkHandle "coderef $name has no START\n";
183 elsif (exists &$name) {
184 print $walkHandle "$name exists in stash, but has no START\n";
187 print $walkHandle "$name not in symbol table\n";
191 sequence($cv->START);
192 if ($order eq "exec") {
193 walk_exec($cv->START);
195 elsif ($order eq "basic") {
196 # walk_topdown($cv->ROOT, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
197 my $root = $cv->ROOT;
198 unless (ref $root eq 'B::NULL') {
199 walk_topdown($root, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
201 print $walkHandle "B::NULL encountered doing ROOT on $cv. avoiding disaster\n";
204 print $walkHandle tree($cv->ROOT, 0);
210 sequence(main_start);
212 if ($order eq "exec") {
213 return if class(main_start) eq "NULL";
214 walk_exec(main_start);
215 } elsif ($order eq "tree") {
216 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
217 print $walkHandle tree(main_root, 0);
218 } elsif ($order eq "basic") {
219 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
220 walk_topdown(main_root,
221 sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
225 sub concise_specials {
226 my($name, $order, @cv_s) = @_;
228 if ($name eq "BEGIN") {
229 splice(@cv_s, 0, 8); # skip 7 BEGIN blocks in this file. NOW 8 ??
230 } elsif ($name eq "CHECK") {
231 pop @cv_s; # skip the CHECK block that calls us
234 print $walkHandle "$name $i:\n";
236 concise_cv_obj($order, $cv, $name);
240 my $start_sym = "\e(0"; # "\cN" sometimes also works
241 my $end_sym = "\e(B"; # "\cO" respectively
243 my @tree_decorations =
244 ([" ", "--", "+-", "|-", "| ", "`-", "-", 1],
245 [" ", "-", "+", "+", "|", "`", "", 0],
246 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "qq", "wq", "tq", "x ", "mq", "q"), 1],
247 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "q", "w", "t", "x", "m"), "", 0],
250 my @render_packs; # collect -stash=<packages>
253 # set rendering state from options and args
256 @options = grep(/^-/, @_);
257 @args = grep(!/^-/, @_);
259 for my $o (@options) {
261 if ($o eq "-basic") {
263 } elsif ($o eq "-exec") {
265 } elsif ($o eq "-tree") {
269 elsif ($o eq "-compact") {
271 } elsif ($o eq "-loose") {
273 } elsif ($o eq "-vt") {
275 } elsif ($o eq "-ascii") {
279 elsif ($o =~ /^-base(\d+)$/) {
281 } elsif ($o eq "-bigendian") {
283 } elsif ($o eq "-littleendian") {
286 # miscellaneous, presentation
287 elsif ($o eq "-nobanner") {
289 } elsif ($o eq "-banner") {
292 elsif ($o eq "-main") {
294 } elsif ($o eq "-nomain") {
296 } elsif ($o eq "-src") {
299 elsif ($o =~ /^-stash=(.*)/) {
302 if (! %{$pkg.'::'}) {
306 if (!$Config::Config{usedl}
307 && keys %{$pkg.'::'} == 1
308 && $pkg->can('bootstrap')) {
309 # It is something that we're statically linked to, but hasn't
314 push @render_packs, $pkg;
317 elsif (exists $style{substr($o, 1)}) {
318 $stylename = substr($o, 1);
319 set_style_standard($stylename);
321 warn "Option $o unrecognized";
328 my (@args) = compileOpts(@_);
330 my @newargs = compileOpts(@_); # accept new rendering options
331 warn "disregarding non-options: @newargs\n" if @newargs;
333 for my $objname (@args) {
334 next unless $objname; # skip null args to avoid noisy responses
336 if ($objname eq "BEGIN") {
337 concise_specials("BEGIN", $order,
338 B::begin_av->isa("B::AV") ?
339 B::begin_av->ARRAY : ());
340 } elsif ($objname eq "INIT") {
341 concise_specials("INIT", $order,
342 B::init_av->isa("B::AV") ?
343 B::init_av->ARRAY : ());
344 } elsif ($objname eq "CHECK") {
345 concise_specials("CHECK", $order,
346 B::check_av->isa("B::AV") ?
347 B::check_av->ARRAY : ());
348 } elsif ($objname eq "UNITCHECK") {
349 concise_specials("UNITCHECK", $order,
350 B::unitcheck_av->isa("B::AV") ?
351 B::unitcheck_av->ARRAY : ());
352 } elsif ($objname eq "END") {
353 concise_specials("END", $order,
354 B::end_av->isa("B::AV") ?
355 B::end_av->ARRAY : ());
358 # convert function names to subrefs
361 print $walkHandle "B::Concise::compile($objname)\n"
365 $objname = "main::" . $objname unless $objname =~ /::/;
366 print $walkHandle "$objname:\n";
368 unless (exists &$objname) {
369 print $walkHandle "err: unknown function ($objname)\n";
372 $objref = \&$objname;
374 concise_subref($order, $objref, $objname);
377 for my $pkg (@render_packs) {
379 concise_stashref($order, \%{$pkg.'::'});
382 if (!@args or $do_main or @render_packs) {
383 print $walkHandle "main program:\n" if $do_main;
384 concise_main($order);
386 return @args; # something
391 my $lastnext; # remembers op-chain, used to insert gotos
393 my %opclass = ('OP' => "0", 'UNOP' => "1", 'BINOP' => "2", 'LOGOP' => "|",
394 'LISTOP' => "@", 'PMOP' => "/", 'SVOP' => "\$", 'GVOP' => "*",
395 'PVOP' => '"', 'LOOP' => "{", 'COP' => ";", 'PADOP' => "#");
397 no warnings 'qw'; # "Possible attempt to put comments..."; use #7
399 qw'# () sc ( @? 1 $* gv *{ m$ m@ m% m? p/ *$ $ $# & a& pt \\ s\\ rf bl
400 ` *? <> ?? ?/ r/ c/ // qr s/ /c y/ = @= C sC Cp sp df un BM po +1 +I
401 -1 -I 1+ I+ 1- I- ** * i* / i/ %$ i% x + i+ - i- . " << >> < i<
402 > i> <= i, >= i. == i= != i! <? i? s< s> s, s. s= s! s? b& b^ b| -0 -i
403 ! ~ a2 si cs rd sr e^ lg sq in %x %o ab le ss ve ix ri sf FL od ch cy
404 uf lf uc lc qm @ [f [ @[ eh vl ky dl ex % ${ @{ uk pk st jn ) )[ a@
405 a% sl +] -] [- [+ so rv GS GW MS MW .. f. .f && || ^^ ?: &= |= -> s{ s}
406 v} ca wa di rs ;; ; ;d }{ { } {} f{ it {l l} rt }l }n }r dm }g }e ^o
407 ^c ^| ^# um bm t~ u~ ~d DB db ^s se ^g ^r {w }w pf pr ^O ^K ^R ^W ^d ^v
408 ^e ^t ^k t. fc ic fl .s .p .b .c .l .a .h g1 s1 g2 s2 ?. l? -R -W -X -r
409 -w -x -e -o -O -z -s -M -A -C -S -c -b -f -d -p -l -u -g -k -t -T -B cd
410 co cr u. cm ut r. l@ s@ r@ mD uD oD rD tD sD wD cD f$ w$ p$ sh e$ k$ g3
411 g4 s4 g5 s5 T@ C@ L@ G@ A@ S@ Hg Hc Hr Hw Mg Mc Ms Mr Sg Sc So rq do {e
412 e} {t t} g6 G6 6e g7 G7 7e g8 G8 8e g9 G9 9e 6s 7s 8s 9s 6E 7E 8E 9E Pn
413 Pu GP SP EP Gn Gg GG SG EG g0 c$ lk t$ ;s n> // /= CO';
415 my $chars = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
417 sub op_flags { # common flags (see BASOP.op_flags in op.h)
420 push @v, "v" if ($x & 3) == 1;
421 push @v, "s" if ($x & 3) == 2;
422 push @v, "l" if ($x & 3) == 3;
423 push @v, "K" if $x & 4;
424 push @v, "P" if $x & 8;
425 push @v, "R" if $x & 16;
426 push @v, "M" if $x & 32;
427 push @v, "S" if $x & 64;
428 push @v, "*" if $x & 128;
434 return "-" . base_n(-$x) if $x < 0;
436 do { $str .= substr($chars, $x % $base, 1) } while $x = int($x / $base);
437 $str = reverse $str if $big_endian;
453 return "-" if not exists $sequence_num{$$op};
454 return base_n($sequence_num{$$op});
458 my($op, $sub, $level) = @_;
460 if ($op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
461 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
462 walk_topdown($kid, $sub, $level + 1);
465 if (class($op) eq "PMOP") {
466 my $maybe_root = $op->pmreplroot;
467 if (ref($maybe_root) and $maybe_root->isa("B::OP")) {
468 # It really is the root of the replacement, not something
469 # else stored here for lack of space elsewhere
470 walk_topdown($maybe_root, $sub, $level + 1);
476 my($ar, $level) = @_;
478 if (ref($l) eq "ARRAY") {
479 walklines($l, $level + 1);
487 my($top, $level) = @_;
490 my @todo = ([$top, \@lines]);
491 while (@todo and my($op, $targ) = @{shift @todo}) {
492 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
493 last if $opsseen{$$op}++;
495 my $name = $op->name;
496 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
499 push @todo, [$op->other, $ar];
500 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
503 push @todo, [$op->pmreplstart, $ar];
504 } elsif ($name =~ /^enter(loop|iter)$/) {
506 $labels{${$op->nextop}} = "NEXT";
507 $labels{${$op->lastop}} = "LAST";
508 $labels{${$op->redoop}} = "REDO";
510 $labels{$op->nextop->seq} = "NEXT";
511 $labels{$op->lastop->seq} = "LAST";
512 $labels{$op->redoop->seq} = "REDO";
517 walklines(\@lines, 0);
520 # The structure of this routine is purposely modeled after op.c's peep()
524 return if class($op) eq "NULL" or exists $sequence_num{$$op};
525 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
526 last if exists $sequence_num{$$op};
527 my $name = $op->name;
528 if ($name =~ /^(null|scalar|lineseq|scope)$/) {
529 next if $oldop and $ {$op->next};
531 $sequence_num{$$op} = $seq_max++;
532 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
533 my $other = $op->other;
534 $other = $other->next while $other->name eq "null";
536 } elsif (class($op) eq "LOOP") {
537 my $redoop = $op->redoop;
538 $redoop = $redoop->next while $redoop->name eq "null";
540 my $nextop = $op->nextop;
541 $nextop = $nextop->next while $nextop->name eq "null";
543 my $lastop = $op->lastop;
544 $lastop = $lastop->next while $lastop->name eq "null";
546 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
547 my $replstart = $op->pmreplstart;
548 $replstart = $replstart->next while $replstart->name eq "null";
549 sequence($replstart);
556 sub fmt_line { # generate text-line for op.
557 my($hr, $op, $text, $level) = @_;
559 $_->($hr, $op, \$text, \$level, $stylename) for @callbacks;
561 return '' if $hr->{SKIP}; # suppress line if a callback said so
562 return '' if $hr->{goto} and $hr->{goto} eq '-'; # no goto nowhere
564 # spec: (?(text1#varText2)?)
565 $text =~ s/\(\?\(([^\#]*?)\#(\w+)([^\#]*?)\)\?\)/
566 $hr->{$2} ? $1.$hr->{$2}.$3 : ""/eg;
568 # spec: (x(exec_text;basic_text)x)
569 $text =~ s/\(x\((.*?);(.*?)\)x\)/$order eq "exec" ? $1 : $2/egs;
572 $text =~ s/\(\*\(([^;]*?)\)\*\)/$1 x $level/egs;
574 # spec: (*(text1;text2)*)
575 $text =~ s/\(\*\((.*?);(.*?)\)\*\)/$1 x ($level - 1) . $2 x ($level>0)/egs;
577 # convert #Var to tag=>val form: Var\t#var
578 $text =~ s/\#([A-Z][a-z]+)(\d+)?/\t\u$1\t\L#$1$2/gs;
581 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)(\d+)/sprintf("%-$2s", $hr->{$1})/eg;
583 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)/$hr->{$1}/eg; # populate #var's
584 $text =~ s/[ \t]*~+[ \t]*/ /g; # squeeze tildes
586 $text = "# $hr->{src}\n$text" if $show_src and $hr->{src};
589 return "$text\n" if $text ne "" and $order ne "tree";
590 return $text; # suppress empty lines
593 our %priv; # used to display each opcode's BASEOP.op_private values
595 $priv{$_}{128} = "LVINTRO"
596 for ("pos", "substr", "vec", "threadsv", "gvsv", "rv2sv", "rv2hv", "rv2gv",
597 "rv2av", "rv2arylen", "aelem", "helem", "aslice", "hslice", "padsv",
598 "padav", "padhv", "enteriter", "entersub");
599 $priv{$_}{64} = "REFC" for ("leave", "leavesub", "leavesublv", "leavewrite");
600 $priv{"aassign"}{64} = "COMMON";
601 $priv{"aassign"}{32} = $] < 5.009 ? "PHASH" : "STATE";
602 $priv{"sassign"}{32} = "STATE";
603 $priv{"sassign"}{64} = "BKWARD";
604 $priv{"sassign"}{128}= "CV2GV";
605 $priv{$_}{64} = "RTIME" for ("match", "subst", "substcont", "qr");
606 @{$priv{"trans"}}{1,2,4,8,16,64} = ("<UTF", ">UTF", "IDENT", "SQUASH", "DEL",
608 $priv{transr} = $priv{trans};
609 $priv{"repeat"}{64} = "DOLIST";
610 $priv{"leaveloop"}{64} = "CONT";
611 $priv{$_}{4} = "DREFed" for (qw(rv2sv rv2av rv2hv));
612 @{$priv{$_}}{32,64,96} = ("DREFAV", "DREFHV", "DREFSV")
613 for (qw(rv2gv rv2sv padsv aelem helem));
614 $priv{$_}{16} = "STATE" for ("padav", "padhv", "padsv");
615 $priv{rv2gv}{4} = "NOINIT";
616 @{$priv{"entersub"}}{1,4,16,32,64} = qw( INARGS TARG DBG DEREF );
617 @{$priv{rv2cv}}{1,8,128} = ("CONST","AMPER","NO()");
618 $priv{"gv"}{32} = "EARLYCV";
619 $priv{"aelem"}{16} = $priv{"helem"}{16} = "LVDEFER";
620 $priv{$_}{16} = "OURINTR" for ("gvsv", "rv2sv", "rv2av", "rv2hv", "r2gv",
622 $priv{$_}{8} = 'LVSUB' for qw(rv2av rv2gv rv2hv padav padhv aelem helem
623 aslice hslice av2arylen keys rkeys substr pos vec);
624 $priv{$_}{16} = "TARGMY"
625 for (map(($_,"s$_"),"chop", "chomp"),
626 map(($_,"i_$_"), "postinc", "postdec", "multiply", "divide", "modulo",
627 "add", "subtract", "negate"), "pow", "concat", "stringify",
628 "left_shift", "right_shift", "bit_and", "bit_xor", "bit_or",
629 "complement", "atan2", "sin", "cos", "rand", "exp", "log", "sqrt",
630 "int", "hex", "oct", "abs", "length", "index", "rindex", "sprintf",
631 "ord", "chr", "crypt", "quotemeta", "join", "push", "unshift", "flock",
632 "chdir", "chown", "chroot", "unlink", "chmod", "utime", "rename",
633 "link", "symlink", "mkdir", "rmdir", "wait", "waitpid", "system",
634 "exec", "kill", "getppid", "getpgrp", "setpgrp", "getpriority",
635 "setpriority", "time", "sleep");
636 $priv{$_}{4} = "REVERSED" for ("enteriter", "iter");
637 @{$priv{"const"}}{4,8,16,32,64,128} = ("SHORT","STRICT","ENTERED",'$[',"BARE","WARN");
638 $priv{"flip"}{64} = $priv{"flop"}{64} = "LINENUM";
639 $priv{"list"}{64} = "GUESSED";
640 $priv{"delete"}{64} = "SLICE";
641 $priv{"exists"}{64} = "SUB";
642 @{$priv{"sort"}}{1,2,4,8,16,32,64} = ("NUM", "INT", "REV", "INPLACE","DESC","QSORT","STABLE");
643 $priv{"reverse"}{8} = "INPLACE";
644 $priv{"threadsv"}{64} = "SVREFd";
645 @{$priv{$_}}{16,32,64,128} = ("INBIN","INCR","OUTBIN","OUTCR")
646 for ("open", "backtick");
647 $priv{"exit"}{128} = "VMS";
648 $priv{$_}{2} = "FTACCESS"
649 for ("ftrread", "ftrwrite", "ftrexec", "fteread", "ftewrite", "fteexec");
650 $priv{"entereval"}{2} = "HAS_HH";
652 # Stacked filetests are post 5.8.x
653 $priv{$_}{4} = "FTSTACKED"
654 for ("ftrread", "ftrwrite", "ftrexec", "fteread", "ftewrite", "fteexec",
655 "ftis", "fteowned", "ftrowned", "ftzero", "ftsize", "ftmtime",
656 "ftatime", "ftctime", "ftsock", "ftchr", "ftblk", "ftfile", "ftdir",
657 "ftpipe", "ftlink", "ftsuid", "ftsgid", "ftsvtx", "fttty", "fttext",
659 # Lexical $_ is post 5.8.x
660 $priv{$_}{2} = "GREPLEX"
661 for ("mapwhile", "mapstart", "grepwhile", "grepstart");
663 $priv{$_}{128} = '+1' for qw "caller wantarray";
664 @{$priv{coreargs}}{1,2,64,128} = ('DREF1','DREF2','$MOD','MARK');
666 our %hints; # used to display each COP's op_hints values
668 # strict refs, subs, vars
669 @hints{2,512,1024} = ('$', '&', '*');
670 # integers, locale, bytes, arybase
671 @hints{1,4,8,16,32} = ('i', 'l', 'b', '[');
672 # block scope, localise %^H, $^OPEN (in), $^OPEN (out)
673 @hints{256,131072,262144,524288} = ('{','%','<','>');
674 # overload new integer, float, binary, string, re
675 @hints{4096,8192,16384,32768,65536} = ('I', 'F', 'B', 'S', 'R');
677 @hints{1048576,2097152} = ('T', 'E');
678 # filetest access, UTF-8
679 @hints{4194304,8388608} = ('X', 'U');
684 for my $flag (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %$hash) {
685 if ($hash->{$flag} and $x & $flag and $x >= $flag) {
687 push @s, $hash->{$flag};
691 return join(",", @s);
696 _flags($priv{$name}, $x);
705 my($sv, $hr, $preferpv) = @_;
706 $hr->{svclass} = class($sv);
707 $hr->{svclass} = "UV"
708 if $hr->{svclass} eq "IV" and $sv->FLAGS & SVf_IVisUV;
709 Carp::cluck("bad concise_sv: $sv") unless $sv and $$sv;
710 $hr->{svaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $$sv);
711 if ($hr->{svclass} eq "GV" && $sv->isGV_with_GP()) {
713 my $stash = $gv->STASH->NAME; if ($stash eq "main") {
716 $stash = $stash . "::";
718 $hr->{svval} = "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
719 return "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
722 while (class($sv) eq "IV" && $sv->FLAGS & SVf_ROK) {
723 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
727 while (class($sv) eq "RV") {
728 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
732 if (class($sv) eq "SPECIAL") {
733 $hr->{svval} .= ["Null", "sv_undef", "sv_yes", "sv_no"]->[$$sv];
734 } elsif ($preferpv && $sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
735 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
736 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_NOK) {
737 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->NV;
738 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_IOK) {
739 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->int_value;
740 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
741 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
742 } elsif (class($sv) eq "HV") {
743 $hr->{svval} .= 'HASH';
746 $hr->{svval} = 'undef' unless defined $hr->{svval};
747 my $out = $hr->{svclass};
748 return $out .= " $hr->{svval}" ;
756 if ($fullnm eq '-e') {
757 $srclines{$fullnm} = [ $fullnm, "-src not supported for -e" ];
760 open (my $fh, '<', $fullnm)
761 or warn "# $fullnm: $!, (chdirs not supported by this feature yet)\n"
765 unshift @l, $fullnm; # like @{_<$fullnm} in debug, array starts at 1
766 $srclines{$fullnm} = \@l;
770 my ($op, $level, $format) = @_;
772 $h{exname} = $h{name} = $op->name;
773 $h{NAME} = uc $h{name};
774 $h{class} = class($op);
775 $h{extarg} = $h{targ} = $op->targ;
776 $h{extarg} = "" unless $h{extarg};
777 if ($h{name} eq "null" and $h{targ}) {
778 # targ holds the old type
779 $h{exname} = "ex-" . substr(ppname($h{targ}), 3);
781 } elsif ($op->name =~ /^leave(sub(lv)?|write)?$/) {
782 # targ potentially holds a reference count
783 if ($op->private & 64) {
784 my $refs = "ref" . ($h{targ} != 1 ? "s" : "");
785 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "$h{targ} $refs";
788 my $padname = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[0]->ARRAY)[$h{targ}];
789 if (defined $padname and class($padname) ne "SPECIAL") {
790 $h{targarg} = $padname->PVX;
791 if ($padname->FLAGS & SVf_FAKE) {
793 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:FAKE";
795 # These changes relate to the jumbo closure fix.
796 # See changes 19939 and 20005
799 if $padname->PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS & PAD_FAKELEX_ANON;
801 if $padname->PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS & PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI;
802 $fake .= ':' . $padname->PARENT_PAD_INDEX
803 if $curcv->CvFLAGS & CVf_ANON;
804 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:FAKE:$fake";
808 my $intro = $padname->COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW - $cop_seq_base;
809 my $finish = int($padname->COP_SEQ_RANGE_HIGH) - $cop_seq_base;
810 $finish = "end" if $finish == 999999999 - $cop_seq_base;
811 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:$intro,$finish";
814 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "t" . $h{targ};
818 $h{svclass} = $h{svaddr} = $h{svval} = "";
819 if ($h{class} eq "PMOP") {
820 my $precomp = $op->precomp;
821 if (defined $precomp) {
822 $precomp = cstring($precomp); # Escape literal control sequences
823 $precomp = "/$precomp/";
827 my $pmreplroot = $op->pmreplroot;
829 if (ref($pmreplroot) eq "B::GV") {
830 # with C<@stash_array = split(/pat/, str);>,
831 # *stash_array is stored in /pat/'s pmreplroot.
832 $h{arg} = "($precomp => \@" . $pmreplroot->NAME . ")";
833 } elsif (!ref($pmreplroot) and $pmreplroot) {
834 # same as the last case, except the value is actually a
835 # pad offset for where the GV is kept (this happens under
837 my $gv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$pmreplroot];
838 $h{arg} = "($precomp => \@" . $gv->NAME . ")";
839 } elsif ($ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
841 $pmreplstart = "replstart->" . seq($op->pmreplstart);
842 $h{arg} = "(" . join(" ", $precomp, $pmreplstart) . ")";
844 $h{arg} = "($precomp)";
846 } elsif ($h{class} eq "PVOP" and $h{name} !~ '^transr?\z') {
847 $h{arg} = '("' . $op->pv . '")';
848 $h{svval} = '"' . $op->pv . '"';
849 } elsif ($h{class} eq "COP") {
850 my $label = $op->label;
851 $h{coplabel} = $label;
852 $label = $label ? "$label: " : "";
858 my($stash, $cseq) = ($op->stash->NAME, $op->cop_seq - $cop_seq_base);
859 my $arybase = $op->arybase;
860 $arybase = $arybase ? ' $[=' . $arybase : "";
861 $h{arg} = "($label$stash $cseq $loc$arybase)";
863 fill_srclines($pathnm) unless exists $srclines{$pathnm};
864 # Would love to retain Jim's use of // but this code needs to be
866 my $line = $srclines{$pathnm}[$ln];
867 $line = "-src unavailable under -e" unless defined $line;
868 $h{src} = "$ln: $line";
870 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOOP") {
871 $h{arg} = "(next->" . seq($op->nextop) . " last->" . seq($op->lastop)
872 . " redo->" . seq($op->redoop) . ")";
873 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOGOP") {
875 $h{arg} = "(other->" . seq($op->other) . ")";
877 elsif ($h{class} eq "SVOP" or $h{class} eq "PADOP") {
878 unless ($h{name} eq 'aelemfast' and $op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
879 my $idx = ($h{class} eq "SVOP") ? $op->targ : $op->padix;
880 my $preferpv = $h{name} eq "method_named";
881 if ($h{class} eq "PADOP" or !${$op->sv}) {
882 my $sv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$idx];
883 $h{arg} = "[" . concise_sv($sv, \%h, $preferpv) . "]";
884 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "";
886 $h{arg} = "(" . concise_sv($op->sv, \%h, $preferpv) . ")";
890 $h{seq} = $h{hyphseq} = seq($op);
891 $h{seq} = "" if $h{seq} eq "-";
894 $h{label} = $labels{$$op};
896 $h{seqnum} = $op->seq;
897 $h{label} = $labels{$op->seq};
899 $h{next} = $op->next;
900 $h{next} = (class($h{next}) eq "NULL") ? "(end)" : seq($h{next});
901 $h{nextaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->next});
902 $h{sibaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->sibling});
903 $h{firstaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->first}) if $op->can("first");
904 $h{lastaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->last}) if $op->can("last");
906 $h{classsym} = $opclass{$h{class}};
907 $h{flagval} = $op->flags;
908 $h{flags} = op_flags($op->flags);
909 $h{privval} = $op->private;
910 $h{private} = private_flags($h{name}, $op->private);
911 if ($op->can("hints")) {
912 $h{hintsval} = $op->hints;
913 $h{hints} = hints_flags($h{hintsval});
915 $h{hintsval} = $h{hints} = '';
917 $h{addr} = sprintf("%#x", $$op);
918 $h{typenum} = $op->type;
919 $h{noise} = $linenoise[$op->type];
921 return fmt_line(\%h, $op, $format, $level);
925 my($op, $level) = @_;
926 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
927 # insert a 'goto' line
928 my $synth = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
929 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext),
930 "goto" => seq($lastnext), # simplify goto '-' removal
932 print $walkHandle fmt_line($synth, $op, $gotofmt, $level+1);
934 $lastnext = $op->next;
935 print $walkHandle concise_op($op, $level, $format);
938 # B::OP::terse (see Terse.pm) now just calls this
940 my($op, $level) = @_;
942 # This isn't necessarily right, but there's no easy way to get
943 # from an OP to the right CV. This is a limitation of the
944 # ->terse() interface style, and there isn't much to do about
945 # it. In particular, we can die in concise_op if the main pad
946 # isn't long enough, or has the wrong kind of entries, compared to
947 # the pad a sub was compiled with. The fix for that would be to
948 # make a backwards compatible "terse" format that never even
949 # looked at the pad, just like the old B::Terse. I don't think
950 # that's worth the effort, though.
951 $curcv = main_cv unless $curcv;
953 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
955 my $h = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
956 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext)};
958 fmt_line($h, $op, $style{"terse"}[1], $level+1);
960 $lastnext = $op->next;
962 concise_op($op, $level, $style{"terse"}[0]);
968 my $style = $tree_decorations[$tree_style];
969 my($space, $single, $kids, $kid, $nokid, $last, $lead, $size) = @$style;
970 my $name = concise_op($op, $level, $treefmt);
971 if (not $op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
975 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
976 push @lines, tree($kid, $level+1);
979 for ($i = $#lines; substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " "; $i--) {
980 $lines[$i] = $space . $lines[$i];
983 $lines[$i] = $last . $lines[$i];
985 if (substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " ") {
986 $lines[$i] = $nokid . $lines[$i];
988 $lines[$i] = $kid . $lines[$i];
991 $lines[$i] = $kids . $lines[$i];
993 $lines[0] = $single . $lines[0];
995 return("$name$lead" . shift @lines,
996 map(" " x (length($name)+$size) . $_, @lines));
999 # *** Warning: fragile kludge ahead ***
1000 # Because the B::* modules run in the same interpreter as the code
1001 # they're compiling, their presence tends to distort the view we have of
1002 # the code we're looking at. In particular, perl gives sequence numbers
1003 # to COPs. If the program we're looking at were run on its own, this
1004 # would start at 1. Because all of B::Concise and all the modules it
1005 # uses are compiled first, though, by the time we get to the user's
1006 # program the sequence number is already pretty high, which could be
1007 # distracting if you're trying to tell OPs apart. Therefore we'd like to
1008 # subtract an offset from all the sequence numbers we display, to
1009 # restore the simpler view of the world. The trick is to know what that
1010 # offset will be, when we're still compiling B::Concise! If we
1011 # hardcoded a value, it would have to change every time B::Concise or
1012 # other modules we use do. To help a little, what we do here is compile
1013 # a little code at the end of the module, and compute the base sequence
1014 # number for the user's program as being a small offset later, so all we
1015 # have to worry about are changes in the offset.
1017 # [For 5.8.x and earlier perl is generating sequence numbers for all ops,
1018 # and using them to reference labels]
1021 # When you say "perl -MO=Concise -e '$a'", the output should look like:
1023 # 4 <@> leave[t1] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1025 #^ smallest OP sequence number should be 1
1026 # 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
1027 # ^ smallest COP sequence number should be 1
1028 # - <1> ex-rv2sv vK/1 ->4
1029 # 3 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->4
1031 # If the second of the marked numbers there isn't 1, it means you need
1032 # to update the corresponding magic number in the next line.
1033 # Remember, this needs to stay the last things in the module.
1035 # Why is this different for MacOS? Does it matter?
1036 my $cop_seq_mnum = $^O eq 'MacOS' ? 12 : 11;
1037 $cop_seq_base = svref_2object(eval 'sub{0;}')->START->cop_seq + $cop_seq_mnum;
1045 B::Concise - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
1049 perl -MO=Concise[,OPTIONS] foo.pl
1051 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1055 This compiler backend prints the internal OPs of a Perl program's syntax
1056 tree in one of several space-efficient text formats suitable for debugging
1057 the inner workings of perl or other compiler backends. It can print OPs in
1058 the order they appear in the OP tree, in the order they will execute, or
1059 in a text approximation to their tree structure, and the format of the
1060 information displayed is customizable. Its function is similar to that of
1061 perl's B<-Dx> debugging flag or the B<B::Terse> module, but it is more
1062 sophisticated and flexible.
1066 Here's two outputs (or 'renderings'), using the -exec and -basic
1067 (i.e. default) formatting conventions on the same code snippet.
1069 % perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e '$a = $b + 42'
1071 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v
1073 4 <$> const[IV 42] s
1074 * 5 <2> add[t3] sK/2
1077 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC
1079 In this -exec rendering, each opcode is executed in the order shown.
1080 The add opcode, marked with '*', is discussed in more detail.
1082 The 1st column is the op's sequence number, starting at 1, and is
1083 displayed in base 36 by default. Here they're purely linear; the
1084 sequences are very helpful when looking at code with loops and
1087 The symbol between angle brackets indicates the op's type, for
1088 example; <2> is a BINOP, <@> a LISTOP, and <#> is a PADOP, which is
1089 used in threaded perls. (see L</"OP class abbreviations">).
1091 The opname, as in B<'add[t1]'>, may be followed by op-specific
1092 information in parentheses or brackets (ex B<'[t1]'>).
1094 The op-flags (ex B<'sK/2'>) are described in (L</"OP flags
1097 % perl -MO=Concise -e '$a = $b + 42'
1098 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1100 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
1101 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1102 * 5 <2> add[t1] sK/2 ->6
1103 - <1> ex-rv2sv sK/1 ->4
1104 3 <$> gvsv(*b) s ->4
1105 4 <$> const(IV 42) s ->5
1106 - <1> ex-rv2sv sKRM*/1 ->7
1107 6 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->7
1109 The default rendering is top-down, so they're not in execution order.
1110 This form reflects the way the stack is used to parse and evaluate
1111 expressions; the add operates on the two terms below it in the tree.
1113 Nullops appear as C<ex-opname>, where I<opname> is an op that has been
1114 optimized away by perl. They're displayed with a sequence-number of
1115 '-', because they are not executed (they don't appear in previous
1116 example), they're printed here because they reflect the parse.
1118 The arrow points to the sequence number of the next op; they're not
1119 displayed in -exec mode, for obvious reasons.
1121 Note that because this rendering was done on a non-threaded perl, the
1122 PADOPs in the previous examples are now SVOPs, and some (but not all)
1123 of the square brackets have been replaced by round ones. This is a
1124 subtle feature to provide some visual distinction between renderings
1125 on threaded and un-threaded perls.
1130 Arguments that don't start with a hyphen are taken to be the names of
1131 subroutines to render; if no such functions are specified, the main
1132 body of the program (outside any subroutines, and not including use'd
1133 or require'd files) is rendered. Passing C<BEGIN>, C<UNITCHECK>,
1134 C<CHECK>, C<INIT>, or C<END> will cause all of the corresponding
1135 special blocks to be printed. Arguments must follow options.
1137 Options affect how things are rendered (ie printed). They're presented
1138 here by their visual effect, 1st being strongest. They're grouped
1139 according to how they interrelate; within each group the options are
1140 mutually exclusive (unless otherwise stated).
1142 =head2 Options for Opcode Ordering
1144 These options control the 'vertical display' of opcodes. The display
1145 'order' is also called 'mode' elsewhere in this document.
1151 Print OPs in the order they appear in the OP tree (a preorder
1152 traversal, starting at the root). The indentation of each OP shows its
1153 level in the tree, and the '->' at the end of the line indicates the
1154 next opcode in execution order. This mode is the default, so the flag
1155 is included simply for completeness.
1159 Print OPs in the order they would normally execute (for the majority
1160 of constructs this is a postorder traversal of the tree, ending at the
1161 root). In most cases the OP that usually follows a given OP will
1162 appear directly below it; alternate paths are shown by indentation. In
1163 cases like loops when control jumps out of a linear path, a 'goto'
1168 Print OPs in a text approximation of a tree, with the root of the tree
1169 at the left and 'left-to-right' order of children transformed into
1170 'top-to-bottom'. Because this mode grows both to the right and down,
1171 it isn't suitable for large programs (unless you have a very wide
1176 =head2 Options for Line-Style
1178 These options select the line-style (or just style) used to render
1179 each opcode, and dictates what info is actually printed into each line.
1185 Use the author's favorite set of formatting conventions. This is the
1190 Use formatting conventions that emulate the output of B<B::Terse>. The
1191 basic mode is almost indistinguishable from the real B<B::Terse>, and the
1192 exec mode looks very similar, but is in a more logical order and lacks
1193 curly brackets. B<B::Terse> doesn't have a tree mode, so the tree mode
1194 is only vaguely reminiscent of B<B::Terse>.
1198 Use formatting conventions in which the name of each OP, rather than being
1199 written out in full, is represented by a one- or two-character abbreviation.
1200 This is mainly a joke.
1204 Use formatting conventions reminiscent of B<B::Debug>; these aren't
1205 very concise at all.
1209 Use formatting conventions read from the environment variables
1210 C<B_CONCISE_FORMAT>, C<B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT>, and C<B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT>.
1214 =head2 Options for tree-specific formatting
1220 Use a tree format in which the minimum amount of space is used for the
1221 lines connecting nodes (one character in most cases). This squeezes out
1222 a few precious columns of screen real estate.
1226 Use a tree format that uses longer edges to separate OP nodes. This format
1227 tends to look better than the compact one, especially in ASCII, and is
1232 Use tree connecting characters drawn from the VT100 line-drawing set.
1233 This looks better if your terminal supports it.
1237 Draw the tree with standard ASCII characters like C<+> and C<|>. These don't
1238 look as clean as the VT100 characters, but they'll work with almost any
1239 terminal (or the horizontal scrolling mode of less(1)) and are suitable
1240 for text documentation or email. This is the default.
1244 These are pairwise exclusive, i.e. compact or loose, vt or ascii.
1246 =head2 Options controlling sequence numbering
1252 Print OP sequence numbers in base I<n>. If I<n> is greater than 10, the
1253 digit for 11 will be 'a', and so on. If I<n> is greater than 36, the digit
1254 for 37 will be 'A', and so on until 62. Values greater than 62 are not
1255 currently supported. The default is 36.
1259 Print sequence numbers with the most significant digit first. This is the
1260 usual convention for Arabic numerals, and the default.
1262 =item B<-littleendian>
1264 Print sequence numbers with the least significant digit first. This is
1265 obviously mutually exclusive with bigendian.
1269 =head2 Other options
1275 With this option, the rendering of each statement (starting with the
1276 nextstate OP) will be preceded by the 1st line of source code that
1277 generates it. For example:
1281 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 junk.pl:1) v:{
1282 3 <0> padsv[$i:1,10] vM/LVINTRO
1283 # 3: for $i (0..9) {
1284 4 <;> nextstate(main 3 junk.pl:3) v:{
1288 8 <{> enteriter(next->j last->m redo->9)[$i:1,10] lKS
1290 l <|> and(other->9) vK/1
1292 9 <;> nextstate(main 2 junk.pl:4) v
1294 b <$> const[PV "line "] s
1299 =item B<-stash="somepackage">
1301 With this, "somepackage" will be required, then the stash is
1302 inspected, and each function is rendered.
1306 The following options are pairwise exclusive.
1312 Include the main program in the output, even if subroutines were also
1313 specified. This rendering is normally suppressed when a subroutine
1314 name or reference is given.
1318 This restores the default behavior after you've changed it with '-main'
1319 (it's not normally needed). If no subroutine name/ref is given, main is
1320 rendered, regardless of this flag.
1324 Renderings usually include a banner line identifying the function name
1325 or stringified subref. This suppresses the printing of the banner.
1327 TBC: Remove the stringified coderef; while it provides a 'cookie' for
1328 each function rendered, the cookies used should be 1,2,3.. not a
1329 random hex-address. It also complicates string comparison of two
1334 restores default banner behavior.
1336 =item B<-banneris> => subref
1338 TBC: a hookpoint (and an option to set it) for a user-supplied
1339 function to produce a banner appropriate for users needs. It's not
1340 ideal, because the rendering-state variables, which are a natural
1341 candidate for use in concise.t, are unavailable to the user.
1345 =head2 Option Stickiness
1347 If you invoke Concise more than once in a program, you should know that
1348 the options are 'sticky'. This means that the options you provide in
1349 the first call will be remembered for the 2nd call, unless you
1350 re-specify or change them.
1352 =head1 ABBREVIATIONS
1354 The concise style uses symbols to convey maximum info with minimal
1355 clutter (like hex addresses). With just a little practice, you can
1356 start to see the flowers, not just the branches, in the trees.
1358 =head2 OP class abbreviations
1360 These symbols appear before the op-name, and indicate the
1361 B:: namespace that represents the ops in your Perl code.
1363 0 OP (aka BASEOP) An OP with no children
1364 1 UNOP An OP with one child
1365 2 BINOP An OP with two children
1366 | LOGOP A control branch OP
1367 @ LISTOP An OP that could have lots of children
1368 / PMOP An OP with a regular expression
1369 $ SVOP An OP with an SV
1370 " PVOP An OP with a string
1371 { LOOP An OP that holds pointers for a loop
1372 ; COP An OP that marks the start of a statement
1373 # PADOP An OP with a GV on the pad
1375 =head2 OP flags abbreviations
1377 OP flags are either public or private. The public flags alter the
1378 behavior of each opcode in consistent ways, and are represented by 0
1379 or more single characters.
1381 v OPf_WANT_VOID Want nothing (void context)
1382 s OPf_WANT_SCALAR Want single value (scalar context)
1383 l OPf_WANT_LIST Want list of any length (list context)
1385 K OPf_KIDS There is a firstborn child.
1386 P OPf_PARENS This operator was parenthesized.
1387 (Or block needs explicit scope entry.)
1388 R OPf_REF Certified reference.
1389 (Return container, not containee).
1390 M OPf_MOD Will modify (lvalue).
1391 S OPf_STACKED Some arg is arriving on the stack.
1392 * OPf_SPECIAL Do something weird for this op (see op.h)
1394 Private flags, if any are set for an opcode, are displayed after a '/'
1396 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1397 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1399 They're opcode specific, and occur less often than the public ones, so
1400 they're represented by short mnemonics instead of single-chars; see
1401 F<op.h> for gory details, or try this quick 2-liner:
1403 $> perl -MB::Concise -de 1
1404 DB<1> |x \%B::Concise::priv
1406 =head1 FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS
1408 For each line-style ('concise', 'terse', 'linenoise', etc.) there are
1409 3 format-specs which control how OPs are rendered.
1411 The first is the 'default' format, which is used in both basic and exec
1412 modes to print all opcodes. The 2nd, goto-format, is used in exec
1413 mode when branches are encountered. They're not real opcodes, and are
1414 inserted to look like a closing curly brace. The tree-format is tree
1417 When a line is rendered, the correct format-spec is copied and scanned
1418 for the following items; data is substituted in, and other
1419 manipulations like basic indenting are done, for each opcode rendered.
1421 There are 3 kinds of items that may be populated; special patterns,
1422 #vars, and literal text, which is copied verbatim. (Yes, it's a set
1425 =head2 Special Patterns
1427 These items are the primitives used to perform indenting, and to
1428 select text from amongst alternatives.
1432 =item B<(x(>I<exec_text>B<;>I<basic_text>B<)x)>
1434 Generates I<exec_text> in exec mode, or I<basic_text> in basic mode.
1436 =item B<(*(>I<text>B<)*)>
1438 Generates one copy of I<text> for each indentation level.
1440 =item B<(*(>I<text1>B<;>I<text2>B<)*)>
1442 Generates one fewer copies of I<text1> than the indentation level, followed
1443 by one copy of I<text2> if the indentation level is more than 0.
1445 =item B<(?(>I<text1>B<#>I<var>I<Text2>B<)?)>
1447 If the value of I<var> is true (not empty or zero), generates the
1448 value of I<var> surrounded by I<text1> and I<Text2>, otherwise
1453 Any number of tildes and surrounding whitespace will be collapsed to
1460 These #vars represent opcode properties that you may want as part of
1461 your rendering. The '#' is intended as a private sigil; a #var's
1462 value is interpolated into the style-line, much like "read $this".
1464 These vars take 3 forms:
1470 A property named 'var' is assumed to exist for the opcodes, and is
1471 interpolated into the rendering.
1473 =item B<#>I<var>I<N>
1475 Generates the value of I<var>, left justified to fill I<N> spaces.
1476 Note that this means while you can have properties 'foo' and 'foo2',
1477 you cannot render 'foo2', but you could with 'foo2a'. You would be
1478 wise not to rely on this behavior going forward ;-)
1482 This ucfirst form of #var generates a tag-value form of itself for
1483 display; it converts '#Var' into a 'Var => #var' style, which is then
1484 handled as described above. (Imp-note: #Vars cannot be used for
1485 conditional-fills, because the => #var transform is done after the check
1490 The following variables are 'defined' by B::Concise; when they are
1491 used in a style, their respective values are plugged into the
1492 rendering of each opcode.
1494 Only some of these are used by the standard styles, the others are
1495 provided for you to delve into optree mechanics, should you wish to
1496 add a new style (see L</add_style> below) that uses them. You can
1497 also add new ones using L</add_callback>.
1503 The address of the OP, in hexadecimal.
1507 The OP-specific information of the OP (such as the SV for an SVOP, the
1508 non-local exit pointers for a LOOP, etc.) enclosed in parentheses.
1512 The B-determined class of the OP, in all caps.
1516 A single symbol abbreviating the class of the OP.
1520 The label of the statement or block the OP is the start of, if any.
1524 The name of the OP, or 'ex-foo' if the OP is a null that used to be a foo.
1528 The target of the OP, or nothing for a nulled OP.
1532 The address of the OP's first child, in hexadecimal.
1536 The OP's flags, abbreviated as a series of symbols.
1540 The numeric value of the OP's flags.
1544 The COP's hint flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible. An empty
1545 string if this is not a COP. Here are the symbols used:
1570 The numeric value of the COP's hint flags, or an empty string if this is not
1575 The sequence number of the OP, or a hyphen if it doesn't have one.
1579 'NEXT', 'LAST', or 'REDO' if the OP is a target of one of those in exec
1580 mode, or empty otherwise.
1584 The address of the OP's last child, in hexadecimal.
1592 The OP's name, in all caps.
1596 The sequence number of the OP's next OP.
1600 The address of the OP's next OP, in hexadecimal.
1604 A one- or two-character abbreviation for the OP's name.
1608 The OP's private flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible.
1612 The numeric value of the OP's private flags.
1616 The sequence number of the OP. Note that this is a sequence number
1617 generated by B::Concise.
1621 5.8.x and earlier only. 5.9 and later do not provide this.
1623 The real sequence number of the OP, as a regular number and not adjusted
1624 to be relative to the start of the real program. (This will generally be
1625 a fairly large number because all of B<B::Concise> is compiled before
1630 Whether or not the op has been optimised by the peephole optimiser.
1632 Only available in 5.9 and later.
1636 The address of the OP's next youngest sibling, in hexadecimal.
1640 The address of the OP's SV, if it has an SV, in hexadecimal.
1644 The class of the OP's SV, if it has one, in all caps (e.g., 'IV').
1648 The value of the OP's SV, if it has one, in a short human-readable format.
1652 The numeric value of the OP's targ.
1656 The name of the variable the OP's targ refers to, if any, otherwise the
1657 letter t followed by the OP's targ in decimal.
1659 =item B<#targarglife>
1661 Same as B<#targarg>, but followed by the COP sequence numbers that delimit
1662 the variable's lifetime (or 'end' for a variable in an open scope) for a
1667 The numeric value of the OP's type, in decimal.
1671 =head1 One-Liner Command tips
1675 =item perl -MO=Concise,bar foo.pl
1677 Renders only bar() from foo.pl. To see main, drop the ',bar'. To see
1680 =item perl -MDigest::MD5=md5 -MO=Concise,md5 -e1
1682 Identifies md5 as an XS function. The export is needed so that BC can
1685 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,_POSIX_ARG_MAX -e1
1687 Identifies _POSIX_ARG_MAX as a constant sub, optimized to an IV.
1688 Although POSIX isn't entirely consistent across platforms, this is
1689 likely to be present in virtually all of them.
1691 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'print _POSIX_SAVED_IDS'
1693 This renders a print statement, which includes a call to the function.
1694 It's identical to rendering a file with a use call and that single
1695 statement, except for the filename which appears in the nextstate ops.
1697 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'sub a{_POSIX_SAVED_IDS}'
1699 This is B<very> similar to previous, only the first two ops differ. This
1700 subroutine rendering is more representative, insofar as a single main
1701 program will have many subs.
1703 =item perl -MB::Concise -e 'B::Concise::compile("-exec","-src", \%B::Concise::)->()'
1705 This renders all functions in the B::Concise package with the source
1706 lines. It eschews the O framework so that the stashref can be passed
1707 directly to B::Concise::compile(). See -stash option for a more
1708 convenient way to render a package.
1712 =head1 Using B::Concise outside of the O framework
1714 The common (and original) usage of B::Concise was for command-line
1715 renderings of simple code, as given in EXAMPLE. But you can also use
1716 B<B::Concise> from your code, and call compile() directly, and
1717 repeatedly. By doing so, you can avoid the compile-time only
1718 operation of O.pm, and even use the debugger to step through
1719 B::Concise::compile() itself.
1721 Once you're doing this, you may alter Concise output by adding new
1722 rendering styles, and by optionally adding callback routines which
1723 populate new variables, if such were referenced from those (just
1726 =head2 Example: Altering Concise Renderings
1728 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1729 add_style($yourStyleName => $defaultfmt, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
1732 my ($h, $op, $format, $level, $stylename) = @_;
1733 $h->{variable} = some_func($op);
1735 $walker = B::Concise::compile(@options,@subnames,@subrefs);
1740 B<set_style> accepts 3 arguments, and updates the three format-specs
1741 comprising a line-style (basic-exec, goto, tree). It has one minor
1742 drawback though; it doesn't register the style under a new name. This
1743 can become an issue if you render more than once and switch styles.
1744 Thus you may prefer to use add_style() and/or set_style_standard()
1747 =head2 set_style_standard($name)
1749 This restores one of the standard line-styles: C<terse>, C<concise>,
1750 C<linenoise>, C<debug>, C<env>, into effect. It also accepts style
1751 names previously defined with add_style().
1755 This subroutine accepts a new style name and three style arguments as
1756 above, and creates, registers, and selects the newly named style. It is
1757 an error to re-add a style; call set_style_standard() to switch between
1760 =head2 add_callback ()
1762 If your newly minted styles refer to any new #variables, you'll need
1763 to define a callback subroutine that will populate (or modify) those
1764 variables. They are then available for use in the style you've
1767 The callbacks are called for each opcode visited by Concise, in the
1768 same order as they are added. Each subroutine is passed five
1771 1. A hashref, containing the variable names and values which are
1772 populated into the report-line for the op
1773 2. the op, as a B<B::OP> object
1774 3. a reference to the format string
1775 4. the formatting (indent) level
1776 5. the selected stylename
1778 To define your own variables, simply add them to the hash, or change
1779 existing values if you need to. The level and format are passed in as
1780 references to scalars, but it is unlikely that they will need to be
1781 changed or even used.
1783 =head2 Running B::Concise::compile()
1785 B<compile> accepts options as described above in L</OPTIONS>, and
1786 arguments, which are either coderefs, or subroutine names.
1788 It constructs and returns a $treewalker coderef, which when invoked,
1789 traverses, or walks, and renders the optrees of the given arguments to
1790 STDOUT. You can reuse this, and can change the rendering style used
1791 each time; thereafter the coderef renders in the new style.
1793 B<walk_output> lets you change the print destination from STDOUT to
1794 another open filehandle, or into a string passed as a ref (unless
1795 you've built perl with -Uuseperlio).
1797 my $walker = B::Concise::compile('-terse','aFuncName', \&aSubRef); # 1
1798 walk_output(\my $buf);
1799 $walker->(); # 1 renders -terse
1800 set_style_standard('concise'); # 2
1801 $walker->(); # 2 renders -concise
1802 $walker->(@new); # 3 renders whatever
1803 print "3 different renderings: terse, concise, and @new: $buf\n";
1805 When $walker is called, it traverses the subroutines supplied when it
1806 was created, and renders them using the current style. You can change
1807 the style afterwards in several different ways:
1809 1. call C<compile>, altering style or mode/order
1810 2. call C<set_style_standard>
1811 3. call $walker, passing @new options
1813 Passing new options to the $walker is the easiest way to change
1814 amongst any pre-defined styles (the ones you add are automatically
1815 recognized as options), and is the only way to alter rendering order
1816 without calling compile again. Note however that rendering state is
1817 still shared amongst multiple $walker objects, so they must still be
1818 used in a coordinated manner.
1820 =head2 B::Concise::reset_sequence()
1822 This function (not exported) lets you reset the sequence numbers (note
1823 that they're numbered arbitrarily, their goal being to be human
1824 readable). Its purpose is mostly to support testing, i.e. to compare
1825 the concise output from two identical anonymous subroutines (but
1826 different instances). Without the reset, B::Concise, seeing that
1827 they're separate optrees, generates different sequence numbers in
1832 Errors in rendering (non-existent function-name, non-existent coderef)
1833 are written to the STDOUT, or wherever you've set it via
1836 Errors using the various *style* calls, and bad args to walk_output(),
1837 result in die(). Use an eval if you wish to catch these errors and
1838 continue processing.
1842 Stephen McCamant, E<lt>smcc@CSUA.Berkeley.EDUE<gt>.