Commit | Line | Data |
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393fec97 GS |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | ||
3 | perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl | |
4 | ||
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
6 | ||
0a1f2d14 | 7 | =head2 Important Caveats |
21bad921 | 8 | |
c349b1b9 JH |
9 | Unicode support is an extensive requirement. While perl does not |
10 | implement the Unicode standard or the accompanying technical reports | |
11 | from cover to cover, Perl does support many Unicode features. | |
21bad921 | 12 | |
13a2d996 | 13 | =over 4 |
21bad921 GS |
14 | |
15 | =item Input and Output Disciplines | |
16 | ||
75daf61c JH |
17 | A filehandle can be marked as containing perl's internal Unicode |
18 | encoding (UTF-8 or UTF-EBCDIC) by opening it with the ":utf8" layer. | |
0a1f2d14 | 19 | Other encodings can be converted to perl's encoding on input, or from |
c349b1b9 JH |
20 | perl's encoding on output by use of the ":encoding(...)" layer. |
21 | See L<open>. | |
22 | ||
d1be9408 | 23 | To mark the Perl source itself as being in a particular encoding, |
c349b1b9 | 24 | see L<encoding>. |
21bad921 GS |
25 | |
26 | =item Regular Expressions | |
27 | ||
c349b1b9 JH |
28 | The regular expression compiler produces polymorphic opcodes. That is, |
29 | the pattern adapts to the data and automatically switch to the Unicode | |
30 | character scheme when presented with Unicode data, or a traditional | |
31 | byte scheme when presented with byte data. | |
21bad921 | 32 | |
ad0029c4 | 33 | =item C<use utf8> still needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts |
21bad921 | 34 | |
c349b1b9 JH |
35 | As a compatibility measure, this pragma must be explicitly used to |
36 | enable recognition of UTF-8 in the Perl scripts themselves on ASCII | |
3e4dbfed | 37 | based machines, or to recognize UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based machines. |
c349b1b9 JH |
38 | B<NOTE: this should be the only place where an explicit C<use utf8> |
39 | is needed>. | |
21bad921 | 40 | |
1768d7eb | 41 | You can also use the C<encoding> pragma to change the default encoding |
6ec9efec | 42 | of the data in your script; see L<encoding>. |
1768d7eb | 43 | |
21bad921 GS |
44 | =back |
45 | ||
46 | =head2 Byte and Character semantics | |
393fec97 GS |
47 | |
48 | Beginning with version 5.6, Perl uses logically wide characters to | |
3e4dbfed | 49 | represent strings internally. |
393fec97 | 50 | |
75daf61c JH |
51 | In future, Perl-level operations can be expected to work with |
52 | characters rather than bytes, in general. | |
393fec97 | 53 | |
75daf61c JH |
54 | However, as strictly an interim compatibility measure, Perl aims to |
55 | provide a safe migration path from byte semantics to character | |
56 | semantics for programs. For operations where Perl can unambiguously | |
57 | decide that the input data is characters, Perl now switches to | |
58 | character semantics. For operations where this determination cannot | |
59 | be made without additional information from the user, Perl decides in | |
60 | favor of compatibility, and chooses to use byte semantics. | |
8cbd9a7a GS |
61 | |
62 | This behavior preserves compatibility with earlier versions of Perl, | |
63 | which allowed byte semantics in Perl operations, but only as long as | |
64 | none of the program's inputs are marked as being as source of Unicode | |
65 | character data. Such data may come from filehandles, from calls to | |
66 | external programs, from information provided by the system (such as %ENV), | |
21bad921 | 67 | or from literals and constants in the source text. |
8cbd9a7a | 68 | |
c349b1b9 | 69 | On Windows platforms, if the C<-C> command line switch is used, (or the |
75daf61c JH |
70 | ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS} global flag is set to C<1>), all system calls |
71 | will use the corresponding wide character APIs. Note that this is | |
c349b1b9 JH |
72 | currently only implemented on Windows since other platforms lack an |
73 | API standard on this area. | |
8cbd9a7a | 74 | |
75daf61c JH |
75 | Regardless of the above, the C<bytes> pragma can always be used to |
76 | force byte semantics in a particular lexical scope. See L<bytes>. | |
8cbd9a7a GS |
77 | |
78 | The C<utf8> pragma is primarily a compatibility device that enables | |
75daf61c | 79 | recognition of UTF-(8|EBCDIC) in literals encountered by the parser. |
7dedd01f JH |
80 | Note that this pragma is only required until a future version of Perl |
81 | in which character semantics will become the default. This pragma may | |
82 | then become a no-op. See L<utf8>. | |
8cbd9a7a GS |
83 | |
84 | Unless mentioned otherwise, Perl operators will use character semantics | |
85 | when they are dealing with Unicode data, and byte semantics otherwise. | |
86 | Thus, character semantics for these operations apply transparently; if | |
87 | the input data came from a Unicode source (for example, by adding a | |
88 | character encoding discipline to the filehandle whence it came, or a | |
3e4dbfed | 89 | literal Unicode string constant in the program), character semantics |
8cbd9a7a | 90 | apply; otherwise, byte semantics are in effect. To force byte semantics |
8058d7ab | 91 | on Unicode data, the C<bytes> pragma should be used. |
393fec97 | 92 | |
0a378802 JH |
93 | Notice that if you concatenate strings with byte semantics and strings |
94 | with Unicode character data, the bytes will by default be upgraded | |
95 | I<as if they were ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1)> (or if in EBCDIC, after a | |
3e4dbfed JF |
96 | translation to ISO 8859-1). This is done without regard to the |
97 | system's native 8-bit encoding, so to change this for systems with | |
98 | non-Latin-1 (or non-EBCDIC) native encodings, use the C<encoding> | |
0a378802 | 99 | pragma, see L<encoding>. |
7dedd01f | 100 | |
feda178f JH |
101 | Under character semantics, many operations that formerly operated on |
102 | bytes change to operating on characters. A character in Perl is | |
103 | logically just a number ranging from 0 to 2**31 or so. Larger | |
104 | characters may encode to longer sequences of bytes internally, but | |
105 | this is just an internal detail which is hidden at the Perl level. | |
106 | See L<perluniintro> for more on this. | |
393fec97 | 107 | |
8cbd9a7a | 108 | =head2 Effects of character semantics |
393fec97 GS |
109 | |
110 | Character semantics have the following effects: | |
111 | ||
112 | =over 4 | |
113 | ||
114 | =item * | |
115 | ||
116 | Strings and patterns may contain characters that have an ordinal value | |
21bad921 | 117 | larger than 255. |
393fec97 | 118 | |
feda178f JH |
119 | If you use a Unicode editor to edit your program, Unicode characters |
120 | may occur directly within the literal strings in one of the various | |
121 | Unicode encodings (UTF-8, UTF-EBCDIC, UCS-2, etc.), but are recognized | |
122 | as such (and converted to Perl's internal representation) only if the | |
123 | appropriate L<encoding> is specified. | |
3e4dbfed JF |
124 | |
125 | You can also get Unicode characters into a string by using the C<\x{...}> | |
126 | notation, putting the Unicode code for the desired character, in | |
127 | hexadecimal, into the curlies. For instance, a smiley face is C<\x{263A}>. | |
128 | This works only for characters with a code 0x100 and above. | |
129 | ||
130 | Additionally, if you | |
131 | use charnames ':full'; | |
132 | you can use the C<\N{...}> notation, putting the official Unicode character | |
133 | name within the curlies. For example, C<\N{WHITE SMILING FACE}>. | |
134 | This works for all characters that have names. | |
393fec97 GS |
135 | |
136 | =item * | |
137 | ||
3e4dbfed JF |
138 | If an appropriate L<encoding> is specified, |
139 | identifiers within the Perl script may contain Unicode alphanumeric | |
393fec97 | 140 | characters, including ideographs. (You are currently on your own when |
75daf61c JH |
141 | it comes to using the canonical forms of characters--Perl doesn't |
142 | (yet) attempt to canonicalize variable names for you.) | |
393fec97 | 143 | |
393fec97 GS |
144 | =item * |
145 | ||
146 | Regular expressions match characters instead of bytes. For instance, | |
147 | "." matches a character instead of a byte. (However, the C<\C> pattern | |
75daf61c | 148 | is provided to force a match a single byte ("C<char>" in C, hence C<\C>).) |
393fec97 | 149 | |
393fec97 GS |
150 | =item * |
151 | ||
152 | Character classes in regular expressions match characters instead of | |
153 | bytes, and match against the character properties specified in the | |
75daf61c JH |
154 | Unicode properties database. So C<\w> can be used to match an |
155 | ideograph, for instance. | |
393fec97 | 156 | |
393fec97 GS |
157 | =item * |
158 | ||
cfc01aea | 159 | Named Unicode properties and block ranges may be used as character |
393fec97 GS |
160 | classes via the new C<\p{}> (matches property) and C<\P{}> (doesn't |
161 | match property) constructs. For instance, C<\p{Lu}> matches any | |
feda178f JH |
162 | character with the Unicode "Lu" (Letter, uppercase) property, while |
163 | C<\p{M}> matches any character with a "M" (mark -- accents and such) | |
164 | property. Single letter properties may omit the brackets, so that can | |
165 | be written C<\pM> also. Many predefined character classes are | |
166 | available, such as C<\p{IsMirrored}> and C<\p{InTibetan}>. | |
4193bef7 JH |
167 | |
168 | The C<\p{Is...}> test for "general properties" such as "letter", | |
169 | "digit", while the C<\p{In...}> test for Unicode scripts and blocks. | |
170 | ||
cfc01aea | 171 | The official Unicode script and block names have spaces and dashes as |
e150c829 JH |
172 | separators, but for convenience you can have dashes, spaces, and |
173 | underbars at every word division, and you need not care about correct | |
174 | casing. It is recommended, however, that for consistency you use the | |
175 | following naming: the official Unicode script, block, or property name | |
feda178f JH |
176 | (see below for the additional rules that apply to block names), with |
177 | whitespace and dashes replaced with underbar, and the words | |
e150c829 JH |
178 | "uppercase-first-lowercase-rest". That is, "Latin-1 Supplement" |
179 | becomes "Latin_1_Supplement". | |
4193bef7 | 180 | |
a1cc1cb1 | 181 | You can also negate both C<\p{}> and C<\P{}> by introducing a caret |
e150c829 JH |
182 | (^) between the first curly and the property name: C<\p{^In_Tamil}> is |
183 | equal to C<\P{In_Tamil}>. | |
4193bef7 | 184 | |
61247495 | 185 | The C<In> and C<Is> can be left out: C<\p{Greek}> is equal to |
e150c829 | 186 | C<\p{In_Greek}>, C<\P{Pd}> is equal to C<\P{Pd}>. |
393fec97 | 187 | |
d73e5302 JH |
188 | Short Long |
189 | ||
190 | L Letter | |
e150c829 JH |
191 | Lu Uppercase_Letter |
192 | Ll Lowercase_Letter | |
193 | Lt Titlecase_Letter | |
194 | Lm Modifier_Letter | |
195 | Lo Other_Letter | |
d73e5302 JH |
196 | |
197 | M Mark | |
e150c829 JH |
198 | Mn Nonspacing_Mark |
199 | Mc Spacing_Mark | |
200 | Me Enclosing_Mark | |
d73e5302 JH |
201 | |
202 | N Number | |
e150c829 JH |
203 | Nd Decimal_Number |
204 | Nl Letter_Number | |
205 | No Other_Number | |
d73e5302 JH |
206 | |
207 | P Punctuation | |
e150c829 JH |
208 | Pc Connector_Punctuation |
209 | Pd Dash_Punctuation | |
210 | Ps Open_Punctuation | |
211 | Pe Close_Punctuation | |
212 | Pi Initial_Punctuation | |
d73e5302 | 213 | (may behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage) |
e150c829 | 214 | Pf Final_Punctuation |
d73e5302 | 215 | (may behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage) |
e150c829 | 216 | Po Other_Punctuation |
d73e5302 JH |
217 | |
218 | S Symbol | |
e150c829 JH |
219 | Sm Math_Symbol |
220 | Sc Currency_Symbol | |
221 | Sk Modifier_Symbol | |
222 | So Other_Symbol | |
d73e5302 JH |
223 | |
224 | Z Separator | |
e150c829 JH |
225 | Zs Space_Separator |
226 | Zl Line_Separator | |
227 | Zp Paragraph_Separator | |
d73e5302 JH |
228 | |
229 | C Other | |
e150c829 JH |
230 | Cc Control |
231 | Cf Format | |
232 | Cs Surrogate | |
233 | Co Private_Use | |
234 | Cn Unassigned | |
1ac13f9a | 235 | |
3e4dbfed JF |
236 | The single-letter properties match all characters in any of the |
237 | two-letter sub-properties starting with the same letter. | |
1ac13f9a | 238 | There's also C<L&> which is an alias for C<Ll>, C<Lu>, and C<Lt>. |
32293815 | 239 | |
d73e5302 JH |
240 | The following reserved ranges have C<In> tests: |
241 | ||
e150c829 JH |
242 | CJK_Ideograph_Extension_A |
243 | CJK_Ideograph | |
244 | Hangul_Syllable | |
245 | Non_Private_Use_High_Surrogate | |
246 | Private_Use_High_Surrogate | |
247 | Low_Surrogate | |
248 | Private_Surrogate | |
249 | CJK_Ideograph_Extension_B | |
250 | Plane_15_Private_Use | |
251 | Plane_16_Private_Use | |
d73e5302 JH |
252 | |
253 | For example C<"\x{AC00}" =~ \p{HangulSyllable}> will test true. | |
e9ad1727 | 254 | (Handling of surrogates is not implemented yet, because Perl |
0675fa52 JH |
255 | uses UTF-8 and not UTF-16 internally to represent Unicode. |
256 | So you really can't use the "Cs" category.) | |
d73e5302 | 257 | |
32293815 JH |
258 | Additionally, because scripts differ in their directionality |
259 | (for example Hebrew is written right to left), all characters | |
260 | have their directionality defined: | |
261 | ||
d73e5302 JH |
262 | BidiL Left-to-Right |
263 | BidiLRE Left-to-Right Embedding | |
264 | BidiLRO Left-to-Right Override | |
265 | BidiR Right-to-Left | |
266 | BidiAL Right-to-Left Arabic | |
267 | BidiRLE Right-to-Left Embedding | |
268 | BidiRLO Right-to-Left Override | |
269 | BidiPDF Pop Directional Format | |
270 | BidiEN European Number | |
271 | BidiES European Number Separator | |
272 | BidiET European Number Terminator | |
273 | BidiAN Arabic Number | |
274 | BidiCS Common Number Separator | |
275 | BidiNSM Non-Spacing Mark | |
276 | BidiBN Boundary Neutral | |
277 | BidiB Paragraph Separator | |
278 | BidiS Segment Separator | |
279 | BidiWS Whitespace | |
280 | BidiON Other Neutrals | |
32293815 | 281 | |
210b36aa AMS |
282 | =back |
283 | ||
2796c109 JH |
284 | =head2 Scripts |
285 | ||
75daf61c | 286 | The scripts available for C<\p{In...}> and C<\P{In...}>, for example |
cfc01aea | 287 | C<\p{InLatin}> or \p{InCyrillic>, are as follows: |
2796c109 | 288 | |
1ac13f9a | 289 | Arabic |
e9ad1727 | 290 | Armenian |
1ac13f9a | 291 | Bengali |
e9ad1727 JH |
292 | Bopomofo |
293 | Canadian-Aboriginal | |
294 | Cherokee | |
295 | Cyrillic | |
296 | Deseret | |
297 | Devanagari | |
298 | Ethiopic | |
299 | Georgian | |
300 | Gothic | |
301 | Greek | |
1ac13f9a | 302 | Gujarati |
e9ad1727 JH |
303 | Gurmukhi |
304 | Han | |
305 | Hangul | |
306 | Hebrew | |
307 | Hiragana | |
308 | Inherited | |
1ac13f9a | 309 | Kannada |
e9ad1727 JH |
310 | Katakana |
311 | Khmer | |
1ac13f9a | 312 | Lao |
e9ad1727 JH |
313 | Latin |
314 | Malayalam | |
315 | Mongolian | |
1ac13f9a | 316 | Myanmar |
1ac13f9a | 317 | Ogham |
e9ad1727 JH |
318 | Old-Italic |
319 | Oriya | |
1ac13f9a | 320 | Runic |
e9ad1727 JH |
321 | Sinhala |
322 | Syriac | |
323 | Tamil | |
324 | Telugu | |
325 | Thaana | |
326 | Thai | |
327 | Tibetan | |
1ac13f9a | 328 | Yi |
1ac13f9a JH |
329 | |
330 | There are also extended property classes that supplement the basic | |
331 | properties, defined by the F<PropList> Unicode database: | |
332 | ||
e9ad1727 | 333 | ASCII_Hex_Digit |
1ac13f9a | 334 | Bidi_Control |
1ac13f9a | 335 | Dash |
1ac13f9a JH |
336 | Diacritic |
337 | Extender | |
e9ad1727 JH |
338 | Hex_Digit |
339 | Hyphen | |
340 | Ideographic | |
341 | Join_Control | |
342 | Noncharacter_Code_Point | |
343 | Other_Alphabetic | |
1ac13f9a | 344 | Other_Lowercase |
e9ad1727 | 345 | Other_Math |
1ac13f9a | 346 | Other_Uppercase |
e9ad1727 | 347 | Quotation_Mark |
e150c829 | 348 | White_Space |
1ac13f9a JH |
349 | |
350 | and further derived properties: | |
351 | ||
352 | Alphabetic Lu + Ll + Lt + Lm + Lo + Other_Alphabetic | |
353 | Lowercase Ll + Other_Lowercase | |
354 | Uppercase Lu + Other_Uppercase | |
355 | Math Sm + Other_Math | |
356 | ||
357 | ID_Start Lu + Ll + Lt + Lm + Lo + Nl | |
358 | ID_Continue ID_Start + Mn + Mc + Nd + Pc | |
359 | ||
360 | Any Any character | |
361 | Assigned Any non-Cn character | |
362 | Common Any character (or unassigned code point) | |
e150c829 | 363 | not explicitly assigned to a script |
2796c109 JH |
364 | |
365 | =head2 Blocks | |
366 | ||
367 | In addition to B<scripts>, Unicode also defines B<blocks> of | |
368 | characters. The difference between scripts and blocks is that the | |
e9ad1727 | 369 | scripts concept is closer to natural languages, while the blocks |
2796c109 JH |
370 | concept is more an artificial grouping based on groups of 256 Unicode |
371 | characters. For example, the C<Latin> script contains letters from | |
e9ad1727 | 372 | many blocks. On the other hand, the C<Latin> script does not contain |
feda178f JH |
373 | all the characters from those blocks. It does not, for example, |
374 | contain digits because digits are shared across many scripts. Digits | |
375 | and other similar groups, like punctuation, are in a category called | |
e9ad1727 | 376 | C<Common>. |
2796c109 | 377 | |
cfc01aea JF |
378 | For more about scripts, see the UTR #24: |
379 | ||
380 | http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/ | |
381 | ||
382 | For more about blocks, see: | |
383 | ||
384 | http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt | |
2796c109 JH |
385 | |
386 | Because there are overlaps in naming (there are, for example, both | |
387 | a script called C<Katakana> and a block called C<Katakana>, the block | |
388 | version has C<Block> appended to its name, C<\p{InKatakanaBlock}>. | |
389 | ||
390 | Notice that this definition was introduced in Perl 5.8.0: in Perl | |
e150c829 | 391 | 5.6 only the blocks were used; in Perl 5.8.0 scripts became the |
feda178f JH |
392 | preferential Unicode character class definition (prompted by |
393 | recommendations from the Unicode consortium); this meant that | |
394 | the definitions of some character classes changed (the ones in | |
395 | the below list that have the C<Block> appended). | |
2796c109 | 396 | |
e9ad1727 JH |
397 | Alphabetic Presentation Forms |
398 | Arabic Block | |
399 | Arabic Presentation Forms-A | |
400 | Arabic Presentation Forms-B | |
401 | Armenian Block | |
402 | Arrows | |
71d929cb | 403 | Basic Latin |
e9ad1727 JH |
404 | Bengali Block |
405 | Block Elements | |
406 | Bopomofo Block | |
407 | Bopomofo Extended | |
408 | Box Drawing | |
409 | Braille Patterns | |
410 | Byzantine Musical Symbols | |
411 | CJK Compatibility | |
412 | CJK Compatibility Forms | |
413 | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | |
414 | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | |
415 | CJK Radicals Supplement | |
416 | CJK Symbols and Punctuation | |
417 | CJK Unified Ideographs | |
418 | CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A | |
419 | CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B | |
420 | Cherokee Block | |
71d929cb | 421 | Combining Diacritical Marks |
e9ad1727 JH |
422 | Combining Half Marks |
423 | Combining Marks for Symbols | |
424 | Control Pictures | |
425 | Currency Symbols | |
71d929cb | 426 | Cyrillic Block |
e9ad1727 | 427 | Deseret Block |
71d929cb | 428 | Devanagari Block |
e9ad1727 JH |
429 | Dingbats |
430 | Enclosed Alphanumerics | |
431 | Enclosed CJK Letters and Months | |
432 | Ethiopic Block | |
433 | General Punctuation | |
434 | Geometric Shapes | |
71d929cb | 435 | Georgian Block |
e9ad1727 JH |
436 | Gothic Block |
437 | Greek Block | |
438 | Greek Extended | |
439 | Gujarati Block | |
440 | Gurmukhi Block | |
441 | Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms | |
442 | Hangul Compatibility Jamo | |
71d929cb | 443 | Hangul Jamo |
e9ad1727 JH |
444 | Hangul Syllables |
445 | Hebrew Block | |
446 | High Private Use Surrogates | |
447 | High Surrogates | |
448 | Hiragana Block | |
449 | IPA Extensions | |
450 | Ideographic Description Characters | |
451 | Kanbun | |
452 | Kangxi Radicals | |
453 | Kannada Block | |
454 | Katakana Block | |
71d929cb | 455 | Khmer Block |
e9ad1727 JH |
456 | Lao Block |
457 | Latin 1 Supplement | |
71d929cb | 458 | Latin Extended Additional |
e9ad1727 JH |
459 | Latin Extended-A |
460 | Latin Extended-B | |
71d929cb | 461 | Letterlike Symbols |
e9ad1727 JH |
462 | Low Surrogates |
463 | Malayalam Block | |
464 | Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols | |
71d929cb | 465 | Mathematical Operators |
e9ad1727 | 466 | Miscellaneous Symbols |
71d929cb | 467 | Miscellaneous Technical |
e9ad1727 JH |
468 | Mongolian Block |
469 | Musical Symbols | |
470 | Myanmar Block | |
471 | Number Forms | |
472 | Ogham Block | |
473 | Old Italic Block | |
71d929cb | 474 | Optical Character Recognition |
e9ad1727 | 475 | Oriya Block |
71d929cb | 476 | Private Use |
e9ad1727 JH |
477 | Runic Block |
478 | Sinhala Block | |
71d929cb | 479 | Small Form Variants |
e9ad1727 | 480 | Spacing Modifier Letters |
2796c109 | 481 | Specials |
e9ad1727 JH |
482 | Superscripts and Subscripts |
483 | Syriac Block | |
2796c109 | 484 | Tags |
e9ad1727 JH |
485 | Tamil Block |
486 | Telugu Block | |
487 | Thaana Block | |
488 | Thai Block | |
489 | Tibetan Block | |
490 | Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics | |
491 | Yi Radicals | |
492 | Yi Syllables | |
32293815 | 493 | |
210b36aa AMS |
494 | =over 4 |
495 | ||
393fec97 GS |
496 | =item * |
497 | ||
498 | The special pattern C<\X> match matches any extended Unicode sequence | |
499 | (a "combining character sequence" in Standardese), where the first | |
500 | character is a base character and subsequent characters are mark | |
501 | characters that apply to the base character. It is equivalent to | |
502 | C<(?:\PM\pM*)>. | |
503 | ||
393fec97 GS |
504 | =item * |
505 | ||
383e7cdd JH |
506 | The C<tr///> operator translates characters instead of bytes. Note |
507 | that the C<tr///CU> functionality has been removed, as the interface | |
508 | was a mistake. For similar functionality see pack('U0', ...) and | |
509 | pack('C0', ...). | |
393fec97 | 510 | |
393fec97 GS |
511 | =item * |
512 | ||
513 | Case translation operators use the Unicode case translation tables | |
44bc797b JH |
514 | when provided character input. Note that C<uc()> (also known as C<\U> |
515 | in doublequoted strings) translates to uppercase, while C<ucfirst> | |
516 | (also known as C<\u> in doublequoted strings) translates to titlecase | |
517 | (for languages that make the distinction). Naturally the | |
518 | corresponding backslash sequences have the same semantics. | |
393fec97 GS |
519 | |
520 | =item * | |
521 | ||
522 | Most operators that deal with positions or lengths in the string will | |
75daf61c JH |
523 | automatically switch to using character positions, including |
524 | C<chop()>, C<substr()>, C<pos()>, C<index()>, C<rindex()>, | |
525 | C<sprintf()>, C<write()>, and C<length()>. Operators that | |
526 | specifically don't switch include C<vec()>, C<pack()>, and | |
527 | C<unpack()>. Operators that really don't care include C<chomp()>, as | |
528 | well as any other operator that treats a string as a bucket of bits, | |
529 | such as C<sort()>, and the operators dealing with filenames. | |
393fec97 GS |
530 | |
531 | =item * | |
532 | ||
533 | The C<pack()>/C<unpack()> letters "C<c>" and "C<C>" do I<not> change, | |
534 | since they're often used for byte-oriented formats. (Again, think | |
535 | "C<char>" in the C language.) However, there is a new "C<U>" specifier | |
3e4dbfed | 536 | that will convert between Unicode characters and integers. |
393fec97 GS |
537 | |
538 | =item * | |
539 | ||
540 | The C<chr()> and C<ord()> functions work on characters. This is like | |
541 | C<pack("U")> and C<unpack("U")>, not like C<pack("C")> and | |
542 | C<unpack("C")>. In fact, the latter are how you now emulate | |
35bcd338 | 543 | byte-oriented C<chr()> and C<ord()> for Unicode strings. |
3e4dbfed JF |
544 | (Note that this reveals the internal encoding of Unicode strings, |
545 | which is not something one normally needs to care about at all.) | |
393fec97 GS |
546 | |
547 | =item * | |
548 | ||
a1ca4561 YST |
549 | The bit string operators C<& | ^ ~> can operate on character data. |
550 | However, for backward compatibility reasons (bit string operations | |
75daf61c JH |
551 | when the characters all are less than 256 in ordinal value) one should |
552 | not mix C<~> (the bit complement) and characters both less than 256 and | |
a1ca4561 YST |
553 | equal or greater than 256. Most importantly, the DeMorgan's laws |
554 | (C<~($x|$y) eq ~$x&~$y>, C<~($x&$y) eq ~$x|~$y>) won't hold. | |
555 | Another way to look at this is that the complement cannot return | |
75daf61c | 556 | B<both> the 8-bit (byte) wide bit complement B<and> the full character |
a1ca4561 YST |
557 | wide bit complement. |
558 | ||
559 | =item * | |
560 | ||
983ffd37 JH |
561 | lc(), uc(), lcfirst(), and ucfirst() work for the following cases: |
562 | ||
563 | =over 8 | |
564 | ||
565 | =item * | |
566 | ||
567 | the case mapping is from a single Unicode character to another | |
568 | single Unicode character | |
569 | ||
570 | =item * | |
571 | ||
572 | the case mapping is from a single Unicode character to more | |
573 | than one Unicode character | |
574 | ||
575 | =back | |
576 | ||
210b36aa | 577 | What doesn't yet work are the following cases: |
983ffd37 JH |
578 | |
579 | =over 8 | |
580 | ||
581 | =item * | |
582 | ||
583 | the "final sigma" (Greek) | |
584 | ||
585 | =item * | |
586 | ||
587 | anything to with locales (Lithuanian, Turkish, Azeri) | |
588 | ||
589 | =back | |
590 | ||
591 | See the Unicode Technical Report #21, Case Mappings, for more details. | |
ac1256e8 JH |
592 | |
593 | =item * | |
594 | ||
393fec97 GS |
595 | And finally, C<scalar reverse()> reverses by character rather than by byte. |
596 | ||
597 | =back | |
598 | ||
8cbd9a7a GS |
599 | =head2 Character encodings for input and output |
600 | ||
7221edc9 | 601 | See L<Encode>. |
8cbd9a7a | 602 | |
393fec97 GS |
603 | =head1 CAVEATS |
604 | ||
8cbd9a7a GS |
605 | Whether an arbitrary piece of data will be treated as "characters" or |
606 | "bytes" by internal operations cannot be divined at the current time. | |
393fec97 | 607 | |
feda178f JH |
608 | Use of locales with Unicode data may lead to odd results. Currently |
609 | there is some attempt to apply 8-bit locale info to characters in the | |
610 | range 0..255, but this is demonstrably incorrect for locales that use | |
3e4dbfed | 611 | characters above that range when mapped into Unicode. It will also |
393fec97 GS |
612 | tend to run slower. Avoidance of locales is strongly encouraged. |
613 | ||
776f8809 JH |
614 | =head1 UNICODE REGULAR EXPRESSION SUPPORT LEVEL |
615 | ||
616 | The following list of Unicode regular expression support describes | |
617 | feature by feature the Unicode support implemented in Perl as of Perl | |
618 | 5.8.0. The "Level N" and the section numbers refer to the Unicode | |
619 | Technical Report 18, "Unicode Regular Expression Guidelines". | |
620 | ||
621 | =over 4 | |
622 | ||
623 | =item * | |
624 | ||
625 | Level 1 - Basic Unicode Support | |
626 | ||
627 | 2.1 Hex Notation - done [1] | |
3bfdc84c | 628 | Named Notation - done [2] |
776f8809 JH |
629 | 2.2 Categories - done [3][4] |
630 | 2.3 Subtraction - MISSING [5][6] | |
631 | 2.4 Simple Word Boundaries - done [7] | |
78d3e1bf | 632 | 2.5 Simple Loose Matches - done [8] |
776f8809 JH |
633 | 2.6 End of Line - MISSING [9][10] |
634 | ||
635 | [ 1] \x{...} | |
636 | [ 2] \N{...} | |
637 | [ 3] . \p{Is...} \P{Is...} | |
29bdacb8 | 638 | [ 4] now scripts (see UTR#24 Script Names) in addition to blocks |
776f8809 | 639 | [ 5] have negation |
29bdacb8 | 640 | [ 6] can use look-ahead to emulate subtraction (*) |
776f8809 | 641 | [ 7] include Letters in word characters |
e0f9d4a8 JH |
642 | [ 8] note that perl does Full casefolding in matching, not Simple: |
643 | for example U+1F88 is equivalent with U+1F000 U+03B9, | |
644 | not with 1F80. This difference matters for certain Greek | |
645 | capital letters with certain modifiers: the Full casefolding | |
646 | decomposes the letter, while the Simple casefolding would map | |
647 | it to a single character. | |
776f8809 | 648 | [ 9] see UTR#13 Unicode Newline Guidelines |
ec83e909 JH |
649 | [10] should do ^ and $ also on \x{85}, \x{2028} and \x{2029}) |
650 | (should also affect <>, $., and script line numbers) | |
3bfdc84c | 651 | (the \x{85}, \x{2028} and \x{2029} do match \s) |
7207e29d | 652 | |
dbe420b4 JH |
653 | (*) You can mimic class subtraction using lookahead. |
654 | For example, what TR18 might write as | |
29bdacb8 | 655 | |
dbe420b4 JH |
656 | [{Greek}-[{UNASSIGNED}]] |
657 | ||
658 | in Perl can be written as: | |
659 | ||
660 | (?!\p{UNASSIGNED})\p{GreekBlock} | |
661 | (?=\p{ASSIGNED})\p{GreekBlock} | |
662 | ||
663 | But in this particular example, you probably really want | |
664 | ||
665 | \p{Greek} | |
666 | ||
667 | which will match assigned characters known to be part of the Greek script. | |
29bdacb8 | 668 | |
776f8809 JH |
669 | =item * |
670 | ||
671 | Level 2 - Extended Unicode Support | |
672 | ||
673 | 3.1 Surrogates - MISSING | |
674 | 3.2 Canonical Equivalents - MISSING [11][12] | |
675 | 3.3 Locale-Independent Graphemes - MISSING [13] | |
676 | 3.4 Locale-Independent Words - MISSING [14] | |
677 | 3.5 Locale-Independent Loose Matches - MISSING [15] | |
678 | ||
679 | [11] see UTR#15 Unicode Normalization | |
680 | [12] have Unicode::Normalize but not integrated to regexes | |
681 | [13] have \X but at this level . should equal that | |
682 | [14] need three classes, not just \w and \W | |
683 | [15] see UTR#21 Case Mappings | |
684 | ||
685 | =item * | |
686 | ||
687 | Level 3 - Locale-Sensitive Support | |
688 | ||
689 | 4.1 Locale-Dependent Categories - MISSING | |
690 | 4.2 Locale-Dependent Graphemes - MISSING [16][17] | |
691 | 4.3 Locale-Dependent Words - MISSING | |
692 | 4.4 Locale-Dependent Loose Matches - MISSING | |
693 | 4.5 Locale-Dependent Ranges - MISSING | |
694 | ||
695 | [16] see UTR#10 Unicode Collation Algorithms | |
696 | [17] have Unicode::Collate but not integrated to regexes | |
697 | ||
698 | =back | |
699 | ||
c349b1b9 JH |
700 | =head2 Unicode Encodings |
701 | ||
702 | Unicode characters are assigned to I<code points> which are abstract | |
86bbd6d1 | 703 | numbers. To use these numbers various encodings are needed. |
c349b1b9 JH |
704 | |
705 | =over 4 | |
706 | ||
707 | =item UTF-8 | |
708 | ||
3e4dbfed JF |
709 | UTF-8 is a variable-length (1 to 6 bytes, current character allocations |
710 | require 4 bytes), byteorder independent encoding. For ASCII, UTF-8 is | |
711 | transparent (and we really do mean 7-bit ASCII, not another 8-bit encoding). | |
c349b1b9 | 712 | |
05632f9a JH |
713 | The following table is from Unicode 3.1. |
714 | ||
715 | Code Points 1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte | |
716 | ||
717 | U+0000..U+007F 00..7F | |
718 | U+0080..U+07FF C2..DF 80..BF | |
719 | U+0800..U+0FFF E0 A0..BF 80..BF | |
720 | U+1000..U+FFFF E1..EF 80..BF 80..BF | |
721 | U+10000..U+3FFFF F0 90..BF 80..BF 80..BF | |
722 | U+40000..U+FFFFF F1..F3 80..BF 80..BF 80..BF | |
723 | U+100000..U+10FFFF F4 80..8F 80..BF 80..BF | |
724 | ||
725 | Or, another way to look at it, as bits: | |
726 | ||
727 | Code Points 1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte | |
728 | ||
729 | 0aaaaaaa 0aaaaaaa | |
730 | 00000bbbbbaaaaaa 110bbbbb 10aaaaaa | |
731 | ccccbbbbbbaaaaaa 1110cccc 10bbbbbb 10aaaaaa | |
732 | 00000dddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa 11110ddd 10cccccc 10bbbbbb 10aaaaaa | |
733 | ||
734 | As you can see, the continuation bytes all begin with C<10>, and the | |
735 | leading bits of the start byte tells how many bytes the are in the | |
736 | encoded character. | |
737 | ||
fe854a6f | 738 | =item UTF-EBCDIC |
dbe420b4 | 739 | |
fe854a6f | 740 | Like UTF-8, but EBCDIC-safe, as UTF-8 is ASCII-safe. |
dbe420b4 | 741 | |
c349b1b9 JH |
742 | =item UTF-16, UTF-16BE, UTF16-LE, Surrogates, and BOMs (Byte Order Marks) |
743 | ||
dbe420b4 JH |
744 | (The followings items are mostly for reference, Perl doesn't |
745 | use them internally.) | |
746 | ||
c349b1b9 JH |
747 | UTF-16 is a 2 or 4 byte encoding. The Unicode code points |
748 | 0x0000..0xFFFF are stored in two 16-bit units, and the code points | |
dbe420b4 | 749 | 0x010000..0x10FFFF in two 16-bit units. The latter case is |
c349b1b9 JH |
750 | using I<surrogates>, the first 16-bit unit being the I<high |
751 | surrogate>, and the second being the I<low surrogate>. | |
752 | ||
753 | Surrogates are code points set aside to encode the 0x01000..0x10FFFF | |
754 | range of Unicode code points in pairs of 16-bit units. The I<high | |
755 | surrogates> are the range 0xD800..0xDBFF, and the I<low surrogates> | |
756 | are the range 0xDC00..0xDFFFF. The surrogate encoding is | |
757 | ||
758 | $hi = ($uni - 0x10000) / 0x400 + 0xD800; | |
759 | $lo = ($uni - 0x10000) % 0x400 + 0xDC00; | |
760 | ||
761 | and the decoding is | |
762 | ||
763 | $uni = 0x10000 + ($hi - 0xD8000) * 0x400 + ($lo - 0xDC00); | |
764 | ||
feda178f JH |
765 | If you try to generate surrogates (for example by using chr()), you |
766 | will get a warning if warnings are turned on (C<-w> or C<use | |
767 | warnings;>) because those code points are not valid for a Unicode | |
768 | character. | |
9466bab6 | 769 | |
86bbd6d1 | 770 | Because of the 16-bitness, UTF-16 is byteorder dependent. UTF-16 |
c349b1b9 | 771 | itself can be used for in-memory computations, but if storage or |
86bbd6d1 | 772 | transfer is required, either UTF-16BE (Big Endian) or UTF-16LE |
c349b1b9 JH |
773 | (Little Endian) must be chosen. |
774 | ||
775 | This introduces another problem: what if you just know that your data | |
776 | is UTF-16, but you don't know which endianness? Byte Order Marks | |
777 | (BOMs) are a solution to this. A special character has been reserved | |
86bbd6d1 PN |
778 | in Unicode to function as a byte order marker: the character with the |
779 | code point 0xFEFF is the BOM. | |
042da322 | 780 | |
c349b1b9 JH |
781 | The trick is that if you read a BOM, you will know the byte order, |
782 | since if it was written on a big endian platform, you will read the | |
86bbd6d1 PN |
783 | bytes 0xFE 0xFF, but if it was written on a little endian platform, |
784 | you will read the bytes 0xFF 0xFE. (And if the originating platform | |
785 | was writing in UTF-8, you will read the bytes 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF.) | |
042da322 | 786 | |
86bbd6d1 PN |
787 | The way this trick works is that the character with the code point |
788 | 0xFFFE is guaranteed not to be a valid Unicode character, so the | |
789 | sequence of bytes 0xFF 0xFE is unambiguously "BOM, represented in | |
042da322 JH |
790 | little-endian format" and cannot be "0xFFFE, represented in big-endian |
791 | format". | |
c349b1b9 JH |
792 | |
793 | =item UTF-32, UTF-32BE, UTF32-LE | |
794 | ||
795 | The UTF-32 family is pretty much like the UTF-16 family, expect that | |
042da322 JH |
796 | the units are 32-bit, and therefore the surrogate scheme is not |
797 | needed. The BOM signatures will be 0x00 0x00 0xFE 0xFF for BE and | |
798 | 0xFF 0xFE 0x00 0x00 for LE. | |
c349b1b9 JH |
799 | |
800 | =item UCS-2, UCS-4 | |
801 | ||
86bbd6d1 PN |
802 | Encodings defined by the ISO 10646 standard. UCS-2 is a 16-bit |
803 | encoding, UCS-4 is a 32-bit encoding. Unlike UTF-16, UCS-2 | |
804 | is not extensible beyond 0xFFFF, because it does not use surrogates. | |
c349b1b9 JH |
805 | |
806 | =item UTF-7 | |
807 | ||
808 | A seven-bit safe (non-eight-bit) encoding, useful if the | |
809 | transport/storage is not eight-bit safe. Defined by RFC 2152. | |
810 | ||
95a1a48b JH |
811 | =back |
812 | ||
bf0fa0b2 JH |
813 | =head2 Security Implications of Malformed UTF-8 |
814 | ||
815 | Unfortunately, the specification of UTF-8 leaves some room for | |
816 | interpretation of how many bytes of encoded output one should generate | |
817 | from one input Unicode character. Strictly speaking, one is supposed | |
818 | to always generate the shortest possible sequence of UTF-8 bytes, | |
feda178f JH |
819 | because otherwise there is potential for input buffer overflow at |
820 | the receiving end of a UTF-8 connection. Perl always generates the | |
821 | shortest length UTF-8, and with warnings on (C<-w> or C<use | |
822 | warnings;>) Perl will warn about non-shortest length UTF-8 (and other | |
823 | malformations, too, such as the surrogates, which are not real | |
824 | Unicode code points.) | |
bf0fa0b2 | 825 | |
c349b1b9 JH |
826 | =head2 Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC |
827 | ||
828 | The way Unicode is handled on EBCDIC platforms is still rather | |
86bbd6d1 | 829 | experimental. On such a platform, references to UTF-8 encoding in this |
c349b1b9 JH |
830 | document and elsewhere should be read as meaning UTF-EBCDIC as |
831 | specified in Unicode Technical Report 16 unless ASCII vs EBCDIC issues | |
832 | are specifically discussed. There is no C<utfebcdic> pragma or | |
86bbd6d1 PN |
833 | ":utfebcdic" layer, rather, "utf8" and ":utf8" are re-used to mean |
834 | the platform's "natural" 8-bit encoding of Unicode. See L<perlebcdic> | |
835 | for more discussion of the issues. | |
c349b1b9 | 836 | |
95a1a48b JH |
837 | =head2 Using Unicode in XS |
838 | ||
839 | If you want to handle Perl Unicode in XS extensions, you may find | |
840 | the following C APIs useful: | |
841 | ||
842 | =over 4 | |
843 | ||
844 | =item * | |
845 | ||
846 | DO_UTF8(sv) returns true if the UTF8 flag is on and the bytes | |
847 | pragma is not in effect. SvUTF8(sv) returns true is the UTF8 | |
848 | flag is on, the bytes pragma is ignored. Remember that UTF8 | |
849 | flag being on does not mean that there would be any characters | |
850 | of code points greater than 255 or 127 in the scalar, or that | |
851 | there even are any characters in the scalar. The UTF8 flag | |
852 | means that any characters added to the string will be encoded | |
853 | in UTF8 if the code points of the characters are greater than | |
854 | 255. Not "if greater than 127", since Perl's Unicode model | |
855 | is not to use UTF-8 until it's really necessary. | |
856 | ||
857 | =item * | |
858 | ||
859 | uvuni_to_utf8(buf, chr) writes a Unicode character code point into a | |
cfc01aea | 860 | buffer encoding the code point as UTF-8, and returns a pointer |
95a1a48b JH |
861 | pointing after the UTF-8 bytes. |
862 | ||
863 | =item * | |
864 | ||
865 | utf8_to_uvuni(buf, lenp) reads UTF-8 encoded bytes from a buffer and | |
866 | returns the Unicode character code point (and optionally the length of | |
867 | the UTF-8 byte sequence). | |
868 | ||
869 | =item * | |
870 | ||
871 | utf8_length(s, len) returns the length of the UTF-8 encoded buffer in | |
872 | characters. sv_len_utf8(sv) returns the length of the UTF-8 encoded | |
873 | scalar. | |
874 | ||
875 | =item * | |
876 | ||
877 | sv_utf8_upgrade(sv) converts the string of the scalar to its UTF-8 | |
878 | encoded form. sv_utf8_downgrade(sv) does the opposite (if possible). | |
879 | sv_utf8_encode(sv) is like sv_utf8_upgrade but the UTF8 flag does not | |
880 | get turned on. sv_utf8_decode() does the opposite of sv_utf8_encode(). | |
881 | ||
882 | =item * | |
883 | ||
884 | is_utf8_char(buf) returns true if the buffer points to valid UTF-8. | |
885 | ||
886 | =item * | |
887 | ||
888 | is_utf8_string(buf, len) returns true if the len bytes of the buffer | |
889 | are valid UTF-8. | |
890 | ||
891 | =item * | |
892 | ||
893 | UTF8SKIP(buf) will return the number of bytes in the UTF-8 encoded | |
894 | character in the buffer. UNISKIP(chr) will return the number of bytes | |
895 | required to UTF-8-encode the Unicode character code point. | |
896 | ||
897 | =item * | |
898 | ||
899 | utf8_distance(a, b) will tell the distance in characters between the | |
900 | two pointers pointing to the same UTF-8 encoded buffer. | |
901 | ||
902 | =item * | |
903 | ||
904 | utf8_hop(s, off) will return a pointer to an UTF-8 encoded buffer that | |
905 | is C<off> (positive or negative) Unicode characters displaced from the | |
906 | UTF-8 buffer C<s>. | |
907 | ||
d2cc3551 JH |
908 | =item * |
909 | ||
910 | pv_uni_display(dsv, spv, len, pvlim, flags) and sv_uni_display(dsv, | |
911 | ssv, pvlim, flags) are useful for debug output of Unicode strings and | |
912 | scalars (only for debug: they display B<all> characters as hexadecimal | |
913 | code points). | |
914 | ||
915 | =item * | |
916 | ||
332ddc25 JH |
917 | ibcmp_utf8(s1, u1, len1, s2, u2, len2) can be used to compare two |
918 | strings case-insensitively in Unicode. (For case-sensitive | |
919 | comparisons you can just use memEQ() and memNE() as usual.) | |
d2cc3551 | 920 | |
c349b1b9 JH |
921 | =back |
922 | ||
95a1a48b JH |
923 | For more information, see L<perlapi>, and F<utf8.c> and F<utf8.h> |
924 | in the Perl source code distribution. | |
925 | ||
393fec97 GS |
926 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
927 | ||
72ff2908 JH |
928 | L<perluniintro>, L<encoding>, L<Encode>, L<open>, L<utf8>, L<bytes>, |
929 | L<perlretut>, L<perlvar/"${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}"> | |
393fec97 GS |
930 | |
931 | =cut |