https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blame
| Commit | Line | Data |
|---|---|---|
| d396a558 JH |
1 | =head1 NAME |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms | |
| 4 | ||
| 5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
| 6 | ||
| 7 | An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers | |
| 8 | on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization, | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
9 | internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other |
| 10 | than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC. | |
| d396a558 JH |
11 | |
| 12 | Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX. | |
| 13 | ||
| 14 | =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS | |
| 15 | ||
| 16 | =head2 ASCII | |
| 17 | ||
| 18 | The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of | |
| 19 | integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character | |
| 20 | interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers. | |
| 51b5cecb | 21 | The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary |
| d396a558 | 22 | digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". |
| 51b5cecb | 23 | ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute |
| d396a558 JH |
24 | document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 |
| 25 | (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is | |
| 26 | given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that | |
| 27 | can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include | |
| 28 | English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American | |
| 29 | languages. | |
| 30 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
31 | There are many character sets that extend the range of integers |
| 32 | from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). | |
| 33 | One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set. | |
| 34 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
35 | =head2 ISO 8859 |
| 36 | ||
| 37 | The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the | |
| 38 | International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which | |
| 39 | adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European | |
| 40 | languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. | |
| 41 | ||
| 42 | =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) | |
| 43 | ||
| 44 | A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute | |
| 45 | accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 | |
| 46 | include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, | |
| 47 | Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, | |
| 3958b146 | 48 | Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without |
| d396a558 JH |
49 | the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. |
| 50 | German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style | |
| 51 | quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions | |
| 52 | to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. | |
| 53 | In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is | |
| 51b5cecb | 54 | also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819). |
| d396a558 JH |
55 | |
| 56 | =head2 EBCDIC | |
| 57 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 58 | The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a |
| 51b5cecb PP |
59 | large collection of slightly different single and multi byte |
| 60 | coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 | |
| 61 | and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive | |
| 62 | from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. | |
| d396a558 JH |
63 | The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the |
| 64 | upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there | |
| 65 | were gaps within each latin alphabet range. | |
| 66 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
67 | Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set |
| 68 | identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading | |
| 69 | zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant. | |
| 70 | E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places. | |
| 71 | ||
| 1e054b24 PP |
72 | =head2 13 variant characters |
| 73 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
74 | Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that |
| 75 | are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters | |
| 76 | are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are: | |
| d396a558 | 77 | |
| 51b5cecb | 78 | \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ ` |
| d396a558 JH |
79 | |
| 80 | =head2 0037 | |
| 81 | ||
| 82 | Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 | |
| 83 | characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
84 | in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system |
| 85 | that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 | |
| 86 | in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values. | |
| d396a558 JH |
87 | |
| 88 | =head2 1047 | |
| 89 | ||
| 90 | Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus | |
| 91 | Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
92 | used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition |
| 93 | for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places. | |
| d396a558 JH |
94 | |
| 95 | =head2 POSIX-BC | |
| 96 | ||
| 97 | The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from | |
| 98 | 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set. | |
| 99 | ||
| 395f5a0c PK |
100 | =head2 Unicode and UTF |
| 101 | ||
| 102 | UTF is a Unicode Transformation Format. UTF-8 is a Unicode conforming | |
| 103 | representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like ASCII. | |
| 104 | UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an EBCDIC | |
| 105 | transparent manner. | |
| 106 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
107 | =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES |
| 108 | ||
| 109 | The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including | |
| 110 | the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), | |
| 111 | C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the | |
| 112 | table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1 | |
| 113 | extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly | |
| 395f5a0c | 114 | corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with |
| d396a558 JH |
115 | substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, |
| 116 | s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ | |
| 1e054b24 PP |
117 | in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do |
| 118 | not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The | |
| 119 | "names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are | |
| 120 | somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are | |
| 121 | flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets | |
| 122 | are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you | |
| 123 | would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table | |
| 124 | (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not | |
| 125 | work with a pod2_other_format translation) through: | |
| d396a558 JH |
126 | |
| 127 | =over 4 | |
| 128 | ||
| 129 | =item recipe 0 | |
| 130 | ||
| 131 | =back | |
| 132 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
133 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
| 134 | -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
135 | |
| 136 | If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you | |
| 137 | might want to write: | |
| 138 | ||
| 139 | =over 4 | |
| 140 | ||
| 141 | =item recipe 1 | |
| 142 | ||
| 143 | =back | |
| 144 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
145 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
| 146 | while (<FH>) { | |
| 147 | if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { | |
| 148 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { | |
| 149 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); | |
| 150 | } | |
| 151 | elsif ($7 ne '') { | |
| 152 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); | |
| 153 | } | |
| 154 | else { | |
| 155 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
156 | } |
| 157 | } | |
| 158 | } | |
| d396a558 JH |
159 | |
| 160 | If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then | |
| 161 | run the table through: | |
| 162 | ||
| 163 | =over 4 | |
| 164 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 165 | =item recipe 2 |
| d396a558 JH |
166 | |
| 167 | =back | |
| 168 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
169 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
| 170 | -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
171 | |
| 172 | Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal: | |
| 173 | ||
| 174 | =over 4 | |
| 175 | ||
| 176 | =item recipe 3 | |
| 177 | ||
| 178 | =back | |
| 179 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 180 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
| 395f5a0c | 181 | while (<FH>) { |
| 84f709e7 JH |
182 | if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { |
| 183 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { | |
| 184 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); | |
| 395f5a0c | 185 | } |
| 84f709e7 JH |
186 | elsif ($7 ne '') { |
| 187 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
188 | } |
| 189 | else { | |
| 84f709e7 | 190 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
| 395f5a0c PK |
191 | } |
| 192 | } | |
| 193 | } | |
| 194 | ||
| 195 | ||
| 196 | incomp- incomp- | |
| 197 | 8859-1 lete lete | |
| 198 | chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC | |
| 199 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| 200 | <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 | |
| 201 | <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1 | |
| 202 | <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2 | |
| 203 | <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3 | |
| 204 | <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55 | |
| 205 | <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45 | |
| 206 | <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46 | |
| 207 | <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 | |
| 208 | <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22 | |
| 209 | <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5 | |
| 210 | <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 *** | |
| 211 | <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11 | |
| 212 | <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12 | |
| 213 | <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13 | |
| 214 | <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14 | |
| 215 | <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15 | |
| 216 | <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 | |
| 217 | <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17 | |
| 218 | <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18 | |
| 219 | <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19 | |
| 220 | <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60 | |
| 221 | <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61 | |
| 222 | <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50 | |
| 223 | <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38 | |
| 224 | <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24 | |
| 225 | <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 | |
| 226 | <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63 | |
| 227 | <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39 | |
| 228 | <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28 | |
| 229 | <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29 | |
| 230 | <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30 | |
| 231 | <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31 | |
| 232 | <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 | |
| 233 | ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 | |
| 234 | " 34 127 127 127 34 127 | |
| 235 | # 35 123 123 123 35 123 | |
| 236 | $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 | |
| 237 | % 37 108 108 108 37 108 | |
| 238 | & 38 80 80 80 38 80 | |
| 239 | ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 | |
| 240 | ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 | |
| 241 | ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 | |
| 242 | * 42 92 92 92 42 92 | |
| 243 | + 43 78 78 78 43 78 | |
| 244 | , 44 107 107 107 44 107 | |
| 245 | - 45 96 96 96 45 96 | |
| 246 | . 46 75 75 75 46 75 | |
| 247 | / 47 97 97 97 47 97 | |
| 248 | 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 | |
| 249 | 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 | |
| 250 | 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 | |
| 251 | 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 | |
| 252 | 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 | |
| 253 | 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 | |
| 254 | 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 | |
| 255 | 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 | |
| 256 | 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 | |
| 257 | 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 | |
| 258 | : 58 122 122 122 58 122 | |
| 259 | ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 | |
| 260 | < 60 76 76 76 60 76 | |
| 261 | = 61 126 126 126 61 126 | |
| 262 | > 62 110 110 110 62 110 | |
| 263 | ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 | |
| 264 | @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 | |
| 265 | A 65 193 193 193 65 193 | |
| 266 | B 66 194 194 194 66 194 | |
| 267 | C 67 195 195 195 67 195 | |
| 268 | D 68 196 196 196 68 196 | |
| 269 | E 69 197 197 197 69 197 | |
| 270 | F 70 198 198 198 70 198 | |
| 271 | G 71 199 199 199 71 199 | |
| 272 | H 72 200 200 200 72 200 | |
| 273 | I 73 201 201 201 73 201 | |
| 274 | J 74 209 209 209 74 209 | |
| 275 | K 75 210 210 210 75 210 | |
| 276 | L 76 211 211 211 76 211 | |
| 277 | M 77 212 212 212 77 212 | |
| 278 | N 78 213 213 213 78 213 | |
| 279 | O 79 214 214 214 79 214 | |
| 280 | P 80 215 215 215 80 215 | |
| 281 | Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 | |
| 282 | R 82 217 217 217 82 217 | |
| 283 | S 83 226 226 226 83 226 | |
| 284 | T 84 227 227 227 84 227 | |
| 285 | U 85 228 228 228 85 228 | |
| 286 | V 86 229 229 229 86 229 | |
| 287 | W 87 230 230 230 87 230 | |
| 288 | X 88 231 231 231 88 231 | |
| 289 | Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 | |
| 290 | Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 | |
| 291 | [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ### | |
| 292 | \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ### | |
| 293 | ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 *** | |
| 294 | ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ### | |
| 295 | _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 | |
| 296 | ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ### | |
| 297 | a 97 129 129 129 97 129 | |
| 298 | b 98 130 130 130 98 130 | |
| 299 | c 99 131 131 131 99 131 | |
| 300 | d 100 132 132 132 100 132 | |
| 301 | e 101 133 133 133 101 133 | |
| 302 | f 102 134 134 134 102 134 | |
| 303 | g 103 135 135 135 103 135 | |
| 304 | h 104 136 136 136 104 136 | |
| 305 | i 105 137 137 137 105 137 | |
| 306 | j 106 145 145 145 106 145 | |
| 307 | k 107 146 146 146 107 146 | |
| 308 | l 108 147 147 147 108 147 | |
| 309 | m 109 148 148 148 109 148 | |
| 310 | n 110 149 149 149 110 149 | |
| 311 | o 111 150 150 150 111 150 | |
| 312 | p 112 151 151 151 112 151 | |
| 313 | q 113 152 152 152 113 152 | |
| 314 | r 114 153 153 153 114 153 | |
| 315 | s 115 162 162 162 115 162 | |
| 316 | t 116 163 163 163 116 163 | |
| 317 | u 117 164 164 164 117 164 | |
| 318 | v 118 165 165 165 118 165 | |
| 319 | w 119 166 166 166 119 166 | |
| 320 | x 120 167 167 167 120 167 | |
| 321 | y 121 168 168 168 121 168 | |
| 322 | z 122 169 169 169 122 169 | |
| 323 | { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ### | |
| 324 | | 124 79 79 79 124 79 | |
| 325 | } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ### | |
| 326 | ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ### | |
| 327 | <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7 | |
| 328 | <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 | |
| 329 | <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 | |
| 330 | <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 | |
| 331 | <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 | |
| 332 | <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 | |
| 333 | <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 *** | |
| 334 | <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 | |
| 335 | <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 | |
| 336 | <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 | |
| 337 | <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 | |
| 338 | <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 | |
| 339 | <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 | |
| 340 | <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 | |
| 341 | <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 | |
| 342 | <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 | |
| 343 | <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 | |
| 344 | <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 | |
| 345 | <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 | |
| 346 | <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 | |
| 347 | <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 | |
| 348 | <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 | |
| 349 | <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 | |
| 350 | <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 | |
| 351 | <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 | |
| 352 | <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 | |
| 353 | <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 | |
| 354 | <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 | |
| 355 | <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 | |
| 356 | <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 | |
| 357 | <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 | |
| 358 | <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 | |
| 359 | <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ### | |
| 360 | <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 | |
| 361 | <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 | |
| 362 | <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ### | |
| 363 | <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 | |
| 364 | <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 | |
| 365 | <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 | |
| 366 | <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ### | |
| 367 | <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 | |
| 368 | <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ### | |
| 369 | <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 | |
| 370 | <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 | |
| 371 | <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 | |
| 372 | <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ### | |
| 373 | <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 | |
| 374 | <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 | |
| 375 | <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ### | |
| 376 | <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 | |
| 377 | <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 | |
| 378 | <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 | |
| 379 | <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 | |
| 380 | <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 | |
| 381 | <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 | |
| 382 | <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 | |
| 383 | <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 | |
| 384 | <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 | |
| 385 | <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 | |
| 386 | <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 | |
| 387 | <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 | |
| 388 | <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 | |
| 389 | <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 | |
| 390 | <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 | |
| 391 | <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 | |
| 392 | <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 | |
| 393 | <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 | |
| 394 | <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 | |
| 395 | <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 | |
| 396 | <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 | |
| 397 | <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 | |
| 398 | <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 | |
| 399 | <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 | |
| 400 | <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 | |
| 401 | <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 | |
| 402 | <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 | |
| 403 | <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 | |
| 404 | <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 | |
| 405 | <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 | |
| 406 | <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 | |
| 407 | <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 | |
| 408 | <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 | |
| 409 | <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 | |
| 410 | <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 | |
| 411 | <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 | |
| 412 | <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 | |
| 413 | <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 | |
| 414 | <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 | |
| 415 | <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 | |
| 416 | <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 | |
| 417 | <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ### | |
| 418 | <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 | |
| 419 | <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ### | |
| 420 | <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 | |
| 421 | <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ### | |
| 422 | <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 | |
| 423 | <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 | |
| 424 | <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 | |
| 425 | <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 | |
| 426 | <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 | |
| 427 | <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 | |
| 428 | <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 | |
| 429 | <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 | |
| 430 | <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 | |
| 431 | <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 | |
| 432 | <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 | |
| 433 | <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 | |
| 434 | <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 | |
| 435 | <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 | |
| 436 | <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 | |
| 437 | <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 | |
| 438 | <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 | |
| 439 | <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 | |
| 440 | <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 | |
| 441 | <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 | |
| 442 | <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 | |
| 443 | <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 | |
| 444 | <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 | |
| 445 | <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 | |
| 446 | <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 | |
| 447 | <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 | |
| 448 | <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 | |
| 449 | <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ### | |
| 450 | <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 | |
| 451 | <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 | |
| 452 | <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 | |
| 453 | <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 | |
| 454 | <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 | |
| 455 | <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115 | |
| d396a558 JH |
456 | |
| 457 | If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than | |
| 458 | ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through: | |
| 459 | ||
| 460 | =over 4 | |
| 461 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 462 | =item recipe 4 |
| d396a558 JH |
463 | |
| 464 | =back | |
| 465 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
466 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| 467 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ | |
| 468 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
| 469 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
| 470 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod | |
| d396a558 JH |
471 | |
| 472 | If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit | |
| 473 | 42 in the last line to 51, like this: | |
| 474 | ||
| 475 | =over 4 | |
| 476 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 477 | =item recipe 5 |
| d396a558 JH |
478 | |
| 479 | =back | |
| 480 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
481 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| 482 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ | |
| 483 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
| 484 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
| 485 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod | |
| d396a558 JH |
486 | |
| 487 | If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit | |
| 488 | 51 in the last line to 60, like this: | |
| 489 | ||
| 490 | =over 4 | |
| 491 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 492 | =item recipe 6 |
| d396a558 JH |
493 | |
| 494 | =back | |
| 495 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
496 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| 497 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ | |
| 498 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ | |
| 499 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ | |
| 500 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod | |
| d396a558 JH |
501 | |
| 502 | ||
| 503 | =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS | |
| 504 | ||
| 505 | To determine the character set you are running under from perl one | |
| 506 | could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more | |
| 507 | character values. For example: | |
| 508 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
509 | $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); |
| 510 | $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193); | |
| d396a558 | 511 | |
| 51b5cecb | 512 | Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that: |
| d396a558 | 513 | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
514 | $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9; |
| 515 | $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5; | |
| d396a558 JH |
516 | |
| 517 | To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of | |
| 518 | the characters that differ between them. For example: | |
| 519 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
520 | $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37); |
| 521 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21); | |
| d396a558 JH |
522 | |
| 523 | Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any | |
| 524 | of the code sets, e.g.: | |
| 525 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
526 | $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; |
| 527 | $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; | |
| 528 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; | |
| 529 | $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187; | |
| d396a558 JH |
530 | |
| 531 | However, it would be unwise to write tests such as: | |
| 532 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
533 | $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG |
| 534 | $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED | |
| d396a558 JH |
535 | |
| 536 | Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII machines | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
537 | from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq |
| 538 | chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that | |
| 539 | because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an | |
| d396a558 JH |
540 | ASCII machine) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there. |
| 541 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 542 | To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC |
| d396a558 JH |
543 | code page you can use the Config module like so: |
| 544 | ||
| 545 | use Config; | |
| 84f709e7 | 546 | $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define'; |
| d396a558 JH |
547 | |
| 548 | =head1 CONVERSIONS | |
| 549 | ||
| 1e054b24 PP |
550 | =head2 tr/// |
| 551 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
552 | In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to |
| 553 | another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the | |
| 554 | above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. | |
| 555 | The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns | |
| 556 | provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily | |
| 557 | reversed. | |
| 558 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
559 | For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second |
| 560 | column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use | |
| d5d9880c | 561 | it in tr/// like so: |
| d396a558 | 562 | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
563 | $cp_037 = |
| 564 | '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' . | |
| 565 | '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' . | |
| 566 | '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' . | |
| 567 | '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' . | |
| 568 | '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' . | |
| 569 | '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' . | |
| 570 | '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' . | |
| 571 | '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' . | |
| 572 | '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' . | |
| 573 | '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' . | |
| 574 | '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' . | |
| 575 | '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' . | |
| 576 | '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' . | |
| 577 | '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' . | |
| 578 | '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' . | |
| 579 | '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ; | |
| d396a558 JH |
580 | |
| 581 | my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; | |
| 1e054b24 | 582 | eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/'; |
| d396a558 | 583 | |
| d5d9880c | 584 | To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// |
| d396a558 JH |
585 | arguments like so: |
| 586 | ||
| 587 | my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; | |
| d5d9880c PK |
588 | eval '$ascii_string = tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/'; |
| 589 | ||
| 590 | Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to | |
| 591 | obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe | |
| 592 | 0 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well. | |
| 1e054b24 PP |
593 | |
| 594 | =head2 iconv | |
| d396a558 | 595 | |
| d5d9880c | 596 | XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility |
| d396a558 JH |
597 | available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's |
| 598 | documentation for information on iconv. | |
| 599 | ||
| 3958b146 | 600 | On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv |
| d396a558 JH |
601 | shell utility from within perl would be to: |
| 602 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 603 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
| 84f709e7 | 604 | $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1` |
| d396a558 JH |
605 | |
| 606 | or the inverse map: | |
| 607 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 608 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
| 84f709e7 | 609 | $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047` |
| d396a558 | 610 | |
| d396a558 JH |
611 | For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN. |
| 612 | ||
| 1e054b24 PP |
613 | =head2 C RTL |
| 614 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 615 | The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions. |
| 1e054b24 | 616 | |
| d396a558 JH |
617 | =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES |
| 618 | ||
| 619 | The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with | |
| 620 | care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following array | |
| 621 | will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC machine | |
| 622 | or an ASCII machine: | |
| 623 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 624 | @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25 |
| d396a558 JH |
625 | |
| 626 | The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results | |
| 627 | when operating on string or character data in a perl program running | |
| 628 | on an EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is | |
| 629 | an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>: | |
| 630 | ||
| 631 | # EBCDIC-based examples | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
632 | print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" |
| 633 | print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" | |
| 634 | print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; | |
| 635 | print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n"; | |
| d396a558 JH |
636 | |
| 637 | An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters | |
| 638 | in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
639 | as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")> |
| 640 | C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC machines has been | |
| 641 | ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the | |
| d396a558 JH |
642 | thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are |
| 643 | using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table | |
| 51b5cecb | 644 | but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; |
| d396a558 JH |
645 | s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./; |
| 646 | s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; | |
| 647 | s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are | |
| 648 | identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
649 | one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character |
| 650 | may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC | |
| 651 | machines and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on | |
| 652 | 0037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters | |
| d396a558 JH |
653 | not one. |
| 654 | ||
| 655 | chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC | |
| 656 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| 657 | "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***>< | |
| 658 | "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***>< | |
| 659 | "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> | |
| 660 | "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> | |
| 661 | "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> | |
| 662 | "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28> | |
| 663 | "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.> | |
| 664 | "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6> | |
| 665 | "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE> | |
| 666 | "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23> | |
| 667 | "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13> | |
| 668 | "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14> | |
| 669 | "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> | |
| 670 | "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> | |
| 671 | "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> | |
| 672 | "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> | |
| 673 | "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> | |
| 674 | "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> | |
| 675 | "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> | |
| 676 | "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> | |
| 677 | "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> | |
| 678 | "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29> | |
| 679 | "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> *** | |
| 680 | "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE> | |
| 681 | "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7> | |
| 682 | "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL> | |
| 683 | "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> | |
| 684 | "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18> | |
| 685 | "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15> | |
| 686 | "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ | |
| 687 | "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> | |
| 688 | "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***>< | |
| 689 | "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***>< | |
| 690 | ||
| 691 | ||
| 692 | =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES | |
| 693 | ||
| 694 | =over 8 | |
| 695 | ||
| 696 | =item chr() | |
| 697 | ||
| 698 | chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired | |
| 699 | character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For example: | |
| 700 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 701 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193); |
| d396a558 JH |
702 | |
| 703 | =item ord() | |
| 704 | ||
| 705 | ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC machine. | |
| 706 | For example: | |
| 707 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 708 | $the_number_193 = ord("A"); |
| d396a558 JH |
709 | |
| 710 | =item pack() | |
| 711 | ||
| 712 | The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set | |
| 713 | encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include: | |
| 714 | ||
| 715 | $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); | |
| 716 | # $foo eq "ABCD" | |
| 84f709e7 | 717 | $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); |
| d396a558 JH |
718 | # same thing |
| 719 | ||
| 720 | $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); | |
| 721 | # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD" | |
| 722 | ||
| 723 | =item print() | |
| 724 | ||
| 725 | One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to | |
| 726 | print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place | |
| 727 | for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for | |
| 728 | CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides | |
| 729 | recommend something similar to: | |
| 730 | ||
| 731 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; | |
| 732 | # this may be wrong on EBCDIC | |
| 733 | ||
| 395f5a0c PK |
734 | Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example |
| 735 | you should instead write that as: | |
| d396a558 JH |
736 | |
| 737 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia | |
| 738 | ||
| 739 | That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done | |
| 740 | by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for | |
| 741 | the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for | |
| 742 | further details. | |
| 743 | ||
| 744 | =item printf() | |
| 745 | ||
| 746 | The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa | |
| 747 | will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed | |
| 748 | on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include: | |
| 749 | ||
| 750 | printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC | |
| 751 | ||
| 752 | =item sort() | |
| 753 | ||
| 754 | EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for | |
| 755 | mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below. | |
| 756 | ||
| 757 | =item sprintf() | |
| 758 | ||
| 759 | See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use | |
| 760 | of sprintf would be: | |
| 761 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 762 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193); |
| d396a558 JH |
763 | |
| 764 | =item unpack() | |
| 765 | ||
| 766 | See the discussion of pack() above. | |
| 767 | ||
| 768 | =back | |
| 769 | ||
| 770 | =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES | |
| 771 | ||
| 772 | As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as | |
| 773 | [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap | |
| b3b6085d PP |
774 | characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> |
| 775 | that lie between I and J would not be matched by the | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
776 | regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. |
| 777 | ||
| 778 | If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet | |
| d396a558 JH |
779 | regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such |
| 780 | as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII machines to | |
| 51b5cecb | 781 | have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>. |
| d396a558 | 782 | |
| 51b5cecb | 783 | Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or |
| d396a558 JH |
784 | octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following |
| 785 | set of subs: | |
| 786 | ||
| 787 | sub is_c0 { | |
| 788 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 789 | $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; | |
| 790 | } | |
| 791 | ||
| 792 | sub is_print_ascii { | |
| 793 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 794 | $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; | |
| 795 | } | |
| 796 | ||
| 797 | sub is_delete { | |
| 798 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 799 | $char eq "\177"; | |
| 800 | } | |
| 801 | ||
| 802 | sub is_c1 { | |
| 803 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 804 | $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; | |
| 805 | } | |
| 806 | ||
| 807 | sub is_latin_1 { | |
| 808 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 809 | $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; | |
| 810 | } | |
| 811 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
812 | The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. |
| 813 | However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points | |
| 814 | and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such as | |
| d396a558 JH |
815 | C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print |
| 816 | out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection | |
| 817 | of character classification subs that is capable of working across the | |
| 818 | four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows: | |
| 819 | ||
| 820 | sub Is_c0 { | |
| 821 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 84f709e7 | 822 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| d396a558 | 823 | return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
| 84f709e7 JH |
824 | } |
| 825 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 | |
| d396a558 JH |
826 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
| 827 | } | |
| 84f709e7 | 828 | if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc |
| d396a558 JH |
829 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
| 830 | } | |
| 831 | } | |
| 832 | ||
| 833 | sub Is_print_ascii { | |
| 834 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 835 | $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; | |
| 836 | } | |
| 837 | ||
| 838 | sub Is_delete { | |
| 839 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 84f709e7 | 840 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| d396a558 | 841 | return $char eq "\177"; |
| 84f709e7 JH |
842 | } |
| 843 | else { # ebcdic | |
| d396a558 JH |
844 | return $char eq "\007"; |
| 845 | } | |
| 846 | } | |
| 847 | ||
| 848 | sub Is_c1 { | |
| 849 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 84f709e7 | 850 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| d396a558 JH |
851 | return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
| 852 | } | |
| 84f709e7 | 853 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
| d396a558 JH |
854 | return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
| 855 | } | |
| 84f709e7 | 856 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
| d396a558 JH |
857 | return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
| 858 | } | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
859 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
| 860 | return $char =~ | |
| d396a558 JH |
861 | /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/; |
| 862 | } | |
| 863 | } | |
| 864 | ||
| 865 | sub Is_latin_1 { | |
| 866 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 84f709e7 | 867 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| d396a558 JH |
868 | return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
| 869 | } | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
870 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
| 871 | return $char =~ | |
| d396a558 JH |
872 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
| 873 | } | |
| 84f709e7 | 874 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
| d396a558 JH |
875 | return $char =~ |
| 876 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; | |
| 877 | } | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
878 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
| 879 | return $char =~ | |
| d396a558 JH |
880 | /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
| 881 | } | |
| 882 | } | |
| 883 | ||
| 884 | Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent | |
| 885 | of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be | |
| 886 | to use the characters in the range explicitly: | |
| 887 | ||
| 888 | sub Is_latin_1 { | |
| 889 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); | |
| 890 | $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/; | |
| 891 | } | |
| 892 | ||
| 893 | Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the | |
| 894 | presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. | |
| d396a558 JH |
895 | |
| 896 | =head1 SOCKETS | |
| 897 | ||
| 898 | Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network | |
| 899 | byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a | |
| 900 | host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. | |
| 901 | Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on | |
| 902 | output. | |
| 903 | ||
| 904 | =head1 SORTING | |
| 905 | ||
| 906 | One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones | |
| 907 | are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the | |
| 908 | letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the | |
| 909 | two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter | |
| 910 | for drive, that is: | |
| 911 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
912 | @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII, |
| 913 | # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC | |
| d396a558 JH |
914 | |
| 915 | The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is | |
| 916 | even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. | |
| b3b6085d PP |
917 | An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes |
| 918 | before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII machine, but | |
| 51b5cecb | 919 | the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine. |
| b3b6085d | 920 | (Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig> |
| 51b5cecb | 921 | C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of |
| b3b6085d | 922 | E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is |
| 51b5cecb | 923 | at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl). |
| d396a558 JH |
924 | |
| 925 | The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on | |
| 926 | ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions | |
| 927 | on how to deal with these differences. | |
| 928 | ||
| 51b5cecb | 929 | =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. |
| d396a558 JH |
930 | |
| 931 | This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require | |
| 932 | some user education. | |
| 933 | ||
| 51b5cecb | 934 | =head2 MONO CASE then sort data. |
| d396a558 | 935 | |
| 51b5cecb | 936 | In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to |
| d396a558 JH |
937 | C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data. |
| 938 | If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ | |
| 939 | then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then | |
| 940 | apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
941 | and include Latin-1 characters then apply: |
| 942 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 943 | tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/; |
| 51b5cecb | 944 | tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/; |
| 84f709e7 | 945 | s/ß/SS/g; |
| d396a558 | 946 | |
| 51b5cecb | 947 | then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not |
| b3b6085d PP |
948 | address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at |
| 949 | code point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
950 | where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a |
| 951 | Unicode enabled Perl you might try: | |
| d396a558 | 952 | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
953 | tr/^?/\x{178}/; |
| 954 | ||
| 955 | The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case | |
| 956 | of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason. | |
| 957 | ||
| 958 | =head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert. | |
| d396a558 JH |
959 | |
| 960 | This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network | |
| 961 | connection. | |
| 962 | ||
| 963 | =head2 Perform sorting on one type of machine only. | |
| 964 | ||
| 965 | This strategy can employ a network connection. As such | |
| 966 | it would be computationally expensive. | |
| 967 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 968 | =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS |
| 1e054b24 PP |
969 | |
| 970 | There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set | |
| 971 | mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the | |
| 972 | previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are | |
| 973 | discussed next. | |
| 974 | ||
| 975 | =head2 URL decoding and encoding | |
| d396a558 | 976 | |
| 51b5cecb | 977 | Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an |
| 1e054b24 PP |
978 | attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example |
| 979 | the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form: | |
| d396a558 JH |
980 | |
| 981 | http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/ | |
| 982 | ||
| 983 | may also be expressed as either of: | |
| 984 | ||
| 985 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/ | |
| 986 | ||
| 987 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/ | |
| 988 | ||
| 51b5cecb | 989 | where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example |
| d396a558 JH |
990 | of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047: |
| 991 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 992 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/'; |
| d396a558 JH |
993 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
| 994 | my @a2e_1047 = ( | |
| 995 | 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, | |
| 996 | 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31, | |
| 997 | 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97, | |
| 998 | 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111, | |
| 999 | 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214, | |
| 1000 | 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109, | |
| 1001 | 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150, | |
| 1002 | 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7, | |
| 1003 | 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27, | |
| 1004 | 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255, | |
| 1005 | 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188, | |
| 1006 | 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171, | |
| 1007 | 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119, | |
| 1008 | 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89, | |
| 1009 | 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87, | |
| 1010 | 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223 | |
| 1011 | ); | |
| 1012 | $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge; | |
| 1013 | ||
| 1e054b24 PP |
1014 | Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such |
| 1015 | a URL under the 1047 code page: | |
| 1016 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 1017 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/'; |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1018 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
| 1019 | my @e2a_1047 = ( | |
| 1020 | 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, | |
| 1021 | 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31, | |
| 1022 | 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7, | |
| 1023 | 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26, | |
| 1024 | 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124, | |
| 1025 | 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94, | |
| 1026 | 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63, | |
| 1027 | 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34, | |
| 1028 | 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177, | |
| 1029 | 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164, | |
| 1030 | 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174, | |
| 1031 | 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215, | |
| 1032 | 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245, | |
| 1033 | 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255, | |
| 1034 | 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213, | |
| 1035 | 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159 | |
| 1036 | ); | |
| 84f709e7 | 1037 | # The following regular expression does not address the |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1038 | # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A') |
| 1039 | $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge; | |
| 1040 | ||
| 1041 | where a more complete solution would split the URL into components | |
| 1042 | and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts. | |
| 1043 | ||
| 1044 | In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed | |
| 1045 | but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 | |
| 1046 | you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown. | |
| 1047 | ||
| 1048 | =head2 uu encoding and decoding | |
| 1049 | ||
| 1050 | The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC | |
| 1051 | characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the | |
| 1052 | following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer: | |
| 1053 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
1054 | $all_byte_chrs = ''; |
| 1055 | for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); } | |
| 1056 | $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs); | |
| 210b36aa | 1057 | ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm; |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1058 | M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL |
| 1059 | M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9 | |
| 1060 | M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6& | |
| 1061 | MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S | |
| 1062 | MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@ | |
| 1063 | ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P`` | |
| 1064 | ENDOFHEREDOC | |
| 84f709e7 | 1065 | if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) { |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1066 | print "Yes "; |
| 1067 | } | |
| 1068 | $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs); | |
| 84f709e7 | 1069 | if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) { |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1070 | print "indeed\n"; |
| 1071 | } | |
| 1072 | ||
| 1073 | Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided | |
| 1074 | that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately: | |
| 1075 | ||
| 84f709e7 JH |
1076 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
| 1077 | @e2a = ( # this must be filled in | |
| 1078 | ); | |
| 1079 | $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/; | |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1080 | open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne ""; |
| 1081 | while(<>) { | |
| 1082 | last if /^end/; | |
| 1083 | next if /[a-z]/; | |
| 1084 | next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) == | |
| 1085 | int(length() / 4); | |
| 1086 | print OUT unpack("u", $_); | |
| 1087 | } | |
| 1088 | close(OUT); | |
| 1089 | chmod oct($mode), $file; | |
| 1090 | ||
| 1091 | ||
| 1092 | =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding | |
| 1093 | ||
| 1094 | On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of | |
| 1095 | the printable set using: | |
| 1096 | ||
| 1097 | # This QP encoder works on ASCII only | |
| 84f709e7 | 1098 | $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge; |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1099 | |
| 1100 | Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines | |
| 1101 | would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a | |
| 1102 | array is omitted for brevity): | |
| 1103 | ||
| 1104 | if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII | |
| 1105 | $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII | |
| 1106 | @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
1107 | } |
| 1108 | else { # EBCDIC | |
| 1e054b24 | 1109 | $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC |
| 84f709e7 | 1110 | @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above) |
| 1e054b24 | 1111 | } |
| 84f709e7 | 1112 | $qp_string =~ |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1113 | s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge; |
| 1114 | ||
| 1115 | (although in production code the substitutions might be done | |
| 1116 | in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the | |
| 1117 | ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map). | |
| 1118 | ||
| 1119 | Such QP strings can be decoded with: | |
| 1120 | ||
| 1121 | # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only | |
| 1122 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge; | |
| 1123 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; | |
| 1124 | ||
| 1125 | Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines | |
| 1126 | would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is | |
| 1127 | omitted for brevity): | |
| 1128 | ||
| 1129 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge; | |
| 1130 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; | |
| 1131 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 1132 | =head2 Caesarian ciphers |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1133 | |
| 1134 | The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment | |
| 1135 | dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius | |
| 1136 | Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes | |
| 1137 | referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after | |
| 1138 | the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps | |
| 1139 | on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the | |
| 1140 | interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps | |
| 1141 | (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet | |
| 1142 | rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will | |
| 1143 | work on ASCII and EBCDIC machines: | |
| 1144 | ||
| 1145 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl | |
| 1146 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 1147 | while(<>){ |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1148 | tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/; |
| 1149 | print; | |
| 1150 | } | |
| 1151 | ||
| 1152 | In one-liner form: | |
| 1153 | ||
| 84f709e7 | 1154 | perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print' |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1155 | |
| 1156 | ||
| 1157 | =head1 Hashing order and checksums | |
| 1158 | ||
| 395f5a0c PK |
1159 | To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on |
| 1160 | hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored | |
| 1161 | on an ASCII based machine and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based machine. | |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1162 | XXX |
| 1163 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
1164 | =head1 I18N AND L10N |
| 1165 | ||
| 1166 | Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least | |
| 1167 | in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system dependent | |
| 1168 | and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below. | |
| 1169 | ||
| 1170 | =head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS | |
| 1171 | ||
| 395f5a0c PK |
1172 | Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters |
| 1173 | on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with | |
| 1174 | the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms. | |
| 1175 | ||
| 1176 | Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX. | |
| d396a558 JH |
1177 | |
| 1178 | =head1 OS ISSUES | |
| 1179 | ||
| 1180 | There may be a few system dependent issues | |
| 1181 | of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers. | |
| 1182 | ||
| 1183 | =head2 OS/400 | |
| 1184 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
1185 | The PASE environment. |
| 1186 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
1187 | =over 8 |
| 1188 | ||
| 1189 | =item IFS access | |
| 1190 | ||
| 1191 | XXX. | |
| 1192 | ||
| 1193 | =back | |
| 1194 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 1195 | =head2 OS/390, z/OS |
| d396a558 | 1196 | |
| 51b5cecb PP |
1197 | Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS. |
| 1198 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
1199 | =over 8 |
| 1200 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
1201 | =item chcp |
| 1202 | ||
| 1e054b24 PP |
1203 | B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing |
| 1204 | one's code page. See also L<chcp>. | |
| 51b5cecb | 1205 | |
| d396a558 JH |
1206 | =item dataset access |
| 1207 | ||
| 1208 | For sequential data set access try: | |
| 1209 | ||
| 1210 | my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`; | |
| 1211 | ||
| 1212 | or: | |
| 1213 | ||
| 1214 | my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`; | |
| 1215 | ||
| 1216 | See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN. | |
| 1217 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 1218 | =item OS/390, z/OS iconv |
| 51b5cecb | 1219 | |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1220 | B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. |
| 1221 | See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages. | |
| 51b5cecb | 1222 | |
| d396a558 JH |
1223 | =item locales |
| 1224 | ||
| 395f5a0c PK |
1225 | On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files |
| 1226 | are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390 | |
| 1227 | or z/OS. | |
| d396a558 JH |
1228 | |
| 1229 | =back | |
| 1230 | ||
| 1231 | =head2 VM/ESA? | |
| 1232 | ||
| 1233 | XXX. | |
| 1234 | ||
| 1235 | =head2 POSIX-BC? | |
| 1236 | ||
| 1237 | XXX. | |
| 1238 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
1239 | =head1 BUGS |
| 1240 | ||
| 1241 | This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter | |
| b1866b2d | 1242 | translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation |
| 51b5cecb PP |
1243 | was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts |
| 1244 | while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program | |
| 1245 | (for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis | |
| 3958b146 | 1246 | as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at |
| 395f5a0c | 1247 | the first occurrence of 8 bit characters. |
| 51b5cecb PP |
1248 | |
| 1249 | Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to | |
| 395f5a0c PK |
1250 | be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might |
| 1251 | seem to imply. | |
| 51b5cecb | 1252 | |
| b3b6085d PP |
1253 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
| 1254 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 1255 | L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>. |
| b3b6085d | 1256 | |
| d396a558 JH |
1257 | =head1 REFERENCES |
| 1258 | ||
| 1259 | http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps | |
| 1260 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
1261 | http://www.unicode.org/ |
| 1262 | ||
| 1263 | http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/ | |
| 1264 | ||
| 51b5cecb PP |
1265 | http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/ |
| 1266 | B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings, | |
| 1267 | September 1999. | |
| 1268 | ||
| 395f5a0c | 1269 | B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., |
| 51b5cecb PP |
1270 | ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000. |
| 1271 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
1272 | B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - |
| 1273 | Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996. | |
| 1274 | ||
| 1275 | "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing | |
| 1276 | & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999; | |
| 1277 | ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA. | |
| 1278 | ||
| 1e054b24 PP |
1279 | B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication> |
| 1280 | Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, | |
| 1281 | 1998. | |
| 1282 | ||
| 395f5a0c PK |
1283 | http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM |
| 1284 | B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer. | |
| 1285 | ||
| 1286 | =head1 HISTORY | |
| 1287 | ||
| 1288 | 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp. | |
| 1289 | ||
| d396a558 JH |
1290 | =head1 AUTHOR |
| 1291 | ||
| b3b6085d | 1292 | Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 |
| d396a558 | 1293 | with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and |
| b3b6085d PP |
1294 | AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC |
| 1295 | help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. | |
| 1e054b24 PP |
1296 | Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and |
| 1297 | Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and | |
| 1298 | registered service marks used in this document are the property of | |
| 1299 | their respective owners. | |
| 84f709e7 JH |
1300 | |
| 1301 |