in the largest Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries are also
encoded. The standards will eventually cover almost all characters in
more than 250 writing systems and thousands of languages.
+Unicode 1.0 was released in October 1991, and 4.0 in April 2003.
A Unicode I<character> is an abstract entity. It is not bound to any
particular integer width, especially not to the C language C<char>.
Unicode is language-neutral and display-neutral: it does not encode the
-language of the text and it does not define fonts or other graphical
+language of the text and it does not generally define fonts or other graphical
layout details. Unicode operates on characters and on text built from
those characters.
I<code points>.
The Unicode standard prefers using hexadecimal notation for the code
-points. If numbers like C<0x0041> are unfamiliar to
-you, take a peek at a later section, L</"Hexadecimal Notation">.
-The Unicode standard uses the notation C<U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A>,
-to give the hexadecimal code point and the normative name of
-the character.
+points. If numbers like C<0x0041> are unfamiliar to you, take a peek
+at a later section, L</"Hexadecimal Notation">. The Unicode standard
+uses the notation C<U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A>, to give the
+hexadecimal code point and the normative name of the character.
Unicode also defines various I<properties> for the characters, like
"uppercase" or "lowercase", "decimal digit", or "punctuation";
A common myth about Unicode is that it would be "16-bit", that is,
Unicode is only represented as C<0x10000> (or 65536) characters from
-C<0x0000> to C<0xFFFF>. B<This is untrue.> Since Unicode 2.0, Unicode
-has been defined all the way up to 21 bits (C<0x10FFFF>), and since
-Unicode 3.1, characters have been defined beyond C<0xFFFF>. The first
-C<0x10000> characters are called the I<Plane 0>, or the I<Basic
-Multilingual Plane> (BMP). With Unicode 3.1, 17 planes in all are
-defined--but nowhere near full of defined characters, yet.
+C<0x0000> to C<0xFFFF>. B<This is untrue.> Since Unicode 2.0 (July
+1996), Unicode has been defined all the way up to 21 bits (C<0x10FFFF>),
+and since Unicode 3.1 (March 2001), characters have been defined
+beyond C<0xFFFF>. The first C<0x10000> characters are called the
+I<Plane 0>, or the I<Basic Multilingual Plane> (BMP). With Unicode
+3.1, 17 (yes, seventeen) planes in all were defined--but they are
+nowhere near full of defined characters, yet.
Another myth is that the 256-character blocks have something to
do with languages--that each block would define the characters used
For further information see L<Unicode::UCD>.
The Unicode code points are just abstract numbers. To input and
-output these abstract numbers, the numbers must be I<encoded> somehow.
-Unicode defines several I<character encoding forms>, of which I<UTF-8>
-is perhaps the most popular. UTF-8 is a variable length encoding that
-encodes Unicode characters as 1 to 6 bytes (only 4 with the currently
-defined characters). Other encodings include UTF-16 and UTF-32 and their
-big- and little-endian variants (UTF-8 is byte-order independent)
-The ISO/IEC 10646 defines the UCS-2 and UCS-4 encoding forms.
+output these abstract numbers, the numbers must be I<encoded> or
+I<serialised> somehow. Unicode defines several I<character encoding
+forms>, of which I<UTF-8> is perhaps the most popular. UTF-8 is a
+variable length encoding that encodes Unicode characters as 1 to 6
+bytes (only 4 with the currently defined characters). Other encodings
+include UTF-16 and UTF-32 and their big- and little-endian variants
+(UTF-8 is byte-order independent) The ISO/IEC 10646 defines the UCS-2
+and UCS-4 encoding forms.
For more information about encodings--for instance, to learn what
I<surrogates> and I<byte order marks> (BOMs) are--see L<perlunicode>.
problems of the initial Unicode implementation, but for example
regular expressions still do not work with Unicode in 5.6.1.
-B<Starting from Perl 5.8.0, the use of C<use utf8> is no longer
-necessary.> In earlier releases the C<utf8> pragma was used to declare
+B<Starting from Perl 5.8.0, the use of C<use utf8> is needed only in much more restricted circumstances.> In earlier releases the C<utf8> pragma was used to declare
that operations in the current block or file would be Unicode-aware.
This model was found to be wrong, or at least clumsy: the "Unicodeness"
is now carried with the data, instead of being attached to the
needed: if your Perl script itself is encoded in UTF-8, you can use
UTF-8 in your identifier names, and in string and regular expression
literals, by saying C<use utf8>. This is not the default because
-scripts with legacy 8-bit data in them would break.
+scripts with legacy 8-bit data in them would break. See L<utf8>.
=head2 Perl's Unicode Model
A user of Perl does not normally need to know nor care how Perl
happens to encode its internal strings, but it becomes relevant when
-outputting Unicode strings to a stream without a discipline--one with
+outputting Unicode strings to a stream without a PerlIO layer -- one with
the "default" encoding. In such a case, the raw bytes used internally
(the native character set or UTF-8, as appropriate for each string)
will be used, and a "Wide character" warning will be issued if those
For example,
- perl -e 'print "\x{DF}\n", "\x{0100}\x{DF}\n"'
+ perl -e 'print "\x{DF}\n", "\x{0100}\x{DF}\n"'
produces a fairly useless mixture of native bytes and UTF-8, as well
as a warning:
Wide character in print at ...
-To output UTF-8, use the C<:utf8> output discipline. Prepending
+To output UTF-8, use the C<:encoding> or C<:utf8> output layer. Prepending
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
to this sample program ensures that the output is completely UTF-8,
and removes the program's warning.
-If your locale environment variables (C<LANGUAGE>, C<LC_ALL>,
-C<LC_CTYPE>, C<LANG>) contain the strings 'UTF-8' or 'UTF8',
-regardless of case, then the default encoding of your STDIN, STDOUT,
-and STDERR and of B<any subsequent file open>, is UTF-8. Note that
-this means that Perl expects other software to work, too: if Perl has
-been led to believe that STDIN should be UTF-8, but then STDIN coming
-in from another command is not UTF-8, Perl will complain about the
-malformed UTF-8.
+You can enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your standard file
+handles, default C<open()> layer, and C<@ARGV> by using either
+the C<-C> command line switch or the C<PERL_UNICODE> environment
+variable, see L<perlrun> for the documentation of the C<-C> switch.
+
+Note that this means that Perl expects other software to work, too:
+if Perl has been led to believe that STDIN should be UTF-8, but then
+STDIN coming in from another command is not UTF-8, Perl will complain
+about the malformed UTF-8.
+
+All features that combine Unicode and I/O also require using the new
+PerlIO feature. Almost all Perl 5.8 platforms do use PerlIO, though:
+you can see whether yours is by running "perl -V" and looking for
+C<useperlio=define>.
=head2 Unicode and EBCDIC
constants: you cannot use variables in them. if you want similar
run-time functionality, use C<chr()> and C<charnames::vianame()>.
-Also note that if all the code points for pack "U" are below 0x100,
-bytes will be generated, just like if you were using C<chr()>.
-
- my $bytes = pack("U*", 0x80, 0xFF);
-
If you want to force the result to Unicode characters, use the special
-C<"U0"> prefix. It consumes no arguments but forces the result to be
-in Unicode characters, instead of bytes.
+C<"U0"> prefix. It consumes no arguments but causes the following bytes
+to be interpreted as the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode characters:
- my $chars = pack("U0U*", 0x80, 0xFF);
+ my $chars = pack("U0W*", 0x80, 0x42);
+
+Likewise, you can stop such UTF-8 interpretation by using the special
+C<"C0"> prefix.
=head2 Handling Unicode
will work on the Unicode characters (see L<perlunicode> and L<perlretut>).
Note that Perl considers combining character sequences to be
-characters, so for example
+separate characters, so for example
use charnames ':full';
print length("\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"), "\n";
When you combine legacy data and Unicode the legacy data needs
to be upgraded to Unicode. Normally ISO 8859-1 (or EBCDIC, if
-applicable) is assumed. You can override this assumption by
-using the C<encoding> pragma, for example
-
- use encoding 'latin2'; # ISO 8859-2
-
-in which case literals (string or regular expressions), C<chr()>,
-and C<ord()> in your whole script are assumed to produce Unicode
-characters from ISO 8859-2 code points. Note that the matching for
-encoding names is forgiving: instead of C<latin2> you could have
-said C<Latin 2>, or C<iso8859-2>, or other variations. With just
-
- use encoding;
-
-the environment variable C<PERL_ENCODING> will be consulted.
-If that variable isn't set, the encoding pragma will fail.
+applicable) is assumed.
The C<Encode> module knows about many encodings and has interfaces
for doing conversions between those encodings:
- use Encode 'from_to';
- from_to($data, "iso-8859-3", "utf-8"); # from legacy to utf-8
+ use Encode 'decode';
+ $data = decode("iso-8859-3", $data); # convert from legacy to utf-8
=head2 Unicode I/O
binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(shift_jis)");
The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and
-many encodings have several aliases. Note that C<:utf8> discipline
+many encodings have several aliases. Note that the C<:utf8> layer
must always be specified exactly like that; it is I<not> subject to
-the loose matching of encoding names.
+the loose matching of encoding names. Also note that C<:utf8> is unsafe for
+input, because it accepts the data without validating that it is indeed valid
+UTF8.
See L<PerlIO> for the C<:utf8> layer, L<PerlIO::encoding> and
L<Encode::PerlIO> for the C<:encoding()> layer, and
Reading in a file that you know happens to be encoded in one of the
Unicode or legacy encodings does not magically turn the data into
Unicode in Perl's eyes. To do that, specify the appropriate
-discipline when opening files
+layer when opening files
- open(my $fh,'<:utf8', 'anything');
+ open(my $fh,'<:encoding(utf8)', 'anything');
my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
open(my $fh,'<:encoding(Big5)', 'anything');
my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
-The I/O disciplines can also be specified more flexibly with
+The I/O layers can also be specified more flexibly with
the C<open> pragma. See L<open>, or look at the following example.
- use open ':utf8'; # input and output default discipline will be UTF-8
+ use open ':encoding(utf8)'; # input/output default encoding will be UTF-8
open X, ">file";
print X chr(0x100), "\n";
close X;
printf "%#x\n", ord(<Y>); # this should print 0x100
close Y;
-With the C<open> pragma you can use the C<:locale> discipline
+With the C<open> pragma you can use the C<:locale> layer
- $ENV{LC_ALL} = $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
+ BEGIN { $ENV{LC_ALL} = $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R' }
# the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LC_ALL
use open OUT => ':locale'; # russki parusski
open(O, ">koi8");
printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1
close I;
-or you can also use the C<':encoding(...)'> discipline
-
- open(my $epic,'<:encoding(iso-8859-7)','iliad.greek');
- my $line_of_unicode = <$epic>;
-
These methods install a transparent filter on the I/O stream that
converts data from the specified encoding when it is read in from the
stream. The result is always Unicode.
The L<open> pragma affects all the C<open()> calls after the pragma by
-setting default disciplines. If you want to affect only certain
-streams, use explicit disciplines directly in the C<open()> call.
+setting default layers. If you want to affect only certain
+streams, use explicit layers directly in the C<open()> call.
You can switch encodings on an already opened stream by using
C<binmode()>; see L<perlfunc/binmode>.
C<:utf8> and C<:encoding(...)> methods do work with all of C<open()>,
C<binmode()>, and the C<open> pragma.
-Similarly, you may use these I/O disciplines on output streams to
+Similarly, you may use these I/O layers on output streams to
automatically convert Unicode to the specified encoding when it is
written to the stream. For example, the following snippet copies the
contents of the file "text.jis" (encoded as ISO-2022-JP, aka JIS) to
the file "text.utf8", encoded as UTF-8:
- open(my $nihongo, '<:encoding(iso2022-jp)', 'text.jis');
- open(my $unicode, '>:utf8', 'text.utf8');
- while (<$nihongo>) { print $unicode }
+ open(my $nihongo, '<:encoding(iso-2022-jp)', 'text.jis');
+ open(my $unicode, '>:utf8', 'text.utf8');
+ while (<$nihongo>) { print $unicode $_ }
The naming of encodings, both by the C<open()> and by the C<open>
-pragma, is similar to the C<encoding> pragma in that it allows for
-flexible names: C<koi8-r> and C<KOI8R> will both be understood.
+pragma allows for flexible names: C<koi8-r> and C<KOI8R> will both be
+understood.
Common encodings recognized by ISO, MIME, IANA, and various other
standardisation organisations are recognised; for a more detailed
and C<sysseek()>.
Notice that because of the default behaviour of not doing any
-conversion upon input if there is no default discipline,
+conversion upon input if there is no default layer,
it is easy to mistakenly write code that keeps on expanding a file
by repeatedly encoding the data:
local $/; ## read in the whole file of 8-bit characters
$t = <F>;
close F;
- open F, ">:utf8", "file";
+ open F, ">:encoding(utf8)", "file";
print F $t; ## convert to UTF-8 on output
close F;
If you run this code twice, the contents of the F<file> will be twice
-UTF-8 encoded. A C<use open ':utf8'> would have avoided the bug, or
-explicitly opening also the F<file> for input as UTF-8.
+UTF-8 encoded. A C<use open ':encoding(utf8)'> would have avoided the
+bug, or explicitly opening also the F<file> for input as UTF-8.
B<NOTE>: the C<:utf8> and C<:encoding> features work only if your
-Perl has been built with the new "perlio" feature. Almost all
-Perl 5.8 platforms do use "perlio", though: you can see whether
-yours is by running "perl -V" and looking for C<useperlio=define>.
+Perl has been built with the new PerlIO feature (which is the default
+on most systems).
=head2 Displaying Unicode As Text
sprintf("\\x{%04X}", $_) : # \x{...}
chr($_) =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ ? # else if control character ...
sprintf("\\x%02X", $_) : # \x..
- chr($_) # else as themselves
- } unpack("U*", $_[0])); # unpack Unicode characters
+ quotemeta(chr($_)) # else quoted or as themselves
+ } unpack("W*", $_[0])); # unpack Unicode characters
}
For example,
nice_string("foo\x{100}bar\n")
-returns:
+returns the string
+
+ 'foo\x{0100}bar\x0A'
- "foo\x{0100}bar\x0A"
+which is ready to be printed.
=head2 Special Cases
Normal users of Perl should never care how Perl encodes any particular
Unicode string (because the normal ways to get at the contents of a
string with Unicode--via input and output--should always be via
-explicitly-defined I/O disciplines). But if you must, there are two
+explicitly-defined I/O layers). But if you must, there are two
ways of looking behind the scenes.
One way of peeking inside the internal encoding of Unicode characters
-is to use C<unpack("C*", ...> to get the bytes or C<unpack("H*", ...)>
-to display the bytes:
+is to use C<unpack("C*", ...> to get the bytes of whatever the string
+encoding happens to be, or C<unpack("U0..", ...)> to get the bytes of the
+UTF-8 encoding:
# this prints c4 80 for the UTF-8 bytes 0xc4 0x80
- print join(" ", unpack("H*", pack("U", 0x100))), "\n";
+ print join(" ", unpack("U0(H2)*", pack("U", 0x100))), "\n";
Yet another way would be to use the Devel::Peek module:
perl -MDevel::Peek -e 'Dump(chr(0x100))'
-That shows the UTF8 flag in FLAGS and both the UTF-8 bytes
+That shows the C<UTF8> flag in FLAGS and both the UTF-8 bytes
and Unicode characters in C<PV>. See also later in this document
-the discussion about the C<is_utf8> function of the C<Encode> module.
+the discussion about the C<utf8::is_utf8()> function.
=back
The long answer is that you need to consider character normalization
and casing issues: see L<Unicode::Normalize>, Unicode Technical
Reports #15 and #21, I<Unicode Normalization Forms> and I<Case
-Mappings>, http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/ and
-http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/
+Mappings>, L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/> and
+L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/>
As of Perl 5.8.0, the "Full" case-folding of I<Case
Mappings/SpecialCasing> is implemented.
The long answer is that "it depends", and a good answer cannot be
given without knowing (at the very least) the language context.
See L<Unicode::Collate>, and I<Unicode Collation Algorithm>
-http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/
+L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/>
=back
Character ranges in regular expression character classes (C</[a-z]/>)
and in the C<tr///> (also known as C<y///>) operator are not magically
-Unicode-aware. What this means that C<[A-Za-z]> will not magically start
+Unicode-aware. What this means is that C<[A-Za-z]> will not magically start
to mean "all alphabetic letters"; not that it does mean that even for
8-bit characters, you should be using C</[[:alpha:]]/> in that case.
=over 4
-=item
+=item *
Will My Old Scripts Break?
to C<chr(45)> or "-" (in ASCII), now it is LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH
BREVE.
-=item
+=item *
How Do I Make My Scripts Work With Unicode?
generate Unicode data. The most important thing is getting input as
Unicode; for that, see the earlier I/O discussion.
-=item
+=item *
How Do I Know Whether My String Is In Unicode?
-You shouldn't care. No, you really shouldn't. No, really. If you
-have to care--beyond the cases described above--it means that we
-didn't get the transparency of Unicode quite right.
+You shouldn't have to care. But you may, because currently the semantics of the
+characters whose ordinals are in the range 128 to 255 is different depending on
+whether the string they are contained within is in Unicode or not.
+(See L<perlunicode>.)
-Okay, if you insist:
+To determine if a string is in Unicode, use:
- use Encode 'is_utf8';
- print is_utf8($string) ? 1 : 0, "\n";
+ print utf8::is_utf8($string) ? 1 : 0, "\n";
But note that this doesn't mean that any of the characters in the
string are necessary UTF-8 encoded, or that any of the characters have
as a single byte encoding. If the flag is on, the bytes in the scalar
are interpreted as the (multi-byte, variable-length) UTF-8 encoded code
points of the characters. Bytes added to an UTF-8 encoded string are
-automatically upgraded to UTF-8. If mixed non-UTF8 and UTF-8 scalars
+automatically upgraded to UTF-8. If mixed non-UTF-8 and UTF-8 scalars
are merged (double-quoted interpolation, explicit concatenation, and
printf/sprintf parameter substitution), the result will be UTF-8 encoded
as if copies of the byte strings were upgraded to UTF-8: for example,
$b = "\x{100}";
print "$a = $b\n";
-the output string will be UTF-8-encoded C<ab\x80c\x{100}\n>, but note
-that C<$a> will stay byte-encoded.
+the output string will be UTF-8-encoded C<ab\x80c = \x{100}\n>, but
+C<$a> will stay byte-encoded.
Sometimes you might really need to know the byte length of a string
instead of the character length. For that use either the
-C<Encode::encode_utf8()> function or the C<bytes> pragma and its only
-defined function C<length()>:
+C<Encode::encode_utf8()> function or the C<bytes> pragma and
+the C<length()> function:
my $unicode = chr(0x100);
print length($unicode), "\n"; # will print 1
print length($unicode), "\n"; # will also print 2
# (the 0xC4 0x80 of the UTF-8)
-=item
+=item *
How Do I Detect Data That's Not Valid In a Particular Encoding?
Use the C<Encode> package to try converting it.
For example,
- use Encode 'encode_utf8';
- if (encode_utf8($string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8)) {
- # valid
+ use Encode 'decode_utf8';
+
+ if (eval { decode_utf8($string, Encode::FB_CROAK); 1 }) {
+ # $string is valid utf8
} else {
- # invalid
+ # $string is not valid utf8
}
-For UTF-8 only, you can use:
+Or use C<unpack> to try decoding it:
use warnings;
- @chars = unpack("U0U*", $string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8);
+ @chars = unpack("C0U*", $string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8);
-If invalid, a C<Malformed UTF-8 character (byte 0x##) in unpack>
-warning is produced. The "U0" means "expect strictly UTF-8 encoded
-Unicode". Without that the C<unpack("U*", ...)> would accept also
-data like C<chr(0xFF>), similarly to the C<pack> as we saw earlier.
+If invalid, a C<Malformed UTF-8 character> warning is produced. The "C0" means
+"process the string character per character". Without that, the
+C<unpack("U*", ...)> would work in C<U0> mode (the default if the format
+string starts with C<U>) and it would return the bytes making up the UTF-8
+encoding of the target string, something that will always work.
-=item
+=item *
How Do I Convert Binary Data Into a Particular Encoding, Or Vice Versa?
native 8-bit encoding (e.g. Latin-1, EBCDIC, etc.), you can use
pack/unpack to convert to/from Unicode.
- $native_string = pack("C*", unpack("U*", $Unicode_string));
- $Unicode_string = pack("U*", unpack("C*", $native_string));
+ $native_string = pack("W*", unpack("U*", $Unicode_string));
+ $Unicode_string = pack("U*", unpack("W*", $native_string));
If you have a sequence of bytes you B<know> is valid UTF-8,
but Perl doesn't know it yet, you can make Perl a believer, too:
use Encode 'decode_utf8';
$Unicode = decode_utf8($bytes);
-You can convert well-formed UTF-8 to a sequence of bytes, but if
-you just want to convert random binary data into UTF-8, you can't.
-B<Any random collection of bytes isn't well-formed UTF-8>. You can
-use C<unpack("C*", $string)> for the former, and you can create
-well-formed Unicode data by C<pack("U*", 0xff, ...)>.
+or:
+
+ $Unicode = pack("U0a*", $bytes);
-=item
+You can find the bytes that make up a UTF-8 sequence with
+
+ @bytes = unpack("C*", $Unicode_string)
+
+and you can create well-formed Unicode with
+
+ $Unicode_string = pack("U*", 0xff, ...)
+
+=item *
How Do I Display Unicode? How Do I Input Unicode?
-See http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/ and
-http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
+See L<http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/> and
+L<http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
-=item
+=item *
How Does Unicode Work With Traditional Locales?
In Perl, not very well. Avoid using locales through the C<locale>
-pragma. Use only one or the other.
+pragma. Use only one or the other. But see L<perlrun> for the
+description of the C<-C> switch and its environment counterpart,
+C<$ENV{PERL_UNICODE}> to see how to enable various Unicode features,
+for example by using locale settings.
=back
Unicode Consortium
- http://www.unicode.org/
+L<http://www.unicode.org/>
=item *
Unicode FAQ
- http://www.unicode.org/unicode/faq/
+L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/faq/>
=item *
Unicode Glossary
- http://www.unicode.org/glossary/
+L<http://www.unicode.org/glossary/>
=item *
Unicode Useful Resources
- http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/resources.html
+L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/resources.html>
=item *
Unicode and Multilingual Support in HTML, Fonts, Web Browsers and Other Applications
- http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/
+L<http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/>
=item *
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
- http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
+L<http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
=item *
Legacy Character Sets
- http://www.czyborra.com/
- http://www.eki.ee/letter/
+L<http://www.czyborra.com/>
+L<http://www.eki.ee/letter/>
=item *
$Config{installprivlib}/unicore
-in Perl 5.8.0 or newer, and
+in Perl 5.8.0 or newer, and
$Config{installprivlib}/unicode
Perl front-end C<Convert::Recode> for character conversions.
The following are fast conversions from ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) bytes
-to UTF-8 bytes, the code works even with older Perl 5 versions.
+to UTF-8 bytes and back, the code works even with older Perl 5 versions.
# ISO 8859-1 to UTF-8
s/([\x80-\xFF])/chr(0xC0|ord($1)>>6).chr(0x80|ord($1)&0x3F)/eg;
=head1 SEE ALSO
-L<perlunicode>, L<Encode>, L<encoding>, L<open>, L<utf8>, L<bytes>,
-L<perlretut>, L<Unicode::Collate>, L<Unicode::Normalize>, L<Unicode::UCD>
+L<perlunitut>, L<perlunicode>, L<Encode>, L<open>, L<utf8>, L<bytes>,
+L<perlretut>, L<perlrun>, L<Unicode::Collate>, L<Unicode::Normalize>,
+L<Unicode::UCD>
=head1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
=head1 AUTHOR, COPYRIGHT, AND LICENSE
-Copyright 2001-2002 Jarkko Hietaniemi <jhi@iki.fi>
+Copyright 2001-2002 Jarkko Hietaniemi E<lt>jhi@iki.fiE<gt>
This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blobdiff