9 @ARGV = grep { not($_ eq '-q' and $Quiet = 1) } @ARGV;
14 or die "Couldn't chdir to '$workdir': $!";
16 require 'regen/regen_lib.pl';
18 # MANIFEST itself is Unix style filenames, so we have to assume that Unix style
19 # filenames will work.
21 open MANIFEST, '<', 'MANIFEST'
22 or die "Can't open MANIFEST: $!";
23 my @files = grep m#(?:\.pm|\.pod|_pm\.PL)#, map {s/\s.*//s; $_}
24 grep { m#^(lib|ext|dist|cpan)/# && !m#/(?:t|demo)/# } <MANIFEST>;
26 or die "$0: failed to close MANIFEST: $!";
28 my $out = open_new('pod/perlmodlib.pod', undef,
29 {by => "$0 extracting documentation",
30 from => 'the Perl source files'}, 1);
33 'abbrev' => 'Text::Abbrev',
35 'getopt' => 'Getopt::Std',
36 'B<CGI::Carp>' => 'CGI::Carp',
37 'ModuleInfo' => 'Module::Build::ModuleInfo',
38 '$notes_name' => 'Module::Build::Notes',
39 'Encode::MIME::NAME' => 'Encode::MIME::Name',
40 'libnetFAQ' => 'Net::libnetFAQ',
45 for my $filename (@files) {
46 unless (open MOD, '<', $filename) {
47 warn "Couldn't open $filename: $!";
56 next unless /^=head1 NAME/;
62 warn "$filename missing =head1 NAME (OK if respective .pod exists)\n"
69 or die "Error closing $filename: $!";
71 ($name, $thing) = split / --? /, $title, 2;
73 unless ($name and $thing) {
74 warn "$filename missing name\n" unless $name;
75 warn "$filename missing thing\n" unless $thing or $Quiet;
79 $name =~ s/[^A-Za-z0-9_:\$<>].*//;
80 $name = $exceptions{$name} || $name;
81 $thing =~ s/^perl pragma to //i;
82 $thing = ucfirst $thing;
83 $title = "=item $name\n\n$thing\n\n";
85 if ($name =~ /[A-Z]/) {
92 # Much easier to special case it like this than special case the depending on
93 # and parsing lib/Config.pod, or special case opening configpm and finding its
94 # =head1 (which is not found with the $/="" above)
95 push @mod, "=item Config\n\nAccess Perl configuration information\n\n";
98 # The intent of using =cut as the heredoc terminator is to make the whole file
99 # parse as (reasonably) sane Pod as-is to anything that attempts to
100 # brute-force treat it as such. The content is already useful - this just
101 # makes it tidier, by stopping anything doing this mistaking the rest of the
102 # Perl code for Pod. eg http://search.cpan.org/dist/perl/pod/perlmodlib.PL
107 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
109 =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
111 Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described
112 below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library
113 files (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be
114 autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated
115 by the installation process. You may also discover files in the
116 library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are
117 old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still
118 run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard
119 modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up
120 as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may
121 already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.)
122 The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion,
123 but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
125 =head2 Pragmatic Modules
127 They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they
128 tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually
129 work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these
130 are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them
137 which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
139 Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the
140 C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead,
141 like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a
142 variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than
143 just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file
144 for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no
147 The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
153 print $out $_ for sort @pragma;
159 =head2 Standard Modules
161 Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined
162 manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the
163 Exporter module. See their own documentation for details.
165 It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your
166 system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you
167 don't have the gdbm library.
173 print $out $_ for sort @mod;
175 print $out <<'=cut', "=cut\n";
179 To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including
180 those without documentation or outside the standard release,
181 just use the following command (under the default win32 shell,
182 double quotes should be used instead of single quotes).
184 % perl -MFile::Find=find -MFile::Spec::Functions -Tlwe \
185 'find { wanted => sub { print canonpath $_ if /\.pm\z/ },
186 no_chdir => 1 }, @INC'
188 (The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.)
189 They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible
190 via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find>
191 program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which
192 generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you
193 have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have
194 to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no
195 system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program.
197 Note also that the command C<perldoc perllocal> gives you a (possibly
198 incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on
199 your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker
202 =head2 Extension Modules
204 Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They
205 are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them,
206 but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules
207 include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
209 Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not
210 completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time
211 for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of
212 platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to
213 look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines
214 like Alta Vista or Google.
218 CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally
219 replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style
220 guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and
221 occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for
222 CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/
224 Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules,
225 some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of
232 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools
240 Operating System Interfaces
244 Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication
248 Data Types and Data Type Utilities
260 Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages
264 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles)
268 String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching
272 Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing
276 Internationalization and Locale
280 Authentication, Security, and Encryption
284 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME
288 Server and Daemon Utilities
292 Archiving and Compression
296 Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing
304 Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc)
308 File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities
312 Miscellaneous Modules
316 The list of the registered CPAN sites follows.
317 Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields:
329 and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the
330 European and the South American sites.
332 Registered CPAN sites
335 Generated by Porting/make_modlib_cpan.pl
343 http://cpan.mirror.ac.za/
344 ftp://cpan.mirror.ac.za/
345 http://mirror.is.co.za/pub/cpan/
346 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/pub/cpan/
347 ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/
357 http://cpan.wenzk.com/
361 http://ftp.cuhk.edu.hk/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
362 ftp://ftp.cuhk.edu.hk/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
363 http://mirrors.geoexpat.com/cpan/
367 http://perlmirror.indialinks.com/
371 http://cpan.biz.net.id/
372 http://komo.vlsm.org/CPAN/
373 ftp://komo.vlsm.org/CPAN/
374 http://cpan.cermin.lipi.go.id/
375 ftp://cermin.lipi.go.id/pub/CPAN/
376 http://cpan.pesat.net.id/
380 ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN
381 ftp://ftp.kddilabs.jp/CPAN/
382 http://ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp/pub/CPAN/
383 ftp://ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp/pub/CPAN/
384 http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
385 ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
386 ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
387 ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
388 http://ftp.riken.jp/lang/CPAN/
389 ftp://ftp.riken.jp/lang/CPAN/
390 http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/lang/cpan/
391 ftp://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/lang/cpan/
393 =item Republic of Korea
395 http://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/CPAN
396 ftp://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/CPAN
397 http://cpan.mirror.cdnetworks.com/
398 ftp://cpan.mirror.cdnetworks.com/CPAN/
399 http://cpan.sarang.net/
400 ftp://cpan.sarang.net/CPAN/
404 http://cpan.tomsk.ru/
409 http://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN
410 ftp://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN
411 http://cpan.mirror.choon.net/
412 http://cpan.oss.eznetsols.org
413 ftp://ftp.oss.eznetsols.org/cpan
417 http://ftp.cse.yzu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
418 ftp://ftp.cse.yzu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
419 http://cpan.nctu.edu.tw/
420 ftp://cpan.nctu.edu.tw/
421 ftp://ftp.ncu.edu.tw/CPAN/
422 http://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/
423 ftp://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/Unix/Lang/CPAN/
424 http://cpan.stu.edu.tw
425 ftp://ftp.stu.edu.tw/CPAN
426 http://ftp.stu.edu.tw/CPAN
427 ftp://ftp.stu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN
428 http://cpan.cs.pu.edu.tw/
429 ftp://cpan.cs.pu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN
433 http://mirrors.issp.co.th/cpan/
434 ftp://mirrors.issp.co.th/cpan/
435 http://mirror.yourconnect.com/CPAN/
436 ftp://mirror.yourconnect.com/CPAN/
440 http://cpan.gazi.edu.tr/
444 =head2 Central America
450 http://mirrors.ucr.ac.cr/CPAN/
451 ftp://mirrors.ucr.ac.cr/CPAN/
461 http://cpan.inode.at/
463 http://gd.tuwien.ac.at/languages/perl/CPAN/
464 ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/
468 http://ftp.belnet.be/mirror/ftp.cpan.org/
469 ftp://ftp.belnet.be/mirror/ftp.cpan.org/
470 http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
471 http://cpan.weepee.org/
473 =item Bosnia and Herzegovina
475 http://cpan.blic.net/
479 http://cpan.cbox.biz/
480 ftp://cpan.cbox.biz/cpan/
481 http://cpan.digsys.bg/
482 ftp://ftp.digsys.bg/pub/CPAN
486 http://ftp.carnet.hr/pub/CPAN/
487 ftp://ftp.carnet.hr/pub/CPAN/
491 ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/
492 http://archive.cpan.cz/
496 http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/cpan
497 ftp://mirrors.dotsrc.org/cpan/
499 http://mirror.uni-c.dk/pub/CPAN/
503 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
504 http://mirror.eunet.fi/CPAN
508 http://cpan.enstimac.fr/
509 ftp://ftp.inria.fr/pub/CPAN/
510 http://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/mirrors/cpan/
511 ftp://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/mirrors/cpan/
512 ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
513 http://mir2.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org
514 ftp://mir1.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org
515 ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/CPAN/
516 http://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
517 ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
518 http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN
519 ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN
521 ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/
525 ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/unix/languages/perl/
526 http://mirrors.softliste.de/cpan/
527 ftp://ftp.rub.de/pub/CPAN/
528 http://www.planet-elektronik.de/CPAN/
529 http://ftp.hosteurope.de/pub/CPAN/
530 ftp://ftp.hosteurope.de/pub/CPAN/
531 http://www.mirrorspace.org/cpan/
532 http://mirror.netcologne.de/cpan/
533 ftp://mirror.netcologne.de/cpan/
534 ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/
535 http://ftp-stud.hs-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN/
536 ftp://ftp-stud.hs-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN/
537 http://mirrors.zerg.biz/cpan/
538 http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
539 ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
540 http://dl.ambiweb.de/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
541 http://cpan.mirror.clusters.kg/
542 http://cpan.mirror.iphh.net/
543 ftp://cpan.mirror.iphh.net/pub/CPAN/
544 http://cpan.mirroring.de/
545 http://mirror.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
546 ftp://mirror.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
547 http://www.chemmedia.de/mirrors/CPAN/
548 http://ftp.cw.net/pub/CPAN/
549 ftp://ftp.cw.net/pub/CPAN/
550 http://cpan.cpantesters.org/
551 ftp://cpan.cpantesters.org/CPAN/
552 http://cpan.mirrored.de/
553 ftp://mirror.petamem.com/CPAN/
554 http://cpan.noris.de/
555 ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/
556 ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
557 ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/
561 ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
562 ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
563 http://cpan.cc.uoc.gr/
564 ftp://ftp.cc.uoc.gr/mirrors/CPAN/
568 http://cpan.mirrors.enexis.hu/
569 ftp://cpan.mirrors.enexis.hu/mirrors/cpan/
574 http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
575 ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
579 http://ftp.esat.net/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
580 ftp://ftp.esat.net/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
581 http://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN
582 ftp://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN
586 http://bo.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/CPAN/
588 ftp://ftp.panu.it/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/
592 http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/
596 http://ftp.litnet.lt/pub/CPAN/
597 ftp://ftp.litnet.lt/pub/CPAN/
601 http://cpan.waldonet.net.mt/
605 ftp://ftp.quicknet.nl/pub/CPAN/
606 http://mirror.hostfuss.com/CPAN/
607 ftp://mirror.hostfuss.com/CPAN/
608 http://mirrors3.kernel.org/cpan/
609 ftp://mirrors3.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/
610 http://cpan.mirror.versatel.nl/
611 ftp://ftp.mirror.versatel.nl/cpan/
612 ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/
613 http://mirror.leaseweb.com/CPAN/
614 ftp://mirror.leaseweb.com/CPAN/
615 ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/
616 http://archive.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
617 ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
618 http://luxitude.net/cpan/
622 ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
623 ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
627 http://piotrkosoft.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
628 ftp://ftp.piotrkosoft.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
629 http://ftp.man.poznan.pl/pub/CPAN
630 ftp://ftp.man.poznan.pl/pub/CPAN
631 ftp://ftp.ps.pl/pub/CPAN/
632 ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
633 ftp://ftp.tpnet.pl/d4/CPAN/
637 http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/
638 ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN
639 ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/
642 ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/
643 http://mirrors.nfsi.pt/CPAN/
644 ftp://mirrors.nfsi.pt/pub/CPAN/
645 http://cpan.dcc.fc.up.pt/
649 http://ftp.astral.ro/pub/CPAN/
650 ftp://ftp.astral.ro/pub/CPAN/
651 ftp://ftp.lug.ro/CPAN
652 http://mirrors.xservers.ro/CPAN/
653 http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/ftp.cpan.org/
654 ftp://ftp.hostingromania.ro/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
655 ftp://ftp.iasi.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
659 ftp://ftp.aha.ru/CPAN/
660 http://cpan.rinet.ru/
661 ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/
662 ftp://ftp.SpringDaemons.com/pub/CPAN/
663 http://mirror.rol.ru/CPAN/
664 http://ftp.silvernet.ru/CPAN/
665 http://ftp.spbu.ru/CPAN/
666 ftp://ftp.spbu.ru/CPAN/
670 http://cpan.fyxm.net/
674 http://www.klevze.si/cpan
678 http://osl.ugr.es/CPAN/
679 ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
680 http://ftp.gui.uva.es/sites/cpan.org/
681 ftp://ftp.gui.uva.es/sites/cpan.org/
685 http://mirrors4.kernel.org/cpan/
686 ftp://mirrors4.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/
690 http://cpan.mirror.solnet.ch/
691 ftp://ftp.solnet.ch/mirror/CPAN/
692 ftp://ftp.adwired.ch/CPAN/
693 http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/mirror/CPAN/
694 ftp://mirror.switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
698 http://cpan.makeperl.org/
699 ftp://cpan.makeperl.org/pub/CPAN
701 http://cpan.gafol.net/
702 ftp://ftp.gafol.net/pub/cpan/
706 http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
707 ftp://ftp.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
708 http://mirror.tje.me.uk/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
709 ftp://mirror.tje.me.uk/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
710 http://www.mirror.8086.net/sites/CPAN/
711 ftp://ftp.mirror.8086.net/sites/CPAN/
712 http://cpan.mirror.anlx.net/
713 ftp://ftp.mirror.anlx.net/CPAN/
714 http://mirror.bytemark.co.uk/CPAN/
715 ftp://mirror.bytemark.co.uk/CPAN/
716 http://cpan.etla.org/
717 ftp://cpan.etla.org/pub/CPAN
718 ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/
719 http://mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net/CPAN/
720 ftp://mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net/pub/CPAN/
721 http://ftp.plig.net/pub/CPAN/
722 ftp://ftp.plig.net/pub/CPAN/
723 http://ftp.ticklers.org/pub/CPAN/
724 ftp://ftp.ticklers.org/pub/CPAN/
725 http://cpan.mirrors.uk2.net/
726 ftp://mirrors.uk2.net/pub/CPAN/
727 http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.cpan.org/
728 ftp://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.cpan.org/
738 http://www.securehost.com/mirror/CPAN/
742 http://cpan.arcticnetwork.ca
743 ftp://mirror.arcticnetwork.ca/pub/CPAN
744 http://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/
745 ftp://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/CPAN/
746 http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
747 ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
748 http://arwen.cs.dal.ca/mirror/CPAN/
749 ftp://arwen.cs.dal.ca/pub/mirror/CPAN/
750 http://CPAN.mirror.rafal.ca/
751 ftp://CPAN.mirror.rafal.ca/pub/CPAN/
752 ftp://ftp.nrc.ca/pub/CPAN/
753 http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/pub/CPAN/
754 ftp://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/pub/CPAN/
758 http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/
759 ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
767 http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
768 ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
772 http://cpan.ezarticleinformation.com/
776 http://cpan.knowledgematters.net/
777 http://cpan.binkerton.com/
778 http://cpan.develooper.com/
779 http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN
780 http://cpan.schatt.com/
781 http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/
782 ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN
783 http://mirrors2.kernel.org/cpan/
784 ftp://mirrors2.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/
785 http://cpan.mirror.facebook.net/
786 http://mirrors1.kernel.org/cpan/
787 ftp://mirrors1.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/
788 http://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/
789 ftp://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/
790 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/
794 ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
795 http://mirror.atlantic.net/pub/CPAN/
796 ftp://mirror.atlantic.net/pub/CPAN/
800 http://mirror.its.uidaho.edu/pub/cpan/
801 ftp://mirror.its.uidaho.edu/cpan/
805 http://cpan.mirrors.hoobly.com/
806 http://cpan.uchicago.edu/pub/CPAN/
807 ftp://cpan.uchicago.edu/pub/CPAN/
808 http://mirrors.servercentral.net/CPAN/
809 http://www.stathy.com/CPAN/
810 ftp://www.stathy.com/CPAN/
814 ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
815 http://cpan.netnitco.net/
816 ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
817 http://ftp.ndlug.nd.edu/pub/perl/
818 ftp://ftp.ndlug.nd.edu/pub/perl/
822 http://mirrors.ccs.neu.edu/CPAN/
826 http://ftp.wayne.edu/cpan/
827 ftp://ftp.wayne.edu/cpan/
831 http://cpan.msi.umn.edu/
835 http://mirror.datapipe.net/CPAN/
836 ftp://mirror.datapipe.net/pub/CPAN/
840 http://mirrors.24-7-solutions.net/pub/CPAN/
841 ftp://mirrors.24-7-solutions.net/pub/CPAN/
842 http://mirror.cc.columbia.edu/pub/software/cpan/
843 ftp://mirror.cc.columbia.edu/pub/software/cpan/
844 http://cpan.belfry.net/
845 http://cpan.erlbaum.net/
846 ftp://cpan.erlbaum.net/CPAN/
847 http://cpan.hexten.net/
848 ftp://cpan.hexten.net/
849 ftp://mirror.nyi.net/CPAN/
850 http://mirror.rit.edu/CPAN/
851 ftp://mirror.rit.edu/CPAN/
855 http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN
856 ftp://ftp.ncsu.edu/pub/mirror/CPAN/
860 http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/CPAN/
861 ftp://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/CPAN/
865 http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/
866 ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
867 http://cpan.pair.com/
868 ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/
872 http://cpan.mirror.clemson.edu/
876 http://mira.sunsite.utk.edu/CPAN/
880 http://mirror.uta.edu/CPAN
884 ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
888 http://cpan-du.viaverio.com/
889 ftp://cpan-du.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/
890 http://perl.secsup.org/
891 ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/
892 ftp://mirror.cogentco.com/pub/CPAN/
896 http://cpan.llarian.net/
897 ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/
898 ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/
902 http://cpan.mirrors.tds.net
903 ftp://cpan.mirrors.tds.net/pub/CPAN
904 http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/
905 ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/
917 http://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/cpan/
918 ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/cpan/
919 http://cpan.mirror.aussiehq.net.au/
920 http://mirror.as24220.net/cpan/
921 ftp://mirror.as24220.net/cpan/
925 ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
926 http://cpan.inspire.net.nz
927 ftp://cpan.inspire.net.nz/cpan
928 http://cpan.catalyst.net.nz/CPAN/
929 ftp://cpan.catalyst.net.nz/pub/CPAN/
939 http://cpan.patan.com.ar/
940 http://cpan.localhost.net.ar
941 ftp://mirrors.localhost.net.ar/pub/mirrors/CPAN
945 ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/
946 http://ftp.pucpr.br/CPAN
947 ftp://ftp.pucpr.br/CPAN
948 http://cpan.kinghost.net/
952 http://cpan.dcc.uchile.cl/
953 ftp://cpan.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/lang/cpan/
957 http://www.laqee.unal.edu.co/CPAN/
963 mirror.as24220.net::cpan
965 gd.tuwien.ac.at::CPAN
966 ftp.belnet.be::packages/cpan
967 rsync.linorg.usp.br::CPAN
968 rsync.arcticnetwork.ca::CPAN
969 CPAN.mirror.rafal.ca::CPAN
970 mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca::CPAN
971 theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca::CPAN
972 www.laqee.unal.edu.co::CPAN
973 mirror.uni-c.dk::CPAN
974 rsync.nic.funet.fi::CPAN
975 rsync://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/mirrors/cpan/
977 miroir-francais.fr::cpan
979 rsync://mirror.cict.fr/cpan/
980 rsync://mirror.netcologne.de/cpan/
981 ftp-stud.hs-esslingen.de::CPAN/
982 ftp.gwdg.de::FTP/languages/perl/CPAN/
983 cpan.mirror.iphh.net::CPAN
984 cpan.cpantesters.org::cpan
987 mirror.unej.ac.id::cpan
988 ftp.esat.net::/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
989 ftp.heanet.ie::mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN
991 cpan.fastbull.org::CPAN
992 ftp.kddilabs.jp::cpan
993 ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp::cpan/
994 rsync://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
995 rsync://ftp.riken.jp/cpan/
996 mirror.linuxiso.kz::CPAN
997 rsync://mirrors3.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/
998 rsync://rsync.osmirror.nl/cpan/
999 mirror.leaseweb.com::CPAN
1000 cpan.nautile.nc::CPAN
1001 mirror.icis.pcz.pl::CPAN
1002 piotrkosoft.net::mirrors/CPAN
1003 rsync://cpan.perl.pt/
1004 ftp.kaist.ac.kr::cpan
1005 cpan.sarang.net::CPAN
1006 mirror.averse.net::cpan
1007 rsync.oss.eznetsols.org
1009 ftp.is.co.za::IS-Mirror/ftp.cpan.org/
1010 rsync://ftp.gui.uva.es/cpan/
1011 rsync://mirrors4.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/
1013 ftp.ulak.net.tr::CPAN
1015 rsync.mirrorservice.org::ftp.funet.fi/pub/
1016 rsync://rsync.mirror.8086.net/CPAN/
1017 rsync.mirror.anlx.net::CPAN
1018 mirror.bytemark.co.uk::CPAN
1020 rsync://ftp.ticklers.org:CPAN/
1021 mirrors.ibiblio.org::CPAN
1022 cpan-du.viaverio.com::CPAN
1023 mirror.hiwaay.net::CPAN
1024 rsync://mira.sunsite.utk.edu/CPAN/
1025 cpan.mirrors.tds.net::CPAN
1026 mirror.its.uidaho.edu::cpan
1027 rsync://mirror.cc.columbia.edu::cpan/
1028 ftp.fxcorporate.com::CPAN
1029 rsync.atlantic.net::CPAN
1030 mirrors.kernel.org::mirrors/CPAN
1031 rsync://mirrors2.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/
1033 rsync://mirror.rit.edu/CPAN/
1034 rsync://mirror.facebook.net/cpan/
1035 rsync://mirrors1.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/
1036 cpan-sj.viaverio.com::CPAN
1038 For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites,
1039 see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES .
1041 =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
1043 (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules
1044 file, available at your nearest CPAN site.)
1046 Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a
1047 package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a
1048 namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be
1049 used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its
1050 first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods),
1051 or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods).
1053 A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same
1054 name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be
1055 called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of
1056 its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be
1057 totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module
1058 might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on
1059 demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to
1060 exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perlobj>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about
1061 the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
1063 =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation
1069 Do similar modules already exist in some form?
1071 If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or
1072 by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not
1073 practical try to get together with the module authors to work on
1074 extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules.
1075 A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing
1076 with command line options.
1078 If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of
1079 modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It
1080 helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction
1081 scheme as the original author.
1085 Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
1087 Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>).
1088 Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks
1089 of code that need less warnings.
1091 Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless
1092 into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor,
1097 return bless {}, $class;
1100 or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static
1101 or a virtual method.
1105 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
1106 return bless {}, $class;
1109 Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later
1110 (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where
1111 appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones.
1112 Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate.
1114 Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>.
1115 Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all.
1116 Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired
1117 class names as far as possible.
1119 Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and
1120 C<< $r->func() >> would work.
1122 Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a
1123 burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to
1124 the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying:
1126 eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
1128 Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
1129 C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able
1130 to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example,
1131 does your application still work if you change: C<< $obj = YOURCLASS->new(); >>
1132 into: C<< $obj = SUBCLASS->new(); >> ?
1134 Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it
1135 difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state
1136 information in objects.
1140 Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
1141 Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks
1142 of code that need less strictness.
1146 Follow the guidelines in L<perlstyle>.
1152 Some simple style guidelines
1154 The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points.
1156 Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their
1157 style over several years as they learn what helps them write and
1158 maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that
1159 seem to be widely used by experienced developers:
1161 Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read
1162 $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for
1163 non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works
1164 consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS.
1166 Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally
1167 reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer
1168 and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and
1169 use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable).
1171 You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope
1172 or nature of a variable. For example:
1174 $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars)
1175 $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static
1176 $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
1178 Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase.
1179 e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>.
1181 You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or
1182 function should not be used outside the package that defined it.
1186 Select what to export.
1188 Do NOT export method names!
1190 Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason!
1192 Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must
1193 export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid
1194 short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
1196 Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
1197 module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>)
1198 syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
1199 indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
1201 (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
1202 C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that
1203 directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol
1206 As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
1207 then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
1208 @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
1212 Select a name for the module.
1214 This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as
1215 possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or
1216 more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special
1217 about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use
1218 nested module names to group informally or categorize a module.
1219 There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name.
1220 Module names should begin with a capital letter.
1222 Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone
1223 (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-).
1224 Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others.
1225 If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc.
1227 If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good
1228 practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will
1229 avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View,
1230 Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide.
1232 If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's
1233 standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in
1236 If developing modules for private internal or project specific use,
1237 that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure
1238 that their names will not clash with any future public module. You
1239 can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by
1240 using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*.
1242 To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to
1243 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is
1244 unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier.
1248 Have you got it right?
1250 How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you
1251 picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have
1252 you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions?
1254 The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions,
1255 is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about
1256 all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask.
1258 All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its
1259 purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is
1260 probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored
1261 by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!)
1263 Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be
1264 ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting
1265 others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you!
1269 README and other Additional Files.
1271 It's well known that software developers usually fully document the
1272 software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of
1273 your software and there is not enough time to write the full
1274 documentation please at least provide a README file containing:
1280 A description of the module/package/extension etc.
1284 A copyright notice - see below.
1288 Prerequisites - what else you may need to have.
1292 How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc.
1300 Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities
1304 Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future.
1308 If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to
1309 split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL,
1316 Adding a Copyright Notice.
1318 How you choose to license your work is a personal decision.
1319 The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make
1320 a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work.
1322 Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL
1323 and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic,
1324 or L<perlgpl> and L<perlartistic>). Larry has good reasons for NOT
1325 just using the GNU GPL.
1327 My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the
1328 Perl community at large is to state something simply like:
1330 Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved.
1331 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
1332 modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
1334 This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may
1335 also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files.
1336 Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright.
1340 Give the module a version/issue/release number.
1342 To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you
1343 should store your module's version number in a non-my package
1344 variable called $VERSION. This should be a positive floating point
1345 number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths,
1346 e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version.
1347 See L<Exporter> for details.
1349 It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number.
1350 Use the number in announcements and archive file names when
1351 releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z).
1352 See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details.
1356 How to release and distribute a module.
1358 It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your
1359 module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce
1360 Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off
1363 If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should
1364 include details of its location in your announcement.
1366 Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file
1367 name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories
1368 will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your
1369 file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification
1370 message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get
1371 deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed
1372 and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its
1375 FTP Archives for Perl Modules:
1377 Follow the instructions and links on:
1379 http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html
1380 http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html
1382 or upload to one of these sites:
1384 https://pause.kbx.de/pause/
1385 http://pause.perl.org/
1387 and notify <modules@perl.org>.
1389 By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror
1390 your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on
1393 Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list!
1397 Take care when changing a released module.
1399 Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions.
1400 Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the
1401 old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
1407 =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
1413 There is no requirement to convert anything.
1415 If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should
1416 continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor
1417 changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but
1418 there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that.
1422 Consider the implications.
1424 All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to
1425 be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is
1426 it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time?
1430 Make the most of the opportunity.
1432 If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the
1433 opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module
1434 creation above include many of the issues you should consider.
1438 The pl2pm utility will get you started.
1440 This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write
1441 corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following:
1447 Adds the standard Module prologue lines
1451 Converts package specifiers from ' to ::
1455 Converts die(...) to croak(...)
1459 Several other minor changes
1463 Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted
1464 code will need careful checking, especially any package statements.
1465 Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works!
1469 =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
1475 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library.
1479 Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused.
1481 Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy
1486 Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files.
1490 Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces.
1494 In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small
1496 fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases
1497 the application could invoked as:
1499 % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ...
1501 % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher)
1507 Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may
1508 have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl
1509 doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer
1510 that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not
1511 because it has a shotgun.
1513 The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law,
1514 and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is
1515 that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The
1516 written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other
1517 provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that
1518 you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences.
1522 read_only_bottom_close_and_rename($out);