2 # t/test.pl - most of Test::More functionality without the fuss, plus
3 # has mappings native_to_latin1 and latin1_to_native so that fewer tests
4 # on non ASCII-ish platforms need to be skipped
9 # Increment ($x++) has a certain amount of cleverness for things like
12 # $x++; # $x eq 'aaa';
14 # stands more chance of breaking than just a simple
18 # In this file, we use the latter "Baby Perl" approach, and increment
19 # will be worked over by t/op/inc.t
25 my $Perl; # Safer version of $^X set by which_perl()
29 $Tests_Are_Passing = 1;
31 # Use this instead of print to avoid interference while testing globals.
33 local($\, $", $,) = (undef, ' ', '');
38 local($\, $", $,) = (undef, ' ', '');
46 if ($n eq 'no_plan') {
54 _print "1..$n\n" unless $noplan;
59 # Set the plan at the end. See Test::More::done_testing.
72 if (defined $planned && $planned != $ran) {
74 "# Looks like you planned $planned tests but ran $ran.\n";
83 my @mess = _comment(@_);
84 $TODO ? _print(@mess) : _print_stderr(@mess);
87 # Use this instead of "print STDERR" when outputting failure diagnostic
93 # Use this instead of "print" when outputting informational messages
96 _print( _comment(@_) );
100 return map { /^#/ ? "$_\n" : "# $_\n" }
101 map { split /\n/ } @_;
106 _print "1..0 # Skip @_\n";
114 my ($pass, $where, $name, @mess) = @_;
115 # Do not try to microoptimize by factoring out the "not ".
119 # escape out '#' or it will interfere with '# skip' and such
121 $out = $pass ? "ok $test - $name" : "not ok $test - $name";
123 $out = $pass ? "ok $test" : "not ok $test";
127 $out = $out . " # TODO $TODO";
129 $Tests_Are_Passing = 0 unless $pass;
135 _diag "# Failed $where\n";
138 # Ensure that the message is properly escaped.
141 $test = $test + 1; # don't use ++
147 my @caller = caller($Level);
148 return "at $caller[1] line $caller[2]";
151 # DON'T use this for matches. Use like() instead.
153 my ($pass, $name, @mess) = @_;
154 _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
159 return 'undef' unless defined $x;
168 return defined $x ? '"' . display ($x) . '"' : 'undef';
171 # keys are the codes \n etc map to, values are 2 char strings such as \n
172 my %backslash_escape;
173 foreach my $x (split //, 'nrtfa\\\'"') {
174 $backslash_escape{ord eval "\"\\$x\""} = "\\$x";
176 # A way to display scalars containing control characters and Unicode.
177 # Trying to avoid setting $_, or relying on local $_ to work.
181 if (defined $x and not ref $x) {
183 foreach my $c (unpack("U*", $x)) {
185 $y = $y . sprintf "\\x{%x}", $c;
186 } elsif ($backslash_escape{$c}) {
187 $y = $y . $backslash_escape{$c};
189 my $z = chr $c; # Maybe we can get away with a literal...
190 if ($z =~ /[[:^print:]]/) {
192 # Use octal for characters traditionally expressed as
193 # such: the low controls
195 $z = sprintf "\\%03o", $c;
197 $z = sprintf "\\x{%x}", $c;
205 return $x unless wantarray;
212 my ($got, $expected, $name, @mess) = @_;
215 if( !defined $got || !defined $expected ) {
216 # undef only matches undef
217 $pass = !defined $got && !defined $expected;
220 $pass = $got eq $expected;
224 unshift(@mess, "# got "._qq($got)."\n",
225 "# expected "._qq($expected)."\n");
227 _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
231 my ($got, $isnt, $name, @mess) = @_;
234 if( !defined $got || !defined $isnt ) {
235 # undef only matches undef
236 $pass = defined $got || defined $isnt;
239 $pass = $got ne $isnt;
243 unshift(@mess, "# it should not be "._qq($got)."\n",
246 _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
250 my($got, $type, $expected, $name, @mess) = @_;
255 local($@,$!); # don't interfere with $@
256 # eval() sometimes resets $!
257 $pass = eval "\$got $type \$expected";
260 # It seems Irix long doubles can have 2147483648 and 2147483648
261 # that stringify to the same thing but are actually numerically
262 # different. Display the numbers if $type isn't a string operator,
263 # and the numbers are stringwise the same.
264 # (all string operators have alphabetic names, so tr/a-z// is true)
265 # This will also show numbers for some unneeded cases, but will
266 # definitely be helpful for things such as == and <= that fail
267 if ($got eq $expected and $type !~ tr/a-z//) {
268 unshift @mess, "# $got - $expected = " . ($got - $expected) . "\n";
270 unshift(@mess, "# got "._qq($got)."\n",
271 "# expected $type "._qq($expected)."\n");
273 _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
276 # Check that $got is within $range of $expected
277 # if $range is 0, then check it's exact
278 # else if $expected is 0, then $range is an absolute value
279 # otherwise $range is a fractional error.
280 # Here $range must be numeric, >= 0
281 # Non numeric ranges might be a useful future extension. (eg %)
283 my ($got, $expected, $range, $name, @mess) = @_;
285 if (!defined $got or !defined $expected or !defined $range) {
286 # This is a fail, but doesn't need extra diagnostics
287 } elsif ($got !~ tr/0-9// or $expected !~ tr/0-9// or $range !~ tr/0-9//) {
289 unshift @mess, "# got, expected and range must be numeric\n";
290 } elsif ($range < 0) {
291 # This is also a fail
292 unshift @mess, "# range must not be negative\n";
293 } elsif ($range == 0) {
295 $pass = $got == $expected;
296 } elsif ($expected == 0) {
297 # If expected is 0, treat range as absolute
298 $pass = ($got <= $range) && ($got >= - $range);
300 my $diff = $got - $expected;
301 $pass = abs ($diff / $expected) < $range;
304 if ($got eq $expected) {
305 unshift @mess, "# $got - $expected = " . ($got - $expected) . "\n";
307 unshift@mess, "# got "._qq($got)."\n",
308 "# expected "._qq($expected)." (within "._qq($range).")\n";
310 _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
313 # Note: this isn't quite as fancy as Test::More::like().
315 sub like ($$@) { like_yn (0,@_) }; # 0 for -
316 sub unlike ($$@) { like_yn (1,@_) }; # 1 for un-
319 my ($flip, $got, $expected, $name, @mess) = @_;
321 $pass = $got =~ /$expected/ if !$flip;
322 $pass = $got !~ /$expected/ if $flip;
324 unshift(@mess, "# got '$got'\n",
326 ? "# expected !~ /$expected/\n" : "# expected /$expected/\n");
328 local $Level = $Level + 1;
329 _ok($pass, _where(), $name, @mess);
337 _ok(0, _where(), @_);
347 $test = $test + 1; # don't use ++
351 # Note: can't pass multipart messages since we try to
352 # be compatible with Test::More::skip().
355 my $n = @_ ? shift : 1;
357 _print "ok $test # skip $why\n";
366 my $n = @_ ? shift : 1;
369 _print "not ok $test # TODO & SKIP $why\n";
378 return 0 unless $#$ra == $#$rb;
379 for my $i (0..$#$ra) {
380 next if !defined $ra->[$i] && !defined $rb->[$i];
381 return 0 if !defined $ra->[$i];
382 return 0 if !defined $rb->[$i];
383 return 0 unless $ra->[$i] eq $rb->[$i];
389 my ($orig, $suspect) = @_;
391 while (my ($key, $value) = each %$suspect) {
392 # Force a hash recompute if this perl's internals can cache the hash key.
394 if (exists $orig->{$key}) {
395 if ($orig->{$key} ne $value) {
396 _print "# key ", _qq($key), " was ", _qq($orig->{$key}),
397 " now ", _qq($value), "\n";
401 _print "# key ", _qq($key), " is ", _qq($value),
402 ", not in original.\n";
406 foreach (keys %$orig) {
407 # Force a hash recompute if this perl's internals can cache the hash key.
409 next if (exists $suspect->{$_});
410 _print "# key ", _qq($_), " was ", _qq($orig->{$_}), " now missing.\n";
421 _ok(!$@, _where(), "require $require");
429 _ok(!$@, _where(), "use $use");
432 # runperl - Runs a separate perl interpreter.
434 # switches => [ command-line switches ]
435 # nolib => 1 # don't use -I../lib (included by default)
436 # non_portable => Don't warn if a one liner contains quotes
437 # prog => one-liner (avoid quotes)
438 # progs => [ multi-liner (avoid quotes) ]
439 # progfile => perl script
440 # stdin => string to feed the stdin
441 # stderr => redirect stderr to stdout
442 # args => [ command-line arguments to the perl program ]
443 # verbose => print the command line
445 my $is_mswin = $^O eq 'MSWin32';
446 my $is_netware = $^O eq 'NetWare';
447 my $is_vms = $^O eq 'VMS';
448 my $is_cygwin = $^O eq 'cygwin';
451 my ($runperl, $args) = @_;
454 # In VMS protect with doublequotes because otherwise
455 # DCL will lowercase -- unless already doublequoted.
456 $_ = q(").$_.q(") if $is_vms && !/^\"/ && length($_) > 0;
457 $runperl = $runperl . ' ' . $_;
462 sub _create_runperl { # Create the string to qx in runperl().
464 my $runperl = which_perl();
465 if ($runperl =~ m/\s/) {
466 $runperl = qq{"$runperl"};
468 #- this allows, for example, to set PERL_RUNPERL_DEBUG=/usr/bin/valgrind
469 if ($ENV{PERL_RUNPERL_DEBUG}) {
470 $runperl = "$ENV{PERL_RUNPERL_DEBUG} $runperl";
472 unless ($args{nolib}) {
473 $runperl = $runperl . ' "-I../lib"'; # doublequotes because of VMS
475 if ($args{switches}) {
477 die "test.pl:runperl(): 'switches' must be an ARRAYREF " . _where()
478 unless ref $args{switches} eq "ARRAY";
479 $runperl = _quote_args($runperl, $args{switches});
481 if (defined $args{prog}) {
482 die "test.pl:runperl(): both 'prog' and 'progs' cannot be used " . _where()
483 if defined $args{progs};
484 $args{progs} = [$args{prog}]
486 if (defined $args{progs}) {
487 die "test.pl:runperl(): 'progs' must be an ARRAYREF " . _where()
488 unless ref $args{progs} eq "ARRAY";
489 foreach my $prog (@{$args{progs}}) {
490 if ($prog =~ tr/'"// && !$args{non_portable}) {
491 warn "quotes in prog >>$prog<< are not portable";
493 if ($is_mswin || $is_netware || $is_vms) {
494 $runperl = $runperl . qq ( -e "$prog" );
497 $runperl = $runperl . qq ( -e '$prog' );
500 } elsif (defined $args{progfile}) {
501 $runperl = $runperl . qq( "$args{progfile}");
503 # You probably didn't want to be sucking in from the upstream stdin
504 die "test.pl:runperl(): none of prog, progs, progfile, args, "
505 . " switches or stdin specified"
506 unless defined $args{args} or defined $args{switches}
507 or defined $args{stdin};
509 if (defined $args{stdin}) {
510 # so we don't try to put literal newlines and crs onto the
512 $args{stdin} =~ s/\n/\\n/g;
513 $args{stdin} =~ s/\r/\\r/g;
515 if ($is_mswin || $is_netware || $is_vms) {
516 $runperl = qq{$Perl -e "print qq(} .
517 $args{stdin} . q{)" | } . $runperl;
520 $runperl = qq{$Perl -e 'print qq(} .
521 $args{stdin} . q{)' | } . $runperl;
524 if (defined $args{args}) {
525 $runperl = _quote_args($runperl, $args{args});
527 $runperl = $runperl . ' 2>&1' if $args{stderr};
528 if ($args{verbose}) {
529 my $runperldisplay = $runperl;
530 $runperldisplay =~ s/\n/\n\#/g;
531 _print_stderr "# $runperldisplay\n";
537 die "test.pl:runperl() does not take a hashref"
538 if ref $_[0] and ref $_[0] eq 'HASH';
539 my $runperl = &_create_runperl;
542 my $tainted = ${^TAINT};
544 exists $args{switches} && grep m/^-T$/, @{$args{switches}} and $tainted = $tainted + 1;
547 # We will assume that if you're running under -T, you really mean to
548 # run a fresh perl, so we'll brute force launder everything for you
551 if (! eval 'require Config; 1') {
552 warn "test.pl had problems loading Config: $@";
555 $sep = $Config::Config{path_sep};
558 my @keys = grep {exists $ENV{$_}} qw(CDPATH IFS ENV BASH_ENV);
559 local @ENV{@keys} = ();
560 # Untaint, plus take out . and empty string:
561 local $ENV{'DCL$PATH'} = $1 if $is_vms && exists($ENV{'DCL$PATH'}) && ($ENV{'DCL$PATH'} =~ /(.*)/s);
562 $ENV{PATH} =~ /(.*)/s;
564 join $sep, grep { $_ ne "" and $_ ne "." and -d $_ and
565 ($is_mswin or $is_vms or !(stat && (stat _)[2]&0022)) }
566 split quotemeta ($sep), $1;
567 if ($is_cygwin) { # Must have /bin under Cygwin
568 if (length $ENV{PATH}) {
569 $ENV{PATH} = $ENV{PATH} . $sep;
571 $ENV{PATH} = $ENV{PATH} . '/bin';
576 $result = `$runperl`;
578 $result = `$runperl`;
580 $result =~ s/\n\n/\n/ if $is_vms; # XXX pipes sometimes double these
585 *run_perl = *run_perl = \&runperl; # shut up "used only once" warning
588 _print_stderr "# @_\n";
592 # A somewhat safer version of the sometimes wrong $^X.
594 unless (defined $Perl) {
597 # VMS should have 'perl' aliased properly
598 return $Perl if $is_vms;
601 if (! eval 'require Config; 1') {
602 warn "test.pl had problems loading Config: $@";
605 $exe = $Config::Config{_exe};
607 $exe = '' unless defined $exe;
609 # This doesn't absolutize the path: beware of future chdirs().
610 # We could do File::Spec->abs2rel() but that does getcwd()s,
611 # which is a bit heavyweight to do here.
613 if ($Perl =~ /^perl\Q$exe\E$/i) {
614 my $perl = "perl$exe";
615 if (! eval 'require File::Spec; 1') {
616 warn "test.pl had problems loading File::Spec: $@";
619 $Perl = File::Spec->catfile(File::Spec->curdir(), $perl);
623 # Build up the name of the executable file from the name of
626 if ($Perl !~ /\Q$exe\E$/i) {
627 $Perl = $Perl . $exe;
630 warn "which_perl: cannot find $Perl from $^X" unless -f $Perl;
632 # For subcommands to use.
633 $ENV{PERLEXE} = $Perl;
640 foreach my $file (@_) {
641 1 while unlink $file;
643 _print_stderr "# Couldn't unlink '$file': $!\n";
652 END { unlink_all keys %tmpfiles }
654 # A regexp that matches the tempfile names
655 $::tempfile_regexp = 'tmp\d+[A-Z][A-Z]?';
657 # Avoid ++, avoid ranges, avoid split //
658 my @letters = qw(A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z);
665 $try = $try . $letters[$temp % 26];
666 $temp = int ($temp / 26);
668 # Need to note all the file names we allocated, as a second request may
669 # come before the first is created.
670 if (!-e $try && !$tmpfiles{$try}) {
676 } while $count < 26 * 26;
677 die "Can't find temporary file name starting 'tmp$$'";
680 # This is the temporary file for _fresh_perl
681 my $tmpfile = tempfile();
686 # The $resolve must be a subref that tests the first argument
687 # for success, or returns the definition of success (e.g. the
688 # expected scalar) if given no arguments.
692 my($prog, $resolve, $runperl_args, $name) = @_;
694 # Given the choice of the mis-parsable {}
695 # (we want an anon hash, but a borked lexer might think that it's a block)
696 # or relying on taking a reference to a lexical
697 # (\ might be mis-parsed, and the reference counting on the pad may go
699 # it feels like the least-worse thing is to assume that auto-vivification
700 # works. At least, this is only going to be a run-time failure, so won't
701 # affect tests using this file but not this function.
702 $runperl_args->{progfile} = $tmpfile;
703 $runperl_args->{stderr} = 1;
705 open TEST, ">$tmpfile" or die "Cannot open $tmpfile: $!";
709 $prog =~ s#/dev/null#NL:#;
712 $prog =~ s{if \(-e _ and -f _ and -r _\)}
717 close TEST or die "Cannot close $tmpfile: $!";
719 my $results = runperl(%$runperl_args);
722 # Clean up the results into something a bit more predictable.
723 $results =~ s/\n+$//;
724 $results =~ s/at\s+$::tempfile_regexp\s+line/at - line/g;
725 $results =~ s/of\s+$::tempfile_regexp\s+aborted/of - aborted/g;
727 # bison says 'parse error' instead of 'syntax error',
728 # various yaccs may or may not capitalize 'syntax'.
729 $results =~ s/^(syntax|parse) error/syntax error/mig;
732 # some tests will trigger VMS messages that won't be expected
733 $results =~ s/\n?%[A-Z]+-[SIWEF]-[A-Z]+,.*//;
735 # pipes double these sometimes
736 $results =~ s/\n\n/\n/g;
739 my $pass = $resolve->($results);
741 _diag "# PROG: \n$prog\n";
742 _diag "# EXPECTED:\n", $resolve->(), "\n";
743 _diag "# GOT:\n$results\n";
744 _diag "# STATUS: $status\n";
747 # Use the first line of the program as a name if none was given
749 ($first_line, $name) = $prog =~ /^((.{1,50}).*)/;
750 $name = $name . '...' if length $first_line > length $name;
753 _ok($pass, _where(), "fresh_perl - $name");
759 # Combination of run_perl() and is().
763 my($prog, $expected, $runperl_args, $name) = @_;
765 # _fresh_perl() is going to clip the trailing newlines off the result.
766 # This will make it so the test author doesn't have to know that.
767 $expected =~ s/\n+$//;
771 sub { @_ ? $_[0] eq $expected : $expected },
772 $runperl_args, $name);
778 # Combination of run_perl() and like().
781 sub fresh_perl_like {
782 my($prog, $expected, $runperl_args, $name) = @_;
785 sub { @_ ? $_[0] =~ $expected : $expected },
786 $runperl_args, $name);
790 my($proto, @methods) = @_;
791 my $class = ref $proto || $proto;
794 return _ok( 0, _where(), "$class->can(...)" );
798 foreach my $method (@methods) {
799 local($!, $@); # don't interfere with caller's $@
800 # eval sometimes resets $!
801 eval { $proto->can($method) } || push @nok, $method;
805 $name = @methods == 1 ? "$class->can('$methods[0]')"
806 : "$class->can(...)";
808 _ok( !@nok, _where(), $name );
812 # Call $class->new( @$args ); and run the result through isa_ok.
813 # See Test::More::new_ok
815 my($class, $args, $obj_name) = @_;
817 $object_name = "The object" unless defined $obj_name;
819 local $Level = $Level + 1;
822 my $ok = eval { $obj = $class->new(@$args); 1 };
826 isa_ok($obj, $class, $object_name);
829 ok( 0, "new() died" );
830 diag("Error was: $@");
839 my($object, $class, $obj_name) = @_;
842 $obj_name = 'The object' unless defined $obj_name;
843 my $name = "$obj_name isa $class";
844 if( !defined $object ) {
845 $diag = "$obj_name isn't defined";
847 elsif( !ref $object ) {
848 $diag = "$obj_name isn't a reference";
851 # We can't use UNIVERSAL::isa because we want to honor isa() overrides
852 local($@, $!); # eval sometimes resets $!
853 my $rslt = eval { $object->isa($class) };
855 if( $@ =~ /^Can't call method "isa" on unblessed reference/ ) {
856 if( !UNIVERSAL::isa($object, $class) ) {
857 my $ref = ref $object;
858 $diag = "$obj_name isn't a '$class' it's a '$ref'";
862 WHOA! I tried to call ->isa on your object and got some weird error.
863 This should never happen. Please contact the author immediately.
870 my $ref = ref $object;
871 $diag = "$obj_name isn't a '$class' it's a '$ref'";
875 _ok( !$diag, _where(), $name );
878 # Set a watchdog to timeout the entire test file
879 # NOTE: If the test file uses 'threads', then call the watchdog() function
880 # _AFTER_ the 'threads' module is loaded.
884 my $method = shift || "";
885 my $timeout_msg = 'Test process timed out - terminating';
887 # Valgrind slows perl way down so give it more time before dying.
888 $timeout *= 10 if $ENV{PERL_VALGRIND};
890 my $pid_to_kill = $$; # PID for this process
892 if ($method eq "alarm") {
893 goto WATCHDOG_VIA_ALARM;
896 # shut up use only once warning
897 my $threads_on = $threads::threads && $threads::threads;
899 # Don't use a watchdog process if 'threads' is loaded -
900 # use a watchdog thread instead
903 # On Windows and VMS, try launching a watchdog process
904 # using system(1, ...) (see perlport.pod)
905 if ($is_mswin || $is_vms) {
906 # On Windows, try to get the 'real' PID
908 eval { require Win32; };
909 if (defined(&Win32::GetCurrentProcessId)) {
910 $pid_to_kill = Win32::GetCurrentProcessId();
914 # If we still have a fake PID, we can't use this method at all
915 return if ($pid_to_kill <= 0);
917 # Launch watchdog process
920 local $SIG{'__WARN__'} = sub {
921 _diag("Watchdog warning: $_[0]");
923 my $sig = $is_vms ? 'TERM' : 'KILL';
924 my $cmd = _create_runperl( prog => "sleep($timeout);" .
925 "warn qq/# $timeout_msg" . '\n/;' .
926 "kill($sig, $pid_to_kill);");
927 $watchdog = system(1, $cmd);
929 if ($@ || ($watchdog <= 0)) {
930 _diag('Failed to start watchdog');
936 # Add END block to parent to terminate and
937 # clean up watchdog process
938 eval "END { local \$! = 0; local \$? = 0;
939 wait() if kill('KILL', $watchdog); };";
943 # Try using fork() to generate a watchdog process
945 eval { $watchdog = fork() };
946 if (defined($watchdog)) {
947 if ($watchdog) { # Parent process
948 # Add END block to parent to terminate and
949 # clean up watchdog process
950 eval "END { local \$! = 0; local \$? = 0;
951 wait() if kill('KILL', $watchdog); };";
955 ### Watchdog process code
957 # Load POSIX if available
958 eval { require POSIX; };
960 # Execute the timeout
961 sleep($timeout - 2) if ($timeout > 2); # Workaround for perlbug #49073
964 # Kill test process if still running
965 if (kill(0, $pid_to_kill)) {
967 kill('KILL', $pid_to_kill);
970 # Don't execute END block (added at beginning of this file)
973 # Terminate ourself (i.e., the watchdog)
974 POSIX::_exit(1) if (defined(&POSIX::_exit));
978 # fork() failed - fall through and try using a thread
981 # Use a watchdog thread because either 'threads' is loaded,
983 if (eval 'require threads; 1') {
984 'threads'->create(sub {
985 # Load POSIX if available
986 eval { require POSIX; };
988 # Execute the timeout
989 my $time_left = $timeout;
991 $time_left = $time_left - sleep($time_left);
992 } while ($time_left > 0);
994 # Kill the parent (and ourself)
995 select(STDERR); $| = 1;
997 POSIX::_exit(1) if (defined(&POSIX::_exit));
998 my $sig = $is_vms ? 'TERM' : 'KILL';
999 kill($sig, $pid_to_kill);
1004 # If everything above fails, then just use an alarm timeout
1006 if (eval { alarm($timeout); 1; }) {
1007 # Load POSIX if available
1008 eval { require POSIX; };
1010 # Alarm handler will do the actual 'killing'
1011 $SIG{'ALRM'} = sub {
1012 select(STDERR); $| = 1;
1013 _diag($timeout_msg);
1014 POSIX::_exit(1) if (defined(&POSIX::_exit));
1015 my $sig = $is_vms ? 'TERM' : 'KILL';
1016 kill($sig, $pid_to_kill);
1021 my $cp_0037 = # EBCDIC code page 0037
1022 '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1023 '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1024 '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
1025 '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
1026 '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
1027 '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' .
1028 '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
1029 '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' .
1030 '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
1031 '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' .
1032 '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' .
1033 '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
1034 '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
1035 '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' .
1036 '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
1037 '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
1039 my $cp_1047 = # EBCDIC code page 1047
1040 '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x15\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1041 '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1042 '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
1043 '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
1044 '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
1045 '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xAD\xE0\xBD\x5F\x6D' .
1046 '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
1047 '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' .
1048 '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x25\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
1049 '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' .
1050 '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBB\xB4\x9A\x8A\xB0\xCA\xAF\xBC' .
1051 '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
1052 '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
1053 '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xBA\xAE\x59' .
1054 '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
1055 '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
1057 my $cp_bc = # EBCDIC code page POSiX-BC
1058 '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x15\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1059 '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1060 '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
1061 '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
1062 '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
1063 '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBB\xBC\xBD\x6A\x6D' .
1064 '\x4A\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
1065 '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xFB\x4F\xFD\xFF\x07' .
1066 '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x25\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
1067 '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\x5F' .
1068 '\x41\xAA\xB0\xB1\x9F\xB2\xD0\xB5\x79\xB4\x9A\x8A\xBA\xCA\xAF\xA1' .
1069 '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
1070 '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
1071 '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xE0\xFE\xDD\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' .
1072 '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
1073 '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xC0\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
1075 my $straight = # Avoid ranges
1076 '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0A\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1077 '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1A\x1B\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1078 '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x25\x26\x27\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x2D\x2E\x2F' .
1079 '\x30\x31\x32\x33\x34\x35\x36\x37\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x3C\x3D\x3E\x3F' .
1080 '\x40\x41\x42\x43\x44\x45\x46\x47\x48\x49\x4A\x4B\x4C\x4D\x4E\x4F' .
1081 '\x50\x51\x52\x53\x54\x55\x56\x57\x58\x59\x5A\x5B\x5C\x5D\x5E\x5F' .
1082 '\x60\x61\x62\x63\x64\x65\x66\x67\x68\x69\x6A\x6B\x6C\x6D\x6E\x6F' .
1083 '\x70\x71\x72\x73\x74\x75\x76\x77\x78\x79\x7A\x7B\x7C\x7D\x7E\x7F' .
1084 '\x80\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x8A\x8B\x8C\x8D\x8E\x8F' .
1085 '\x90\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96\x97\x98\x99\x9A\x9B\x9C\x9D\x9E\x9F' .
1086 '\xA0\xA1\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xAA\xAB\xAC\xAD\xAE\xAF' .
1087 '\xB0\xB1\xB2\xB3\xB4\xB5\xB6\xB7\xB8\xB9\xBA\xBB\xBC\xBD\xBE\xBF' .
1088 '\xC0\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xCA\xCB\xCC\xCD\xCE\xCF' .
1089 '\xD0\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6\xD7\xD8\xD9\xDA\xDB\xDC\xDD\xDE\xDF' .
1090 '\xE0\xE1\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xEA\xEB\xEC\xED\xEE\xEF' .
1091 '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\xFA\xFB\xFC\xFD\xFE\xFF';
1093 # The following 2 functions allow tests to work on both EBCDIC and
1094 # ASCII-ish platforms. They convert string scalars between the native
1095 # character set and the set of 256 characters which is usually called
1098 # These routines don't work on UTF-EBCDIC and UTF-8.
1100 sub native_to_latin1($) {
1103 return $string if ord('^') == 94; # ASCII, Latin1
1105 if (ord('^') == 95) { # EBCDIC 1047
1108 elsif (ord('^') == 106) { # EBCDIC POSIX-BC
1111 elsif (ord('^') == 176) { # EBCDIC 037 */
1115 die "Unknown native character set";
1118 eval '$string =~ tr/' . $$cp . '/' . $straight . '/';
1122 sub latin1_to_native($) {
1125 return $string if ord('^') == 94; # ASCII, Latin1
1127 if (ord('^') == 95) { # EBCDIC 1047
1130 elsif (ord('^') == 106) { # EBCDIC POSIX-BC
1133 elsif (ord('^') == 176) { # EBCDIC 037 */
1137 die "Unknown native character set";
1140 eval '$string =~ tr/' . $straight . '/' . $$cp . '/';
1144 sub ord_latin1_to_native {
1145 # given an input code point, return the platform's native
1146 # equivalent value. Anything above latin1 is itself.
1149 return $ord if $ord > 255;
1150 return ord latin1_to_native(chr $ord);
1153 sub ord_native_to_latin1 {
1154 # given an input platform code point, return the latin1 equivalent value.
1155 # Anything above latin1 is itself.
1158 return $ord if $ord > 255;
1159 return ord native_to_latin1(chr $ord);