5 perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
9 An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers
10 on EBCDIC based computers.
12 Portions of this document that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
14 Early Perl versions worked on some EBCDIC machines, but the last known
15 version that ran on EBCDIC was v5.8.7, until v5.22, when the Perl core
16 again works on z/OS. Theoretically, it could work on OS/400 or Siemens'
17 BS2000 (or their successors), but this is untested. In v5.22 and 5.24,
19 the modules found on CPAN but shipped with core Perl work on z/OS.
21 If you want to use Perl on a non-z/OS EBCDIC machine, please let us know
22 by sending mail to perlbug@perl.org
24 Writing Perl on an EBCDIC platform is really no different than writing
25 on an L</ASCII> one, but with different underlying numbers, as we'll see
26 shortly. You'll have to know something about those L</ASCII> platforms
27 because the documentation is biased and will frequently use example
28 numbers that don't apply to EBCDIC. There are also very few CPAN
29 modules that are written for EBCDIC and which don't work on ASCII;
30 instead the vast majority of CPAN modules are written for ASCII, and
31 some may happen to work on EBCDIC, while a few have been designed to
32 portably work on both.
34 If your code just uses the 52 letters A-Z and a-z, plus SPACE, the
35 digits 0-9, and the punctuation characters that Perl uses, plus a few
36 controls that are denoted by escape sequences like C<\n> and C<\t>, then
37 there's nothing special about using Perl, and your code may very well
38 work on an ASCII machine without change.
40 But if you write code that uses C<\005> to mean a TAB or C<\xC1> to mean
41 an "A", or C<\xDF> to mean a "E<yuml>" (small C<"y"> with a diaeresis),
42 then your code may well work on your EBCDIC platform, but not on an
43 ASCII one. That's fine to do if no one will ever want to run your code
44 on an ASCII platform; but the bias in this document will be towards writing
45 code portable between EBCDIC and ASCII systems. Again, if every
46 character you care about is easily enterable from your keyboard, you
47 don't have to know anything about ASCII, but many keyboards don't easily
48 allow you to directly enter, say, the character C<\xDF>, so you have to
49 specify it indirectly, such as by using the C<"\xDF"> escape sequence.
50 In those cases it's easiest to know something about the ASCII/Unicode
51 character sets. If you know that the small "E<yuml>" is C<U+00FF>, then
52 you can instead specify it as C<"\N{U+FF}">, and have the computer
53 automatically translate it to C<\xDF> on your platform, and leave it as
54 C<\xFF> on ASCII ones. Or you could specify it by name, C<\N{LATIN
55 SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS> and not have to know the numbers.
56 Either way works, but both require familiarity with Unicode.
58 =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
62 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or
64 integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that have standardized
65 interpretations by the computers which use ASCII. For example, 65 means
67 The range 0..127 can be covered by setting various bits in a 7-bit binary
68 digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as "7-bit ASCII".
69 ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute
70 document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991
71 (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is
72 given in the table L<below|/recipe 3> as the first 128 elements.
74 can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include
75 English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American
78 Most non-EBCDIC character sets are supersets of ASCII. That is the
79 integers 0-127 mean what ASCII says they mean. But integers 128 and
80 above are specific to the character set.
82 Many of these fit entirely into 8 bits, using ASCII as 0-127, while
83 specifying what 128-255 mean, and not using anything above 255.
84 Thus, these are single-byte (or octet if you prefer) character sets.
85 One important one (since Unicode is a superset of it) is the ISO 8859-1
90 The ISO 8859-I<B<$n>> are a collection of character code sets from the
91 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), each of which adds
92 characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in various
93 languages, many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
94 Most are for European languages, but there are also ones for Arabic,
95 Greek, Hebrew, and Thai. There are good references on the web about
98 =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
100 A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
101 accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
102 include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
103 Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
104 Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without
105 the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
106 German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style
107 quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions
108 to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work.
109 In IBM character code set identification terminology, ISO 8859-1 is
110 also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
114 The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a
115 large collection of single- and multi-byte coded character sets that are
116 quite different from ASCII and ISO 8859-1, and are all slightly
117 different from each other; they typically run on host computers. The
118 EBCDIC encodings derive from 8-bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched
119 card encodings, which long predate ASCII. The layout on the
120 cards was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case
122 characters C<[a-z]> and C<[A-Z]>, but there were gaps within each Latin
123 alphabet range, visible in the table L<below|/recipe 3>. These gaps can
126 Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
127 identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers.
129 Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used EBCDIC
130 character sets, listed below.
132 =head3 The 13 variant characters
134 Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that
135 are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters
136 are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
138 \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
140 When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at all of these characters to
141 guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and adapts itself
142 accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a character set that is not
143 one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will either fail to compile, or
144 mistakenly and silently choose one of the three.
146 The Line Feed (LF) character is actually a 14th variant character, and
147 Perl checks for that as well.
149 =head3 EBCDIC code sets recognized by Perl
155 Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
156 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used
157 in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system
158 that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 0037 differs from ISO 8859-1
159 in 236 places; in other words they agree on only 20 code point values.
163 Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
164 Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is
165 used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
166 for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places,
167 and from ISO 8859-1 in 236.
171 The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from
172 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
173 Like 0037 and 1047, it is the same as ISO 8859-1 in 20 code point
178 =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
180 In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a
181 character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
182 the number 193. In Unicode, the character "A" is assigned the number 65.
183 All the code points in ASCII and Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) have the same
184 meaning in Unicode. All three of the recognized EBCDIC code sets have
185 256 code points, and in each code set, all 256 code points are mapped to
186 equivalent Latin1 code points. Obviously, "A" will map to "A", "B" =>
187 "B", "%" => "%", etc., for all printable characters in Latin1 and these
190 It also turns out that EBCDIC has nearly precise equivalents for the
191 ASCII/Latin1 C0 controls and the DELETE control. (The C0 controls are
192 those whose ASCII code points are 0..0x1F; things like TAB, ACK, BEL,
193 etc.) A mapping is set up between these ASCII/EBCDIC controls. There
194 isn't such a precise mapping between the C1 controls on ASCII platforms
195 and the remaining EBCDIC controls. What has been done is to map these
196 controls, mostly arbitrarily, to some otherwise unmatched character in
197 the other character set. Most of these are very very rarely used
198 nowadays in EBCDIC anyway, and their names have been dropped, without
199 much complaint. For example the EO (Eight Ones) EBCDIC control
200 (consisting of eight one bits = 0xFF) is mapped to the C1 APC control
201 (0x9F), and you can't use the name "EO".
203 The EBCDIC controls provide three possible line terminator characters,
204 CR (0x0D), LF (0x25), and NL (0x15). On ASCII platforms, the symbols
205 "NL" and "LF" refer to the same character, but in strict EBCDIC
206 terminology they are different ones. The EBCDIC NL is mapped to the C1
207 control called "NEL" ("Next Line"; here's a case where the mapping makes
208 quite a bit of sense, and hence isn't just arbitrary). On some EBCDIC
209 platforms, this NL or NEL is the typical line terminator. This is true
210 of z/OS and BS2000. In these platforms, the C compilers will swap the
211 LF and NEL code points, so that C<"\n"> is 0x15, and refers to NL. Perl
212 does that too; you can see it in the code chart L<below|/recipe 3>.
213 This makes things generally "just work" without you even having to be
214 aware that there is a swap.
216 =head2 Unicode and UTF
218 UTF stands for "Unicode Transformation Format".
219 UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on
221 The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code point
222 depends on the ordinal number of that code point,
223 with larger numbers requiring more bytes.
224 UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on EBCDIC.
225 They are enough alike that often, casual usage will conflate the two
226 terms, and use "UTF-8" to mean both the UTF-8 found on ASCII platforms,
227 and the UTF-EBCDIC found on EBCDIC ones.
229 You may see the term "invariant" character or code point.
230 This simply means that the character has the same numeric
231 value and representation when encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) as when
232 not. (Note that this is a very different concept from L</The 13 variant
233 characters> mentioned above. Careful prose will use the term "UTF-8
234 invariant" instead of just "invariant", but most often you'll see just
235 "invariant".) For example, the ordinal value of "A" is 193 in most
236 EBCDIC code pages, and also is 193 when encoded in UTF-EBCDIC. All
237 UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) variant code points occupy at least two bytes when
238 encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC); by definition, the UTF-8 (or
239 UTF-EBCDIC) invariant code points are exactly one byte whether encoded
240 in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC), or not. (By now you see why people typically
241 just say "UTF-8" when they also mean "UTF-EBCDIC". For the rest of this
242 document, we'll mostly be casual about it too.)
243 In ASCII UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128
244 ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII characters) are invariant.
245 In UTF-EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant characters.
246 (If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters
247 which have ASCII equivalents, plus those that correspond to
248 the C1 controls (128 - 159 on ASCII platforms).)
250 A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (very rarely shorter) than
251 one encoded in UTF-8. Perl extends both UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC so that
252 they can encode code points above the Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF. Both
253 extensions are constructed to allow encoding of any code point that fits
256 UTF-EBCDIC is defined by
257 L<Unicode Technical Report #16|http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr16>
258 (often referred to as just TR16).
259 It is defined based on CCSID 1047, not allowing for the differences for
260 other code pages. This allows for easy interchange of text between
261 computers running different code pages, but makes it unusable, without
262 adaptation, for Perl on those other code pages.
264 The reason for this unusability is that a fundamental assumption of Perl
265 is that the characters it cares about for parsing and lexical analysis
266 are the same whether or not the text is in UTF-8. For example, Perl
267 expects the character C<"["> to have the same representation, no matter
268 if the string containing it (or program text) is UTF-8 encoded or not.
269 To ensure this, Perl adapts UTF-EBCDIC to the particular code page so
270 that all characters it expects to be UTF-8 invariant are in fact UTF-8
271 invariant. This means that text generated on a computer running one
272 version of Perl's UTF-EBCDIC has to be translated to be intelligible to
273 a computer running another.
275 TR16 implies a method to extend UTF-EBCDIC to encode points up through
276 S<C<2 ** 31 - 1>>. Perl uses this method for code points up through
277 S<C<2 ** 30 - 1>>, but uses an incompatible method for larger ones, to
278 enable it to handle much larger code points than otherwise.
282 Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard module Encode
283 to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points.
284 Encode knows about more EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently
285 be compiled to run on.
287 use Encode 'from_to';
289 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
291 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
292 from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
293 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
295 and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
297 use Encode 'from_to';
299 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
301 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
302 from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
303 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
305 For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
306 of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>.
308 Since version 5.8 Perl uses the PerlIO I/O library. This enables
309 you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use
312 open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
313 print $f "Hello World!\n";
314 open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
315 print $f "Hello World!\n";
316 open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
317 print $f "Hello World!\n";
318 open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
319 print $f "Hello World!\n";
321 to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 0037 EBCDIC,
322 ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only ASCII
323 characters were printed), and
324 UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters
325 that don't differ between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the
326 documentation of L<Encode::PerlIO> for details.
328 As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
329 ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
331 =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES
333 The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
334 the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
335 C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
336 table names of the Latin 1
337 extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
338 corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1> albeit with
339 substitutions such as C<s/LATIN//> and C<s/VULGAR//> in all cases;
340 S<C<s/CAPITAL LETTER//>> in some cases; and
341 S<C<s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/>> in some other
342 cases. Controls are listed using their Unicode 6.2 abbreviations.
343 The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are
344 flagged with C<**>. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets
345 are flagged with C<##.> All C<ord()> numbers listed are decimal. If you
346 would rather see this table listing octal values, then run the table
347 (that is, the pod source text of this document, since this recipe may not
348 work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:
356 perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
357 -e '{printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
360 If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
369 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
371 if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
374 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
376 "%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%.03o\n",
377 $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
380 printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%.03o\n",
381 $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
384 printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",
385 $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
390 If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then
391 run the table through:
399 perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
400 -e '{printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%.02X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
403 Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
411 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
413 if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
416 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
418 "%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X.%02X\n",
419 $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
422 printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X\n",
423 $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
426 printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%02X\n",
427 $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
435 CCSID CCSID CCSID IX- 1047
436 chr 0819 0037 1047 BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
437 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
442 <EOT> 4 55 55 55 4 55
443 <ENQ> 5 45 45 45 5 45
444 <ACK> 6 46 46 46 6 46
445 <BEL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
448 <LF> 10 37 21 21 10 21 **
449 <VT> 11 11 11 11 11 11
450 <FF> 12 12 12 12 12 12
451 <CR> 13 13 13 13 13 13
452 <SO> 14 14 14 14 14 14
453 <SI> 15 15 15 15 15 15
454 <DLE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
455 <DC1> 17 17 17 17 17 17
456 <DC2> 18 18 18 18 18 18
457 <DC3> 19 19 19 19 19 19
458 <DC4> 20 60 60 60 20 60
459 <NAK> 21 61 61 61 21 61
460 <SYN> 22 50 50 50 22 50
461 <ETB> 23 38 38 38 23 38
462 <CAN> 24 24 24 24 24 24
463 <EOM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
464 <SUB> 26 63 63 63 26 63
465 <ESC> 27 39 39 39 27 39
466 <FS> 28 28 28 28 28 28
467 <GS> 29 29 29 29 29 29
468 <RS> 30 30 30 30 30 30
469 <US> 31 31 31 31 31 31
470 <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
472 " 34 127 127 127 34 127
473 # 35 123 123 123 35 123
475 % 37 108 108 108 37 108
477 ' 39 125 125 125 39 125
482 , 44 107 107 107 44 107
486 0 48 240 240 240 48 240
487 1 49 241 241 241 49 241
488 2 50 242 242 242 50 242
489 3 51 243 243 243 51 243
490 4 52 244 244 244 52 244
491 5 53 245 245 245 53 245
492 6 54 246 246 246 54 246
493 7 55 247 247 247 55 247
494 8 56 248 248 248 56 248
495 9 57 249 249 249 57 249
496 : 58 122 122 122 58 122
499 = 61 126 126 126 61 126
500 > 62 110 110 110 62 110
501 ? 63 111 111 111 63 111
502 @ 64 124 124 124 64 124
503 A 65 193 193 193 65 193
504 B 66 194 194 194 66 194
505 C 67 195 195 195 67 195
506 D 68 196 196 196 68 196
507 E 69 197 197 197 69 197
508 F 70 198 198 198 70 198
509 G 71 199 199 199 71 199
510 H 72 200 200 200 72 200
511 I 73 201 201 201 73 201
512 J 74 209 209 209 74 209
513 K 75 210 210 210 75 210
514 L 76 211 211 211 76 211
515 M 77 212 212 212 77 212
516 N 78 213 213 213 78 213
517 O 79 214 214 214 79 214
518 P 80 215 215 215 80 215
519 Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
520 R 82 217 217 217 82 217
521 S 83 226 226 226 83 226
522 T 84 227 227 227 84 227
523 U 85 228 228 228 85 228
524 V 86 229 229 229 86 229
525 W 87 230 230 230 87 230
526 X 88 231 231 231 88 231
527 Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
528 Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
529 [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 ** ##
530 \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ##
531 ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 **
532 ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 ** ##
533 _ 95 109 109 109 95 109
534 ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ##
535 a 97 129 129 129 97 129
536 b 98 130 130 130 98 130
537 c 99 131 131 131 99 131
538 d 100 132 132 132 100 132
539 e 101 133 133 133 101 133
540 f 102 134 134 134 102 134
541 g 103 135 135 135 103 135
542 h 104 136 136 136 104 136
543 i 105 137 137 137 105 137
544 j 106 145 145 145 106 145
545 k 107 146 146 146 107 146
546 l 108 147 147 147 108 147
547 m 109 148 148 148 109 148
548 n 110 149 149 149 110 149
549 o 111 150 150 150 111 150
550 p 112 151 151 151 112 151
551 q 113 152 152 152 113 152
552 r 114 153 153 153 114 153
553 s 115 162 162 162 115 162
554 t 116 163 163 163 116 163
555 u 117 164 164 164 117 164
556 v 118 165 165 165 118 165
557 w 119 166 166 166 119 166
558 x 120 167 167 167 120 167
559 y 121 168 168 168 121 168
560 z 122 169 169 169 122 169
561 { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ##
562 | 124 79 79 79 124 79
563 } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ##
564 ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ##
565 <DEL> 127 7 7 7 127 7
566 <PAD> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
567 <HOP> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
568 <BPH> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
569 <NBH> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
570 <IND> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
571 <NEL> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 **
572 <SSA> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
573 <ESA> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
574 <HTS> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
575 <HTJ> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
576 <VTS> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
577 <PLD> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
578 <PLU> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
579 <RI> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
580 <SS2> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
581 <SS3> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
582 <DCS> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
583 <PU1> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
584 <PU2> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
585 <STS> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
586 <CCH> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
587 <MW> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
588 <SPA> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
589 <EPA> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
590 <SOS> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
591 <SGC> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
592 <SCI> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
593 <CSI> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
594 <ST> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
595 <OSC> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
596 <PM> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
597 <APC> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ##
598 <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
599 <INVERTED "!" > 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
600 <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ##
601 <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
602 <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
603 <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
604 <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ##
605 <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
606 <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 ** ##
607 <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
608 <FEMININE ORDINAL> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
609 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
610 <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 ** ##
611 <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
612 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
613 <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ##
614 <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
615 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
616 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
617 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
618 <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
619 <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
620 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
621 <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
622 <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
623 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
624 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
625 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
626 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
627 <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
628 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
629 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
630 <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
631 <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
632 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
633 <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
634 <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
635 <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
636 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
637 <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
638 <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
639 <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
640 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
641 <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
642 <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
643 <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
644 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
645 <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
646 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
647 <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
648 <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
649 <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
650 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
651 <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
652 <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
653 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
654 <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
655 <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ##
656 <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
657 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ##
658 <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
659 <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 ** ##
660 <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
661 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
662 <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
663 <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
664 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
665 <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
666 <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
667 <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
668 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
669 <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
670 <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
671 <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
672 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
673 <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
674 <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
675 <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
676 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
677 <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
678 <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
679 <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
680 <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
681 <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
682 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
683 <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
684 <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
685 <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
686 <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
687 <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ##
688 <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
689 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
690 <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
691 <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
692 <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
693 <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
695 If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
696 ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
705 -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
707 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
708 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
709 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,34,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
711 If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the number
712 34 in the last line to 39, like this:
721 -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
723 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
724 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
725 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,39,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
727 If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the number
728 34 in the last line to 44, like this:
737 -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
739 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
740 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
741 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,44,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
743 =head2 Table in hex, sorted in 1047 order
745 Since this document was first written, the convention has become more
746 and more to use hexadecimal notation for code points. To do this with
747 the recipes and to also sort is a multi-step process, so here, for
748 convenience, is the table from above, re-sorted to be in Code Page 1047
749 order, and using hex notation.
753 CCSID CCSID CCSID IX- 1047
754 chr 0819 0037 1047 BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
755 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
756 <NUL> 00 00 00 00 00 00
757 <SOH> 01 01 01 01 01 01
758 <STX> 02 02 02 02 02 02
759 <ETX> 03 03 03 03 03 03
760 <ST> 9C 04 04 04 C2.9C 04
761 <HT> 09 05 05 05 09 05
762 <SSA> 86 06 06 06 C2.86 06
763 <DEL> 7F 07 07 07 7F 07
764 <EPA> 97 08 08 08 C2.97 08
765 <RI> 8D 09 09 09 C2.8D 09
766 <SS2> 8E 0A 0A 0A C2.8E 0A
767 <VT> 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B
768 <FF> 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C
769 <CR> 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D
770 <SO> 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E
771 <SI> 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F
772 <DLE> 10 10 10 10 10 10
773 <DC1> 11 11 11 11 11 11
774 <DC2> 12 12 12 12 12 12
775 <DC3> 13 13 13 13 13 13
776 <OSC> 9D 14 14 14 C2.9D 14
777 <LF> 0A 25 15 15 0A 15 **
778 <BS> 08 16 16 16 08 16
779 <ESA> 87 17 17 17 C2.87 17
780 <CAN> 18 18 18 18 18 18
781 <EOM> 19 19 19 19 19 19
782 <PU2> 92 1A 1A 1A C2.92 1A
783 <SS3> 8F 1B 1B 1B C2.8F 1B
784 <FS> 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C
785 <GS> 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D
786 <RS> 1E 1E 1E 1E 1E 1E
787 <US> 1F 1F 1F 1F 1F 1F
788 <PAD> 80 20 20 20 C2.80 20
789 <HOP> 81 21 21 21 C2.81 21
790 <BPH> 82 22 22 22 C2.82 22
791 <NBH> 83 23 23 23 C2.83 23
792 <IND> 84 24 24 24 C2.84 24
793 <NEL> 85 15 25 25 C2.85 25 **
794 <ETB> 17 26 26 26 17 26
795 <ESC> 1B 27 27 27 1B 27
796 <HTS> 88 28 28 28 C2.88 28
797 <HTJ> 89 29 29 29 C2.89 29
798 <VTS> 8A 2A 2A 2A C2.8A 2A
799 <PLD> 8B 2B 2B 2B C2.8B 2B
800 <PLU> 8C 2C 2C 2C C2.8C 2C
801 <ENQ> 05 2D 2D 2D 05 2D
802 <ACK> 06 2E 2E 2E 06 2E
803 <BEL> 07 2F 2F 2F 07 2F
804 <DCS> 90 30 30 30 C2.90 30
805 <PU1> 91 31 31 31 C2.91 31
806 <SYN> 16 32 32 32 16 32
807 <STS> 93 33 33 33 C2.93 33
808 <CCH> 94 34 34 34 C2.94 34
809 <MW> 95 35 35 35 C2.95 35
810 <SPA> 96 36 36 36 C2.96 36
811 <EOT> 04 37 37 37 04 37
812 <SOS> 98 38 38 38 C2.98 38
813 <SGC> 99 39 39 39 C2.99 39
814 <SCI> 9A 3A 3A 3A C2.9A 3A
815 <CSI> 9B 3B 3B 3B C2.9B 3B
816 <DC4> 14 3C 3C 3C 14 3C
817 <NAK> 15 3D 3D 3D 15 3D
818 <PM> 9E 3E 3E 3E C2.9E 3E
819 <SUB> 1A 3F 3F 3F 1A 3F
820 <SPACE> 20 40 40 40 20 40
821 <NON-BREAKING SPACE> A0 41 41 41 C2.A0 80.41
822 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> E2 42 42 42 C3.A2 8B.43
823 <a WITH DIAERESIS> E4 43 43 43 C3.A4 8B.45
824 <a WITH GRAVE> E0 44 44 44 C3.A0 8B.41
825 <a WITH ACUTE> E1 45 45 45 C3.A1 8B.42
826 <a WITH TILDE> E3 46 46 46 C3.A3 8B.44
827 <a WITH RING ABOVE> E5 47 47 47 C3.A5 8B.46
828 <c WITH CEDILLA> E7 48 48 48 C3.A7 8B.48
829 <n WITH TILDE> F1 49 49 49 C3.B1 8B.58
830 <CENT SIGN> A2 4A 4A B0 C2.A2 80.43 ##
837 <e WITH ACUTE> E9 51 51 51 C3.A9 8B.4A
838 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> EA 52 52 52 C3.AA 8B.51
839 <e WITH DIAERESIS> EB 53 53 53 C3.AB 8B.52
840 <e WITH GRAVE> E8 54 54 54 C3.A8 8B.49
841 <i WITH ACUTE> ED 55 55 55 C3.AD 8B.54
842 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> EE 56 56 56 C3.AE 8B.55
843 <i WITH DIAERESIS> EF 57 57 57 C3.AF 8B.56
844 <i WITH GRAVE> EC 58 58 58 C3.AC 8B.53
845 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> DF 59 59 59 C3.9F 8A.73
851 ^ 5E B0 5F 6A 5E 5F ** ##
854 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> C2 62 62 62 C3.82 8A.43
855 <A WITH DIAERESIS> C4 63 63 63 C3.84 8A.45
856 <A WITH GRAVE> C0 64 64 64 C3.80 8A.41
857 <A WITH ACUTE> C1 65 65 65 C3.81 8A.42
858 <A WITH TILDE> C3 66 66 66 C3.83 8A.44
859 <A WITH RING ABOVE> C5 67 67 67 C3.85 8A.46
860 <C WITH CEDILLA> C7 68 68 68 C3.87 8A.48
861 <N WITH TILDE> D1 69 69 69 C3.91 8A.58
862 <BROKEN BAR> A6 6A 6A D0 C2.A6 80.47 ##
868 <o WITH STROKE> F8 70 70 70 C3.B8 8B.67
869 <E WITH ACUTE> C9 71 71 71 C3.89 8A.4A
870 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> CA 72 72 72 C3.8A 8A.51
871 <E WITH DIAERESIS> CB 73 73 73 C3.8B 8A.52
872 <E WITH GRAVE> C8 74 74 74 C3.88 8A.49
873 <I WITH ACUTE> CD 75 75 75 C3.8D 8A.54
874 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> CE 76 76 76 C3.8E 8A.55
875 <I WITH DIAERESIS> CF 77 77 77 C3.8F 8A.56
876 <I WITH GRAVE> CC 78 78 78 C3.8C 8A.53
877 ` 60 79 79 4A 60 79 ##
884 <O WITH STROKE> D8 80 80 80 C3.98 8A.67
894 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> AB 8A 8A 8A C2.AB 80.52
895 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> BB 8B 8B 8B C2.BB 80.6A
896 <SMALL LETTER eth> F0 8C 8C 8C C3.B0 8B.57
897 <y WITH ACUTE> FD 8D 8D 8D C3.BD 8B.71
898 <SMALL LETTER thorn> FE 8E 8E 8E C3.BE 8B.72
899 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> B1 8F 8F 8F C2.B1 80.58
900 <DEGREE SIGN> B0 90 90 90 C2.B0 80.57
910 <FEMININE ORDINAL> AA 9A 9A 9A C2.AA 80.51
911 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> BA 9B 9B 9B C2.BA 80.69
912 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> E6 9C 9C 9C C3.A6 8B.47
913 <CEDILLA> B8 9D 9D 9D C2.B8 80.67
914 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> C6 9E 9E 9E C3.86 8A.47
915 <CURRENCY SIGN> A4 9F 9F 9F C2.A4 80.45
916 <MICRO SIGN> B5 A0 A0 A0 C2.B5 80.64
917 ~ 7E A1 A1 FF 7E A1 ##
926 <INVERTED "!" > A1 AA AA AA C2.A1 80.42
927 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> BF AB AB AB C2.BF 80.73
928 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> D0 AC AC AC C3.90 8A.57
929 [ 5B BA AD BB 5B AD ** ##
930 <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> DE AE AE AE C3.9E 8A.72
931 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK> AE AF AF AF C2.AE 80.55
932 <NOT SIGN> AC 5F B0 BA C2.AC 80.53 ** ##
933 <POUND SIGN> A3 B1 B1 B1 C2.A3 80.44
934 <YEN SIGN> A5 B2 B2 B2 C2.A5 80.46
935 <MIDDLE DOT> B7 B3 B3 B3 C2.B7 80.66
936 <COPYRIGHT SIGN> A9 B4 B4 B4 C2.A9 80.4A
937 <SECTION SIGN> A7 B5 B5 B5 C2.A7 80.48
938 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> B6 B6 B6 B6 C2.B6 80.65
939 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> BC B7 B7 B7 C2.BC 80.70
940 <FRACTION ONE HALF> BD B8 B8 B8 C2.BD 80.71
941 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> BE B9 B9 B9 C2.BE 80.72
942 <Y WITH ACUTE> DD AD BA AD C3.9D 8A.71 ** ##
943 <DIAERESIS> A8 BD BB 79 C2.A8 80.49 ** ##
944 <MACRON> AF BC BC A1 C2.AF 80.56 ##
945 ] 5D BB BD BD 5D BD **
946 <ACUTE ACCENT> B4 BE BE BE C2.B4 80.63
947 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> D7 BF BF BF C3.97 8A.66
948 { 7B C0 C0 FB 7B C0 ##
958 <SOFT HYPHEN> AD CA CA CA C2.AD 80.54
959 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> F4 CB CB CB C3.B4 8B.63
960 <o WITH DIAERESIS> F6 CC CC CC C3.B6 8B.65
961 <o WITH GRAVE> F2 CD CD CD C3.B2 8B.59
962 <o WITH ACUTE> F3 CE CE CE C3.B3 8B.62
963 <o WITH TILDE> F5 CF CF CF C3.B5 8B.64
964 } 7D D0 D0 FD 7D D0 ##
974 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> B9 DA DA DA C2.B9 80.68
975 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> FB DB DB DB C3.BB 8B.6A
976 <u WITH DIAERESIS> FC DC DC DC C3.BC 8B.70
977 <u WITH GRAVE> F9 DD DD C0 C3.B9 8B.68 ##
978 <u WITH ACUTE> FA DE DE DE C3.BA 8B.69
979 <y WITH DIAERESIS> FF DF DF DF C3.BF 8B.73
980 \ 5C E0 E0 BC 5C E0 ##
981 <DIVISION SIGN> F7 E1 E1 E1 C3.B7 8B.66
990 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> B2 EA EA EA C2.B2 80.59
991 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> D4 EB EB EB C3.94 8A.63
992 <O WITH DIAERESIS> D6 EC EC EC C3.96 8A.65
993 <O WITH GRAVE> D2 ED ED ED C3.92 8A.59
994 <O WITH ACUTE> D3 EE EE EE C3.93 8A.62
995 <O WITH TILDE> D5 EF EF EF C3.95 8A.64
1006 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> B3 FA FA FA C2.B3 80.62
1007 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> DB FB FB DD C3.9B 8A.6A ##
1008 <U WITH DIAERESIS> DC FC FC FC C3.9C 8A.70
1009 <U WITH GRAVE> D9 FD FD E0 C3.99 8A.68 ##
1010 <U WITH ACUTE> DA FE FE FE C3.9A 8A.69
1011 <APC> 9F FF FF 5F C2.9F FF ##
1013 =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
1015 It is possible to determine which character set you are operating under.
1016 But first you need to be really really sure you need to do this. Your
1017 code will be simpler and probably just as portable if you don't have
1018 to test the character set and do different things, depending. There are
1019 actually only very few circumstances where it's not easy to write
1020 straight-line code portable to all character sets. See
1021 L<perluniintro/Unicode and EBCDIC> for how to portably specify
1024 But there are some cases where you may want to know which character set
1025 you are running under. One possible example is doing
1026 L<sorting|/SORTING> in inner loops where performance is critical.
1028 To determine if you are running under ASCII or EBCDIC, you can use the
1029 return value of C<ord()> or C<chr()> to test one or more character
1030 values. For example:
1032 $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
1033 $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
1034 $is_ascii = ord("A") == 65;
1035 $is_ebcdic = ord("A") == 193;
1037 There's even less need to distinguish between EBCDIC code pages, but to
1038 do so try looking at one or more of the characters that differ between
1041 $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
1042 $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
1043 $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
1044 $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
1046 However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
1048 $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
1049 $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
1051 Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII
1052 platforms from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC
1053 platform since S<C<"\r" eq chr(13)>> under all of those coded character
1054 sets. But note too that because C<"\n"> is C<chr(13)> and C<"\r"> is
1055 C<chr(10)> on old Macintosh (which is an ASCII platform) the second
1056 C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there.
1058 To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC
1059 code page you can use the Config module like so:
1062 $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
1066 =head2 C<utf8::unicode_to_native()> and C<utf8::native_to_unicode()>
1068 These functions take an input numeric code point in one encoding and
1069 return what its equivalent value is in the other.
1075 In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
1076 another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
1077 above table, along with Perl's C<tr///> operator is all that is needed.
1078 The data in the table are in ASCII/Latin1 order, hence the EBCDIC columns
1079 provide easy-to-use ASCII/Latin1 to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
1082 For example, to convert ASCII/Latin1 to code page 037 take the output of the
1083 second numbers column from the output of recipe 2 (modified to add
1084 C<"\"> characters), and use it in C<tr///> like so:
1087 '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1088 '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1089 '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
1090 '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
1091 '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
1092 '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' .
1093 '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
1094 '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' .
1095 '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
1096 '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' .
1097 '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' .
1098 '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
1099 '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
1100 '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' .
1101 '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
1102 '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
1104 my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
1105 eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
1107 To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
1110 my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
1111 eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
1113 Similarly one could take the output of the third numbers column from recipe 2
1114 to obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth numbers column of the output from
1115 recipe 2 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as
1118 If you wanted to see the inverse tables, you would first have to sort on the
1119 desired numbers column as in recipes 4, 5 or 6, then take the output of the
1120 first numbers column.
1124 XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility
1125 available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's
1126 documentation for information on iconv.
1128 On OS/390 or z/OS see the L<iconv(1)> manpage. One way to invoke the C<iconv>
1129 shell utility from within perl would be to:
1131 # OS/390 or z/OS example
1132 $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
1136 # OS/390 or z/OS example
1137 $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
1139 For other Perl-based conversion options see the C<Convert::*> modules on CPAN.
1143 The OS/390 and z/OS C run-time libraries provide C<_atoe()> and C<_etoa()> functions.
1145 =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
1147 The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with
1148 care on EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array
1149 will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC platform
1150 or an ASCII platform:
1152 @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
1154 The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results
1155 when operating on string or character data in a Perl program running
1156 on an EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is
1157 an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>:
1159 # EBCDIC-based examples
1160 print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
1161 print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
1162 print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
1163 print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
1165 An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters
1166 in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed
1167 as control characters in Perl, e.g. C<(chr(0)> eq C<\c@>)>
1168 C<(chr(1)> eq C<\cA>)>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been
1169 ported to take C<\c@> to C<chr(0)> and C<\cA> to C<chr(1)>, etc. as well, but the
1170 characters that result depend on which code page you are
1171 using. The table below uses the standard acronyms for the controls.
1172 The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are
1173 identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only
1174 one spot (21 decimal). Note that the line terminator character
1175 may be generated by C<\cJ> on ASCII platforms but by C<\cU> on 1047 or POSIX-BC
1176 platforms and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on
1177 0037 platforms. Note also that C<\c\> cannot be the final element in a string
1178 or regex, as it will absorb the terminator. But C<\c\I<X>> is a C<FILE
1179 SEPARATOR> concatenated with I<X> for all I<X>.
1180 The outlier C<\c?> on ASCII, which yields a non-C0 control C<DEL>,
1181 yields the outlier control C<APC> on EBCDIC, the one that isn't in the
1182 block of contiguous controls. Note that a subtlety of this is that
1183 C<\c?> on ASCII platforms is an ASCII character, while it isn't
1184 equivalent to any ASCII character in EBCDIC platforms.
1186 chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
1187 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
1188 \c@ 0 <NUL> <NUL> <NUL>
1189 \cA 1 <SOH> <SOH> <SOH>
1190 \cB 2 <STX> <STX> <STX>
1191 \cC 3 <ETX> <ETX> <ETX>
1192 \cD 4 <EOT> <ST> <ST>
1193 \cE 5 <ENQ> <HT> <HT>
1194 \cF 6 <ACK> <SSA> <SSA>
1195 \cG 7 <BEL> <DEL> <DEL>
1196 \cH 8 <BS> <EPA> <EPA>
1197 \cI 9 <HT> <RI> <RI>
1198 \cJ 10 <LF> <SS2> <SS2>
1199 \cK 11 <VT> <VT> <VT>
1200 \cL 12 <FF> <FF> <FF>
1201 \cM 13 <CR> <CR> <CR>
1202 \cN 14 <SO> <SO> <SO>
1203 \cO 15 <SI> <SI> <SI>
1204 \cP 16 <DLE> <DLE> <DLE>
1205 \cQ 17 <DC1> <DC1> <DC1>
1206 \cR 18 <DC2> <DC2> <DC2>
1207 \cS 19 <DC3> <DC3> <DC3>
1208 \cT 20 <DC4> <OSC> <OSC>
1209 \cU 21 <NAK> <NEL> <LF> **
1210 \cV 22 <SYN> <BS> <BS>
1211 \cW 23 <ETB> <ESA> <ESA>
1212 \cX 24 <CAN> <CAN> <CAN>
1213 \cY 25 <EOM> <EOM> <EOM>
1214 \cZ 26 <SUB> <PU2> <PU2>
1215 \c[ 27 <ESC> <SS3> <SS3>
1216 \c\X 28 <FS>X <FS>X <FS>X
1217 \c] 29 <GS> <GS> <GS>
1218 \c^ 30 <RS> <RS> <RS>
1219 \c_ 31 <US> <US> <US>
1220 \c? * <DEL> <APC> <APC>
1222 C<*> Note: C<\c?> maps to ordinal 127 (C<DEL>) on ASCII platforms, but
1223 since ordinal 127 is a not a control character on EBCDIC machines,
1224 C<\c?> instead maps on them to C<APC>, which is 255 in 0037 and 1047,
1227 =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
1233 C<chr()> must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired
1234 character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For example:
1236 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
1240 C<ord()> will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC platform.
1243 $the_number_193 = ord("A");
1248 The C<"c"> and C<"C"> templates for C<pack()> are dependent upon character set
1249 encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
1251 $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
1253 $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
1256 $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
1257 # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
1259 The C<"U"> template has been ported to mean "Unicode" on all platforms so
1262 pack("U", 65) eq 'A'
1264 is true on all platforms. If you want native code points for the low
1265 256, use the C<"W"> template. This means that the equivalences
1267 pack("W", ord($character)) eq $character
1268 unpack("W", $character) == ord $character
1274 One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
1275 print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place
1276 for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for
1277 CGI script writing. For example, many Perl programming guides
1278 recommend something similar to:
1280 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
1281 # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
1283 You can instead write
1285 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et al
1287 and have it work portably.
1289 That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done
1290 by the web server in this case. Consult your web server's documentation for
1295 The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa
1296 will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed
1297 on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include:
1299 printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
1303 EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for
1304 mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail L<below|/SORTING>.
1308 See the discussion of C<L</printf()>> above. An example of the use
1309 of sprintf would be:
1311 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
1315 See the discussion of C<L</pack()>> above.
1319 Note that it is possible to write portable code for these by specifying
1320 things in Unicode numbers, and using a conversion function:
1322 printf("%c",utf8::unicode_to_native(65)); # prints A on all
1324 print utf8::native_to_unicode(ord("A")); # Likewise, prints 65
1326 See L<perluniintro/Unicode and EBCDIC> and L</CONVERSIONS>
1329 =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
1331 You can write your regular expressions just like someone on an ASCII
1332 platform would do. But keep in mind that using octal or hex notation to
1333 specify a particular code point will give you the character that the
1334 EBCDIC code page natively maps to it. (This is also true of all
1335 double-quoted strings.) If you want to write portably, just use the
1336 C<\N{U+...}> notation everywhere where you would have used C<\x{...}>,
1337 and don't use octal notation at all.
1339 Starting in Perl v5.22, this applies to ranges in bracketed character
1340 classes. If you say, for example, C<qr/[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7F}]/>, it means
1341 the characters C<\N{U+20}>, C<\N{U+21}>, ..., C<\N{U+7F}>. This range
1342 is all the printable characters that the ASCII character set contains.
1344 Prior to v5.22, you couldn't specify any ranges portably, except
1345 (starting in Perl v5.5.3) all subsets of the C<[A-Z]> and C<[a-z]>
1346 ranges are specially coded to not pick up gap characters. For example,
1347 characters such as "E<ocirc>" (C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>) that lie between
1348 "I" and "J" would not be matched by the regular expression range
1349 C</[H-K]/>. But if either of the range end points is explicitly numeric
1350 (and neither is specified by C<\N{U+...}>), the gap characters are
1355 will match C<\x8e>, even though C<\x89> is "i" and C<\x91 > is "j",
1356 and C<\x8e> is a gap character, from the alphabetic viewpoint.
1358 Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex (unless
1359 you use C<\N{U+...}>) or
1360 octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following
1364 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1365 $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
1368 sub is_print_ascii {
1369 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1370 $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
1374 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1379 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1380 $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
1383 sub is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1
1384 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1385 $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
1388 These are valid only on ASCII platforms. Starting in Perl v5.22, simply
1389 changing the octal constants to equivalent C<\N{U+...}> values makes
1393 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1394 $char =~ /[\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}]/;
1397 sub is_print_ascii {
1398 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1399 $char =~ /[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7E}]/;
1403 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1404 $char eq "\N{U+7F}";
1408 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1409 $char =~ /[\N{U+80}-\N{U+9F}]/;
1412 sub is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1
1413 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1414 $char =~ /[\N{U+A0}-\N{U+FF}]/;
1417 And here are some alternative portable ways to write them:
1420 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1421 return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/a && ! Is_delete($char);
1424 # return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/
1425 # && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1426 # && ! Is_delete($char);
1429 sub Is_print_ascii {
1430 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1432 return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/a;
1435 # return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/ && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
1439 # =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
1443 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1444 return utf8::native_to_unicode(ord $char) == 0x7F;
1448 use feature 'unicode_strings';
1449 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1450 return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
1453 sub Is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1
1454 use feature 'unicode_strings';
1455 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1456 return ord($char) < 256
1457 && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1458 && $char !~ /[[:cntrl:]]/;
1461 Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be
1462 to use the characters in the range explicitly:
1465 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1466 $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏ]
1467 [ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/x;
1470 Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
1471 presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. But
1472 it does allow C<Is_c1> to be rewritten so it works on Perls that don't
1473 have C<'unicode_strings'> (earlier than v5.14):
1475 sub Is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1
1476 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1477 return ord($char) < 256
1478 && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1479 && ! Is_latin1($char);
1484 Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
1485 byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a
1486 host web server where the server may take care of translation for you.
1487 Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
1492 One big difference between ASCII-based character sets and EBCDIC ones
1493 are the relative positions of the characters when sorted in native
1494 order. Of most concern are the upper- and lowercase letters, the
1495 digits, and the underscore (C<"_">). On ASCII platforms the native sort
1496 order has the digits come before the uppercase letters which come before
1497 the underscore which comes before the lowercase letters. On EBCDIC, the
1498 underscore comes first, then the lowercase letters, then the uppercase
1499 ones, and the digits last. If sorted on an ASCII-based platform, the
1500 two-letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter
1501 abbreviation for drive; that is:
1503 @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
1504 # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
1506 The property of lowercase before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is
1507 even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.
1508 An example would be that "E<Euml>" (C<E WITH DIAERESIS>, 203) comes
1509 before "E<euml>" (C<e WITH DIAERESIS>, 235) on an ASCII platform, but
1510 the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform.
1511 (Astute readers will note that the uppercase version of "E<szlig>"
1512 C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case versions
1513 of "E<yuml>" (small C<y WITH DIAERESIS>) and "E<micro>" (C<MICRO SIGN>)
1514 are not in the 0..255 range but are in Unicode, in a Unicode enabled
1517 The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on
1518 ASCII platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions
1519 on how to deal with these differences.
1521 =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
1523 This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
1524 some user education.
1526 =head2 Use a sort helper function
1528 This is completely general, but the most computationally expensive
1529 strategy. Choose one or the other character set and transform to that
1530 for every sort comparison. Here's a complete example that transforms
1531 to ASCII sort order:
1533 sub native_to_uni($) {
1536 # Saves time on an ASCII platform
1537 return $string if ord 'A' == 65;
1540 for my $i (0 .. length($string) - 1) {
1542 .= chr(utf8::native_to_unicode(ord(substr($string, $i, 1))));
1545 # Preserve utf8ness of input onto the output, even if it didn't need
1547 utf8::upgrade($output) if utf8::is_utf8($string);
1552 sub ascii_order { # Sort helper
1553 return native_to_uni($a) cmp native_to_uni($b);
1556 sort ascii_order @list;
1558 =head2 MONO CASE then sort data (for non-digits, non-underscore)
1560 If you don't care about where digits and underscore sort to, you can do
1563 sub case_insensitive_order { # Sort helper
1564 return lc($a) cmp lc($b)
1567 sort case_insensitive_order @list;
1569 If performance is an issue, and you don't care if the output is in the
1570 same case as the input, Use C<tr///> to transform to the case most
1571 employed within the data. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
1572 non-Latin1, then apply C<tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/>, and then C<sort()>. If the
1573 data are primarily lowercase non Latin1 then apply C<tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/>
1574 before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE and include Latin-1
1575 characters then apply:
1578 tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ/;
1581 then C<sort()>. If you have a choice, it's better to lowercase things
1582 to avoid the problems of the two Latin-1 characters whose uppercase is
1583 outside Latin-1: "E<yuml>" (small C<y WITH DIAERESIS>) and "E<micro>"
1584 (C<MICRO SIGN>). If you do need to upppercase, you can; with a
1585 Unicode-enabled Perl, do:
1590 =head2 Perform sorting on one type of platform only.
1592 This strategy can employ a network connection. As such
1593 it would be computationally expensive.
1595 =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
1597 There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set
1598 mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the
1599 previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are
1602 =head2 URL decoding and encoding
1604 Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1605 attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example
1606 the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form:
1608 http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1610 may also be expressed as either of:
1612 http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1614 http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1616 where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for "~". Here is an example
1617 of decoding such a URL in any EBCDIC code page:
1619 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
1620 $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/
1621 pack("c",utf8::unicode_to_native(hex($1)))/xge;
1623 Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such
1624 a URL in any EBCDIC code page:
1626 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1627 # The following regular expression does not address the
1628 # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1629 $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/
1630 sprintf("%%%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xge;
1632 where a more complete solution would split the URL into components
1633 and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1635 =head2 uu encoding and decoding
1637 The C<u> template to C<pack()> or C<unpack()> will render EBCDIC data in
1638 EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example,
1639 the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC
1642 $all_byte_chrs = '';
1643 for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1644 $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
1645 ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1646 M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1647 M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1648 M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1649 MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1650 MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1651 ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1653 if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1656 $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
1657 if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1661 Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC:
1663 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1664 $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1665 open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1669 next unless int((((utf8::native_to_unicode(ord()) - 32 ) & 077)
1671 == int(length() / 4);
1672 print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1675 chmod oct($mode), $file;
1678 =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1680 On ASCII-encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside of
1681 the printable set using:
1683 # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
1684 $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/
1685 sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge;
1687 Starting in Perl v5.22, this is trivially changeable to work portably on
1688 both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.
1690 # This QP encoder works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
1691 $qp_string =~ s/([=\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}\N{U+80}-\N{U+FF}])/
1692 sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge;
1694 For earlier Perls, a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
1695 platforms would look somewhat like the following:
1697 $delete = utf8::unicode_to_native(ord("\x7F"));
1699 s/([^[:print:]$delete])/
1700 sprintf("=%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xage;
1702 (although in production code the substitutions might be done
1703 in the EBCDIC branch with the function call and separately in the
1704 ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map; in Perl v5.22, the
1705 identity map is optimized out so there is no expense, but the
1706 alternative above is simpler and is also available in v5.22).
1708 Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1710 # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1711 $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][[:xdigit:])/chr hex $1/ge;
1712 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1714 Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
1715 would look somewhat like the following:
1717 $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][:xdigit:]])/
1718 chr utf8::native_to_unicode(hex $1)/xge;
1719 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1721 =head2 Caesarean ciphers
1723 The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment
1724 dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius
1725 Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes
1726 referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after
1727 the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps
1728 on the 26-letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the
1729 interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps
1730 (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet
1731 rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will
1732 work on ASCII and EBCDIC platforms:
1734 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1737 tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1743 perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1746 =head1 Hashing order and checksums
1748 Perl deliberately randomizes hash order for security purposes on both
1749 ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.
1751 EBCDIC checksums will differ for the same file translated into ASCII
1754 =head1 I18N AND L10N
1756 Internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) are supported at least
1757 in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system-dependent
1758 and discussed under the L</OS ISSUES> section below.
1760 =head1 MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS
1762 Perl works with UTF-EBCDIC, a multi-byte encoding. In Perls earlier
1763 than v5.22, there may be various bugs in this regard.
1765 Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
1769 There may be a few system-dependent issues
1770 of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers.
1778 The PASE environment is a runtime environment for OS/400 that can run
1779 executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400; see L<perlos400>. PASE
1780 is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
1790 Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1796 C<SA_SIGINFO> can have segmentation faults.
1800 B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing
1801 one's code page. See also L<chcp(1)>.
1803 =item dataset access
1805 For sequential data set access try:
1807 my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1811 my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1813 See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1817 B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1818 See also the L<iconv(1)> and L<iconv(3)> manual pages.
1822 Locales are supported. There may be glitches when a locale is another
1823 EBCDIC code page which has some of the
1824 L<code-page variant characters|/The 13 variant characters> in other
1827 There aren't currently any real UTF-8 locales, even though some locale
1828 names contain the string "UTF-8".
1830 See L<perllocale> for information on locales. The L10N files
1831 are in F</usr/nls/locale>. C<$Config{d_setlocale}> is C<'define'> on
1846 Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to
1847 be concatenated together properly as recipes in this document
1848 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might
1853 There are a significant number of test failures in the CPAN modules
1854 shipped with Perl v5.22 and 5.24. These are only in modules not primarily
1855 maintained by Perl 5 porters. Some of these are failures in the tests
1856 only: they don't realize that it is proper to get different results on
1857 EBCDIC platforms. And some of the failures are real bugs. If you
1858 compile and do a C<make test> on Perl, all tests on the C</cpan>
1859 directory are skipped.
1861 L<Encode> partially works.
1865 In earlier Perl versions, when byte and character data were
1866 concatenated, the new string was sometimes created by
1867 decoding the byte strings as I<ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1)>, even if the
1868 old Unicode string used EBCDIC.
1874 L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>.
1878 L<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps>
1880 L<http://www.unicode.org/>
1882 L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/>
1884 L<http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/>
1885 B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings,
1888 B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed.,
1889 ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000.
1891 B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture -
1892 Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1894 "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing
1895 & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999;
1896 ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1898 B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication>
1899 Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers,
1902 L<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM>
1903 B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer.
1907 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1911 Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000
1912 with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and
1913 AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC
1914 help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1915 Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and
1916 Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and
1917 registered service marks used in this document are the property of
1918 their respective owners.
1920 Now maintained by Perl5 Porters.
https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blob