This is a live mirror of the Perl 5 development currently hosted at https://github.com/perl/perl5
Use Perl_croak_nocontext() rather than Perl_croak() for the snprintf()
[perl5.git] / pp_ctl.c
index 0c1067a..cda9811 100644 (file)
--- a/pp_ctl.c
+++ b/pp_ctl.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*    pp_ctl.c
  *
  *    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
- *    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, by Larry Wall and others
+ *    2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, by Larry Wall and others
  *
  *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
  *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
  * And whither then?  I cannot say.
  */
 
+/* This file contains control-oriented pp ("push/pop") functions that
+ * execute the opcodes that make up a perl program. A typical pp function
+ * expects to find its arguments on the stack, and usually pushes its
+ * results onto the stack, hence the 'pp' terminology. Each OP structure
+ * contains a pointer to the relevant pp_foo() function.
+ *
+ * Control-oriented means things like pp_enteriter() and pp_next(), which
+ * alter the flow of control of the program.
+ */
+
+
 #include "EXTERN.h"
 #define PERL_IN_PP_CTL_C
 #include "perl.h"
 
 #define DOCATCH(o) ((CATCH_GET == TRUE) ? docatch(o) : (o))
 
-static I32 run_user_filter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen);
-
 PP(pp_wantarray)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
     I32 cxix;
     EXTEND(SP, 1);
@@ -49,13 +59,9 @@ PP(pp_wantarray)
     }
 }
 
-PP(pp_regcmaybe)
-{
-    return NORMAL;
-}
-
 PP(pp_regcreset)
 {
+    dVAR;
     /* XXXX Should store the old value to allow for tie/overload - and
        restore in regcomp, where marked with XXXX. */
     PL_reginterp_cnt = 0;
@@ -65,42 +71,69 @@ PP(pp_regcreset)
 
 PP(pp_regcomp)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
     register PMOP *pm = (PMOP*)cLOGOP->op_other;
-    register char *t;
     SV *tmpstr;
-    STRLEN len;
-    MAGIC *mg = Null(MAGIC*);
-    
-    tmpstr = POPs;
+    MAGIC *mg = NULL;
 
     /* prevent recompiling under /o and ithreads. */
 #if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
-    if (pm->op_pmflags & PMf_KEEP && PM_GETRE(pm))
-        RETURN;
+    if (pm->op_pmflags & PMf_KEEP && PM_GETRE(pm)) {
+       if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_STACKED) {
+           dMARK;
+           SP = MARK;
+       }
+       else
+           (void)POPs;
+       RETURN;
+    }
 #endif
+    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_STACKED) {
+       /* multiple args; concatentate them */
+       dMARK; dORIGMARK;
+       tmpstr = PAD_SV(ARGTARG);
+       sv_setpvn(tmpstr, "", 0);
+       while (++MARK <= SP) {
+           if (PL_amagic_generation) {
+               SV *sv;
+               if ((SvAMAGIC(tmpstr) || SvAMAGIC(*MARK)) &&
+                   (sv = amagic_call(tmpstr, *MARK, concat_amg, AMGf_assign)))
+               {
+                  sv_setsv(tmpstr, sv);
+                  continue;
+               }
+           }
+           sv_catsv(tmpstr, *MARK);
+       }
+       SvSETMAGIC(tmpstr);
+       SP = ORIGMARK;
+    }
+    else
+       tmpstr = POPs;
 
     if (SvROK(tmpstr)) {
-       SV *sv = SvRV(tmpstr);
+       SV * const sv = SvRV(tmpstr);
        if(SvMAGICAL(sv))
            mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_qr);
     }
     if (mg) {
-       regexp *re = (regexp *)mg->mg_obj;
+       regexp * const re = (regexp *)mg->mg_obj;
        ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(pm));
        PM_SETRE(pm, ReREFCNT_inc(re));
     }
     else {
-       t = SvPV(tmpstr, len);
+       STRLEN len;
+       const char *t = SvPV_const(tmpstr, len);
+       regexp * const re = PM_GETRE(pm);
 
        /* Check against the last compiled regexp. */
-       if (!PM_GETRE(pm) || !PM_GETRE(pm)->precomp ||
-           PM_GETRE(pm)->prelen != (I32)len ||
-           memNE(PM_GETRE(pm)->precomp, t, len))
+       if (!re || !re->precomp || re->prelen != (I32)len ||
+           memNE(re->precomp, t, len))
        {
-           if (PM_GETRE(pm)) {
-               ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(pm));
-               PM_SETRE(pm, Null(REGEXP*));    /* crucial if regcomp aborts */
+           if (re) {
+               ReREFCNT_dec(re);
+               PM_SETRE(pm, NULL);     /* crucial if regcomp aborts */
            }
            if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
                PL_reginterp_cnt = I32_MAX; /* Mark as safe.  */
@@ -113,7 +146,7 @@ PP(pp_regcomp)
                if (pm->op_pmdynflags & PMdf_UTF8)
                    t = (char*)bytes_to_utf8((U8*)t, &len);
            }
-           PM_SETRE(pm, CALLREGCOMP(aTHX_ t, t + len, pm));
+           PM_SETRE(pm, CALLREGCOMP((char *)t, (char *)t + len, pm));
            if (!DO_UTF8(tmpstr) && (pm->op_pmdynflags & PMdf_UTF8))
                Safefree(t);
            PL_reginterp_cnt = 0;       /* XXXX Be extra paranoid - needed
@@ -150,42 +183,44 @@ PP(pp_regcomp)
 
 PP(pp_substcont)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
-    register PMOP *pm = (PMOP*) cLOGOP->op_other;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[cxstack_ix];
-    register SV *dstr = cx->sb_dstr;
+    register PMOP * const pm = (PMOP*) cLOGOP->op_other;
+    register SV * const dstr = cx->sb_dstr;
     register char *s = cx->sb_s;
     register char *m = cx->sb_m;
     char *orig = cx->sb_orig;
-    register REGEXP *rx = cx->sb_rx;
-    SV *nsv = Nullsv;
+    register REGEXP * const rx = cx->sb_rx;
+    SV *nsv = NULL;
     REGEXP *old = PM_GETRE(pm);
     if(old != rx) {
-       if(old) 
+       if(old)
            ReREFCNT_dec(old);
-       PM_SETRE(pm,rx);
+       PM_SETRE(pm,ReREFCNT_inc(rx));
     }
 
     rxres_restore(&cx->sb_rxres, rx);
-    RX_MATCH_UTF8_set(rx, SvUTF8(cx->sb_targ));
+    RX_MATCH_UTF8_set(rx, DO_UTF8(cx->sb_targ));
 
     if (cx->sb_iters++) {
-       I32 saviters = cx->sb_iters;
+       const I32 saviters = cx->sb_iters;
        if (cx->sb_iters > cx->sb_maxiters)
            DIE(aTHX_ "Substitution loop");
 
        if (!(cx->sb_rxtainted & 2) && SvTAINTED(TOPs))
            cx->sb_rxtainted |= 2;
        sv_catsv(dstr, POPs);
+       FREETMPS; /* Prevent excess tmp stack */
 
        /* Are we done */
-       if (cx->sb_once || !CALLREGEXEC(aTHX_ rx, s, cx->sb_strend, orig,
+       if (cx->sb_once || !CALLREGEXEC(rx, s, cx->sb_strend, orig,
                                     s == m, cx->sb_targ, NULL,
                                     ((cx->sb_rflags & REXEC_COPY_STR)
                                      ? (REXEC_IGNOREPOS|REXEC_NOT_FIRST)
                                      : (REXEC_COPY_STR|REXEC_IGNOREPOS|REXEC_NOT_FIRST))))
        {
-           SV *targ = cx->sb_targ;
+           SV * const targ = cx->sb_targ;
 
            assert(cx->sb_strend >= s);
            if(cx->sb_strend > s) {
@@ -196,23 +231,20 @@ PP(pp_substcont)
            }
            cx->sb_rxtainted |= RX_MATCH_TAINTED(rx);
 
-#ifdef PERL_COPY_ON_WRITE
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
            if (SvIsCOW(targ)) {
                sv_force_normal_flags(targ, SV_COW_DROP_PV);
            } else
 #endif
            {
-               (void)SvOOK_off(targ);
-               if (SvLEN(targ))
-                   Safefree(SvPVX(targ));
+               SvPV_free(targ);
            }
-           SvPVX(targ) = SvPVX(dstr);
+           SvPV_set(targ, SvPVX(dstr));
            SvCUR_set(targ, SvCUR(dstr));
            SvLEN_set(targ, SvLEN(dstr));
            if (DO_UTF8(dstr))
                SvUTF8_on(targ);
-           SvPVX(dstr) = 0;
-           sv_free(dstr);
+           SvPV_set(dstr, NULL);
 
            TAINT_IF(cx->sb_rxtainted & 1);
            PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(saviters - 1)));
@@ -223,7 +255,6 @@ PP(pp_substcont)
            SvTAINT(targ);
 
            LEAVE_SCOPE(cx->sb_oldsave);
-           ReREFCNT_dec(rx);
            POPSUBST(cx);
            RETURNOP(pm->op_next);
        }
@@ -238,21 +269,25 @@ PP(pp_substcont)
     }
     cx->sb_m = m = rx->startp[0] + orig;
     if (m > s) {
-       if (DO_UTF8(dstr) && !SvUTF8(cx->sb_targ)) 
+       if (DO_UTF8(dstr) && !SvUTF8(cx->sb_targ))
            sv_catpvn_utf8_upgrade(dstr, s, m - s, nsv);
        else
            sv_catpvn(dstr, s, m-s);
     }
     cx->sb_s = rx->endp[0] + orig;
     { /* Update the pos() information. */
-       SV *sv = cx->sb_targ;
+       SV * const sv = cx->sb_targ;
        MAGIC *mg;
        I32 i;
        if (SvTYPE(sv) < SVt_PVMG)
-           (void)SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_PVMG);
+           SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_PVMG);
        if (!(mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global))) {
-           sv_magic(sv, Nullsv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global, Nullch, 0);
-           mg = mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global);
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
+           if (SvIsCOW(lsv))
+               sv_force_normal_flags(sv, 0);
+#endif
+           mg = sv_magicext(sv, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_regex_global, &PL_vtbl_mglob,
+                            NULL, 0);
        }
        i = m - orig;
        if (DO_UTF8(sv))
@@ -260,7 +295,7 @@ PP(pp_substcont)
        mg->mg_len = i;
     }
     if (old != rx)
-       ReREFCNT_inc(rx);
+       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(rx);
     cx->sb_rxtainted |= RX_MATCH_TAINTED(rx);
     rxres_save(&cx->sb_rxres, rx);
     RETURNOP(pm->op_pmreplstart);
@@ -271,26 +306,27 @@ Perl_rxres_save(pTHX_ void **rsp, REGEXP *rx)
 {
     UV *p = (UV*)*rsp;
     U32 i;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
 
     if (!p || p[1] < rx->nparens) {
-#ifdef PERL_COPY_ON_WRITE
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
        i = 7 + rx->nparens * 2;
 #else
        i = 6 + rx->nparens * 2;
 #endif
        if (!p)
-           New(501, p, i, UV);
+           Newx(p, i, UV);
        else
            Renew(p, i, UV);
        *rsp = (void*)p;
     }
 
-    *p++ = PTR2UV(RX_MATCH_COPIED(rx) ? rx->subbeg : Nullch);
+    *p++ = PTR2UV(RX_MATCH_COPIED(rx) ? rx->subbeg : NULL);
     RX_MATCH_COPIED_off(rx);
 
-#ifdef PERL_COPY_ON_WRITE
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
     *p++ = PTR2UV(rx->saved_copy);
-    rx->saved_copy = Nullsv;
+    rx->saved_copy = NULL;
 #endif
 
     *p++ = rx->nparens;
@@ -308,12 +344,13 @@ Perl_rxres_restore(pTHX_ void **rsp, REGEXP *rx)
 {
     UV *p = (UV*)*rsp;
     U32 i;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
 
     RX_MATCH_COPY_FREE(rx);
     RX_MATCH_COPIED_set(rx, *p);
     *p++ = 0;
 
-#ifdef PERL_COPY_ON_WRITE
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
     if (rx->saved_copy)
        SvREFCNT_dec (rx->saved_copy);
     rx->saved_copy = INT2PTR(SV*,*p);
@@ -333,47 +370,54 @@ Perl_rxres_restore(pTHX_ void **rsp, REGEXP *rx)
 void
 Perl_rxres_free(pTHX_ void **rsp)
 {
-    UV *p = (UV*)*rsp;
+    UV * const p = (UV*)*rsp;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
 
     if (p) {
+#ifdef PERL_POISON
+       void *tmp = INT2PTR(char*,*p);
+       Safefree(tmp);
+       if (*p)
+           PoisonFree(*p, 1, sizeof(*p));
+#else
        Safefree(INT2PTR(char*,*p));
-#ifdef PERL_COPY_ON_WRITE
+#endif
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
        if (p[1]) {
            SvREFCNT_dec (INT2PTR(SV*,p[1]));
        }
 #endif
        Safefree(p);
-       *rsp = Null(void*);
+       *rsp = NULL;
     }
 }
 
 PP(pp_formline)
 {
-    dSP; dMARK; dORIGMARK;
-    register SV *tmpForm = *++MARK;
+    dVAR; dSP; dMARK; dORIGMARK;
+    register SV * const tmpForm = *++MARK;
     register U32 *fpc;
     register char *t;
-    register char *f;
-    register char *s;
-    register char *send;
+    const char *f;
     register I32 arg;
-    register SV *sv = Nullsv;
-    char *item = Nullch;
+    register SV *sv = NULL;
+    const char *item = NULL;
     I32 itemsize  = 0;
     I32 fieldsize = 0;
     I32 lines = 0;
-    bool chopspace = (strchr(PL_chopset, ' ') != Nullch);
-    char *chophere = Nullch;
-    char *linemark = Nullch;
+    bool chopspace = (strchr(PL_chopset, ' ') != NULL);
+    const char *chophere = NULL;
+    char *linemark = NULL;
     NV value;
     bool gotsome = FALSE;
     STRLEN len;
-    STRLEN fudge = SvCUR(tmpForm) * (IN_BYTES ? 1 : 3) + 1;
+    const STRLEN fudge = SvPOK(tmpForm)
+                       ? (SvCUR(tmpForm) * (IN_BYTES ? 1 : 3) + 1) : 0;
     bool item_is_utf8 = FALSE;
     bool targ_is_utf8 = FALSE;
-    SV * nsv = Nullsv;
-    OP * parseres = 0;
-    char *fmt;
+    SV * nsv = NULL;
+    OP * parseres = NULL;
+    const char *fmt;
     bool oneline;
 
     if (!SvMAGICAL(tmpForm) || !SvCOMPILED(tmpForm)) {
@@ -392,15 +436,13 @@ PP(pp_formline)
        targ_is_utf8 = TRUE;
     t = SvGROW(PL_formtarget, len + fudge + 1);  /* XXX SvCUR bad */
     t += len;
-    f = SvPV(tmpForm, len);
+    f = SvPV_const(tmpForm, len);
     /* need to jump to the next word */
-    s = f + len + WORD_ALIGN - SvCUR(tmpForm) % WORD_ALIGN;
-
-    fpc = (U32*)s;
+    fpc = (U32*)(f + len + WORD_ALIGN - SvCUR(tmpForm) % WORD_ALIGN);
 
     for (;;) {
        DEBUG_f( {
-           char *name = "???";
+           const char *name = "???";
            arg = -1;
            switch (*fpc) {
            case FF_LITERAL:    arg = fpc[1]; name = "LITERAL"; break;
@@ -420,7 +462,7 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            case FF_MORE:       name = "MORE";          break;
            case FF_LINEMARK:   name = "LINEMARK";      break;
            case FF_END:        name = "END";           break;
-            case FF_0DECIMAL:  name = "0DECIMAL";      break;
+           case FF_0DECIMAL:   name = "0DECIMAL";      break;
            case FF_LINESNGL:   name = "LINESNGL";      break;
            }
            if (arg >= 0)
@@ -438,14 +480,14 @@ PP(pp_formline)
        case FF_LITERAL:
            arg = *fpc++;
            if (targ_is_utf8 && !SvUTF8(tmpForm)) {
-               SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
+               SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
                *t = '\0';
                sv_catpvn_utf8_upgrade(PL_formtarget, f, arg, nsv);
                t = SvEND(PL_formtarget);
                break;
            }
            if (!targ_is_utf8 && DO_UTF8(tmpForm)) {
-               SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
+               SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
                *t = '\0';
                sv_utf8_upgrade(PL_formtarget);
                SvGROW(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) + fudge + 1);
@@ -475,127 +517,134 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            break;
 
        case FF_CHECKNL:
-           item = s = SvPV(sv, len);
-           itemsize = len;
-           if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
-               itemsize = sv_len_utf8(sv);
-               if (itemsize != (I32)len) {
-                   I32 itembytes;
-                   if (itemsize > fieldsize) {
-                       itemsize = fieldsize;
-                       itembytes = itemsize;
-                       sv_pos_u2b(sv, &itembytes, 0);
-                   }
-                   else
-                       itembytes = len;
-                   send = chophere = s + itembytes;
-                   while (s < send) {
-                       if (*s & ~31)
-                           gotsome = TRUE;
-                       else if (*s == '\n')
-                           break;
-                       s++;
+           {
+               const char *send;
+               const char *s = item = SvPV_const(sv, len);
+               itemsize = len;
+               if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
+                   itemsize = sv_len_utf8(sv);
+                   if (itemsize != (I32)len) {
+                       I32 itembytes;
+                       if (itemsize > fieldsize) {
+                           itemsize = fieldsize;
+                           itembytes = itemsize;
+                           sv_pos_u2b(sv, &itembytes, 0);
+                       }
+                       else
+                           itembytes = len;
+                       send = chophere = s + itembytes;
+                       while (s < send) {
+                           if (*s & ~31)
+                               gotsome = TRUE;
+                           else if (*s == '\n')
+                               break;
+                           s++;
+                       }
+                       item_is_utf8 = TRUE;
+                       itemsize = s - item;
+                       sv_pos_b2u(sv, &itemsize);
+                       break;
                    }
-                   item_is_utf8 = TRUE;
-                   itemsize = s - item;
-                   sv_pos_b2u(sv, &itemsize);
-                   break;
                }
+               item_is_utf8 = FALSE;
+               if (itemsize > fieldsize)
+                   itemsize = fieldsize;
+               send = chophere = s + itemsize;
+               while (s < send) {
+                   if (*s & ~31)
+                       gotsome = TRUE;
+                   else if (*s == '\n')
+                       break;
+                   s++;
+               }
+               itemsize = s - item;
+               break;
            }
-           item_is_utf8 = FALSE;
-           if (itemsize > fieldsize)
-               itemsize = fieldsize;
-           send = chophere = s + itemsize;
-           while (s < send) {
-               if (*s & ~31)
-                   gotsome = TRUE;
-               else if (*s == '\n')
-                   break;
-               s++;
-           }
-           itemsize = s - item;
-           break;
 
        case FF_CHECKCHOP:
-           item = s = SvPV(sv, len);
-           itemsize = len;
-           if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
-               itemsize = sv_len_utf8(sv);
-               if (itemsize != (I32)len) {
-                   I32 itembytes;
-                   if (itemsize <= fieldsize) {
-                       send = chophere = s + itemsize;
-                       while (s < send) {
-                           if (*s == '\r') {
-                               itemsize = s - item;
-                               chophere = s;
-                               break;
-                           }
-                           if (*s++ & ~31)
-                               gotsome = TRUE;
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       itemsize = fieldsize;
-                       itembytes = itemsize;
-                       sv_pos_u2b(sv, &itembytes, 0);
-                       send = chophere = s + itembytes;
-                       while (s < send || (s == send && isSPACE(*s))) {
-                           if (isSPACE(*s)) {
-                               if (chopspace)
+           {
+               const char *s = item = SvPV_const(sv, len);
+               itemsize = len;
+               if (DO_UTF8(sv)) {
+                   itemsize = sv_len_utf8(sv);
+                   if (itemsize != (I32)len) {
+                       I32 itembytes;
+                       if (itemsize <= fieldsize) {
+                           const char *send = chophere = s + itemsize;
+                           while (s < send) {
+                               if (*s == '\r') {
+                                   itemsize = s - item;
                                    chophere = s;
-                               if (*s == '\r')
                                    break;
-                           }
-                           else {
-                               if (*s & ~31)
+                               }
+                               if (*s++ & ~31)
                                    gotsome = TRUE;
-                               if (strchr(PL_chopset, *s))
-                                   chophere = s + 1;
                            }
-                           s++;
                        }
-                       itemsize = chophere - item;
-                       sv_pos_b2u(sv, &itemsize);
-                   }
-                   item_is_utf8 = TRUE;
-                   break;
-               }
-           }
-           item_is_utf8 = FALSE;
-           if (itemsize <= fieldsize) {
-               send = chophere = s + itemsize;
-               while (s < send) {
-                   if (*s == '\r') {
-                       itemsize = s - item;
-                       chophere = s;
+                       else {
+                           const char *send;
+                           itemsize = fieldsize;
+                           itembytes = itemsize;
+                           sv_pos_u2b(sv, &itembytes, 0);
+                           send = chophere = s + itembytes;
+                           while (s < send || (s == send && isSPACE(*s))) {
+                               if (isSPACE(*s)) {
+                                   if (chopspace)
+                                       chophere = s;
+                                   if (*s == '\r')
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               else {
+                                   if (*s & ~31)
+                                       gotsome = TRUE;
+                                   if (strchr(PL_chopset, *s))
+                                       chophere = s + 1;
+                               }
+                               s++;
+                           }
+                           itemsize = chophere - item;
+                           sv_pos_b2u(sv, &itemsize);
+                       }
+                       item_is_utf8 = TRUE;
                        break;
                    }
-                   if (*s++ & ~31)
-                       gotsome = TRUE;
                }
-           }
-           else {
-               itemsize = fieldsize;
-               send = chophere = s + itemsize;
-               while (s < send || (s == send && isSPACE(*s))) {
-                   if (isSPACE(*s)) {
-                       if (chopspace)
+               item_is_utf8 = FALSE;
+               if (itemsize <= fieldsize) {
+                   const char *const send = chophere = s + itemsize;
+                   while (s < send) {
+                       if (*s == '\r') {
+                           itemsize = s - item;
                            chophere = s;
-                       if (*s == '\r')
                            break;
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (*s & ~31)
+                       }
+                       if (*s++ & ~31)
                            gotsome = TRUE;
-                       if (strchr(PL_chopset, *s))
-                           chophere = s + 1;
                    }
-                   s++;
                }
-               itemsize = chophere - item;
+               else {
+                   const char *send;
+                   itemsize = fieldsize;
+                   send = chophere = s + itemsize;
+                   while (s < send || (s == send && isSPACE(*s))) {
+                       if (isSPACE(*s)) {
+                           if (chopspace)
+                               chophere = s;
+                           if (*s == '\r')
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           if (*s & ~31)
+                               gotsome = TRUE;
+                           if (strchr(PL_chopset, *s))
+                               chophere = s + 1;
+                       }
+                       s++;
+                   }
+                   itemsize = chophere - item;
+               }
+               break;
            }
-           break;
 
        case FF_SPACE:
            arg = fieldsize - itemsize;
@@ -617,77 +666,81 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            break;
 
        case FF_ITEM:
-           arg = itemsize;
-           s = item;
-           if (item_is_utf8) {
-               if (!targ_is_utf8) {
-                   SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
-                   *t = '\0';
-                   sv_utf8_upgrade(PL_formtarget);
-                   SvGROW(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) + fudge + 1);
-                   t = SvEND(PL_formtarget);
-                   targ_is_utf8 = TRUE;
-               }
-               while (arg--) {
-                   if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
-                       STRLEN skip = UTF8SKIP(s);
-                       switch (skip) {
-                       default:
-                           Move(s,t,skip,char);
-                           s += skip;
-                           t += skip;
-                           break;
-                       case 7: *t++ = *s++;
-                       case 6: *t++ = *s++;
-                       case 5: *t++ = *s++;
-                       case 4: *t++ = *s++;
-                       case 3: *t++ = *s++;
-                       case 2: *t++ = *s++;
-                       case 1: *t++ = *s++;
-                       }
+           {
+               const char *s = item;
+               arg = itemsize;
+               if (item_is_utf8) {
+                   if (!targ_is_utf8) {
+                       SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
+                       *t = '\0';
+                       sv_utf8_upgrade(PL_formtarget);
+                       SvGROW(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) + fudge + 1);
+                       t = SvEND(PL_formtarget);
+                       targ_is_utf8 = TRUE;
                    }
-                   else {
-                       if ( !((*t++ = *s++) & ~31) )
-                           t[-1] = ' ';
+                   while (arg--) {
+                       if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)) {
+                           STRLEN skip = UTF8SKIP(s);
+                           switch (skip) {
+                           default:
+                               Move(s,t,skip,char);
+                               s += skip;
+                               t += skip;
+                               break;
+                           case 7: *t++ = *s++;
+                           case 6: *t++ = *s++;
+                           case 5: *t++ = *s++;
+                           case 4: *t++ = *s++;
+                           case 3: *t++ = *s++;
+                           case 2: *t++ = *s++;
+                           case 1: *t++ = *s++;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           if ( !((*t++ = *s++) & ~31) )
+                               t[-1] = ' ';
+                       }
                    }
+                   break;
                }
-               break;
-           }
-           if (targ_is_utf8 && !item_is_utf8) {
-               SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
-               *t = '\0';
-               sv_catpvn_utf8_upgrade(PL_formtarget, s, arg, nsv);
-               for (; t < SvEND(PL_formtarget); t++) {
+               if (targ_is_utf8 && !item_is_utf8) {
+                   SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
+                   *t = '\0';
+                   sv_catpvn_utf8_upgrade(PL_formtarget, s, arg, nsv);
+                   for (; t < SvEND(PL_formtarget); t++) {
 #ifdef EBCDIC
-                   int ch = *t;
-                   if (iscntrl(ch))
+                       const int ch = *t;
+                       if (iscntrl(ch))
 #else
-                   if (!(*t & ~31))
+                           if (!(*t & ~31))
 #endif
-                       *t = ' ';
+                               *t = ' ';
+                   }
+                   break;
                }
-               break;
-           }
-           while (arg--) {
+               while (arg--) {
 #ifdef EBCDIC
-               int ch = *t++ = *s++;
-               if (iscntrl(ch))
+                   const int ch = *t++ = *s++;
+                   if (iscntrl(ch))
 #else
-               if ( !((*t++ = *s++) & ~31) )
+                       if ( !((*t++ = *s++) & ~31) )
 #endif
-                   t[-1] = ' ';
+                           t[-1] = ' ';
+               }
+               break;
            }
-           break;
 
        case FF_CHOP:
-           s = chophere;
-           if (chopspace) {
-               while (*s && isSPACE(*s))
-                   s++;
+           {
+               const char *s = chophere;
+               if (chopspace) {
+                   while (isSPACE(*s))
+                       s++;
+               }
+               sv_chop(sv,s);
+               SvSETMAGIC(sv);
+               break;
            }
-           sv_chop(sv,s);
-           SvSETMAGIC(sv);
-           break;
 
        case FF_LINESNGL:
            chopspace = 0;
@@ -696,62 +749,70 @@ PP(pp_formline)
        case FF_LINEGLOB:
            oneline = FALSE;
        ff_line:
-           item = s = SvPV(sv, len);
-           itemsize = len;
-           if ((item_is_utf8 = DO_UTF8(sv)))
-               itemsize = sv_len_utf8(sv);         
-           if (itemsize) {
-               bool chopped = FALSE;
-               gotsome = TRUE;
-               send = s + len;
-               chophere = s + itemsize;
-               while (s < send) {
-                   if (*s++ == '\n') {
-                       if (oneline) {
-                           chopped = TRUE;
-                           chophere = s;
-                           break;
-                       } else {
-                           if (s == send) {
-                               itemsize--;
-                               chopped = TRUE;
-                           } else
-                               lines++;
+           {
+               const char *s = item = SvPV_const(sv, len);
+               itemsize = len;
+               if ((item_is_utf8 = DO_UTF8(sv)))
+                   itemsize = sv_len_utf8(sv);
+               if (itemsize) {
+                   bool chopped = FALSE;
+                   const char *const send = s + len;
+                   gotsome = TRUE;
+                   chophere = s + itemsize;
+                   while (s < send) {
+                       if (*s++ == '\n') {
+                           if (oneline) {
+                               chopped = TRUE;
+                               chophere = s;
+                               break;
+                           } else {
+                               if (s == send) {
+                                   itemsize--;
+                                   chopped = TRUE;
+                               } else
+                                   lines++;
+                           }
                        }
                    }
+                   SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
+                   if (targ_is_utf8)
+                       SvUTF8_on(PL_formtarget);
+                   if (oneline) {
+                       SvCUR_set(sv, chophere - item);
+                       sv_catsv(PL_formtarget, sv);
+                       SvCUR_set(sv, itemsize);
+                   } else
+                       sv_catsv(PL_formtarget, sv);
+                   if (chopped)
+                       SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) - 1);
+                   SvGROW(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) + fudge + 1);
+                   t = SvPVX(PL_formtarget) + SvCUR(PL_formtarget);
+                   if (item_is_utf8)
+                       targ_is_utf8 = TRUE;
                }
-               SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
-               if (targ_is_utf8)
-                   SvUTF8_on(PL_formtarget);
-               if (oneline) {
-                   SvCUR_set(sv, chophere - item);
-                   sv_catsv(PL_formtarget, sv);
-                   SvCUR_set(sv, itemsize);
-               } else
-                   sv_catsv(PL_formtarget, sv);
-               if (chopped)
-                   SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) - 1);
-               SvGROW(PL_formtarget, SvCUR(PL_formtarget) + fudge + 1);
-               t = SvPVX(PL_formtarget) + SvCUR(PL_formtarget);
-               if (item_is_utf8)
-                   targ_is_utf8 = TRUE;
+               break;
            }
-           break;
 
        case FF_0DECIMAL:
            arg = *fpc++;
 #if defined(USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
-           fmt = (arg & 256) ? "%#0*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl : "%0*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl;
+           fmt = (const char *)
+               ((arg & 256) ?
+                "%#0*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl : "%0*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl);
 #else
-           fmt = (arg & 256) ? "%#0*.*f"              : "%0*.*f";
+           fmt = (const char *)
+               ((arg & 256) ?
+                "%#0*.*f"              : "%0*.*f");
 #endif
            goto ff_dec;
        case FF_DECIMAL:
            arg = *fpc++;
 #if defined(USE_LONG_DOUBLE)
-           fmt = (arg & 256) ? "%#*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl : "%*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl;
+           fmt = (const char *)
+               ((arg & 256) ? "%#*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl : "%*.*" PERL_PRIfldbl);
 #else
-            fmt = (arg & 256) ? "%#*.*f"              : "%*.*f";
+            fmt = (const char *)
+               ((arg & 256) ? "%#*.*f"              : "%*.*f");
 #endif
        ff_dec:
            /* If the field is marked with ^ and the value is undefined,
@@ -765,7 +826,7 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            gotsome = TRUE;
            value = SvNV(sv);
            /* overflow evidence */
-           if (num_overflow(value, fieldsize, arg)) { 
+           if (num_overflow(value, fieldsize, arg)) {
                arg = fieldsize;
                while (arg--)
                    *t++ = '#';
@@ -774,7 +835,7 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            /* Formats aren't yet marked for locales, so assume "yes". */
            {
                STORE_NUMERIC_STANDARD_SET_LOCAL();
-               sprintf(t, fmt, (int) fieldsize, (int) arg & 255, value);
+               my_snprintf(t, SvLEN(PL_formtarget) - (t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget)), fmt, (int) fieldsize, (int) arg & 255, value);
                RESTORE_NUMERIC_STANDARD();
            }
            t += fieldsize;
@@ -792,7 +853,7 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            if (gotsome) {
                if (arg) {              /* repeat until fields exhausted? */
                    *t = '\0';
-                   SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
+                   SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
                    lines += FmLINES(PL_formtarget);
                    if (lines == 200) {
                        arg = t - linemark;
@@ -813,33 +874,35 @@ PP(pp_formline)
            break;
 
        case FF_MORE:
-           s = chophere;
-           send = item + len;
-           if (chopspace) {
-               while (*s && isSPACE(*s) && s < send)
-                   s++;
-           }
-           if (s < send) {
-               arg = fieldsize - itemsize;
-               if (arg) {
-                   fieldsize -= arg;
-                   while (arg-- > 0)
-                       *t++ = ' ';
+           {
+               const char *s = chophere;
+               const char *send = item + len;
+               if (chopspace) {
+                   while (isSPACE(*s) && (s < send))
+                       s++;
                }
-               s = t - 3;
-               if (strnEQ(s,"   ",3)) {
-                   while (s > SvPVX(PL_formtarget) && isSPACE(s[-1]))
-                       s--;
+               if (s < send) {
+                   char *s1;
+                   arg = fieldsize - itemsize;
+                   if (arg) {
+                       fieldsize -= arg;
+                       while (arg-- > 0)
+                           *t++ = ' ';
+                   }
+                   s1 = t - 3;
+                   if (strnEQ(s1,"   ",3)) {
+                       while (s1 > SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget) && isSPACE(s1[-1]))
+                           s1--;
+                   }
+                   *s1++ = '.';
+                   *s1++ = '.';
+                   *s1++ = '.';
                }
-               *s++ = '.';
-               *s++ = '.';
-               *s++ = '.';
+               break;
            }
-           break;
-
        case FF_END:
            *t = '\0';
-           SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX(PL_formtarget));
+           SvCUR_set(PL_formtarget, t - SvPVX_const(PL_formtarget));
            if (targ_is_utf8)
                SvUTF8_on(PL_formtarget);
            FmLINES(PL_formtarget) += lines;
@@ -851,7 +914,7 @@ PP(pp_formline)
 
 PP(pp_grepstart)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     SV *src;
 
     if (PL_stack_base + *PL_markstack_ptr == SP) {
@@ -886,15 +949,10 @@ PP(pp_grepstart)
     return ((LOGOP*)PL_op->op_next)->op_other;
 }
 
-PP(pp_mapstart)
-{
-    DIE(aTHX_ "panic: mapstart");      /* uses grepstart */
-}
-
 PP(pp_mapwhile)
 {
-    dSP;
-    I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
     I32 items = (SP - PL_stack_base) - *PL_markstack_ptr; /* how many new items */
     I32 count;
     I32 shift;
@@ -931,7 +989,7 @@ PP(pp_mapwhile)
             * irrelevant.  --jhi */
             if (shift < count)
                 shift = count; /* Avoid shifting too often --Ben Tilly */
-       
+
            EXTEND(SP,shift);
            src = SP;
            dst = (SP += shift);
@@ -946,7 +1004,7 @@ PP(pp_mapwhile)
            while (items-- > 0)
                *dst-- = SvTEMP(TOPs) ? POPs : sv_mortalcopy(POPs);
        }
-       else { 
+       else {
            /* scalar context: we don't care about which values map returns
             * (we use undef here). And so we certainly don't want to do mortal
             * copies of meaningless values. */
@@ -1004,6 +1062,7 @@ PP(pp_mapwhile)
 
 PP(pp_range)
 {
+    dVAR;
     if (GIMME == G_ARRAY)
        return NORMAL;
     if (SvTRUEx(PAD_SV(PL_op->op_targ)))
@@ -1014,6 +1073,7 @@ PP(pp_range)
 
 PP(pp_flip)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
 
     if (GIMME == G_ARRAY) {
@@ -1021,21 +1081,22 @@ PP(pp_flip)
     }
     else {
        dTOPss;
-       SV *targ = PAD_SV(PL_op->op_targ);
-       int flip = 0;
+       SV * const targ = PAD_SV(PL_op->op_targ);
+       int flip = 0;
 
-       if (PL_op->op_private & OPpFLIP_LINENUM) {
+       if (PL_op->op_private & OPpFLIP_LINENUM) {
            if (GvIO(PL_last_in_gv)) {
                flip = SvIV(sv) == (IV)IoLINES(GvIOp(PL_last_in_gv));
            }
            else {
-               GV *gv = gv_fetchpv(".", TRUE, SVt_PV);
-               if (gv && GvSV(gv)) flip = SvIV(sv) == SvIV(GvSV(gv));
+               GV * const gv = gv_fetchpvs(".", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PV);
+               if (gv && GvSV(gv))
+                   flip = SvIV(sv) == SvIV(GvSV(gv));
            }
-       } else {
-           flip = SvTRUE(sv);
-       }
-       if (flip) {
+       } else {
+           flip = SvTRUE(sv);
+       }
+       if (flip) {
            sv_setiv(PAD_SV(cUNOP->op_first->op_targ), 1);
            if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
                sv_setiv(targ, 1);
@@ -1048,7 +1109,7 @@ PP(pp_flip)
                RETURNOP(((LOGOP*)cUNOP->op_first)->op_other);
            }
        }
-       sv_setpv(TARG, "");
+       sv_setpvn(TARG, "", 0);
        SETs(targ);
        RETURN;
     }
@@ -1062,25 +1123,22 @@ PP(pp_flip)
        SvNIOKp(left)  || (SvOK(left)  && !SvPOKp(left))  || \
        SvNIOKp(right) || (SvOK(right) && !SvPOKp(right)) || \
        (((!SvOK(left) && SvOK(right)) || ((!SvOK(left) || \
-          looks_like_number(left)) && SvPOKp(left) && *SvPVX(left) != '0')) \
+          looks_like_number(left)) && SvPOKp(left) && *SvPVX_const(left) != '0')) \
          && (!SvOK(right) || looks_like_number(right))))
 
 PP(pp_flop)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
 
     if (GIMME == G_ARRAY) {
        dPOPPOPssrl;
-       register IV i, j;
-       register SV *sv;
-       IV max;
 
-       if (SvGMAGICAL(left))
-           mg_get(left);
-       if (SvGMAGICAL(right))
-           mg_get(right);
+       SvGETMAGIC(left);
+       SvGETMAGIC(right);
 
        if (RANGE_IS_NUMERIC(left,right)) {
+           register IV i, j;
+           IV max;
            if ((SvOK(left) && SvNV(left) < IV_MIN) ||
                (SvOK(right) && SvNV(right) > IV_MAX))
                DIE(aTHX_ "Range iterator outside integer range");
@@ -1094,20 +1152,20 @@ PP(pp_flop)
            else
                j = 0;
            while (j--) {
-               sv = sv_2mortal(newSViv(i++));
+               SV * const sv = sv_2mortal(newSViv(i++));
                PUSHs(sv);
            }
        }
        else {
-           SV *final = sv_mortalcopy(right);
-           STRLEN len, n_a;
-           char *tmps = SvPV(final, len);
+           SV * const final = sv_mortalcopy(right);
+           STRLEN len;
+           const char * const tmps = SvPV_const(final, len);
 
-           sv = sv_mortalcopy(left);
-           SvPV_force(sv,n_a);
+           SV *sv = sv_mortalcopy(left);
+           SvPV_force_nolen(sv);
            while (!SvNIOKp(sv) && SvCUR(sv) <= len) {
                XPUSHs(sv);
-               if (strEQ(SvPVX(sv),tmps))
+               if (strEQ(SvPVX_const(sv),tmps))
                    break;
                sv = sv_2mortal(newSVsv(sv));
                sv_inc(sv);
@@ -1116,7 +1174,7 @@ PP(pp_flop)
     }
     else {
        dTOPss;
-       SV *targ = PAD_SV(cUNOP->op_first->op_targ);
+       SV * const targ = PAD_SV(cUNOP->op_first->op_targ);
        int flop = 0;
        sv_inc(targ);
 
@@ -1125,7 +1183,7 @@ PP(pp_flop)
                flop = SvIV(sv) == (IV)IoLINES(GvIOp(PL_last_in_gv));
            }
            else {
-               GV *gv = gv_fetchpv(".", TRUE, SVt_PV);
+               GV * const gv = gv_fetchpvs(".", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PV);
                if (gv && GvSV(gv)) flop = SvIV(sv) == SvIV(GvSV(gv));
            }
        }
@@ -1135,7 +1193,7 @@ PP(pp_flop)
 
        if (flop) {
            sv_setiv(PAD_SV(((UNOP*)cUNOP->op_first)->op_first->op_targ), 0);
-           sv_catpv(targ, "E0");
+           sv_catpvs(targ, "E0");
        }
        SETs(targ);
     }
@@ -1145,30 +1203,34 @@ PP(pp_flop)
 
 /* Control. */
 
-static char *context_name[] = {
+static const char * const context_name[] = {
     "pseudo-block",
     "subroutine",
     "eval",
     "loop",
     "substitution",
     "block",
-    "format"
+    "format",
+    "given",
+    "when"
 };
 
 STATIC I32
-S_dopoptolabel(pTHX_ char *label)
+S_dopoptolabel(pTHX_ const char *label)
 {
+    dVAR;
     register I32 i;
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
 
     for (i = cxstack_ix; i >= 0; i--) {
-       cx = &cxstack[i];
+       register const PERL_CONTEXT * const cx = &cxstack[i];
        switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
        case CXt_SUBST:
        case CXt_SUB:
        case CXt_FORMAT:
        case CXt_EVAL:
        case CXt_NULL:
+       case CXt_GIVEN:
+       case CXt_WHEN:
            if (ckWARN(WARN_EXITING))
                Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_EXITING), "Exiting %s via %s",
                        context_name[CxTYPE(cx)], OP_NAME(PL_op));
@@ -1176,8 +1238,7 @@ S_dopoptolabel(pTHX_ char *label)
                return -1;
            break;
        case CXt_LOOP:
-           if (!cx->blk_loop.label ||
-             strNE(label, cx->blk_loop.label) ) {
+           if ( !cx->blk_loop.label || strNE(label, cx->blk_loop.label) ) {
                DEBUG_l(Perl_deb(aTHX_ "(Skipping label #%ld %s)\n",
                        (long)i, cx->blk_loop.label));
                continue;
@@ -1189,19 +1250,21 @@ S_dopoptolabel(pTHX_ char *label)
     return i;
 }
 
+
+
 I32
 Perl_dowantarray(pTHX)
 {
-    I32 gimme = block_gimme();
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 gimme = block_gimme();
     return (gimme == G_VOID) ? G_SCALAR : gimme;
 }
 
 I32
 Perl_block_gimme(pTHX)
 {
-    I32 cxix;
-
-    cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
     if (cxix < 0)
        return G_VOID;
 
@@ -1222,9 +1285,8 @@ Perl_block_gimme(pTHX)
 I32
 Perl_is_lvalue_sub(pTHX)
 {
-    I32 cxix;
-
-    cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
+    dVAR;
+    const I32 cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
     assert(cxix >= 0);  /* We should only be called from inside subs */
 
     if (cxstack[cxix].blk_sub.lval && CvLVALUE(cxstack[cxix].blk_sub.cv))
@@ -1236,16 +1298,17 @@ Perl_is_lvalue_sub(pTHX)
 STATIC I32
 S_dopoptosub(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
 {
+    dVAR;
     return dopoptosub_at(cxstack, startingblock);
 }
 
 STATIC I32
-S_dopoptosub_at(pTHX_ PERL_CONTEXT *cxstk, I32 startingblock)
+S_dopoptosub_at(pTHX_ const PERL_CONTEXT *cxstk, I32 startingblock)
 {
+    dVAR;
     I32 i;
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     for (i = startingblock; i >= 0; i--) {
-       cx = &cxstk[i];
+       register const PERL_CONTEXT * const cx = &cxstk[i];
        switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
        default:
            continue;
@@ -1262,10 +1325,10 @@ S_dopoptosub_at(pTHX_ PERL_CONTEXT *cxstk, I32 startingblock)
 STATIC I32
 S_dopoptoeval(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
 {
+    dVAR;
     I32 i;
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     for (i = startingblock; i >= 0; i--) {
-       cx = &cxstack[i];
+       register const PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[i];
        switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
        default:
            continue;
@@ -1280,10 +1343,10 @@ S_dopoptoeval(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
 STATIC I32
 S_dopoptoloop(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
 {
+    dVAR;
     I32 i;
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     for (i = startingblock; i >= 0; i--) {
-       cx = &cxstack[i];
+       register const PERL_CONTEXT * const cx = &cxstack[i];
        switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
        case CXt_SUBST:
        case CXt_SUB:
@@ -1304,15 +1367,56 @@ S_dopoptoloop(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
     return i;
 }
 
+STATIC I32
+S_dopoptogiven(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 i;
+    for (i = startingblock; i >= 0; i--) {
+       register const PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[i];
+       switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
+       default:
+           continue;
+       case CXt_GIVEN:
+           DEBUG_l( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "(Found given #%ld)\n", (long)i));
+           return i;
+       case CXt_LOOP:
+           if (CxFOREACHDEF(cx)) {
+               DEBUG_l( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "(Found foreach #%ld)\n", (long)i));
+               return i;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
+STATIC I32
+S_dopoptowhen(pTHX_ I32 startingblock)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    I32 i;
+    for (i = startingblock; i >= 0; i--) {
+       register const PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[i];
+       switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
+       default:
+           continue;
+       case CXt_WHEN:
+           DEBUG_l( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "(Found when #%ld)\n", (long)i));
+           return i;
+       }
+    }
+    return i;
+}
+
 void
 Perl_dounwind(pTHX_ I32 cxix)
 {
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    dVAR;
     I32 optype;
 
     while (cxstack_ix > cxix) {
        SV *sv;
-       cx = &cxstack[cxstack_ix];
+        register PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[cxstack_ix];
        DEBUG_l(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Unwinding block %ld, type %s\n",
                              (long) cxstack_ix, PL_block_type[CxTYPE(cx)]));
        /* Note: we don't need to restore the base context info till the end. */
@@ -1338,51 +1442,52 @@ Perl_dounwind(pTHX_ I32 cxix)
        }
        cxstack_ix--;
     }
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(optype);
 }
 
 void
 Perl_qerror(pTHX_ SV *err)
 {
+    dVAR;
     if (PL_in_eval)
        sv_catsv(ERRSV, err);
     else if (PL_errors)
        sv_catsv(PL_errors, err);
     else
-       Perl_warn(aTHX_ "%"SVf, err);
+       Perl_warn(aTHX_ "%"SVf, (void*)err);
     ++PL_error_count;
 }
 
 OP *
-Perl_die_where(pTHX_ char *message, STRLEN msglen)
+Perl_die_where(pTHX_ const char *message, STRLEN msglen)
 {
-    STRLEN n_a;
+    dVAR;
 
     if (PL_in_eval) {
        I32 cxix;
-       register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
        I32 gimme;
-       SV **newsp;
 
        if (message) {
            if (PL_in_eval & EVAL_KEEPERR) {
-               static char prefix[] = "\t(in cleanup) ";
-               SV *err = ERRSV;
-               char *e = Nullch;
+                static const char prefix[] = "\t(in cleanup) ";
+               SV * const err = ERRSV;
+               const char *e = NULL;
                if (!SvPOK(err))
-                   sv_setpv(err,"");
+                   sv_setpvn(err,"",0);
                else if (SvCUR(err) >= sizeof(prefix)+msglen-1) {
-                   e = SvPV(err, n_a);
-                   e += n_a - msglen;
+                   STRLEN len;
+                   e = SvPV_const(err, len);
+                   e += len - msglen;
                    if (*e != *message || strNE(e,message))
-                       e = Nullch;
+                       e = NULL;
                }
                if (!e) {
                    SvGROW(err, SvCUR(err)+sizeof(prefix)+msglen);
                    sv_catpvn(err, prefix, sizeof(prefix)-1);
                    sv_catpvn(err, message, msglen);
                    if (ckWARN(WARN_MISC)) {
-                       STRLEN start = SvCUR(err)-msglen-sizeof(prefix)+1;
-                       Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC), SvPVX(err)+start);
+                       const STRLEN start = SvCUR(err)-msglen-sizeof(prefix)+1;
+                       Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC), SvPVX_const(err)+start);
                    }
                }
            }
@@ -1400,6 +1505,8 @@ Perl_die_where(pTHX_ char *message, STRLEN msglen)
 
        if (cxix >= 0) {
            I32 optype;
+           register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+           SV **newsp;
 
            if (cxix < cxstack_ix)
                dounwind(cxix);
@@ -1407,8 +1514,8 @@ Perl_die_where(pTHX_ char *message, STRLEN msglen)
            POPBLOCK(cx,PL_curpm);
            if (CxTYPE(cx) != CXt_EVAL) {
                if (!message)
-                   message = SvPVx(ERRSV, msglen);
-               PerlIO_write(Perl_error_log, "panic: die ", 11);
+                   message = SvPVx_const(ERRSV, msglen);
+               PerlIO_write(Perl_error_log, (const char *)"panic: die ", 11);
                PerlIO_write(Perl_error_log, message, msglen);
                my_exit(1);
            }
@@ -1427,18 +1534,19 @@ Perl_die_where(pTHX_ char *message, STRLEN msglen)
            PL_curcop = cx->blk_oldcop;
 
            if (optype == OP_REQUIRE) {
-               char* msg = SvPVx(ERRSV, n_a);
-               SV *nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
-               (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX(nsv), SvCUR(nsv),
+                const char* const msg = SvPVx_nolen_const(ERRSV);
+               SV * const nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
+                (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX_const(nsv), SvCUR(nsv),
                                &PL_sv_undef, 0);
                DIE(aTHX_ "%sCompilation failed in require",
                    *msg ? msg : "Unknown error\n");
            }
-           return pop_return();
+           assert(CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_EVAL);
+           return cx->blk_eval.retop;
        }
     }
     if (!message)
-       message = SvPVx(ERRSV, msglen);
+       message = SvPVx_const(ERRSV, msglen);
 
     write_to_stderr(message, msglen);
     my_failure_exit();
@@ -1448,75 +1556,23 @@ Perl_die_where(pTHX_ char *message, STRLEN msglen)
 
 PP(pp_xor)
 {
-    dSP; dPOPTOPssrl;
+    dVAR; dSP; dPOPTOPssrl;
     if (SvTRUE(left) != SvTRUE(right))
        RETSETYES;
     else
        RETSETNO;
 }
 
-PP(pp_andassign)
-{
-    dSP;
-    if (!SvTRUE(TOPs))
-       RETURN;
-    else
-       RETURNOP(cLOGOP->op_other);
-}
-
-PP(pp_orassign)
-{
-    dSP;
-    if (SvTRUE(TOPs))
-       RETURN;
-    else
-       RETURNOP(cLOGOP->op_other);
-}
-
-PP(pp_dorassign)
-{
-    dSP;
-    register SV* sv;
-
-    sv = TOPs;
-    if (!sv || !SvANY(sv)) {
-       RETURNOP(cLOGOP->op_other);
-    }
-
-    switch (SvTYPE(sv)) {
-    case SVt_PVAV:
-       if (AvMAX(sv) >= 0 || SvGMAGICAL(sv) || (SvRMAGICAL(sv) && mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_tied)))
-           RETURN;
-       break;
-    case SVt_PVHV:
-       if (HvARRAY(sv) || SvGMAGICAL(sv) || (SvRMAGICAL(sv) && mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_tied)))
-           RETURN;
-       break;
-    case SVt_PVCV:
-       if (CvROOT(sv) || CvXSUB(sv))
-           RETURN;
-       break;
-    default:
-       if (SvGMAGICAL(sv))
-           mg_get(sv);
-       if (SvOK(sv))
-           RETURN;
-    }
-
-    RETURNOP(cLOGOP->op_other);
-}
-
 PP(pp_caller)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
     register I32 cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
-    register PERL_CONTEXT *ccstack = cxstack;
-    PERL_SI *top_si = PL_curstackinfo;
-    I32 dbcxix;
+    register const PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    register const PERL_CONTEXT *ccstack = cxstack;
+    const PERL_SI *top_si = PL_curstackinfo;
     I32 gimme;
-    char *stashname;
-    SV *sv;
+    const char *stashname;
     I32 count = 0;
 
     if (MAXARG)
@@ -1536,7 +1592,8 @@ PP(pp_caller)
             }
            RETURN;
        }
-       if (PL_DBsub && cxix >= 0 &&
+       /* caller() should not report the automatic calls to &DB::sub */
+       if (PL_DBsub && GvCV(PL_DBsub) && cxix >= 0 &&
                ccstack[cxix].blk_sub.cv == GvCV(PL_DBsub))
            count++;
        if (!count--)
@@ -1546,10 +1603,11 @@ PP(pp_caller)
 
     cx = &ccstack[cxix];
     if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_SUB || CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_FORMAT) {
-        dbcxix = dopoptosub_at(ccstack, cxix - 1);
+        const I32 dbcxix = dopoptosub_at(ccstack, cxix - 1);
        /* We expect that ccstack[dbcxix] is CXt_SUB, anyway, the
           field below is defined for any cx. */
-       if (PL_DBsub && dbcxix >= 0 && ccstack[dbcxix].blk_sub.cv == GvCV(PL_DBsub))
+       /* caller() should not report the automatic calls to &DB::sub */
+       if (PL_DBsub && GvCV(PL_DBsub) && dbcxix >= 0 && ccstack[dbcxix].blk_sub.cv == GvCV(PL_DBsub))
            cx = &ccstack[dbcxix];
     }
 
@@ -1566,7 +1624,7 @@ PP(pp_caller)
        RETURN;
     }
 
-    EXTEND(SP, 10);
+    EXTEND(SP, 11);
 
     if (!stashname)
        PUSHs(&PL_sv_undef);
@@ -1577,21 +1635,21 @@ PP(pp_caller)
     if (!MAXARG)
        RETURN;
     if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_SUB || CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_FORMAT) {
-       GV *cvgv = CvGV(ccstack[cxix].blk_sub.cv);
+       GV * const cvgv = CvGV(ccstack[cxix].blk_sub.cv);
        /* So is ccstack[dbcxix]. */
        if (isGV(cvgv)) {
-           sv = NEWSV(49, 0);
-           gv_efullname3(sv, cvgv, Nullch);
+           SV * const sv = newSV(0);
+           gv_efullname3(sv, cvgv, NULL);
            PUSHs(sv_2mortal(sv));
            PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv((I32)cx->blk_sub.hasargs)));
        }
        else {
-           PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("(unknown)",9)));
+           PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSVpvs("(unknown)")));
            PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv((I32)cx->blk_sub.hasargs)));
        }
     }
     else {
-       PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("(eval)",6)));
+       PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSVpvs("(eval)")));
        PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(0)));
     }
     gimme = (I32)cx->blk_gimme;
@@ -1623,13 +1681,12 @@ PP(pp_caller)
     if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_SUB && cx->blk_sub.hasargs
        && CopSTASH_eq(PL_curcop, PL_debstash))
     {
-       AV *ary = cx->blk_sub.argarray;
-       int off = AvARRAY(ary) - AvALLOC(ary);
+       AV * const ary = cx->blk_sub.argarray;
+       const int off = AvARRAY(ary) - AvALLOC(ary);
 
        if (!PL_dbargs) {
-           GV* tmpgv;
-           PL_dbargs = GvAV(gv_AVadd(tmpgv = gv_fetchpv("DB::args", TRUE,
-                               SVt_PVAV)));
+           GV* const tmpgv = gv_fetchpvs("DB::args", GV_ADD, SVt_PVAV);
+           PL_dbargs = GvAV(gv_AVadd(tmpgv));
            GvMULTI_on(tmpgv);
            AvREAL_off(PL_dbargs);      /* XXX should be REIFY (see av.h) */
        }
@@ -1642,11 +1699,10 @@ PP(pp_caller)
     /* XXX only hints propagated via op_private are currently
      * visible (others are not easily accessible, since they
      * use the global PL_hints) */
-    PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv((I32)cx->blk_oldcop->op_private &
-                            HINT_PRIVATE_MASK)));
+    PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(CopHINTS_get(cx->blk_oldcop))));
     {
        SV * mask ;
-       SV * old_warnings = cx->blk_oldcop->cop_warnings ;
+       STRLEN * const old_warnings = cx->blk_oldcop->cop_warnings ;
 
        if  (old_warnings == pWARN_NONE ||
                (old_warnings == pWARN_STD && (PL_dowarn & G_WARN_ON) == 0))
@@ -1656,8 +1712,8 @@ PP(pp_caller)
            /* Get the bit mask for $warnings::Bits{all}, because
             * it could have been extended by warnings::register */
            SV **bits_all;
-           HV *bits = get_hv("warnings::Bits", FALSE);
-           if (bits && (bits_all=hv_fetch(bits, "all", 3, FALSE))) {
+           HV * const bits = get_hv("warnings::Bits", FALSE);
+           if (bits && (bits_all=hv_fetchs(bits, "all", FALSE))) {
                mask = newSVsv(*bits_all);
            }
            else {
@@ -1665,36 +1721,33 @@ PP(pp_caller)
            }
        }
         else
-            mask = newSVsv(old_warnings);
+            mask = newSVpvn((char *) (old_warnings + 1), old_warnings[0]);
         PUSHs(sv_2mortal(mask));
     }
+
+    PUSHs(cx->blk_oldcop->cop_hints_hash ?
+         sv_2mortal(newRV_noinc(
+           (SV*)Perl_refcounted_he_chain_2hv(aTHX_
+                                             cx->blk_oldcop->cop_hints_hash)))
+         : &PL_sv_undef);
     RETURN;
 }
 
 PP(pp_reset)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
-    char *tmps;
-    STRLEN n_a;
-
-    if (MAXARG < 1)
-       tmps = "";
-    else
-       tmps = POPpx;
+    const char * const tmps = (MAXARG < 1) ? (const char *)"" : POPpconstx;
     sv_reset(tmps, CopSTASH(PL_curcop));
     PUSHs(&PL_sv_yes);
     RETURN;
 }
 
-PP(pp_lineseq)
-{
-    return NORMAL;
-}
-
 /* like pp_nextstate, but used instead when the debugger is active */
 
 PP(pp_dbstate)
 {
+    dVAR;
     PL_curcop = (COP*)PL_op;
     TAINT_NOT;         /* Each statement is presumed innocent */
     PL_stack_sp = PL_stack_base + cxstack[cxstack_ix].blk_oldsp;
@@ -1704,14 +1757,12 @@ PP(pp_dbstate)
            || SvIV(PL_DBsingle) || SvIV(PL_DBsignal) || SvIV(PL_DBtrace))
     {
        dSP;
-       register CV *cv;
        register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
-       I32 gimme = G_ARRAY;
+       const I32 gimme = G_ARRAY;
        U8 hasargs;
-       GV *gv;
+       GV * const gv = PL_DBgv;
+       register CV * const cv = GvCV(gv);
 
-       gv = PL_DBgv;
-       cv = GvCV(gv);
        if (!cv)
            DIE(aTHX_ "No DB::DB routine defined");
 
@@ -1728,29 +1779,36 @@ PP(pp_dbstate)
        hasargs = 0;
        SPAGAIN;
 
-       push_return(PL_op->op_next);
-       PUSHBLOCK(cx, CXt_SUB, SP);
-       PUSHSUB_DB(cx);
-       CvDEPTH(cv)++;
-       PAD_SET_CUR(CvPADLIST(cv),1);
-       RETURNOP(CvSTART(cv));
+       if (CvISXSUB(cv)) {
+           CvDEPTH(cv)++;
+           PUSHMARK(SP);
+           (void)(*CvXSUB(cv))(aTHX_ cv);
+           CvDEPTH(cv)--;
+           FREETMPS;
+           LEAVE;
+           return NORMAL;
+       }
+       else {
+           PUSHBLOCK(cx, CXt_SUB, SP);
+           PUSHSUB_DB(cx);
+           cx->blk_sub.retop = PL_op->op_next;
+           CvDEPTH(cv)++;
+           SAVECOMPPAD();
+           PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE(CvPADLIST(cv), 1);
+           RETURNOP(CvSTART(cv));
+       }
     }
     else
        return NORMAL;
 }
 
-PP(pp_scope)
-{
-    return NORMAL;
-}
-
 PP(pp_enteriter)
 {
-    dSP; dMARK;
+    dVAR; dSP; dMARK;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
-    I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
     SV **svp;
-    U32 cxtype = CXt_LOOP;
+    U16 cxtype = CXt_LOOP | CXp_FOREACH;
 #ifdef USE_ITHREADS
     void *iterdata;
 #endif
@@ -1774,15 +1832,18 @@ PP(pp_enteriter)
 #endif
     }
     else {
-       GV *gv = (GV*)POPs;
+       GV * const gv = (GV*)POPs;
        svp = &GvSV(gv);                        /* symbol table variable */
        SAVEGENERICSV(*svp);
-       *svp = NEWSV(0,0);
+       *svp = newSV(0);
 #ifdef USE_ITHREADS
        iterdata = (void*)gv;
 #endif
     }
 
+    if (PL_op->op_private & OPpITER_DEF)
+       cxtype |= CXp_FOR_DEF;
+
     ENTER;
 
     PUSHBLOCK(cx, cxtype, SP);
@@ -1795,24 +1856,29 @@ PP(pp_enteriter)
        cx->blk_loop.iterary = (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc(POPs);
        if (SvTYPE(cx->blk_loop.iterary) != SVt_PVAV) {
            dPOPss;
-           SV *right = (SV*)cx->blk_loop.iterary;
+           SV * const right = (SV*)cx->blk_loop.iterary;
+           SvGETMAGIC(sv);
+           SvGETMAGIC(right);
            if (RANGE_IS_NUMERIC(sv,right)) {
                if ((SvOK(sv) && SvNV(sv) < IV_MIN) ||
                    (SvOK(right) && SvNV(right) >= IV_MAX))
                    DIE(aTHX_ "Range iterator outside integer range");
                cx->blk_loop.iterix = SvIV(sv);
                cx->blk_loop.itermax = SvIV(right);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+               /* for correct -Dstv display */
+               cx->blk_oldsp = sp - PL_stack_base;
+#endif
            }
            else {
-               STRLEN n_a;
                cx->blk_loop.iterlval = newSVsv(sv);
-               (void) SvPV_force(cx->blk_loop.iterlval,n_a);
-               (void) SvPV(right,n_a);
+               (void) SvPV_force_nolen(cx->blk_loop.iterlval);
+               (void) SvPV_nolen_const(right);
            }
        }
        else if (PL_op->op_private & OPpITER_REVERSED) {
-           cx->blk_loop.itermax = -1;
-           cx->blk_loop.iterix = AvFILL(cx->blk_loop.iterary);
+           cx->blk_loop.itermax = 0;
+           cx->blk_loop.iterix = AvFILL(cx->blk_loop.iterary) + 1;
 
        }
     }
@@ -1820,8 +1886,8 @@ PP(pp_enteriter)
        cx->blk_loop.iterary = PL_curstack;
        AvFILLp(PL_curstack) = SP - PL_stack_base;
        if (PL_op->op_private & OPpITER_REVERSED) {
-           cx->blk_loop.itermax = MARK - PL_stack_base;
-           cx->blk_loop.iterix = cx->blk_oldsp;
+           cx->blk_loop.itermax = MARK - PL_stack_base + 1;
+           cx->blk_loop.iterix = cx->blk_oldsp + 1;
        }
        else {
            cx->blk_loop.iterix = MARK - PL_stack_base;
@@ -1833,9 +1899,9 @@ PP(pp_enteriter)
 
 PP(pp_enterloop)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
-    I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
 
     ENTER;
     SAVETMPS;
@@ -1849,7 +1915,7 @@ PP(pp_enterloop)
 
 PP(pp_leaveloop)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     I32 gimme;
     SV **newsp;
@@ -1857,12 +1923,13 @@ PP(pp_leaveloop)
     SV **mark;
 
     POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
+    assert(CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_LOOP);
     mark = newsp;
     newsp = PL_stack_base + cx->blk_loop.resetsp;
 
     TAINT_NOT;
     if (gimme == G_VOID)
-       ; /* do nothing */
+       NOOP;
     else if (gimme == G_SCALAR) {
        if (mark < SP)
            *++newsp = sv_mortalcopy(*SP);
@@ -1889,8 +1956,7 @@ PP(pp_leaveloop)
 
 PP(pp_return)
 {
-    dSP; dMARK;
-    I32 cxix;
+    dVAR; dSP; dMARK;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     bool popsub2 = FALSE;
     bool clear_errsv = FALSE;
@@ -1899,35 +1965,48 @@ PP(pp_return)
     PMOP *newpm;
     I32 optype = 0;
     SV *sv;
+    OP *retop;
 
-    if (PL_curstackinfo->si_type == PERLSI_SORT) {
-       if (cxstack_ix == PL_sortcxix
-           || dopoptosub(cxstack_ix) <= PL_sortcxix)
-       {
-           if (cxstack_ix > PL_sortcxix)
-               dounwind(PL_sortcxix);
-           AvARRAY(PL_curstack)[1] = *SP;
+    const I32 cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
+
+    if (cxix < 0) {
+       if (CxMULTICALL(cxstack)) { /* In this case we must be in a
+                                    * sort block, which is a CXt_NULL
+                                    * not a CXt_SUB */
+           dounwind(0);
+           PL_stack_base[1] = *PL_stack_sp;
            PL_stack_sp = PL_stack_base + 1;
            return 0;
        }
+       else
+           DIE(aTHX_ "Can't return outside a subroutine");
     }
-
-    cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
-    if (cxix < 0)
-       DIE(aTHX_ "Can't return outside a subroutine");
     if (cxix < cxstack_ix)
        dounwind(cxix);
 
+    if (CxMULTICALL(&cxstack[cxix])) {
+       gimme = cxstack[cxix].blk_gimme;
+       if (gimme == G_VOID)
+           PL_stack_sp = PL_stack_base;
+       else if (gimme == G_SCALAR) {
+           PL_stack_base[1] = *PL_stack_sp;
+           PL_stack_sp = PL_stack_base + 1;
+       }
+       return 0;
+    }
+
     POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
     switch (CxTYPE(cx)) {
     case CXt_SUB:
        popsub2 = TRUE;
+       retop = cx->blk_sub.retop;
        cxstack_ix++; /* preserve cx entry on stack for use by POPSUB */
        break;
     case CXt_EVAL:
        if (!(PL_in_eval & EVAL_KEEPERR))
            clear_errsv = TRUE;
        POPEVAL(cx);
+       retop = cx->blk_eval.retop;
        if (CxTRYBLOCK(cx))
            break;
        lex_end();
@@ -1935,13 +2014,14 @@ PP(pp_return)
            (MARK == SP || (gimme == G_SCALAR && !SvTRUE(*SP))) )
        {
            /* Unassume the success we assumed earlier. */
-           SV *nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
-           (void)hv_delete(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX(nsv), SvCUR(nsv), G_DISCARD);
-           DIE(aTHX_ "%"SVf" did not return a true value", nsv);
+           SV * const nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
+           (void)hv_delete(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX_const(nsv), SvCUR(nsv), G_DISCARD);
+           DIE(aTHX_ "%"SVf" did not return a true value", (void*)nsv);
        }
        break;
     case CXt_FORMAT:
        POPFORMAT(cx);
+       retop = cx->blk_sub.retop;
        break;
     default:
        DIE(aTHX_ "panic: return");
@@ -1989,18 +2069,18 @@ PP(pp_return)
        POPSUB(cx,sv);  /* release CV and @_ ... */
     }
     else
-       sv = Nullsv;
+       sv = NULL;
     PL_curpm = newpm;  /* ... and pop $1 et al */
 
     LEAVESUB(sv);
     if (clear_errsv)
-       sv_setpv(ERRSV,"");
-    return pop_return();
+       sv_setpvn(ERRSV,"",0);
+    return retop;
 }
 
 PP(pp_last)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     I32 cxix;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     I32 pop2 = 0;
@@ -2010,7 +2090,8 @@ PP(pp_last)
     SV **newsp;
     PMOP *newpm;
     SV **mark;
-    SV *sv = Nullsv;
+    SV *sv = NULL;
+
 
     if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
        cxix = dopoptoloop(cxstack_ix);
@@ -2032,19 +2113,19 @@ PP(pp_last)
     case CXt_LOOP:
        pop2 = CXt_LOOP;
        newsp = PL_stack_base + cx->blk_loop.resetsp;
-       nextop = cx->blk_loop.last_op->op_next;
+       nextop = cx->blk_loop.my_op->op_lastop->op_next;
        break;
     case CXt_SUB:
        pop2 = CXt_SUB;
-       nextop = pop_return();
+       nextop = cx->blk_sub.retop;
        break;
     case CXt_EVAL:
        POPEVAL(cx);
-       nextop = pop_return();
+       nextop = cx->blk_eval.retop;
        break;
     case CXt_FORMAT:
        POPFORMAT(cx);
-       nextop = pop_return();
+       nextop = cx->blk_sub.retop;
        break;
     default:
        DIE(aTHX_ "panic: last");
@@ -2083,11 +2164,14 @@ PP(pp_last)
     PL_curpm = newpm;  /* ... and pop $1 et al */
 
     LEAVESUB(sv);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(optype);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(gimme);
     return nextop;
 }
 
 PP(pp_next)
 {
+    dVAR;
     I32 cxix;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     I32 inner;
@@ -2111,14 +2195,17 @@ PP(pp_next)
     TOPBLOCK(cx);
     if (PL_scopestack_ix < inner)
        leave_scope(PL_scopestack[PL_scopestack_ix]);
-    return cx->blk_loop.next_op;
+    PL_curcop = cx->blk_oldcop;
+    return CX_LOOP_NEXTOP_GET(cx);
 }
 
 PP(pp_redo)
 {
+    dVAR;
     I32 cxix;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     I32 oldsave;
+    OP* redo_op;
 
     if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
        cxix = dopoptoloop(cxstack_ix);
@@ -2133,19 +2220,28 @@ PP(pp_redo)
     if (cxix < cxstack_ix)
        dounwind(cxix);
 
+    redo_op = cxstack[cxix].blk_loop.my_op->op_redoop;
+    if (redo_op->op_type == OP_ENTER) {
+       /* pop one less context to avoid $x being freed in while (my $x..) */
+       cxstack_ix++;
+       assert(CxTYPE(&cxstack[cxstack_ix]) == CXt_BLOCK);
+       redo_op = redo_op->op_next;
+    }
+
     TOPBLOCK(cx);
     oldsave = PL_scopestack[PL_scopestack_ix - 1];
     LEAVE_SCOPE(oldsave);
     FREETMPS;
-    return cx->blk_loop.redo_op;
+    PL_curcop = cx->blk_oldcop;
+    return redo_op;
 }
 
 STATIC OP *
-S_dofindlabel(pTHX_ OP *o, char *label, OP **opstack, OP **oplimit)
+S_dofindlabel(pTHX_ OP *o, const char *label, OP **opstack, OP **oplimit)
 {
-    OP *kid = Nullop;
+    dVAR;
     OP **ops = opstack;
-    static char too_deep[] = "Target of goto is too deeply nested";
+    static const char too_deep[] = "Target of goto is too deeply nested";
 
     if (ops >= oplimit)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ too_deep);
@@ -2161,6 +2257,7 @@ S_dofindlabel(pTHX_ OP *o, char *label, OP **opstack, OP **oplimit)
     }
     *ops = 0;
     if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
+       OP *kid;
        /* First try all the kids at this level, since that's likeliest. */
        for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling) {
            if ((kid->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || kid->op_type == OP_DBSTATE) &&
@@ -2187,29 +2284,20 @@ S_dofindlabel(pTHX_ OP *o, char *label, OP **opstack, OP **oplimit)
     return 0;
 }
 
-PP(pp_dump)
-{
-    return pp_goto();
-    /*NOTREACHED*/
-}
-
 PP(pp_goto)
 {
-    dSP;
-    OP *retop = 0;
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    OP *retop = NULL;
     I32 ix;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
 #define GOTO_DEPTH 64
     OP *enterops[GOTO_DEPTH];
-    char *label;
-    int do_dump = (PL_op->op_type == OP_DUMP);
-    static char must_have_label[] = "goto must have label";
-    AV *oldav = Nullav;
+    const char *label = NULL;
+    const bool do_dump = (PL_op->op_type == OP_DUMP);
+    static const char must_have_label[] = "goto must have label";
 
-    label = 0;
     if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_STACKED) {
-       SV *sv = POPs;
-       STRLEN n_a;
+       SV * const sv = POPs;
 
        /* This egregious kludge implements goto &subroutine */
        if (SvROK(sv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVCV) {
@@ -2219,12 +2307,13 @@ PP(pp_goto)
            SV** mark;
            I32 items = 0;
            I32 oldsave;
+           bool reified = 0;
 
        retry:
            if (!CvROOT(cv) && !CvXSUB(cv)) {
-               GV *gv = CvGV(cv);
-               GV *autogv;
+               const GV * const gv = CvGV(cv);
                if (gv) {
+                   GV *autogv;
                    SV *tmpstr;
                    /* autoloaded stub? */
                    if (cv != GvCV(gv) && (cv = GvCV(gv)))
@@ -2234,14 +2323,14 @@ PP(pp_goto)
                    if (autogv && (cv = GvCV(autogv)))
                        goto retry;
                    tmpstr = sv_newmortal();
-                   gv_efullname3(tmpstr, gv, Nullch);
-                   DIE(aTHX_ "Goto undefined subroutine &%"SVf"",tmpstr);
+                   gv_efullname3(tmpstr, gv, NULL);
+                   DIE(aTHX_ "Goto undefined subroutine &%"SVf"",(void*)tmpstr);
                }
                DIE(aTHX_ "Goto undefined subroutine");
            }
 
            /* First do some returnish stuff. */
-           SvREFCNT_inc(cv); /* avoid premature free during unwind */
+           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(cv); /* avoid premature free during unwind */
            FREETMPS;
            cxix = dopoptosub(cxstack_ix);
            if (cxix < 0)
@@ -2249,40 +2338,44 @@ PP(pp_goto)
            if (cxix < cxstack_ix)
                dounwind(cxix);
            TOPBLOCK(cx);
-           if (CxREALEVAL(cx))
-               DIE(aTHX_ "Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string");
-           mark = PL_stack_sp;
+           SPAGAIN;
+           /* ban goto in eval: see <20050521150056.GC20213@iabyn.com> */
+           if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_EVAL) {
+               if (CxREALEVAL(cx))
+                   DIE(aTHX_ "Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string");
+               else
+                   DIE(aTHX_ "Can't goto subroutine from an eval-block");
+           }
+           else if (CxMULTICALL(cx))
+               DIE(aTHX_ "Can't goto subroutine from a sort sub (or similar callback)");
            if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_SUB && cx->blk_sub.hasargs) {
                /* put @_ back onto stack */
                AV* av = cx->blk_sub.argarray;
-               
+
                items = AvFILLp(av) + 1;
-               PL_stack_sp++;
-               EXTEND(PL_stack_sp, items); /* @_ could have been extended. */
-               Copy(AvARRAY(av), PL_stack_sp, items, SV*);
-               PL_stack_sp += items;
+               EXTEND(SP, items+1); /* @_ could have been extended. */
+               Copy(AvARRAY(av), SP + 1, items, SV*);
                SvREFCNT_dec(GvAV(PL_defgv));
                GvAV(PL_defgv) = cx->blk_sub.savearray;
+               CLEAR_ARGARRAY(av);
                /* abandon @_ if it got reified */
                if (AvREAL(av)) {
-                   oldav = av; /* delay until return */
+                   reified = 1;
+                   SvREFCNT_dec(av);
                    av = newAV();
                    av_extend(av, items-1);
-                   AvFLAGS(av) = AVf_REIFY;
+                   AvREIFY_only(av);
                    PAD_SVl(0) = (SV*)(cx->blk_sub.argarray = av);
                }
-               else
-                   CLEAR_ARGARRAY(av);
            }
-           else if (CvXSUB(cv)) {      /* put GvAV(defgv) back onto stack */
-               AV* av;
-               av = GvAV(PL_defgv);
+           else if (CvISXSUB(cv)) {    /* put GvAV(defgv) back onto stack */
+               AV* const av = GvAV(PL_defgv);
                items = AvFILLp(av) + 1;
-               PL_stack_sp++;
-               EXTEND(PL_stack_sp, items); /* @_ could have been extended. */
-               Copy(AvARRAY(av), PL_stack_sp, items, SV*);
-               PL_stack_sp += items;
+               EXTEND(SP, items+1); /* @_ could have been extended. */
+               Copy(AvARRAY(av), SP + 1, items, SV*);
            }
+           mark = SP;
+           SP += items;
            if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_SUB &&
                !(CvDEPTH(cx->blk_sub.cv) = cx->blk_sub.olddepth))
                SvREFCNT_dec(cx->blk_sub.cv);
@@ -2291,43 +2384,28 @@ PP(pp_goto)
 
            /* Now do some callish stuff. */
            SAVETMPS;
-           /* For reified @_, delay freeing till return from new sub */
-           if (oldav)
-               SAVEFREESV((SV*)oldav);
            SAVEFREESV(cv); /* later, undo the 'avoid premature free' hack */
-           if (CvXSUB(cv)) {
-#ifdef PERL_XSUB_OLDSTYLE
-               if (CvOLDSTYLE(cv)) {
-                   I32 (*fp3)(int,int,int);
-                   while (SP > mark) {
-                       SP[1] = SP[0];
-                       SP--;
-                   }
-                   fp3 = (I32(*)(int,int,int))CvXSUB(cv);
-                   items = (*fp3)(CvXSUBANY(cv).any_i32,
-                                  mark - PL_stack_base + 1,
-                                  items);
-                   SP = PL_stack_base + items;
-               }
-               else
-#endif /* PERL_XSUB_OLDSTYLE */
-               {
-                   SV **newsp;
-                   I32 gimme;
-
-                   PL_stack_sp--;              /* There is no cv arg. */
-                   /* Push a mark for the start of arglist */
-                   PUSHMARK(mark);
-                   (void)(*CvXSUB(cv))(aTHX_ cv);
-                   /* Pop the current context like a decent sub should */
-                   POPBLOCK(cx, PL_curpm);
-                   /* Do _not_ use PUTBACK, keep the XSUB's return stack! */
+           if (CvISXSUB(cv)) {
+               OP* const retop = cx->blk_sub.retop;
+               SV **newsp;
+               I32 gimme;
+               if (reified) {
+                   I32 index;
+                   for (index=0; index<items; index++)
+                       sv_2mortal(SP[-index]);
                }
+
+               /* XS subs don't have a CxSUB, so pop it */
+               POPBLOCK(cx, PL_curpm);
+               /* Push a mark for the start of arglist */
+               PUSHMARK(mark);
+               PUTBACK;
+               (void)(*CvXSUB(cv))(aTHX_ cv);
                LEAVE;
-               return pop_return();
+               return retop;
            }
            else {
-               AV* padlist = CvPADLIST(cv);
+               AV* const padlist = CvPADLIST(cv);
                if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_EVAL) {
                    PL_in_eval = cx->blk_eval.old_in_eval;
                    PL_eval_root = cx->blk_eval.old_eval_root;
@@ -2335,44 +2413,49 @@ PP(pp_goto)
                    cx->blk_sub.hasargs = 0;
                }
                cx->blk_sub.cv = cv;
-               cx->blk_sub.olddepth = (U16)CvDEPTH(cv);
+               cx->blk_sub.olddepth = CvDEPTH(cv);
 
                CvDEPTH(cv)++;
                if (CvDEPTH(cv) < 2)
-                   (void)SvREFCNT_inc(cv);
+                   SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(cv);
                else {
                    if (CvDEPTH(cv) == 100 && ckWARN(WARN_RECURSION))
                        sub_crush_depth(cv);
-                   pad_push(padlist, CvDEPTH(cv), 1);
+                   pad_push(padlist, CvDEPTH(cv));
                }
-               PAD_SET_CUR(padlist, CvDEPTH(cv));
+               SAVECOMPPAD();
+               PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE(padlist, CvDEPTH(cv));
                if (cx->blk_sub.hasargs)
                {
-                   AV* av = (AV*)PAD_SVl(0);
-                   SV** ary;
+                   AV* const av = (AV*)PAD_SVl(0);
 
                    cx->blk_sub.savearray = GvAV(PL_defgv);
-                   GvAV(PL_defgv) = (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc(av);
+                   GvAV(PL_defgv) = (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc_simple(av);
                    CX_CURPAD_SAVE(cx->blk_sub);
                    cx->blk_sub.argarray = av;
-                   ++mark;
 
                    if (items >= AvMAX(av) + 1) {
-                       ary = AvALLOC(av);
+                       SV **ary = AvALLOC(av);
                        if (AvARRAY(av) != ary) {
                            AvMAX(av) += AvARRAY(av) - AvALLOC(av);
-                           SvPVX(av) = (char*)ary;
+                           SvPV_set(av, (char*)ary);
                        }
                        if (items >= AvMAX(av) + 1) {
                            AvMAX(av) = items - 1;
                            Renew(ary,items+1,SV*);
                            AvALLOC(av) = ary;
-                           SvPVX(av) = (char*)ary;
+                           SvPV_set(av, (char*)ary);
                        }
                    }
+                   ++mark;
                    Copy(mark,AvARRAY(av),items,SV*);
                    AvFILLp(av) = items - 1;
                    assert(!AvREAL(av));
+                   if (reified) {
+                       /* transfer 'ownership' of refcnts to new @_ */
+                       AvREAL_on(av);
+                       AvREIFY_off(av);
+                   }
                    while (items--) {
                        if (*mark)
                            SvTEMP_off(*mark);
@@ -2384,30 +2467,31 @@ PP(pp_goto)
                     * We do not care about using sv to call CV;
                     * it's for informational purposes only.
                     */
-                   SV *sv = GvSV(PL_DBsub);
-                   CV *gotocv;
-               
+                   SV * const sv = GvSV(PL_DBsub);
+                   save_item(sv);
                    if (PERLDB_SUB_NN) {
-                       (void)SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_PVIV);
+                       const int type = SvTYPE(sv);
+                       if (type < SVt_PVIV && type != SVt_IV)
+                           sv_upgrade(sv, SVt_PVIV);
                        (void)SvIOK_on(sv);
-                       SAVEIV(SvIVX(sv));
-                       SvIVX(sv) = PTR2IV(cv); /* Do it the quickest way */
+                       SvIV_set(sv, PTR2IV(cv)); /* Do it the quickest way */
                    } else {
-                       save_item(sv);
-                       gv_efullname3(sv, CvGV(cv), Nullch);
+                       gv_efullname3(sv, CvGV(cv), NULL);
                    }
-                   if (  PERLDB_GOTO
-                         && (gotocv = get_cv("DB::goto", FALSE)) ) {
-                       PUSHMARK( PL_stack_sp );
-                       call_sv((SV*)gotocv, G_SCALAR | G_NODEBUG);
-                       PL_stack_sp--;
+                   if (PERLDB_GOTO) {
+                       CV * const gotocv = get_cv("DB::goto", FALSE);
+                       if (gotocv) {
+                           PUSHMARK( PL_stack_sp );
+                           call_sv((SV*)gotocv, G_SCALAR | G_NODEBUG);
+                           PL_stack_sp--;
+                       }
                    }
                }
                RETURNOP(CvSTART(cv));
            }
        }
        else {
-           label = SvPV(sv,n_a);
+           label = SvPV_nolen_const(sv);
            if (!(do_dump || *label))
                DIE(aTHX_ must_have_label);
        }
@@ -2420,14 +2504,14 @@ PP(pp_goto)
        label = cPVOP->op_pv;
 
     if (label && *label) {
-       OP *gotoprobe = 0;
+       OP *gotoprobe = NULL;
        bool leaving_eval = FALSE;
        bool in_block = FALSE;
-        PERL_CONTEXT *last_eval_cx = 0;
+       PERL_CONTEXT *last_eval_cx = NULL;
 
        /* find label */
 
-       PL_lastgotoprobe = 0;
+       PL_lastgotoprobe = NULL;
        *enterops = 0;
        for (ix = cxstack_ix; ix >= 0; ix--) {
            cx = &cxstack[ix];
@@ -2455,7 +2539,7 @@ PP(pp_goto)
                    gotoprobe = PL_main_root;
                break;
            case CXt_SUB:
-               if (CvDEPTH(cx->blk_sub.cv)) {
+               if (CvDEPTH(cx->blk_sub.cv) && !CxMULTICALL(cx)) {
                    gotoprobe = CvROOT(cx->blk_sub.cv);
                    break;
                }
@@ -2507,7 +2591,7 @@ PP(pp_goto)
        /* push wanted frames */
 
        if (*enterops && enterops[1]) {
-           OP *oldop = PL_op;
+           OP * const oldop = PL_op;
            ix = enterops[1]->op_type == OP_ENTER && in_block ? 2 : 1;
            for (; enterops[ix]; ix++) {
                PL_op = enterops[ix];
@@ -2539,6 +2623,7 @@ PP(pp_goto)
 
 PP(pp_exit)
 {
+    dVAR;
     dSP;
     I32 anum;
 
@@ -2553,64 +2638,29 @@ PP(pp_exit)
 #endif
     }
     PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_EXPECTED;
+#ifdef PERL_MAD
+    /* KLUDGE: disable exit 0 in BEGIN blocks when we're just compiling */
+    if (anum || !(PL_minus_c && PL_madskills))
+       my_exit(anum);
+#else
     my_exit(anum);
+#endif
     PUSHs(&PL_sv_undef);
     RETURN;
 }
 
-#ifdef NOTYET
-PP(pp_nswitch)
-{
-    dSP;
-    NV value = SvNVx(GvSV(cCOP->cop_gv));
-    register I32 match = I_32(value);
-
-    if (value < 0.0) {
-       if (((NV)match) > value)
-           --match;            /* was fractional--truncate other way */
-    }
-    match -= cCOP->uop.scop.scop_offset;
-    if (match < 0)
-       match = 0;
-    else if (match > cCOP->uop.scop.scop_max)
-       match = cCOP->uop.scop.scop_max;
-    PL_op = cCOP->uop.scop.scop_next[match];
-    RETURNOP(PL_op);
-}
-
-PP(pp_cswitch)
-{
-    dSP;
-    register I32 match;
-
-    if (PL_multiline)
-       PL_op = PL_op->op_next;                 /* can't assume anything */
-    else {
-       STRLEN n_a;
-       match = *(SvPVx(GvSV(cCOP->cop_gv), n_a)) & 255;
-       match -= cCOP->uop.scop.scop_offset;
-       if (match < 0)
-           match = 0;
-       else if (match > cCOP->uop.scop.scop_max)
-           match = cCOP->uop.scop.scop_max;
-       PL_op = cCOP->uop.scop.scop_next[match];
-    }
-    RETURNOP(PL_op);
-}
-#endif
-
 /* Eval. */
 
 STATIC void
 S_save_lines(pTHX_ AV *array, SV *sv)
 {
-    register char *s = SvPVX(sv);
-    register char *send = SvPVX(sv) + SvCUR(sv);
-    register char *t;
-    register I32 line = 1;
+    const char *s = SvPVX_const(sv);
+    const char * const send = SvPVX_const(sv) + SvCUR(sv);
+    I32 line = 1;
 
     while (s && s < send) {
-       SV *tmpstr = NEWSV(85,0);
+       const char *t;
+       SV * const tmpstr = newSV(0);
 
        sv_upgrade(tmpstr, SVt_PVMG);
        t = strchr(s, '\n');
@@ -2625,28 +2675,20 @@ S_save_lines(pTHX_ AV *array, SV *sv)
     }
 }
 
-#ifdef PERL_FLEXIBLE_EXCEPTIONS
-STATIC void *
-S_docatch_body(pTHX_ va_list args)
-{
-    return docatch_body();
-}
-#endif
-
-STATIC void *
+STATIC void
 S_docatch_body(pTHX)
 {
+    dVAR;
     CALLRUNOPS(aTHX);
-    return NULL;
+    return;
 }
 
 STATIC OP *
 S_docatch(pTHX_ OP *o)
 {
+    dVAR;
     int ret;
-    OP *oldop = PL_op;
-    OP *retop;
-    volatile PERL_SI *cursi = PL_curstackinfo;
+    OP * const oldop = PL_op;
     dJMPENV;
 
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
@@ -2654,37 +2696,32 @@ S_docatch(pTHX_ OP *o)
 #endif
     PL_op = o;
 
-    /* Normally, the leavetry at the end of this block of ops will
-     * pop an op off the return stack and continue there. By setting
-     * the op to Nullop, we force an exit from the inner runops()
-     * loop. DAPM.
-     */
-    retop = pop_return();
-    push_return(Nullop);
-
-#ifdef PERL_FLEXIBLE_EXCEPTIONS
- redo_body:
-    CALLPROTECT(aTHX_ pcur_env, &ret, MEMBER_TO_FPTR(S_docatch_body));
-#else
     JMPENV_PUSH(ret);
-#endif
     switch (ret) {
     case 0:
-#ifndef PERL_FLEXIBLE_EXCEPTIONS
+       assert(cxstack_ix >= 0);
+       assert(CxTYPE(&cxstack[cxstack_ix]) == CXt_EVAL);
+       cxstack[cxstack_ix].blk_eval.cur_top_env = PL_top_env;
  redo_body:
        docatch_body();
-#endif
        break;
     case 3:
        /* die caught by an inner eval - continue inner loop */
-       if (PL_restartop && cursi == PL_curstackinfo) {
+
+       /* NB XXX we rely on the old popped CxEVAL still being at the top
+        * of the stack; the way die_where() currently works, this
+        * assumption is valid. In theory The cur_top_env value should be
+        * returned in another global, the way retop (aka PL_restartop)
+        * is. */
+       assert(CxTYPE(&cxstack[cxstack_ix+1]) == CXt_EVAL);
+
+       if (PL_restartop
+           && cxstack[cxstack_ix+1].blk_eval.cur_top_env == PL_top_env)
+       {
            PL_op = PL_restartop;
            PL_restartop = 0;
            goto redo_body;
        }
-       /* a die in this eval - continue in outer loop */
-       if (!PL_restartop)
-           break;
        /* FALL THROUGH */
     default:
        JMPENV_POP;
@@ -2694,19 +2731,20 @@ S_docatch(pTHX_ OP *o)
     }
     JMPENV_POP;
     PL_op = oldop;
-    return retop;
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 OP *
-Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, char *code, PAD** padp)
+Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, const char *code, PAD** padp)
 /* sv Text to convert to OP tree. */
 /* startop op_free() this to undo. */
 /* code Short string id of the caller. */
 {
-    dSP;                               /* Make POPBLOCK work. */
+    /* FIXME - how much of this code is common with pp_entereval?  */
+    dVAR; dSP;                         /* Make POPBLOCK work. */
     PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     SV **newsp;
-    I32 gimme = 0;   /* SUSPECT - INITIALZE TO WHAT?  NI-S */
+    I32 gimme = G_VOID;
     I32 optype;
     OP dummy;
     OP *rop;
@@ -2714,7 +2752,8 @@ Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, char *code, PAD** padp)
     char *tmpbuf = tbuf;
     char *safestr;
     int runtime;
-    CV* runcv = Nullcv;        /* initialise to avoid compiler warnings */
+    CV* runcv = NULL;  /* initialise to avoid compiler warnings */
+    STRLEN len;
 
     ENTER;
     lex_start(sv);
@@ -2726,14 +2765,16 @@ Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, char *code, PAD** padp)
        CopSTASH_set(&PL_compiling, PL_curstash);
     }
     if (PERLDB_NAMEEVAL && CopLINE(PL_curcop)) {
-       SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
+       SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
        Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ sv, "_<(%.10seval %lu)[%s:%"IVdf"]",
                       code, (unsigned long)++PL_evalseq,
                       CopFILE(PL_curcop), (IV)CopLINE(PL_curcop));
        tmpbuf = SvPVX(sv);
+       len = SvCUR(sv);
     }
     else
-       sprintf(tmpbuf, "_<(%.10s_eval %lu)", code, (unsigned long)++PL_evalseq);
+       len = my_snprintf(tmpbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "_<(%.10s_eval %lu)", code,
+                         (unsigned long)++PL_evalseq);
     SAVECOPFILE_FREE(&PL_compiling);
     CopFILE_set(&PL_compiling, tmpbuf+2);
     SAVECOPLINE(&PL_compiling);
@@ -2743,8 +2784,8 @@ Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, char *code, PAD** padp)
        (i.e. before run-time proper). To work around the coredump that
        ensues, we always turn GvMULTI_on for any globals that were
        introduced within evals. See force_ident(). GSAR 96-10-12 */
-    safestr = savepv(tmpbuf);
-    SAVEDELETE(PL_defstash, safestr, strlen(safestr));
+    safestr = savepvn(tmpbuf, len);
+    SAVEDELETE(PL_defstash, safestr, len);
     SAVEHINTS();
 #ifdef OP_IN_REGISTER
     PL_opsave = op;
@@ -2761,7 +2802,7 @@ Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, char *code, PAD** padp)
     PL_op->op_type = OP_ENTEREVAL;
     PL_op->op_flags = 0;                       /* Avoid uninit warning. */
     PUSHBLOCK(cx, CXt_EVAL|(IN_PERL_COMPILETIME ? 0 : CXp_REAL), SP);
-    PUSHEVAL(cx, 0, Nullgv);
+    PUSHEVAL(cx, 0, NULL);
 
     if (runtime)
        rop = doeval(G_SCALAR, startop, runcv, PL_curcop->cop_seq);
@@ -2774,13 +2815,16 @@ Perl_sv_compile_2op(pTHX_ SV *sv, OP** startop, char *code, PAD** padp)
     (*startop)->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_NULL];
     lex_end();
     /* XXX DAPM do this properly one year */
-    *padp = (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc(PL_comppad);
+    *padp = (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc_simple(PL_comppad);
     LEAVE;
     if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME)
-       PL_compiling.op_private = (U8)(PL_hints & HINT_PRIVATE_MASK);
+       CopHINTS_set(&PL_compiling, PL_hints);
 #ifdef OP_IN_REGISTER
     op = PL_opsave;
 #endif
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(optype);
+
     return rop;
 }
 
@@ -2792,7 +2836,7 @@ Locate the CV corresponding to the currently executing sub or eval.
 If db_seqp is non_null, skip CVs that are in the DB package and populate
 *db_seqp with the cop sequence number at the point that the DB:: code was
 entered. (allows debuggers to eval in the scope of the breakpoint rather
-than in in the scope of the debugger itself).
+than in the scope of the debugger itself).
 
 =cut
 */
@@ -2800,17 +2844,17 @@ than in in the scope of the debugger itself).
 CV*
 Perl_find_runcv(pTHX_ U32 *db_seqp)
 {
-    I32                 ix;
+    dVAR;
     PERL_SI     *si;
-    PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
 
     if (db_seqp)
        *db_seqp = PL_curcop->cop_seq;
     for (si = PL_curstackinfo; si; si = si->si_prev) {
+        I32 ix;
        for (ix = si->si_cxix; ix >= 0; ix--) {
-           cx = &(si->si_cxstack[ix]);
+           const PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &(si->si_cxstack[ix]);
            if (CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_SUB || CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_FORMAT) {
-               CV *cv = cx->blk_sub.cv;
+               CV * const cv = cx->blk_sub.cv;
                /* skip DB:: code */
                if (db_seqp && PL_debstash && CvSTASH(cv) == PL_debstash) {
                    *db_seqp = cx->blk_oldcop->cop_seq;
@@ -2836,8 +2880,8 @@ Perl_find_runcv(pTHX_ U32 *db_seqp)
 STATIC OP *
 S_doeval(pTHX_ int gimme, OP** startop, CV* outside, U32 seq)
 {
-    dSP;
-    OP *saveop = PL_op;
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    OP * const saveop = PL_op;
 
     PL_in_eval = ((saveop && saveop->op_type == OP_REQUIRE)
                  ? (EVAL_INREQUIRE | (PL_in_eval & EVAL_INEVAL))
@@ -2846,21 +2890,23 @@ S_doeval(pTHX_ int gimme, OP** startop, CV* outside, U32 seq)
     PUSHMARK(SP);
 
     SAVESPTR(PL_compcv);
-    PL_compcv = (CV*)NEWSV(1104,0);
+    PL_compcv = (CV*)newSV(0);
     sv_upgrade((SV *)PL_compcv, SVt_PVCV);
     CvEVAL_on(PL_compcv);
     assert(CxTYPE(&cxstack[cxstack_ix]) == CXt_EVAL);
     cxstack[cxstack_ix].blk_eval.cv = PL_compcv;
 
     CvOUTSIDE_SEQ(PL_compcv) = seq;
-    CvOUTSIDE(PL_compcv) = (CV*)SvREFCNT_inc(outside);
+    CvOUTSIDE(PL_compcv) = (CV*)SvREFCNT_inc_simple(outside);
 
     /* set up a scratch pad */
 
     CvPADLIST(PL_compcv) = pad_new(padnew_SAVE);
+    PL_op = NULL; /* avoid PL_op and PL_curpad referring to different CVs */
 
 
-    SAVEMORTALIZESV(PL_compcv);        /* must remain until end of current statement */
+    if (!PL_madskills)
+       SAVEMORTALIZESV(PL_compcv);     /* must remain until end of current statement */
 
     /* make sure we compile in the right package */
 
@@ -2873,57 +2919,60 @@ S_doeval(pTHX_ int gimme, OP** startop, CV* outside, U32 seq)
     SAVEFREESV(PL_beginav);
     SAVEI32(PL_error_count);
 
+#ifdef PERL_MAD
+    SAVEI32(PL_madskills);
+    PL_madskills = 0;
+#endif
+
     /* try to compile it */
 
-    PL_eval_root = Nullop;
+    PL_eval_root = NULL;
     PL_error_count = 0;
     PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
-    PL_curcop->cop_arybase = 0;
-    if (saveop && saveop->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
+    CopARYBASE_set(PL_curcop, 0);
+    if (saveop && (saveop->op_type != OP_REQUIRE) && (saveop->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
        PL_in_eval |= EVAL_KEEPERR;
     else
-       sv_setpv(ERRSV,"");
+       sv_setpvn(ERRSV,"",0);
     if (yyparse() || PL_error_count || !PL_eval_root) {
        SV **newsp;                     /* Used by POPBLOCK. */
-       PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[cxstack_ix];
+       PERL_CONTEXT *cx = &cxstack[cxstack_ix];
        I32 optype = 0;                 /* Might be reset by POPEVAL. */
-       STRLEN n_a;
-       
+       const char *msg;
+
        PL_op = saveop;
        if (PL_eval_root) {
            op_free(PL_eval_root);
-           PL_eval_root = Nullop;
+           PL_eval_root = NULL;
        }
        SP = PL_stack_base + POPMARK;           /* pop original mark */
        if (!startop) {
            POPBLOCK(cx,PL_curpm);
            POPEVAL(cx);
-           pop_return();
        }
        lex_end();
        LEAVE;
+
+       msg = SvPVx_nolen_const(ERRSV);
        if (optype == OP_REQUIRE) {
-           char* msg = SvPVx(ERRSV, n_a);
-           SV *nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
-           (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX(nsv), SvCUR(nsv),
+           const SV * const nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
+           (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX_const(nsv), SvCUR(nsv),
                           &PL_sv_undef, 0);
            DIE(aTHX_ "%sCompilation failed in require",
                *msg ? msg : "Unknown error\n");
        }
        else if (startop) {
-           char* msg = SvPVx(ERRSV, n_a);
-
            POPBLOCK(cx,PL_curpm);
            POPEVAL(cx);
            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%sCompilation failed in regexp",
                       (*msg ? msg : "Unknown error\n"));
        }
        else {
-           char* msg = SvPVx(ERRSV, n_a);
            if (!*msg) {
                sv_setpv(ERRSV, "Compilation error");
            }
        }
+       PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
        RETPUSHUNDEF;
     }
     CopLINE_set(&PL_compiling, 0);
@@ -2950,8 +2999,8 @@ S_doeval(pTHX_ int gimme, OP** startop, CV* outside, U32 seq)
     DEBUG_x(dump_eval());
 
     /* Register with debugger: */
-    if (PERLDB_INTER && saveop->op_type == OP_REQUIRE) {
-       CV *cv = get_cv("DB::postponed", FALSE);
+    if (PERLDB_INTER && saveop && saveop->op_type == OP_REQUIRE) {
+       CV * const cv = get_cv("DB::postponed", FALSE);
        if (cv) {
            dSP;
            PUSHMARK(SP);
@@ -2972,134 +3021,99 @@ S_doeval(pTHX_ int gimme, OP** startop, CV* outside, U32 seq)
 }
 
 STATIC PerlIO *
+S_check_type_and_open(pTHX_ const char *name, const char *mode)
+{
+    Stat_t st;
+    const int st_rc = PerlLIO_stat(name, &st);
+
+    if (st_rc < 0 || S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+       return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return PerlIO_open(name, mode);
+}
+
+STATIC PerlIO *
 S_doopen_pm(pTHX_ const char *name, const char *mode)
 {
 #ifndef PERL_DISABLE_PMC
-    STRLEN namelen = strlen(name);
+    const STRLEN namelen = strlen(name);
     PerlIO *fp;
 
     if (namelen > 3 && strEQ(name + namelen - 3, ".pm")) {
-       SV *pmcsv = Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_ "%s%c", name, 'c');
-       char *pmc = SvPV_nolen(pmcsv);
-       Stat_t pmstat;
+       SV * const pmcsv = Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_ "%s%c", name, 'c');
+       const char * const pmc = SvPV_nolen_const(pmcsv);
        Stat_t pmcstat;
        if (PerlLIO_stat(pmc, &pmcstat) < 0) {
-           fp = PerlIO_open(name, mode);
+           fp = check_type_and_open(name, mode);
        }
        else {
-           if (PerlLIO_stat(name, &pmstat) < 0 ||
-               pmstat.st_mtime < pmcstat.st_mtime)
-           {
-               fp = PerlIO_open(pmc, mode);
-           }
-           else {
-               fp = PerlIO_open(name, mode);
-           }
+           fp = check_type_and_open(pmc, mode);
        }
        SvREFCNT_dec(pmcsv);
     }
     else {
-       fp = PerlIO_open(name, mode);
+       fp = check_type_and_open(name, mode);
     }
     return fp;
 #else
-    return PerlIO_open(name, mode);
+    return check_type_and_open(name, mode);
 #endif /* !PERL_DISABLE_PMC */
 }
 
 PP(pp_require)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     SV *sv;
-    char *name;
+    const char *name;
     STRLEN len;
-    char *tryname = Nullch;
-    SV *namesv = Nullsv;
-    SV** svp;
-    I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
-    PerlIO *tryrsfp = 0;
-    STRLEN n_a;
+    const char *tryname = NULL;
+    SV *namesv = NULL;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
     int filter_has_file = 0;
-    GV *filter_child_proc = 0;
-    SV *filter_state = 0;
-    SV *filter_sub = 0;
-    SV *hook_sv = 0;
+    PerlIO *tryrsfp = NULL;
+    SV *filter_cache = NULL;
+    SV *filter_state = NULL;
+    SV *filter_sub = NULL;
+    SV *hook_sv = NULL;
     SV *encoding;
     OP *op;
 
     sv = POPs;
-    if (SvNIOKp(sv) && PL_op->op_type != OP_DOFILE) {
-       if (SvPOK(sv) && SvNOK(sv) && SvNV(sv)) {               /* require v5.6.1 */
-           UV rev = 0, ver = 0, sver = 0;
-           STRLEN len;
-           U8 *s = (U8*)SvPVX(sv);
-           U8 *end = (U8*)SvPVX(sv) + SvCUR(sv);
-           if (s < end) {
-               rev = utf8n_to_uvchr(s, end - s, &len, 0);
-               s += len;
-               if (s < end) {
-                   ver = utf8n_to_uvchr(s, end - s, &len, 0);
-                   s += len;
-                   if (s < end)
-                       sver = utf8n_to_uvchr(s, end - s, &len, 0);
-               }
-           }
-           if (PERL_REVISION < rev
-               || (PERL_REVISION == rev
-                   && (PERL_VERSION < ver
-                       || (PERL_VERSION == ver
-                           && PERL_SUBVERSION < sver))))
-           {
-               DIE(aTHX_ "Perl v%"UVuf".%"UVuf".%"UVuf" required--this is only "
-                   "v%d.%d.%d, stopped", rev, ver, sver, PERL_REVISION,
-                   PERL_VERSION, PERL_SUBVERSION);
-           }
-           if (ckWARN(WARN_PORTABLE))
+    if ( (SvNIOKp(sv) || SvVOK(sv)) && PL_op->op_type != OP_DOFILE) {
+       if ( SvVOK(sv) && ckWARN(WARN_PORTABLE) )       /* require v5.6.1 */
                Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PORTABLE),
                         "v-string in use/require non-portable");
-           RETPUSHYES;
+
+       sv = new_version(sv);
+       if (!sv_derived_from(PL_patchlevel, "version"))
+           upg_version(PL_patchlevel);
+       if (cUNOP->op_first->op_type == OP_CONST && cUNOP->op_first->op_private & OPpCONST_NOVER) {
+           if ( vcmp(sv,PL_patchlevel) <= 0 )
+               DIE(aTHX_ "Perls since %"SVf" too modern--this is %"SVf", stopped",
+                   (void*)vnormal(sv), (void*)vnormal(PL_patchlevel));
        }
-       else if (!SvPOKp(sv)) {                 /* require 5.005_03 */
-           if ((NV)PERL_REVISION + ((NV)PERL_VERSION/(NV)1000)
-               + ((NV)PERL_SUBVERSION/(NV)1000000)
-               + 0.00000099 < SvNV(sv))
-           {
-               NV nrev = SvNV(sv);
-               UV rev = (UV)nrev;
-               NV nver = (nrev - rev) * 1000;
-               UV ver = (UV)(nver + 0.0009);
-               NV nsver = (nver - ver) * 1000;
-               UV sver = (UV)(nsver + 0.0009);
-
-               /* help out with the "use 5.6" confusion */
-               if (sver == 0 && (rev > 5 || (rev == 5 && ver >= 100))) {
-                   DIE(aTHX_ "Perl v%"UVuf".%"UVuf".%"UVuf" required"
-                       " (did you mean v%"UVuf".%03"UVuf"?)--"
-                       "this is only v%d.%d.%d, stopped",
-                       rev, ver, sver, rev, ver/100,
-                       PERL_REVISION, PERL_VERSION, PERL_SUBVERSION);
-               }
-               else {
-                   DIE(aTHX_ "Perl v%"UVuf".%"UVuf".%"UVuf" required--"
-                       "this is only v%d.%d.%d, stopped",
-                       rev, ver, sver, PERL_REVISION, PERL_VERSION,
-                       PERL_SUBVERSION);
-               }
-           }
-           RETPUSHYES;
+       else {
+           if ( vcmp(sv,PL_patchlevel) > 0 )
+               DIE(aTHX_ "Perl %"SVf" required--this is only %"SVf", stopped",
+                   (void*)vnormal(sv), (void*)vnormal(PL_patchlevel));
        }
+
+           RETPUSHYES;
     }
-    name = SvPV(sv, len);
+    name = SvPV_const(sv, len);
     if (!(name && len > 0 && *name))
        DIE(aTHX_ "Null filename used");
     TAINT_PROPER("require");
-    if (PL_op->op_type == OP_REQUIRE &&
-       (svp = hv_fetch(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, 0))) {
-       if (*svp != &PL_sv_undef)
-           RETPUSHYES;
-       else
-           DIE(aTHX_ "Compilation failed in require");
+    if (PL_op->op_type == OP_REQUIRE) {
+       SV * const * const svp = hv_fetch(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, 0);
+       if ( svp ) {
+           if (*svp != &PL_sv_undef)
+               RETPUSHYES;
+           else
+               DIE(aTHX_ "Compilation failed in require");
+       }
     }
 
     /* prepare to compile file */
@@ -3120,16 +3134,16 @@ PP(pp_require)
     }
 #endif
     if (!tryrsfp) {
-       AV *ar = GvAVn(PL_incgv);
+       AV * const ar = GvAVn(PL_incgv);
        I32 i;
 #ifdef VMS
        char *unixname;
-       if ((unixname = tounixspec(name, Nullch)) != Nullch)
+       if ((unixname = tounixspec(name, NULL)) != NULL)
 #endif
        {
-           namesv = NEWSV(806, 0);
+           namesv = newSV(0);
            for (i = 0; i <= AvFILL(ar); i++) {
-               SV *dirsv = *av_fetch(ar, i, TRUE);
+               SV * const dirsv = *av_fetch(ar, i, TRUE);
 
                if (SvROK(dirsv)) {
                    int count;
@@ -3143,8 +3157,8 @@ PP(pp_require)
 
                    Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ namesv, "/loader/0x%"UVxf"/%s",
                                   PTR2UV(SvRV(dirsv)), name);
-                   tryname = SvPVX(namesv);
-                   tryrsfp = 0;
+                   tryname = SvPVX_const(namesv);
+                   tryrsfp = NULL;
 
                    ENTER;
                    SAVETMPS;
@@ -3167,34 +3181,32 @@ PP(pp_require)
                        SP -= count - 1;
                        arg = SP[i++];
 
+                       if (SvROK(arg) && (SvTYPE(SvRV(arg)) <= SVt_PVLV)
+                           && !isGV_with_GP(SvRV(arg))) {
+                           filter_cache = SvRV(arg);
+                           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(filter_cache);
+
+                           if (i < count) {
+                               arg = SP[i++];
+                           }
+                       }
+
                        if (SvROK(arg) && SvTYPE(SvRV(arg)) == SVt_PVGV) {
                            arg = SvRV(arg);
                        }
 
                        if (SvTYPE(arg) == SVt_PVGV) {
-                           IO *io = GvIO((GV *)arg);
+                           IO * const io = GvIO((GV *)arg);
 
                            ++filter_has_file;
 
                            if (io) {
                                tryrsfp = IoIFP(io);
-                               if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_PIPE) {
-                                   /* reading from a child process doesn't
-                                      nest -- when returning from reading
-                                      the inner module, the outer one is
-                                      unreadable (closed?)  I've tried to
-                                      save the gv to manage the lifespan of
-                                      the pipe, but this didn't help. XXX */
-                                   filter_child_proc = (GV *)arg;
-                                   (void)SvREFCNT_inc(filter_child_proc);
-                               }
-                               else {
-                                   if (IoOFP(io) && IoOFP(io) != IoIFP(io)) {
-                                       PerlIO_close(IoOFP(io));
-                                   }
-                                   IoIFP(io) = Nullfp;
-                                   IoOFP(io) = Nullfp;
+                               if (IoOFP(io) && IoOFP(io) != IoIFP(io)) {
+                                   PerlIO_close(IoOFP(io));
                                }
+                               IoIFP(io) = NULL;
+                               IoOFP(io) = NULL;
                            }
 
                            if (i < count) {
@@ -3204,17 +3216,17 @@ PP(pp_require)
 
                        if (SvROK(arg) && SvTYPE(SvRV(arg)) == SVt_PVCV) {
                            filter_sub = arg;
-                           (void)SvREFCNT_inc(filter_sub);
+                           SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(filter_sub);
 
                            if (i < count) {
                                filter_state = SP[i];
-                               (void)SvREFCNT_inc(filter_state);
+                               SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(filter_state);
                            }
+                       }
 
-                           if (tryrsfp == 0) {
-                               tryrsfp = PerlIO_open("/dev/null",
-                                                     PERL_SCRIPT_MODE);
-                           }
+                       if (!tryrsfp && (filter_cache || filter_sub)) {
+                           tryrsfp = PerlIO_open(BIT_BUCKET,
+                                                 PERL_SCRIPT_MODE);
                        }
                        SP--;
                    }
@@ -3229,17 +3241,17 @@ PP(pp_require)
                    }
 
                    filter_has_file = 0;
-                   if (filter_child_proc) {
-                       SvREFCNT_dec(filter_child_proc);
-                       filter_child_proc = 0;
+                   if (filter_cache) {
+                       SvREFCNT_dec(filter_cache);
+                       filter_cache = NULL;
                    }
                    if (filter_state) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(filter_state);
-                       filter_state = 0;
+                       filter_state = NULL;
                    }
                    if (filter_sub) {
                        SvREFCNT_dec(filter_sub);
-                       filter_sub = 0;
+                       filter_sub = NULL;
                    }
                }
                else {
@@ -3251,7 +3263,7 @@ PP(pp_require)
                        || (*name == ':' && name[1] != ':' && strchr(name+2, ':'))
 #endif
                  ) {
-                   char *dir = SvPVx(dirsv, n_a);
+                   const char *dir = SvPVx_nolen_const(dirsv);
 #ifdef MACOS_TRADITIONAL
                    char buf1[256];
                    char buf2[256];
@@ -3259,24 +3271,41 @@ PP(pp_require)
                    MacPerl_CanonDir(name, buf2, 1);
                    Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ namesv, "%s%s", MacPerl_CanonDir(dir, buf1, 0), buf2+(buf2[0] == ':'));
 #else
-#ifdef VMS
+#  ifdef VMS
                    char *unixdir;
-                   if ((unixdir = tounixpath(dir, Nullch)) == Nullch)
+                   if ((unixdir = tounixpath(dir, NULL)) == NULL)
                        continue;
                    sv_setpv(namesv, unixdir);
                    sv_catpv(namesv, unixname);
-#else
+#  else
+#    ifdef __SYMBIAN32__
+                   if (PL_origfilename[0] &&
+                       PL_origfilename[1] == ':' &&
+                       !(dir[0] && dir[1] == ':'))
+                       Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ namesv,
+                                      "%c:%s\\%s",
+                                      PL_origfilename[0],
+                                      dir, name);
+                   else
+                       Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ namesv,
+                                      "%s\\%s",
+                                      dir, name);
+#    else
                    Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ namesv, "%s/%s", dir, name);
-#endif
+#    endif
+#  endif
 #endif
                    TAINT_PROPER("require");
-                   tryname = SvPVX(namesv);
+                   tryname = SvPVX_const(namesv);
                    tryrsfp = doopen_pm(tryname, PERL_SCRIPT_MODE);
                    if (tryrsfp) {
                        if (tryname[0] == '.' && tryname[1] == '/')
                            tryname += 2;
                        break;
                    }
+                   else if (errno == EMFILE)
+                       /* no point in trying other paths if out of handles */
+                       break;
                  }
                }
            }
@@ -3287,26 +3316,32 @@ PP(pp_require)
     SvREFCNT_dec(namesv);
     if (!tryrsfp) {
        if (PL_op->op_type == OP_REQUIRE) {
-           char *msgstr = name;
-           if (namesv) {                       /* did we lookup @INC? */
-               SV *msg = sv_2mortal(newSVpv(msgstr,0));
-               SV *dirmsgsv = NEWSV(0, 0);
-               AV *ar = GvAVn(PL_incgv);
-               I32 i;
-               sv_catpvn(msg, " in @INC", 8);
-               if (instr(SvPVX(msg), ".h "))
-                   sv_catpv(msg, " (change .h to .ph maybe?)");
-               if (instr(SvPVX(msg), ".ph "))
-                   sv_catpv(msg, " (did you run h2ph?)");
-               sv_catpv(msg, " (@INC contains:");
-               for (i = 0; i <= AvFILL(ar); i++) {
-                   char *dir = SvPVx(*av_fetch(ar, i, TRUE), n_a);
-                   Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ dirmsgsv, " %s", dir);
-                   sv_catsv(msg, dirmsgsv);
-               }
-               sv_catpvn(msg, ")", 1);
-               SvREFCNT_dec(dirmsgsv);
-               msgstr = SvPV_nolen(msg);
+           const char *msgstr = name;
+           if(errno == EMFILE) {
+               SV * const msg
+                   = sv_2mortal(Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_ "%s:   %s", msgstr,
+                                              Strerror(errno)));
+               msgstr = SvPV_nolen_const(msg);
+           } else {
+               if (namesv) {                   /* did we lookup @INC? */
+                   AV * const ar = GvAVn(PL_incgv);
+                   I32 i;
+                   SV * const msg = sv_2mortal(Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_ 
+                       "%s in @INC%s%s (@INC contains:",
+                       msgstr,
+                       (instr(msgstr, ".h ")
+                        ? " (change .h to .ph maybe?)" : ""),
+                       (instr(msgstr, ".ph ")
+                        ? " (did you run h2ph?)" : "")
+                                                             ));
+                   
+                   for (i = 0; i <= AvFILL(ar); i++) {
+                       sv_catpvs(msg, " ");
+                       sv_catsv(msg, *av_fetch(ar, i, TRUE));
+                   }
+                   sv_catpvs(msg, ")");
+                   msgstr = SvPV_nolen_const(msg);
+               }    
            }
            DIE(aTHX_ "Can't locate %s", msgstr);
        }
@@ -3317,48 +3352,49 @@ PP(pp_require)
        SETERRNO(0, SS_NORMAL);
 
     /* Assume success here to prevent recursive requirement. */
-    len = strlen(name);
+    /* name is never assigned to again, so len is still strlen(name)  */
     /* Check whether a hook in @INC has already filled %INC */
-    if (!hook_sv || !(svp = hv_fetch(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, 0))) {
-       (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len,
-                      (hook_sv ? SvREFCNT_inc(hook_sv)
-                               : newSVpv(CopFILE(&PL_compiling), 0)),
-                      0 );
+    if (!hook_sv) {
+       (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, newSVpv(CopFILE(&PL_compiling),0),0);
+    } else {
+       SV** const svp = hv_fetch(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, 0);
+       if (!svp)
+           (void)hv_store(GvHVn(PL_incgv), name, len, SvREFCNT_inc_simple(hook_sv), 0 );
     }
 
     ENTER;
     SAVETMPS;
-    lex_start(sv_2mortal(newSVpvn("",0)));
+    lex_start(sv_2mortal(newSVpvs("")));
     SAVEGENERICSV(PL_rsfp_filters);
-    PL_rsfp_filters = Nullav;
+    PL_rsfp_filters = NULL;
 
     PL_rsfp = tryrsfp;
     SAVEHINTS();
     PL_hints = 0;
-    SAVESPTR(PL_compiling.cop_warnings);
+    SAVECOMPILEWARNINGS();
     if (PL_dowarn & G_WARN_ALL_ON)
         PL_compiling.cop_warnings = pWARN_ALL ;
     else if (PL_dowarn & G_WARN_ALL_OFF)
         PL_compiling.cop_warnings = pWARN_NONE ;
-    else if (PL_taint_warn)
-        PL_compiling.cop_warnings = newSVpvn(WARN_TAINTstring, WARNsize);
+    else if (PL_taint_warn) {
+        PL_compiling.cop_warnings
+           = Perl_new_warnings_bitfield(aTHX_ NULL, WARN_TAINTstring, WARNsize);
+    }
     else
         PL_compiling.cop_warnings = pWARN_STD ;
-    SAVESPTR(PL_compiling.cop_io);
-    PL_compiling.cop_io = Nullsv;
 
-    if (filter_sub || filter_child_proc) {
-       SV *datasv = filter_add(run_user_filter, Nullsv);
+    if (filter_sub || filter_cache) {
+       SV * const datasv = filter_add(S_run_user_filter, NULL);
        IoLINES(datasv) = filter_has_file;
-       IoFMT_GV(datasv) = (GV *)filter_child_proc;
        IoTOP_GV(datasv) = (GV *)filter_state;
        IoBOTTOM_GV(datasv) = (GV *)filter_sub;
+       IoFMT_GV(datasv) = (GV *)filter_cache;
     }
 
     /* switch to eval mode */
-    push_return(PL_op->op_next);
     PUSHBLOCK(cx, CXt_EVAL, SP);
-    PUSHEVAL(cx, name, Nullgv);
+    PUSHEVAL(cx, name, NULL);
+    cx->blk_eval.retop = PL_op->op_next;
 
     SAVECOPLINE(&PL_compiling);
     CopLINE_set(&PL_compiling, 0);
@@ -3367,27 +3403,23 @@ PP(pp_require)
 
     /* Store and reset encoding. */
     encoding = PL_encoding;
-    PL_encoding = Nullsv;
+    PL_encoding = NULL;
+
+    op = DOCATCH(doeval(gimme, NULL, NULL, PL_curcop->cop_seq));
 
-    op = DOCATCH(doeval(gimme, NULL, Nullcv, PL_curcop->cop_seq));
-    
     /* Restore encoding. */
     PL_encoding = encoding;
 
     return op;
 }
 
-PP(pp_dofile)
-{
-    return pp_require();
-}
-
 PP(pp_entereval)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
-    dPOPss;
-    I32 gimme = GIMME_V, was = PL_sub_generation;
+    SV *sv;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+    const I32 was = PL_sub_generation;
     char tbuf[TYPE_DIGITS(long) + 12];
     char *tmpbuf = tbuf;
     char *safestr;
@@ -3395,8 +3427,16 @@ PP(pp_entereval)
     OP *ret;
     CV* runcv;
     U32 seq;
+    HV *saved_hh = NULL;
+    const char * const fakestr = "_<(eval )";
+    const int fakelen = 9 + 1;
+    
+    if (PL_op->op_private & OPpEVAL_HAS_HH) {
+       saved_hh = (HV*) SvREFCNT_inc(POPs);
+    }
+    sv = POPs;
 
-    if (!SvPV(sv,len))
+    if (!SvPV_nolen_const(sv))
        RETPUSHUNDEF;
     TAINT_PROPER("eval");
 
@@ -3407,14 +3447,15 @@ PP(pp_entereval)
     /* switch to eval mode */
 
     if (PERLDB_NAMEEVAL && CopLINE(PL_curcop)) {
-       SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
-       Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ sv, "_<(eval %lu)[%s:%"IVdf"]",
+       SV * const temp_sv = sv_newmortal();
+       Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ temp_sv, "_<(eval %lu)[%s:%"IVdf"]",
                       (unsigned long)++PL_evalseq,
                       CopFILE(PL_curcop), (IV)CopLINE(PL_curcop));
-       tmpbuf = SvPVX(sv);
+       tmpbuf = SvPVX(temp_sv);
+       len = SvCUR(temp_sv);
     }
     else
-       sprintf(tmpbuf, "_<(eval %lu)", (unsigned long)++PL_evalseq);
+       len = my_snprintf(tmpbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "_<(eval %lu)", (unsigned long)++PL_evalseq);
     SAVECOPFILE_FREE(&PL_compiling);
     CopFILE_set(&PL_compiling, tmpbuf+2);
     SAVECOPLINE(&PL_compiling);
@@ -3424,23 +3465,22 @@ PP(pp_entereval)
        (i.e. before run-time proper). To work around the coredump that
        ensues, we always turn GvMULTI_on for any globals that were
        introduced within evals. See force_ident(). GSAR 96-10-12 */
-    safestr = savepv(tmpbuf);
-    SAVEDELETE(PL_defstash, safestr, strlen(safestr));
+    safestr = savepvn(tmpbuf, len);
+    SAVEDELETE(PL_defstash, safestr, len);
     SAVEHINTS();
     PL_hints = PL_op->op_targ;
-    SAVESPTR(PL_compiling.cop_warnings);
-    if (specialWARN(PL_curcop->cop_warnings))
-        PL_compiling.cop_warnings = PL_curcop->cop_warnings;
-    else {
-        PL_compiling.cop_warnings = newSVsv(PL_curcop->cop_warnings);
-        SAVEFREESV(PL_compiling.cop_warnings);
+    if (saved_hh)
+       GvHV(PL_hintgv) = saved_hh;
+    SAVECOMPILEWARNINGS();
+    PL_compiling.cop_warnings = DUP_WARNINGS(PL_curcop->cop_warnings);
+    if (PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash) {
+       Perl_refcounted_he_free(aTHX_ PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash);
     }
-    SAVESPTR(PL_compiling.cop_io);
-    if (specialCopIO(PL_curcop->cop_io))
-        PL_compiling.cop_io = PL_curcop->cop_io;
-    else {
-        PL_compiling.cop_io = newSVsv(PL_curcop->cop_io);
-        SAVEFREESV(PL_compiling.cop_io);
+    PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash = PL_curcop->cop_hints_hash;
+    if (PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash) {
+       HINTS_REFCNT_LOCK;
+       PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash->refcounted_he_refcnt++;
+       HINTS_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
     }
     /* special case: an eval '' executed within the DB package gets lexically
      * placed in the first non-DB CV rather than the current CV - this
@@ -3449,9 +3489,9 @@ PP(pp_entereval)
      * to do the dirty work for us */
     runcv = find_runcv(&seq);
 
-    push_return(PL_op->op_next);
     PUSHBLOCK(cx, (CXt_EVAL|CXp_REAL), SP);
-    PUSHEVAL(cx, 0, Nullgv);
+    PUSHEVAL(cx, 0, NULL);
+    cx->blk_eval.retop = PL_op->op_next;
 
     /* prepare to compile string */
 
@@ -3461,26 +3501,27 @@ PP(pp_entereval)
     ret = doeval(gimme, NULL, runcv, seq);
     if (PERLDB_INTER && was != (I32)PL_sub_generation /* Some subs defined here. */
        && ret != PL_op->op_next) {     /* Successive compilation. */
-       strcpy(safestr, "_<(eval )");   /* Anything fake and short. */
+       /* Copy in anything fake and short. */
+       my_strlcpy(safestr, fakestr, fakelen);
     }
     return DOCATCH(ret);
 }
 
 PP(pp_leaveeval)
 {
-    dSP;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     register SV **mark;
     SV **newsp;
     PMOP *newpm;
     I32 gimme;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     OP *retop;
-    U8 save_flags = PL_op -> op_flags;
+    const U8 save_flags = PL_op -> op_flags;
     I32 optype;
 
     POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
     POPEVAL(cx);
-    retop = pop_return();
+    retop = cx->blk_eval.retop;
 
     TAINT_NOT;
     if (gimme == G_VOID)
@@ -3520,58 +3561,92 @@ PP(pp_leaveeval)
        !(gimme == G_SCALAR ? SvTRUE(*SP) : SP > newsp))
     {
        /* Unassume the success we assumed earlier. */
-       SV *nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
-       (void)hv_delete(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX(nsv), SvCUR(nsv), G_DISCARD);
-       retop = Perl_die(aTHX_ "%"SVf" did not return a true value", nsv);
+       SV * const nsv = cx->blk_eval.old_namesv;
+       (void)hv_delete(GvHVn(PL_incgv), SvPVX_const(nsv), SvCUR(nsv), G_DISCARD);
+       retop = Perl_die(aTHX_ "%"SVf" did not return a true value", (void*)nsv);
        /* die_where() did LEAVE, or we won't be here */
     }
     else {
        LEAVE;
        if (!(save_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
-           sv_setpv(ERRSV,"");
+           sv_setpvn(ERRSV,"",0);
     }
 
     RETURNOP(retop);
 }
 
-PP(pp_entertry)
+/* Common code for Perl_call_sv and Perl_fold_constants, put here to keep it
+   close to the related Perl_create_eval_scope.  */
+void
+Perl_delete_eval_scope(pTHX)
 {
-    dSP;
+    SV **newsp;
+    PMOP *newpm;
+    I32 gimme;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
-    I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+    I32 optype;
+       
+    POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
+    POPEVAL(cx);
+    PL_curpm = newpm;
+    LEAVE;
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(newsp);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(gimme);
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(optype);
+}
 
+/* Common-ish code salvaged from Perl_call_sv and pp_entertry, because it was
+   also needed by Perl_fold_constants.  */
+PERL_CONTEXT *
+Perl_create_eval_scope(pTHX_ U32 flags)
+{
+    PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+       
     ENTER;
     SAVETMPS;
 
-    push_return(cLOGOP->op_other->op_next);
-    PUSHBLOCK(cx, (CXt_EVAL|CXp_TRYBLOCK), SP);
+    PUSHBLOCK(cx, (CXt_EVAL|CXp_TRYBLOCK), PL_stack_sp);
     PUSHEVAL(cx, 0, 0);
+    PL_eval_root = PL_op;      /* Only needed so that goto works right. */
 
     PL_in_eval = EVAL_INEVAL;
-    sv_setpv(ERRSV,"");
-    PUTBACK;
+    if (flags & G_KEEPERR)
+       PL_in_eval |= EVAL_KEEPERR;
+    else
+       sv_setpvn(ERRSV,"",0);
+    if (flags & G_FAKINGEVAL) {
+       PL_eval_root = PL_op; /* Only needed so that goto works right. */
+    }
+    return cx;
+}
+    
+PP(pp_entertry)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    PERL_CONTEXT * const cx = create_eval_scope(0);
+    cx->blk_eval.retop = cLOGOP->op_other->op_next;
     return DOCATCH(PL_op->op_next);
 }
 
 PP(pp_leavetry)
 {
-    dSP;
-    register SV **mark;
+    dVAR; dSP;
     SV **newsp;
     PMOP *newpm;
-    OP* retop;
     I32 gimme;
     register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
     I32 optype;
 
     POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
     POPEVAL(cx);
-    retop = pop_return();
+    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(optype);
 
     TAINT_NOT;
     if (gimme == G_VOID)
        SP = newsp;
     else if (gimme == G_SCALAR) {
+       register SV **mark;
        MARK = newsp + 1;
        if (MARK <= SP) {
            if (SvFLAGS(TOPs) & (SVs_PADTMP|SVs_TEMP))
@@ -3587,6 +3662,7 @@ PP(pp_leavetry)
     }
     else {
        /* in case LEAVE wipes old return values */
+       register SV **mark;
        for (mark = newsp + 1; mark <= SP; mark++) {
            if (!(SvFLAGS(*mark) & (SVs_PADTMP|SVs_TEMP))) {
                *mark = sv_mortalcopy(*mark);
@@ -3597,8 +3673,581 @@ PP(pp_leavetry)
     PL_curpm = newpm;  /* Don't pop $1 et al till now */
 
     LEAVE;
-    sv_setpv(ERRSV,"");
-    RETURNOP(retop);
+    sv_setpvn(ERRSV,"",0);
+    RETURN;
+}
+
+PP(pp_entergiven)
+{
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+    
+    ENTER;
+    SAVETMPS;
+
+    if (PL_op->op_targ == 0) {
+       SV ** const defsv_p = &GvSV(PL_defgv);
+       *defsv_p = newSVsv(POPs);
+       SAVECLEARSV(*defsv_p);
+    }
+    else
+       sv_setsv(PAD_SV(PL_op->op_targ), POPs);
+
+    PUSHBLOCK(cx, CXt_GIVEN, SP);
+    PUSHGIVEN(cx);
+
+    RETURN;
+}
+
+PP(pp_leavegiven)
+{
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    I32 gimme;
+    SV **newsp;
+    PMOP *newpm;
+    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
+
+    POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
+    assert(CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_GIVEN);
+
+    SP = newsp;
+    PUTBACK;
+
+    PL_curpm = newpm;   /* pop $1 et al */
+
+    LEAVE;
+
+    return NORMAL;
+}
+
+/* Helper routines used by pp_smartmatch */
+STATIC
+PMOP *
+S_make_matcher(pTHX_ regexp *re)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    PMOP *matcher = (PMOP *) newPMOP(OP_MATCH, OPf_WANT_SCALAR | OPf_STACKED);
+    PM_SETRE(matcher, ReREFCNT_inc(re));
+    
+    SAVEFREEOP((OP *) matcher);
+    ENTER; SAVETMPS;
+    SAVEOP();
+    return matcher;
+}
+
+STATIC
+bool
+S_matcher_matches_sv(pTHX_ PMOP *matcher, SV *sv)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    dSP;
+    
+    PL_op = (OP *) matcher;
+    XPUSHs(sv);
+    PUTBACK;
+    (void) pp_match();
+    SPAGAIN;
+    return (SvTRUEx(POPs));
+}
+
+STATIC
+void
+S_destroy_matcher(pTHX_ PMOP *matcher)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(matcher);
+    FREETMPS;
+    LEAVE;
+}
+
+/* Do a smart match */
+PP(pp_smartmatch)
+{
+    return do_smartmatch(NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+/* This version of do_smartmatch() implements the
+ * table of smart matches that is found in perlsyn.
+ */
+STATIC
+OP *
+S_do_smartmatch(pTHX_ HV *seen_this, HV *seen_other)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    dSP;
+    
+    SV *e = TOPs;      /* e is for 'expression' */
+    SV *d = TOPm1s;    /* d is for 'default', as in PL_defgv */
+    SV *This, *Other;  /* 'This' (and Other to match) to play with C++ */
+    MAGIC *mg;
+    regexp *this_regex, *other_regex;
+
+#   define NOT_EMPTY_PROTO(cv) (!SvPOK(cv) || SvCUR(cv) == 0)
+
+#   define SM_REF(type) ( \
+          (SvROK(d) && (SvTYPE(This = SvRV(d)) == SVt_##type) && (Other = e)) \
+       || (SvROK(e) && (SvTYPE(This = SvRV(e)) == SVt_##type) && (Other = d)))
+
+#   define SM_CV_NEP   /* Find a code ref without an empty prototype */ \
+       ((SvROK(d) && (SvTYPE(This = SvRV(d)) == SVt_PVCV)              \
+           && NOT_EMPTY_PROTO(This) && (Other = e))                    \
+       || (SvROK(e) && (SvTYPE(This = SvRV(e)) == SVt_PVCV)            \
+           && NOT_EMPTY_PROTO(This) && (Other = d)))
+
+#   define SM_REGEX ( \
+          (SvROK(d) && SvMAGICAL(This = SvRV(d))                       \
+       && (mg = mg_find(This, PERL_MAGIC_qr))                          \
+       && (this_regex = (regexp *)mg->mg_obj)                          \
+       && (Other = e))                                                 \
+    ||                                                                 \
+          (SvROK(e) && SvMAGICAL(This = SvRV(e))                       \
+       && (mg = mg_find(This, PERL_MAGIC_qr))                          \
+       && (this_regex = (regexp *)mg->mg_obj)                          \
+       && (Other = d)) )
+       
+
+#   define SM_OTHER_REF(type) \
+       (SvROK(Other) && SvTYPE(SvRV(Other)) == SVt_##type)
+
+#   define SM_OTHER_REGEX (SvROK(Other) && SvMAGICAL(SvRV(Other))      \
+       && (mg = mg_find(SvRV(Other), PERL_MAGIC_qr))                   \
+       && (other_regex = (regexp *)mg->mg_obj))
+       
+
+#   define SM_SEEN_THIS(sv) hv_exists_ent(seen_this, \
+       sv_2mortal(newSViv(PTR2IV(sv))), 0)
+
+#   define SM_SEEN_OTHER(sv) hv_exists_ent(seen_other, \
+       sv_2mortal(newSViv(PTR2IV(sv))), 0)
+
+    tryAMAGICbinSET(smart, 0);
+    
+    SP -= 2;   /* Pop the values */
+
+    /* Take care only to invoke mg_get() once for each argument. 
+     * Currently we do this by copying the SV if it's magical. */
+    if (d) {
+       if (SvGMAGICAL(d))
+           d = sv_mortalcopy(d);
+    }
+    else
+       d = &PL_sv_undef;
+
+    assert(e);
+    if (SvGMAGICAL(e))
+       e = sv_mortalcopy(e);
+
+    if (SM_CV_NEP) {
+       I32 c;
+       
+       if ( SM_OTHER_REF(PVCV) && NOT_EMPTY_PROTO(SvRV(Other)) )
+       {
+           if (This == SvRV(Other))
+               RETPUSHYES;
+           else
+               RETPUSHNO;
+       }
+       
+       ENTER;
+       SAVETMPS;
+       PUSHMARK(SP);
+       PUSHs(Other);
+       PUTBACK;
+       c = call_sv(This, G_SCALAR);
+       SPAGAIN;
+       if (c == 0)
+           PUSHs(&PL_sv_no);
+       else if (SvTEMP(TOPs))
+           SvREFCNT_inc_void(TOPs);
+       FREETMPS;
+       LEAVE;
+       RETURN;
+    }
+    else if (SM_REF(PVHV)) {
+       if (SM_OTHER_REF(PVHV)) {
+           /* Check that the key-sets are identical */
+           HE *he;
+           HV *other_hv = (HV *) SvRV(Other);
+           bool tied = FALSE;
+           bool other_tied = FALSE;
+           U32 this_key_count  = 0,
+               other_key_count = 0;
+           
+           /* Tied hashes don't know how many keys they have. */
+           if (SvTIED_mg(This, PERL_MAGIC_tied)) {
+               tied = TRUE;
+           }
+           else if (SvTIED_mg((SV *) other_hv, PERL_MAGIC_tied)) {
+               HV * const temp = other_hv;
+               other_hv = (HV *) This;
+               This  = (SV *) temp;
+               tied = TRUE;
+           }
+           if (SvTIED_mg((SV *) other_hv, PERL_MAGIC_tied))
+               other_tied = TRUE;
+           
+           if (!tied && HvUSEDKEYS((HV *) This) != HvUSEDKEYS(other_hv))
+               RETPUSHNO;
+
+           /* The hashes have the same number of keys, so it suffices
+              to check that one is a subset of the other. */
+           (void) hv_iterinit((HV *) This);
+           while ( (he = hv_iternext((HV *) This)) ) {
+               I32 key_len;
+               char * const key = hv_iterkey(he, &key_len);
+               
+               ++ this_key_count;
+               
+               if(!hv_exists(other_hv, key, key_len)) {
+                   (void) hv_iterinit((HV *) This);    /* reset iterator */
+                   RETPUSHNO;
+               }
+           }
+           
+           if (other_tied) {
+               (void) hv_iterinit(other_hv);
+               while ( hv_iternext(other_hv) )
+                   ++other_key_count;
+           }
+           else
+               other_key_count = HvUSEDKEYS(other_hv);
+           
+           if (this_key_count != other_key_count)
+               RETPUSHNO;
+           else
+               RETPUSHYES;
+       }
+       else if (SM_OTHER_REF(PVAV)) {
+           AV * const other_av = (AV *) SvRV(Other);
+           const I32 other_len = av_len(other_av) + 1;
+           I32 i;
+           
+           if (HvUSEDKEYS((HV *) This) != other_len)
+               RETPUSHNO;
+           
+           for(i = 0; i < other_len; ++i) {
+               SV ** const svp = av_fetch(other_av, i, FALSE);
+               char *key;
+               STRLEN key_len;
+
+               if (!svp)       /* ??? When can this happen? */
+                   RETPUSHNO;
+
+               key = SvPV(*svp, key_len);
+               if(!hv_exists((HV *) This, key, key_len))
+                   RETPUSHNO;
+           }
+           RETPUSHYES;
+       }
+       else if (SM_OTHER_REGEX) {
+           PMOP * const matcher = make_matcher(other_regex);
+           HE *he;
+
+           (void) hv_iterinit((HV *) This);
+           while ( (he = hv_iternext((HV *) This)) ) {
+               if (matcher_matches_sv(matcher, hv_iterkeysv(he))) {
+                   (void) hv_iterinit((HV *) This);
+                   destroy_matcher(matcher);
+                   RETPUSHYES;
+               }
+           }
+           destroy_matcher(matcher);
+           RETPUSHNO;
+       }
+       else {
+           if (hv_exists_ent((HV *) This, Other, 0))
+               RETPUSHYES;
+           else
+               RETPUSHNO;
+       }
+    }
+    else if (SM_REF(PVAV)) {
+       if (SM_OTHER_REF(PVAV)) {
+           AV *other_av = (AV *) SvRV(Other);
+           if (av_len((AV *) This) != av_len(other_av))
+               RETPUSHNO;
+           else {
+               I32 i;
+               const I32 other_len = av_len(other_av);
+
+               if (NULL == seen_this) {
+                   seen_this = newHV();
+                   (void) sv_2mortal((SV *) seen_this);
+               }
+               if (NULL == seen_other) {
+                   seen_this = newHV();
+                   (void) sv_2mortal((SV *) seen_other);
+               }
+               for(i = 0; i <= other_len; ++i) {
+                   SV * const * const this_elem = av_fetch((AV *)This, i, FALSE);
+                   SV * const * const other_elem = av_fetch(other_av, i, FALSE);
+
+                   if (!this_elem || !other_elem) {
+                       if (this_elem || other_elem)
+                           RETPUSHNO;
+                   }
+                   else if (SM_SEEN_THIS(*this_elem)
+                        || SM_SEEN_OTHER(*other_elem))
+                   {
+                       if (*this_elem != *other_elem)
+                           RETPUSHNO;
+                   }
+                   else {
+                       hv_store_ent(seen_this,
+                           sv_2mortal(newSViv(PTR2IV(*this_elem))),
+                           &PL_sv_undef, 0);
+                       hv_store_ent(seen_other,
+                           sv_2mortal(newSViv(PTR2IV(*other_elem))),
+                           &PL_sv_undef, 0);
+                       PUSHs(*this_elem);
+                       PUSHs(*other_elem);
+                       
+                       PUTBACK;
+                       (void) do_smartmatch(seen_this, seen_other);
+                       SPAGAIN;
+                       
+                       if (!SvTRUEx(POPs))
+                           RETPUSHNO;
+                   }
+               }
+               RETPUSHYES;
+           }
+       }
+       else if (SM_OTHER_REGEX) {
+           PMOP * const matcher = make_matcher(other_regex);
+           const I32 this_len = av_len((AV *) This);
+           I32 i;
+
+           for(i = 0; i <= this_len; ++i) {
+               SV * const * const svp = av_fetch((AV *)This, i, FALSE);
+               if (svp && matcher_matches_sv(matcher, *svp)) {
+                   destroy_matcher(matcher);
+                   RETPUSHYES;
+               }
+           }
+           destroy_matcher(matcher);
+           RETPUSHNO;
+       }
+       else if (SvIOK(Other) || SvNOK(Other)) {
+           I32 i;
+
+           for(i = 0; i <= AvFILL((AV *) This); ++i) {
+               SV * const * const svp = av_fetch((AV *)This, i, FALSE);
+               if (!svp)
+                   continue;
+               
+               PUSHs(Other);
+               PUSHs(*svp);
+               PUTBACK;
+               if (CopHINTS_get(PL_curcop) & HINT_INTEGER)
+                   (void) pp_i_eq();
+               else
+                   (void) pp_eq();
+               SPAGAIN;
+               if (SvTRUEx(POPs))
+                   RETPUSHYES;
+           }
+           RETPUSHNO;
+       }
+       else if (SvPOK(Other)) {
+           const I32 this_len = av_len((AV *) This);
+           I32 i;
+
+           for(i = 0; i <= this_len; ++i) {
+               SV * const * const svp = av_fetch((AV *)This, i, FALSE);
+               if (!svp)
+                   continue;
+               
+               PUSHs(Other);
+               PUSHs(*svp);
+               PUTBACK;
+               (void) pp_seq();
+               SPAGAIN;
+               if (SvTRUEx(POPs))
+                   RETPUSHYES;
+           }
+           RETPUSHNO;
+       }
+    }
+    else if (!SvOK(d) || !SvOK(e)) {
+       if (!SvOK(d) && !SvOK(e))
+           RETPUSHYES;
+       else
+           RETPUSHNO;
+    }
+    else if (SM_REGEX) {
+       PMOP * const matcher = make_matcher(this_regex);
+
+       PUTBACK;
+       PUSHs(matcher_matches_sv(matcher, Other)
+           ? &PL_sv_yes
+           : &PL_sv_no);
+       destroy_matcher(matcher);
+       RETURN;
+    }
+    else if (SM_REF(PVCV)) {
+       I32 c;
+       /* This must be a null-prototyped sub, because we
+          already checked for the other kind. */
+       
+       ENTER;
+       SAVETMPS;
+       PUSHMARK(SP);
+       PUTBACK;
+       c = call_sv(This, G_SCALAR);
+       SPAGAIN;
+       if (c == 0)
+           PUSHs(&PL_sv_undef);
+       else if (SvTEMP(TOPs))
+           SvREFCNT_inc_void(TOPs);
+
+       if (SM_OTHER_REF(PVCV)) {
+           /* This one has to be null-proto'd too.
+              Call both of 'em, and compare the results */
+           PUSHMARK(SP);
+           c = call_sv(SvRV(Other), G_SCALAR);
+           SPAGAIN;
+           if (c == 0)
+               PUSHs(&PL_sv_undef);
+           else if (SvTEMP(TOPs))
+               SvREFCNT_inc_void(TOPs);
+           FREETMPS;
+           LEAVE;
+           PUTBACK;
+           return pp_eq();
+       }
+       
+       FREETMPS;
+       LEAVE;
+       RETURN;
+    }
+    else if ( ((SvIOK(d) || SvNOK(d)) && (This = d) && (Other = e))
+         ||   ((SvIOK(e) || SvNOK(e)) && (This = e) && (Other = d)) )
+    {
+       if (SvPOK(Other) && !looks_like_number(Other)) {
+           /* String comparison */
+           PUSHs(d); PUSHs(e);
+           PUTBACK;
+           return pp_seq();
+       }
+       /* Otherwise, numeric comparison */
+       PUSHs(d); PUSHs(e);
+       PUTBACK;
+       if (CopHINTS_get(PL_curcop) & HINT_INTEGER)
+           (void) pp_i_eq();
+       else
+           (void) pp_eq();
+       SPAGAIN;
+       if (SvTRUEx(POPs))
+           RETPUSHYES;
+       else
+           RETPUSHNO;
+    }
+    
+    /* As a last resort, use string comparison */
+    PUSHs(d); PUSHs(e);
+    PUTBACK;
+    return pp_seq();
+}
+
+PP(pp_enterwhen)
+{
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    const I32 gimme = GIMME_V;
+
+    /* This is essentially an optimization: if the match
+       fails, we don't want to push a context and then
+       pop it again right away, so we skip straight
+       to the op that follows the leavewhen.
+    */
+    if ((0 == (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)) && !SvTRUEx(POPs))
+       return cLOGOP->op_other->op_next;
+
+    ENTER;
+    SAVETMPS;
+
+    PUSHBLOCK(cx, CXt_WHEN, SP);
+    PUSHWHEN(cx);
+
+    RETURN;
+}
+
+PP(pp_leavewhen)
+{
+    dVAR; dSP;
+    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    I32 gimme;
+    SV **newsp;
+    PMOP *newpm;
+
+    POPBLOCK(cx,newpm);
+    assert(CxTYPE(cx) == CXt_WHEN);
+
+    SP = newsp;
+    PUTBACK;
+
+    PL_curpm = newpm;   /* pop $1 et al */
+
+    LEAVE;
+    return NORMAL;
+}
+
+PP(pp_continue)
+{
+    dVAR;   
+    I32 cxix;
+    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    I32 inner;
+    
+    cxix = dopoptowhen(cxstack_ix); 
+    if (cxix < 0)   
+       DIE(aTHX_ "Can't \"continue\" outside a when block");
+    if (cxix < cxstack_ix)
+        dounwind(cxix);
+    
+    /* clear off anything above the scope we're re-entering */
+    inner = PL_scopestack_ix;
+    TOPBLOCK(cx);
+    if (PL_scopestack_ix < inner)
+        leave_scope(PL_scopestack[PL_scopestack_ix]);
+    PL_curcop = cx->blk_oldcop;
+    return cx->blk_givwhen.leave_op;
+}
+
+PP(pp_break)
+{
+    dVAR;   
+    I32 cxix;
+    register PERL_CONTEXT *cx;
+    I32 inner;
+    
+    cxix = dopoptogiven(cxstack_ix); 
+    if (cxix < 0) {
+       if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
+           DIE(aTHX_ "Can't use when() outside a topicalizer");
+       else
+           DIE(aTHX_ "Can't \"break\" outside a given block");
+    }
+    if (CxFOREACH(&cxstack[cxix]) && (0 == (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)))
+       DIE(aTHX_ "Can't \"break\" in a loop topicalizer");
+
+    if (cxix < cxstack_ix)
+        dounwind(cxix);
+    
+    /* clear off anything above the scope we're re-entering */
+    inner = PL_scopestack_ix;
+    TOPBLOCK(cx);
+    if (PL_scopestack_ix < inner)
+        leave_scope(PL_scopestack[PL_scopestack_ix]);
+    PL_curcop = cx->blk_oldcop;
+
+    if (CxFOREACH(cx))
+       return CX_LOOP_NEXTOP_GET(cx);
+    else
+       return cx->blk_givwhen.leave_op;
 }
 
 STATIC OP *
@@ -3606,15 +4255,15 @@ S_doparseform(pTHX_ SV *sv)
 {
     STRLEN len;
     register char *s = SvPV_force(sv, len);
-    register char *send = s + len;
-    register char *base = Nullch;
+    register char * const send = s + len;
+    register char *base = NULL;
     register I32 skipspaces = 0;
     bool noblank   = FALSE;
     bool repeat    = FALSE;
     bool postspace = FALSE;
     U32 *fops;
     register U32 *fpc;
-    U32 *linepc = 0;
+    U32 *linepc = NULL;
     register I32 arg;
     bool ischop;
     bool unchopnum = FALSE;
@@ -3629,9 +4278,9 @@ S_doparseform(pTHX_ SV *sv)
            maxops += 10;
     }
     s = base;
-    base = Nullch;
+    base = NULL;
 
-    New(804, fops, maxops, U32);
+    Newx(fops, maxops, U32);
     fpc = fops;
 
     if (s < send) {
@@ -3732,9 +4381,7 @@ S_doparseform(pTHX_ SV *sv)
                while (*s == '#')
                    s++;
                if (*s == '.') {
-                   char *f;
-                   s++;
-                   f = s;
+                    const char * const f = ++s;
                    while (*s == '#')
                        s++;
                    arg |= 256 + (s - f);
@@ -3751,9 +4398,7 @@ S_doparseform(pTHX_ SV *sv)
                 while (*s == '#')
                     s++;
                 if (*s == '.') {
-                    char *f;
-                    s++;
-                    f = s;
+                    const char * const f = ++s;
                     while (*s == '#')
                         s++;
                     arg |= 256 + (s - f);
@@ -3814,10 +4459,10 @@ S_doparseform(pTHX_ SV *sv)
     }
     Copy(fops, s, arg, U32);
     Safefree(fops);
-    sv_magic(sv, Nullsv, PERL_MAGIC_fm, Nullch, 0);
+    sv_magic(sv, NULL, PERL_MAGIC_fm, NULL, 0);
     SvCOMPILED_on(sv);
 
-    if (unchopnum && repeat) 
+    if (unchopnum && repeat)
         DIE(aTHX_ "Repeated format line will never terminate (~~ and @#)");
     return 0;
 }
@@ -3851,25 +4496,81 @@ S_num_overflow(NV value, I32 fldsize, I32 frcsize)
 }
 
 static I32
-run_user_filter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)
+S_run_user_filter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)
 {
-    SV *datasv = FILTER_DATA(idx);
-    int filter_has_file = IoLINES(datasv);
-    GV *filter_child_proc = (GV *)IoFMT_GV(datasv);
-    SV *filter_state = (SV *)IoTOP_GV(datasv);
-    SV *filter_sub = (SV *)IoBOTTOM_GV(datasv);
-    int len = 0;
+    dVAR;
+    SV * const datasv = FILTER_DATA(idx);
+    const int filter_has_file = IoLINES(datasv);
+    SV * const filter_state = (SV *)IoTOP_GV(datasv);
+    SV * const filter_sub = (SV *)IoBOTTOM_GV(datasv);
+    int status = 0;
+    SV *upstream;
+    STRLEN got_len;
+    const char *got_p = NULL;
+    const char *prune_from = NULL;
+    bool read_from_cache = FALSE;
+    STRLEN umaxlen;
+
+    assert(maxlen >= 0);
+    umaxlen = maxlen;
 
     /* I was having segfault trouble under Linux 2.2.5 after a
        parse error occured.  (Had to hack around it with a test
        for PL_error_count == 0.)  Solaris doesn't segfault --
        not sure where the trouble is yet.  XXX */
 
+    if (IoFMT_GV(datasv)) {
+       SV *const cache = (SV *)IoFMT_GV(datasv);
+       if (SvOK(cache)) {
+           STRLEN cache_len;
+           const char *cache_p = SvPV(cache, cache_len);
+           STRLEN take = 0;
+
+           if (umaxlen) {
+               /* Running in block mode and we have some cached data already.
+                */
+               if (cache_len >= umaxlen) {
+                   /* In fact, so much data we don't even need to call
+                      filter_read.  */
+                   take = umaxlen;
+               }
+           } else {
+               const char *const first_nl =
+                   (const char *)memchr(cache_p, '\n', cache_len);
+               if (first_nl) {
+                   take = first_nl + 1 - cache_p;
+               }
+           }
+           if (take) {
+               sv_catpvn(buf_sv, cache_p, take);
+               sv_chop(cache, cache_p + take);
+               /* Definately not EOF  */
+               return 1;
+           }
+
+           sv_catsv(buf_sv, cache);
+           if (umaxlen) {
+               umaxlen -= cache_len;
+           }
+           SvOK_off(cache);
+           read_from_cache = TRUE;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Filter API says that the filter appends to the contents of the buffer.
+       Usually the buffer is "", so the details don't matter. But if it's not,
+       then clearly what it contains is already filtered by this filter, so we
+       don't want to pass it in a second time.
+       I'm going to use a mortal in case the upstream filter croaks.  */
+    upstream = ((SvOK(buf_sv) && sv_len(buf_sv)) || SvGMAGICAL(buf_sv))
+       ? sv_newmortal() : buf_sv;
+    SvUPGRADE(upstream, SVt_PV);
+       
     if (filter_has_file) {
-       len = FILTER_READ(idx+1, buf_sv, maxlen);
+       status = FILTER_READ(idx+1, upstream, 0);
     }
 
-    if (filter_sub && len >= 0) {
+    if (filter_sub && status >= 0) {
        dSP;
        int count;
 
@@ -3878,9 +4579,9 @@ run_user_filter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)
        SAVETMPS;
        EXTEND(SP, 2);
 
-       DEFSV = buf_sv;
+       DEFSV = upstream;
        PUSHMARK(SP);
-       PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(maxlen)));
+       PUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(0)));
        if (filter_state) {
            PUSHs(filter_state);
        }
@@ -3891,7 +4592,7 @@ run_user_filter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)
        if (count > 0) {
            SV *out = POPs;
            if (SvOK(out)) {
-               len = SvIV(out);
+               status = SvIV(out);
            }
        }
 
@@ -3900,41 +4601,103 @@ run_user_filter(pTHX_ int idx, SV *buf_sv, int maxlen)
        LEAVE;
     }
 
-    if (len <= 0) {
-       IoLINES(datasv) = 0;
-       if (filter_child_proc) {
-           SvREFCNT_dec(filter_child_proc);
-           IoFMT_GV(datasv) = Nullgv;
+    if(SvOK(upstream)) {
+       got_p = SvPV(upstream, got_len);
+       if (umaxlen) {
+           if (got_len > umaxlen) {
+               prune_from = got_p + umaxlen;
+           }
+       } else {
+           const char *const first_nl =
+               (const char *)memchr(got_p, '\n', got_len);
+           if (first_nl && first_nl + 1 < got_p + got_len) {
+               /* There's a second line here... */
+               prune_from = first_nl + 1;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+    if (prune_from) {
+       /* Oh. Too long. Stuff some in our cache.  */
+       STRLEN cached_len = got_p + got_len - prune_from;
+       SV *cache = (SV *)IoFMT_GV(datasv);
+
+       if (!cache) {
+           IoFMT_GV(datasv) = (GV*) (cache = newSV(got_len - umaxlen));
+       } else if (SvOK(cache)) {
+           /* Cache should be empty.  */
+           assert(!SvCUR(cache));
+       }
+
+       sv_setpvn(cache, prune_from, cached_len);
+       /* If you ask for block mode, you may well split UTF-8 characters.
+          "If it breaks, you get to keep both parts"
+          (Your code is broken if you  don't put them back together again
+          before something notices.) */
+       if (SvUTF8(upstream)) {
+           SvUTF8_on(cache);
        }
+       SvCUR_set(upstream, got_len - cached_len);
+       /* Can't yet be EOF  */
+       if (status == 0)
+           status = 1;
+    }
+
+    /* If they are at EOF but buf_sv has something in it, then they may never
+       have touched the SV upstream, so it may be undefined.  If we naively
+       concatenate it then we get a warning about use of uninitialised value.
+    */
+    if (upstream != buf_sv && (SvOK(upstream) || SvGMAGICAL(upstream))) {
+       sv_catsv(buf_sv, upstream);
+    }
+
+    if (status <= 0) {
+       IoLINES(datasv) = 0;
+       SvREFCNT_dec(IoFMT_GV(datasv));
        if (filter_state) {
            SvREFCNT_dec(filter_state);
-           IoTOP_GV(datasv) = Nullgv;
+           IoTOP_GV(datasv) = NULL;
        }
        if (filter_sub) {
            SvREFCNT_dec(filter_sub);
-           IoBOTTOM_GV(datasv) = Nullgv;
+           IoBOTTOM_GV(datasv) = NULL;
        }
-       filter_del(run_user_filter);
+       filter_del(S_run_user_filter);
     }
-
-    return len;
+    if (status == 0 && read_from_cache) {
+       /* If we read some data from the cache (and by getting here it implies
+          that we emptied the cache) then we aren't yet at EOF, and mustn't
+          report that to our caller.  */
+       return 1;
+    }
+    return status;
 }
 
 /* perhaps someone can come up with a better name for
    this?  it is not really "absolute", per se ... */
 static bool
-S_path_is_absolute(pTHX_ char *name)
+S_path_is_absolute(const char *name)
 {
     if (PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(name)
 #ifdef MACOS_TRADITIONAL
-       || (*name == ':'))
+       || (*name == ':')
 #else
        || (*name == '.' && (name[1] == '/' ||
-                            (name[1] == '.' && name[2] == '/'))))
+                            (name[1] == '.' && name[2] == '/')))
 #endif
+        )
     {
        return TRUE;
     }
     else
        return FALSE;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Local variables:
+ * c-indentation-style: bsd
+ * c-basic-offset: 4
+ * indent-tabs-mode: t
+ * End:
+ *
+ * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet:
+ */