package fields;
-=head1 NAME
-
-fields - compile-time class fields
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- {
- package Foo;
- use fields qw(foo bar _private);
- }
- ...
- my Foo $var = new Foo;
- $var->{foo} = 42;
-
- # This will generate a compile-time error.
- $var->{zap} = 42;
-
- {
- package Bar;
- use base 'Foo';
- use fields 'bar'; # hides Foo->{bar}
- use fields qw(baz _private); # not shared with Foo
- }
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-The C<fields> pragma enables compile-time verified class fields. It
-does so by updating the %FIELDS hash in the calling package.
-
-If a typed lexical variable holding a reference is used to access a
-hash element and the %FIELDS hash of the given type exists, then the
-operation is turned into an array access at compile time. The %FIELDS
-hash maps from hash element names to the array indices. If the hash
-element is not present in the %FIELDS hash, then a compile-time error
-is signaled.
-
-Since the %FIELDS hash is used at compile-time, it must be set up at
-compile-time too. This is made easier with the help of the 'fields'
-and the 'base' pragma modules. The 'base' pragma will copy fields
-from base classes and the 'fields' pragma adds new fields. Field
-names that start with an underscore character are made private to a
-class and are not visible to subclasses. Inherited fields can be
-overridden but will generate a warning if used together with the C<-w>
-switch.
-
-The effect of all this is that you can have objects with named fields
-which are as compact and as fast arrays to access. This only works
-as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed variables.
-For untyped access to work you have to make sure that a reference to
-the proper %FIELDS hash is assigned to the 0'th element of the array
-object (so that the objects can be treated like an pseudo-hash). A
-constructor like this does the job:
-
- sub new
- {
- my $class = shift;
- no strict 'refs';
- my $self = bless [\%{"$class\::FIELDS"}], $class;
- $self;
- }
-
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-L<base>,
-L<perlref/Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash>
-
-=cut
-
-use 5.005_64;
+require 5.005;
use strict;
no strict 'refs';
-our(%attr, $VERSION);
+unless( eval q{require warnings::register; warnings::register->import} ) {
+ *warnings::warnif = sub {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::carp(@_);
+ }
+}
+use vars qw(%attr $VERSION);
+
+$VERSION = '2.03';
-$VERSION = "1.01";
+# constant.pm is slow
+sub PUBLIC () { 2**0 }
+sub PRIVATE () { 2**1 }
+sub INHERITED () { 2**2 }
+sub PROTECTED () { 2**3 }
-# some constants
-sub _PUBLIC () { 1 }
-sub _PRIVATE () { 2 }
# The %attr hash holds the attributes of the currently assigned fields
# per class. The hash is indexed by class names and the hash value is
my $class = shift;
return unless @_;
my $package = caller(0);
+ # avoid possible typo warnings
+ %{"$package\::FIELDS"} = () unless %{"$package\::FIELDS"};
my $fields = \%{"$package\::FIELDS"};
my $fattr = ($attr{$package} ||= [1]);
my $next = @$fattr;
+ # Quiet pseudo-hash deprecation warning for uses of fields::new.
+ bless \%{"$package\::FIELDS"}, 'pseudohash';
+
if ($next > $fattr->[0]
and ($fields->{$_[0]} || 0) >= $fattr->[0])
{
if ($fno and $fno != $next) {
require Carp;
if ($fno < $fattr->[0]) {
- Carp::carp("Hides field '$f' in base class") if $^W;
+ if ($] < 5.006001) {
+ warn("Hides field '$f' in base class") if $^W;
+ } else {
+ warnings::warnif("Hides field '$f' in base class") ;
+ }
} else {
Carp::croak("Field name '$f' already in use");
}
}
$fields->{$f} = $next;
- $fattr->[$next] = ($f =~ /^_/) ? _PRIVATE : _PUBLIC;
+ $fattr->[$next] = ($f =~ /^_/) ? PRIVATE : PUBLIC;
$next += 1;
}
if (@$fattr > $next) {
}
}
-sub inherit # called by base.pm when $base_fields is nonempty
+sub inherit {
+ require base;
+ goto &base::inherit_fields;
+}
+
+sub _dump # sometimes useful for debugging
{
- my($derived, $base) = @_;
- my $base_attr = $attr{$base};
- my $derived_attr = $attr{$derived} ||= [];
- my $base_fields = \%{"$base\::FIELDS"};
- my $derived_fields = \%{"$derived\::FIELDS"};
-
- $derived_attr->[0] = $base_attr ? scalar(@$base_attr) : 1;
- while (my($k,$v) = each %$base_fields) {
- my($fno);
- if ($fno = $derived_fields->{$k} and $fno != $v) {
- require Carp;
- Carp::croak ("Inherited %FIELDS can't override existing %FIELDS");
+ for my $pkg (sort keys %attr) {
+ print "\n$pkg";
+ if (@{"$pkg\::ISA"}) {
+ print " (", join(", ", @{"$pkg\::ISA"}), ")";
}
- if ($base_attr->[$v] & _PRIVATE) {
- $derived_attr->[$v] = undef;
- } else {
- $derived_attr->[$v] = $base_attr->[$v];
- $derived_fields->{$k} = $v;
+ print "\n";
+ my $fields = \%{"$pkg\::FIELDS"};
+ for my $f (sort {$fields->{$a} <=> $fields->{$b}} keys %$fields) {
+ my $no = $fields->{$f};
+ print " $no: $f";
+ my $fattr = $attr{$pkg}[$no];
+ if (defined $fattr) {
+ my @a;
+ push(@a, "public") if $fattr & PUBLIC;
+ push(@a, "private") if $fattr & PRIVATE;
+ push(@a, "inherited") if $fattr & INHERITED;
+ print "\t(", join(", ", @a), ")";
+ }
+ print "\n";
}
- }
+ }
}
-sub _dump # sometimes useful for debugging
-{
- for my $pkg (sort keys %attr) {
- print "\n$pkg";
- if (@{"$pkg\::ISA"}) {
- print " (", join(", ", @{"$pkg\::ISA"}), ")";
- }
- print "\n";
- my $fields = \%{"$pkg\::FIELDS"};
- for my $f (sort {$fields->{$a} <=> $fields->{$b}} keys %$fields) {
- my $no = $fields->{$f};
- print " $no: $f";
- my $fattr = $attr{$pkg}[$no];
- if (defined $fattr) {
- my @a;
- push(@a, "public") if $fattr & _PUBLIC;
- push(@a, "private") if $fattr & _PRIVATE;
- push(@a, "inherited") if $no < $attr{$pkg}[0];
- print "\t(", join(", ", @a), ")";
- }
- print "\n";
- }
- }
+if ($] < 5.009) {
+ *new = sub {
+ my $class = shift;
+ $class = ref $class if ref $class;
+ return bless [\%{$class . "::FIELDS"}], $class;
+ }
+} else {
+ *new = sub {
+ my $class = shift;
+ $class = ref $class if ref $class;
+ require Hash::Util;
+ my $self = bless {}, $class;
+
+ # The lock_keys() prototype won't work since we require Hash::Util :(
+ &Hash::Util::lock_keys(\%$self, keys %{$class.'::FIELDS'});
+ return $self;
+ }
+}
+
+sub phash {
+ die "Pseudo-hashes have been removed from Perl" if $] >= 5.009;
+ my $h;
+ my $v;
+ if (@_) {
+ if (ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY') {
+ my $a = shift;
+ @$h{@$a} = 1 .. @$a;
+ if (@_) {
+ $v = shift;
+ unless (! @_ and ref $v eq 'ARRAY') {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak ("Expected at most two array refs\n");
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ if (@_ % 2) {
+ require Carp;
+ Carp::croak ("Odd number of elements initializing pseudo-hash\n");
+ }
+ my $i = 0;
+ @$h{grep ++$i % 2, @_} = 1 .. @_ / 2;
+ $i = 0;
+ $v = [grep $i++ % 2, @_];
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ $h = {};
+ $v = [];
+ }
+ [ $h, @$v ];
+
}
1;
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+fields - compile-time class fields
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ {
+ package Foo;
+ use fields qw(foo bar _Foo_private);
+ sub new {
+ my Foo $self = shift;
+ unless (ref $self) {
+ $self = fields::new($self);
+ $self->{_Foo_private} = "this is Foo's secret";
+ }
+ $self->{foo} = 10;
+ $self->{bar} = 20;
+ return $self;
+ }
+ }
+
+ my $var = Foo->new;
+ $var->{foo} = 42;
+
+ # this will generate an error
+ $var->{zap} = 42;
+
+ # subclassing
+ {
+ package Bar;
+ use base 'Foo';
+ use fields qw(baz _Bar_private); # not shared with Foo
+ sub new {
+ my $class = shift;
+ my $self = fields::new($class);
+ $self->SUPER::new(); # init base fields
+ $self->{baz} = 10; # init own fields
+ $self->{_Bar_private} = "this is Bar's secret";
+ return $self;
+ }
+ }
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+The C<fields> pragma enables compile-time verified class fields.
+
+NOTE: The current implementation keeps the declared fields in the %FIELDS
+hash of the calling package, but this may change in future versions.
+Do B<not> update the %FIELDS hash directly, because it must be created
+at compile-time for it to be fully useful, as is done by this pragma.
+
+B<Only valid for perl before 5.9.0:>
+
+If a typed lexical variable holding a reference is used to access a
+hash element and a package with the same name as the type has
+declared class fields using this pragma, then the operation is
+turned into an array access at compile time.
+
+
+The related C<base> pragma will combine fields from base classes and any
+fields declared using the C<fields> pragma. This enables field
+inheritance to work properly.
+
+Field names that start with an underscore character are made private to
+the class and are not visible to subclasses. Inherited fields can be
+overridden but will generate a warning if used together with the C<-w>
+switch.
+
+B<Only valid for perls before 5.9.0:>
+
+The effect of all this is that you can have objects with named
+fields which are as compact and as fast arrays to access. This only
+works as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed
+variables. If the objects are not typed, access is only checked at
+run time.
+
+
+The following functions are supported:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item new
+
+B< perl before 5.9.0: > fields::new() creates and blesses a
+pseudo-hash comprised of the fields declared using the C<fields>
+pragma into the specified class.
+
+B< perl 5.9.0 and higher: > fields::new() creates and blesses a
+restricted-hash comprised of the fields declared using the C<fields>
+pragma into the specified class.
+
+This function is usable with or without pseudo-hashes. It is the
+recommended way to construct a fields-based object.
+
+This makes it possible to write a constructor like this:
+
+ package Critter::Sounds;
+ use fields qw(cat dog bird);
+
+ sub new {
+ my $self = shift;
+ $self = fields::new($self) unless ref $self;
+ $self->{cat} = 'meow'; # scalar element
+ @$self{'dog','bird'} = ('bark','tweet'); # slice
+ return $self;
+ }
+
+=item phash
+
+B< before perl 5.9.0: >
+
+fields::phash() can be used to create and initialize a plain (unblessed)
+pseudo-hash. This function should always be used instead of creating
+pseudo-hashes directly.
+
+If the first argument is a reference to an array, the pseudo-hash will
+be created with keys from that array. If a second argument is supplied,
+it must also be a reference to an array whose elements will be used as
+the values. If the second array contains less elements than the first,
+the trailing elements of the pseudo-hash will not be initialized.
+This makes it particularly useful for creating a pseudo-hash from
+subroutine arguments:
+
+ sub dogtag {
+ my $tag = fields::phash([qw(name rank ser_num)], [@_]);
+ }
+
+fields::phash() also accepts a list of key-value pairs that will
+be used to construct the pseudo hash. Examples:
+
+ my $tag = fields::phash(name => "Joe",
+ rank => "captain",
+ ser_num => 42);
+
+ my $pseudohash = fields::phash(%args);
+
+B< perl 5.9.0 and higher: >
+
+Pseudo-hashes have been removed from Perl as of 5.10. Consider using
+restricted hashes or fields::new() instead. Using fields::phash()
+will cause an error.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<base>
+
+=cut
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