+ /* Starting here, we have to know the internals of the list */
+ array = invlist_array(invlist);
+
+ /* If the new range ends higher than the current highest ... */
+ cur_highest = invlist_highest(invlist);
+ if (end > cur_highest) {
+
+ /* If the whole range is higher, we can just append it */
+ if (start > cur_highest) {
+ _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, start, end);
+ return invlist;
+ }
+
+ /* Otherwise, add the portion that is higher ... */
+ _append_range_to_invlist(invlist, cur_highest + 1, end);
+
+ /* ... and continue on below to handle the rest. As a result of the
+ * above append, we know that the index of the end of the range is the
+ * final even numbered one of the array. Recall that the final element
+ * always starts a range that extends to infinity. If that range is in
+ * the set (meaning the set goes from here to infinity), it will be an
+ * even index, but if it isn't in the set, it's odd, and the final
+ * range in the set is one less, which is even. */
+ if (end == UV_MAX) {
+ i_e = len;
+ }
+ else {
+ i_e = len - 2;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* We have dealt with appending, now see about prepending. If the new
+ * range starts lower than the current lowest ... */
+ if (start < array[0]) {
+
+ /* Adding something which has 0 in it is somewhat tricky, and uncommon.
+ * Let the union code handle it, rather than having to know the
+ * trickiness in two code places. */
+ if (UNLIKELY(start == 0)) {
+ SV* range_invlist;
+
+ range_invlist = _new_invlist(2);
+ _append_range_to_invlist(range_invlist, start, end);
+
+ _invlist_union(invlist, range_invlist, &invlist);
+
+ SvREFCNT_dec_NN(range_invlist);
+
+ return invlist;
+ }
+
+ /* If the whole new range comes before the first entry, and doesn't
+ * extend it, we have to insert it as an additional range */
+ if (end < array[0] - 1) {
+ i_s = i_e = -1;
+ goto splice_in_new_range;
+ }
+
+ /* Here the new range adjoins the existing first range, extending it
+ * downwards. */
+ array[0] = start;
+
+ /* And continue on below to handle the rest. We know that the index of
+ * the beginning of the range is the first one of the array */
+ i_s = 0;
+ }
+ else { /* Not prepending any part of the new range to the existing list.
+ * Find where in the list it should go. This finds i_s, such that:
+ * invlist[i_s] <= start < array[i_s+1]
+ */
+ i_s = _invlist_search(invlist, start);
+ }
+
+ /* At this point, any extending before the beginning of the inversion list
+ * and/or after the end has been done. This has made it so that, in the
+ * code below, each endpoint of the new range is either in a range that is
+ * in the set, or is in a gap between two ranges that are. This means we
+ * don't have to worry about exceeding the array bounds.
+ *
+ * Find where in the list the new range ends (but we can skip this if we
+ * have already determined what it is, or if it will be the same as i_s,
+ * which we already have computed) */
+ if (i_e == 0) {
+ i_e = (start == end)
+ ? i_s
+ : _invlist_search(invlist, end);
+ }
+
+ /* Here generally invlist[i_e] <= end < array[i_e+1]. But if invlist[i_e]
+ * is a range that goes to infinity there is no element at invlist[i_e+1],
+ * so only the first relation holds. */
+
+ if ( ! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_s)) {
+
+ /* Here, the ranges on either side of the beginning of the new range
+ * are in the set, and this range starts in the gap between them.
+ *
+ * The new range extends the range above it downwards if the new range
+ * ends at or above that range's start */
+ const bool extends_the_range_above = ( end == UV_MAX
+ || end + 1 >= array[i_s+1]);
+
+ /* The new range extends the range below it upwards if it begins just
+ * after where that range ends */
+ if (start == array[i_s]) {
+
+ /* If the new range fills the entire gap between the other ranges,
+ * they will get merged together. Other ranges may also get
+ * merged, depending on how many of them the new range spans. In
+ * the general case, we do the merge later, just once, after we
+ * figure out how many to merge. But in the case where the new
+ * range exactly spans just this one gap (possibly extending into
+ * the one above), we do the merge here, and an early exit. This
+ * is done here to avoid having to special case later. */
+ if (i_e - i_s <= 1) {
+
+ /* If i_e - i_s == 1, it means that the new range terminates
+ * within the range above, and hence 'extends_the_range_above'
+ * must be true. (If the range above it extends to infinity,
+ * 'i_s+2' will be above the array's limit, but 'len-i_s-2'
+ * will be 0, so no harm done.) */
+ if (extends_the_range_above) {
+ Move(array + i_s + 2, array + i_s, len - i_s - 2, UV);
+ invlist_set_len(invlist,
+ len - 2,
+ *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist)));
+ return invlist;
+ }
+
+ /* Here, i_e must == i_s. We keep them in sync, as they apply
+ * to the same range, and below we are about to decrement i_s
+ * */
+ i_e--;
+ }
+
+ /* Here, the new range is adjacent to the one below. (It may also
+ * span beyond the range above, but that will get resolved later.)
+ * Extend the range below to include this one. */
+ array[i_s] = (end == UV_MAX) ? UV_MAX : end + 1;
+ i_s--;
+ start = array[i_s];
+ }
+ else if (extends_the_range_above) {
+
+ /* Here the new range only extends the range above it, but not the
+ * one below. It merges with the one above. Again, we keep i_e
+ * and i_s in sync if they point to the same range */
+ if (i_e == i_s) {
+ i_e++;
+ }
+ i_s++;
+ array[i_s] = start;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /* Here, we've dealt with the new range start extending any adjoining
+ * existing ranges.
+ *
+ * If the new range extends to infinity, it is now the final one,
+ * regardless of what was there before */
+ if (UNLIKELY(end == UV_MAX)) {
+ invlist_set_len(invlist, i_s + 1, *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist)));
+ return invlist;
+ }
+
+ /* If i_e started as == i_s, it has also been dealt with,
+ * and been updated to the new i_s, which will fail the following if */
+ if (! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(i_e)) {
+
+ /* Here, the ranges on either side of the end of the new range are in
+ * the set, and this range ends in the gap between them.
+ *
+ * If this range is adjacent to (hence extends) the range above it, it
+ * becomes part of that range; likewise if it extends the range below,
+ * it becomes part of that range */
+ if (end + 1 == array[i_e+1]) {
+ i_e++;
+ array[i_e] = start;
+ }
+ else if (start <= array[i_e]) {
+ array[i_e] = end + 1;
+ i_e--;
+ }
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