nonassoc list operators (rightward)
right not
left and
- left or xor err
+ left or xor
In the following sections, these operators are covered in precedence order.
starts with a plus or minus, a string starting with the opposite sign
is returned. One effect of these rules is that -bareword is equivalent
to the string "-bareword". If, however, the string begins with a
-non-alphabetic character (exluding "+" or "-"), Perl will attempt to convert
+non-alphabetic character (excluding "+" or "-"), Perl will attempt to convert
the string to a numeric and the arithmetic negation is performed. If the
string cannot be cleanly converted to a numeric, Perl will give the warning
B<Argument "the string" isn't numeric in negation (-) at ...>.
Binary "/" divides two numbers.
X</> X<slash>
-Binary "%" computes the modulus of two numbers. Given integer
+Binary "%" is the modulo operator, which computes the division
+remainder of its first argument with respect to its second argument.
+Given integer
operands C<$a> and C<$b>: If C<$b> is positive, then C<$a % $b> is
-C<$a> minus the largest multiple of C<$b> that is not greater than
+C<$a> minus the largest multiple of C<$b> less than or equal to
C<$a>. If C<$b> is negative, then C<$a % $b> is C<$a> minus the
smallest multiple of C<$b> that is not less than C<$a> (i.e. the
result will be less than or equal to zero). If the operands
If the absolute value of the right operand (C<abs($b)>) is greater than
or equal to C<(UV_MAX + 1)>, "%" computes the floating-point remainder
C<$r> in the equation C<($r = $a - $i*$b)> where C<$i> is a certain
-integer that makes C<$r> should have the same sign as the right operand
+integer that makes C<$r> have the same sign as the right operand
C<$b> (B<not> as the left operand C<$a> like C function C<fmod()>)
and the absolute value less than that of C<$b>.
Note that when C<use integer> is in scope, "%" gives you direct access
-to the modulus operator as implemented by your C compiler. This
+to the modulo operator as implemented by your C compiler. This
operator is not as well defined for negative operands, but it will
execute faster.
-X<%> X<remainder> X<modulus> X<mod>
+X<%> X<remainder> X<modulo> X<mod>
Binary "x" is the repetition operator. In scalar context or if the left
operand is not enclosed in parentheses, it returns a string consisting
Binary "~~" does a smart match between its arguments. Smart matching
is described in L<perlsyn/"Smart matching in detail">.
-This operator is only available if you enable the "~~" feature:
-see L<feature> for more information.
X<~~>
"lt", "le", "ge", "gt" and "cmp" use the collation (sort) order specified
@a = scalar(@b) || @c; # really meant this
@a = @b ? @b : @c; # this works fine, though
-As more readable alternatives to C<&&>, C<//> and C<||> when used for
-control flow, Perl provides C<and>, C<err> and C<or> operators (see below).
-The short-circuit behavior is identical. The precedence of "and", "err"
+As more readable alternatives to C<&&> and C<||> when used for
+control flow, Perl provides the C<and> and C<or> operators (see below).
+The short-circuit behavior is identical. The precedence of "and"
and "or" is much lower, however, so that you can safely use them after a
list operator without the need for parentheses:
again. It doesn't become false till the next time the range operator is
evaluated. It can test the right operand and become false on the same
evaluation it became true (as in B<awk>), but it still returns true once.
-If you don't want it to test the right operand till the next
+If you don't want it to test the right operand until the next
evaluation, as in B<sed>, just use three dots ("...") instead of
two. In all other regards, "..." behaves just like ".." does.
As a scalar operator:
if (101 .. 200) { print; } # print 2nd hundred lines, short for
- # if ($. == 101 .. $. == 200) ...
+ # if ($. == 101 .. $. == 200) { print; }
next LINE if (1 .. /^$/); # skip header lines, short for
- # ... if ($. == 1 .. /^$/);
+ # next LINE if ($. == 1 .. /^$/);
# (typically in a loop labeled LINE)
s/^/> / if (/^$/ .. eof()); # quote body
$in_header = 1 .. /^$/;
$in_body = /^$/ .. eof;
if ($in_header) {
- # ...
+ # do something
} else { # in body
- # ...
+ # do something else
}
} continue {
close ARGV if eof; # reset $. each file
both its arguments into the list. These arguments are also evaluated
from left to right.
-The C<< => >> operator is a synonym for the comma, but forces any word
-(consisting entirely of word characters) to its left to be interpreted
-as a string (as of 5.001). This includes words that might otherwise be
-considered a constant or function call.
+The C<< => >> operator is a synonym for the comma except that it causes
+its left operand to be interpreted as a string if it begins with a letter
+or underscore and is composed only of letters, digits and underscores.
+This includes operands that might otherwise be interpreted as operators,
+constants, single number v-strings or function calls. If in doubt about
+this behaviour, the left operand can be quoted explicitly.
+
+Otherwise, the C<< => >> operator behaves exactly as the comma operator
+or list argument separator, according to context.
+
+For example:
use constant FOO => "something";
my %h = ("something", 23);
-If the argument on the left is not a word, it is first interpreted as
-an expression, and then the string value of that is used.
-
The C<< => >> operator is helpful in documenting the correspondence
between keys and values in hashes, and other paired elements in lists.
%hash = ( $key => $value );
login( $username => $password );
+=head2 Yada Yada Operator
+X<...> X<... operator> X<yada yada operator>
+
+The yada yada operator (noted C<...>) is a placeholder for code.
+It parses without error, but when executed it throws an exception
+with the text C<Unimplemented>:
+
+ sub foo { ... }
+ foo();
+
+ Unimplemented at <file> line <line number>.
+
+It takes no argument.
+
=head2 List Operators (Rightward)
X<operator, list, rightward> X<list operator>
expression is evaluated only if the left expression is true.
=head2 Logical or, Defined or, and Exclusive Or
-X<operator, logical, or> X<operator, logical, xor> X<operator, logical, err>
+X<operator, logical, or> X<operator, logical, xor>
X<operator, logical, defined or> X<operator, logical, exclusive or>
-X<or> X<xor> X<err>
+X<or> X<xor>
Binary "or" returns the logical disjunction of the two surrounding
expressions. It's equivalent to || except for the very low precedence.
Then again, you could always use parentheses.
-Binary "err" is equivalent to C<//>--it's just like binary "or", except it
-tests its left argument's definedness instead of its truth. There are two
-ways to remember "err": either because many functions return C<undef> on
-an B<err>or, or as a sort of correction: C<$a = ($b err 'default')>. This
-keyword is only available when the 'err' feature is enabled: see
-L<feature> for more information.
-
Binary "xor" returns the exclusive-OR of the two surrounding expressions.
It cannot short circuit, of course.
c Do not reset search position on a failed match when /g is in effect.
If "/" is the delimiter then the initial C<m> is optional. With the C<m>
-you can use any pair of non-alphanumeric, non-whitespace characters
+you can use any pair of non-whitespace characters
as delimiters. This is particularly useful for matching path names
that contain "/", to avoid LTS (leaning toothpick syndrome). If "?" is
the delimiter, then the match-only-once rule of C<?PATTERN?> applies.
If "'" is the delimiter, no interpolation is performed on the PATTERN.
+When using a character valid in an identifier, whitespace is required
+after the C<m>.
PATTERN may contain variables, which will be interpolated (and the
pattern recompiled) every time the pattern search is evaluated, except
that you won't change the variables in the pattern. If you change them,
Perl won't even notice. See also L<"qr/STRING/msixpo">.
+=item The empty pattern //
+
If the PATTERN evaluates to the empty string, the last
I<successfully> matched regular expression is used instead. In this
case, only the C<g> and C<c> flags on the empty pattern is honoured -
use parentheses or spaces to disambiguate, or even prefix the empty
regex with an C<m> (so C<//> becomes C<m//>).
+=item Matching in list context
+
If the C</g> option is not used, C<m//> in list context returns a
list consisting of the subexpressions matched by the parentheses in the
pattern, i.e., (C<$1>, C<$2>, C<$3>...). (Note that here C<$1> etc. are
by adding the C</c> modifier (e.g. C<m//gc>). Modifying the target
string also resets the search position.
+=item \G assertion
+
You can intermix C<m//g> matches with C<m/\G.../g>, where C<\G> is a
zero-width assertion that matches the exact position where the previous
C<m//g>, if any, left off. Without the C</g> modifier, the C<\G> assertion
regexp tries to match where the previous one leaves off.
$_ = <<'EOL';
- $url = URI::URL->new( "http://www/" ); die if $url eq "xXx";
+ $url = URI::URL->new( "http://example.com/" ); die if $url eq "xXx";
EOL
LOOP:
{
e Evaluate the right side as an expression.
ee Evaluate the right side as a string then eval the result
-Any non-alphanumeric, non-whitespace delimiter may replace the
-slashes. If single quotes are used, no interpretation is done on the
-replacement string (the C</e> modifier overrides this, however). Unlike
-Perl 4, Perl 5 treats backticks as normal delimiters; the replacement
-text is not evaluated as a command. If the
-PATTERN is delimited by bracketing quotes, the REPLACEMENT has its own
-pair of quotes, which may or may not be bracketing quotes, e.g.,
+Any non-whitespace delimiter may replace the slashes. Add space after
+the C<s> when using a character allowed in identifiers. If single quotes
+are used, no interpretation is done on the replacement string (the C</e>
+modifier overrides this, however). Unlike Perl 4, Perl 5 treats backticks
+as normal delimiters; the replacement text is not evaluated as a command.
+If the PATTERN is delimited by bracketing quotes, the REPLACEMENT has
+its own pair of quotes, which may or may not be bracketing quotes, e.g.,
C<s(foo)(bar)> or C<< s<foo>/bar/ >>. A C</e> will cause the
replacement portion to be treated as a full-fledged Perl expression
and evaluated right then and there. It is, however, syntax checked at
while (($_ = <STDIN>) ne '0') { ... }
while (<STDIN>) { last unless $_; ... }
-In other boolean contexts, C<< <I<filehandle>> >> without an
+In other boolean contexts, I<C<E<lt>filehandleE<gt>>> without an
explicit C<defined> test or comparison elicit a warning if the
C<use warnings> pragma or the B<-w>
command-line switch (the C<$^W> variable) is in effect.
is magical. (The pseudo code above doesn't work because it treats
<ARGV> as non-magical.)
+Since the null filehandle uses the two argument form of L<perlfunc/open>
+it interprets special characters, so if you have a script like this:
+
+ while (<>) {
+ print;
+ }
+
+and call it with C<perl dangerous.pl 'rm -rfv *|'>, it actually opens a
+pipe, executes the C<rm> command and reads C<rm>'s output from that pipe.
+If you want all items in C<@ARGV> to be interpreted as file names, you
+can use the module C<ARGV::readonly> from CPAN.
+
You can modify @ARGV before the first <> as long as the array ends up
containing the list of filenames you really want. Line numbers (C<$.>)
continue as though the input were one big happy file. See the example
https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blobdiff