=item B<Use C from Perl?>
-Read L<perlcall> and L<perlxs>.
+Read L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<h2xs>, L<perlguts>, and L<perlapi>.
-=item B<Use a UNIX program from Perl?>
+=item B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>
Read about back-quotes and about C<system> and C<exec> in L<perlfunc>.
=item B<Use Perl from Perl?>
-Read about C<do> and C<eval> in L<perlfunc/do> and L<perlfunc/eval> and C<use>
-and
C<require> in L<perlmod> and L<perlfunc/require>, L<perlfunc/use>.
+Read about L<perlfunc/do> and L<perlfunc/eval> and L<perlfunc/require>
+and L<perlfunc/use>.
=item B<Use C from C?>
=head2 ROADMAP
-L<Compiling your C program>
+=over 5
+
+=item *
+
+Compiling your C program
+
+=item *
+
+Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
+
+=item *
+
+Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
+
+=item *
+
+Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
-There's one example in each of the eight sections:
+=item *
-L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>
+Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
-L<Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program>
+=item *
-L<Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program>
+Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
-L<Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program>
+=item *
-L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program>
+Maintaining a persistent interpreter
-L<Maintaining a persistent interpreter>
+=item *
-L<Maintaining multiple interpreter instances>
+Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
-L<Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program>
+=item *
-This documentation is UNIX specific.
+Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
+
+=item *
+
+Embedding Perl under Win32
+
+=back
=head2 Compiling your C program
-Every C program that uses Perl must link in the I<perl library>.
+If you have trouble compiling the scripts in this documentation,
+you're not alone. The cardinal rule: COMPILE THE PROGRAMS IN EXACTLY
+THE SAME WAY THAT YOUR PERL WAS COMPILED. (Sorry for yelling.)
+Also, every C program that uses Perl must link in the I<perl library>.
What's that, you ask? Perl is itself written in C; the perl library
is the collection of compiled C programs that were used to create your
perl executable (I</usr/bin/perl> or equivalent). (Corollary: you
copy Perl executables from machine to machine without also copying the
I<lib> directory.)
-Your C program will--usually--allocate, "run", and deallocate a
-I<PerlInterpreter> object, which is defined in the perl library.
+When you use Perl from C, your C program will--usually--allocate,
+"run", and deallocate a I<PerlInterpreter> object, which is defined by
+the perl library.
If your copy of Perl is recent enough to contain this documentation
(version 5.002 or later), then the perl library (and I<EXTERN.h> and
-I<perl.h>, which you'll also need) will
-reside in a directory resembling this:
+I<perl.h>, which you'll also need) will reside in a directory
+that looks like this:
/usr/local/lib/perl5/your_architecture_here/CORE
perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{archlib}'
-Here's how you might compile the example in the next section,
-L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>,
-on a DEC Alpha running the OSF operating system:
+Here's how you'd compile the example in the next section,
+L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>, on my Linux box:
+
+ % gcc -O2 -Dbool=char -DHAS_BOOL -I/usr/local/include
+ -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
+ -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
+ -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
+
+(That's all one line.) On my DEC Alpha running old 5.003_05, the
+incantation is a bit different:
- % cc -o interp interp.c -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE
- -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/CORE -lperl -lm
+ % cc -O2 -Olimit 2900 -DSTANDARD_C -I/usr/local/include
+ -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE
+ -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE -L/usr/local/lib
+ -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -D_NO_PROTO -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
-You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (I<cc>, I<gcc>, et al.) and
-library directory (I</usr/local/lib/...>) for your machine. If your
-compiler complains that certain functions are undefined, or that it
-can't locate I<-lperl>, then you need to change the path following the
--L. If it complains that it can't find I<EXTERN.h> or I<perl.h>, you need
-to change the path following the -I.
+How can you figure out what to add? Assuming your Perl is post-5.001,
+execute a C<perl -V> command and pay special attention to the "cc" and
+"ccflags" information.
+
+You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (I<cc>, I<gcc>, et al.) for
+your machine: C<perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{cc}'> will tell you what
+to use.
+
+You'll also have to choose the appropriate library directory
+(I</usr/local/lib/...>) for your machine. If your compiler complains
+that certain functions are undefined, or that it can't locate
+I<-lperl>, then you need to change the path following the C<-L>. If it
+complains that it can't find I<EXTERN.h> and I<perl.h>, you need to
+change the path following the C<-I>.
You may have to add extra libraries as well. Which ones?
Perhaps those printed by
perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{libs}'
-We strongly recommend you use the B<ExtUtils::Embed> module to determine
-all of this information for you:
+Provided your perl binary was properly configured and installed the
+B<ExtUtils::Embed> module will determine all of this information for
+you:
% cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
+If the B<ExtUtils::Embed> module isn't part of your Perl distribution,
+you can retrieve it from
+http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/modules/by-module/ExtUtils/
+(If this documentation came from your Perl distribution, then you're
+running 5.004 or better and you already have it.)
-If the B<ExtUtils::Embed> module is not part of your perl kit's
-distribution you can retrieve it from:
-http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=ExtUtils::Embed.
-
+The B<ExtUtils::Embed> kit on CPAN also contains all source code for
+the examples in this document, tests, additional examples and other
+information you may find useful.
=head2 Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
In a sense, perl (the C program) is a good example of embedding Perl
(the language), so I'll demonstrate embedding with I<miniperlmain.c>,
-from the source distribution. Here's a bastardized, non-portable version of
-I<miniperlmain.c> containing the essentials of embedding:
+included in the source distribution. Here's a bastardized, non-portable
+version of I<miniperlmain.c> containing the essentials of embedding:
#include <EXTERN.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
#include <perl.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
my_perl = perl_alloc();
perl_construct(my_perl);
+ PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, (char **)NULL);
perl_run(my_perl);
perl_destruct(my_perl);
perl_free(my_perl);
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
}
-Note that we do not use the C<env> pointer here or in any of the
-following examples.
-Normally handed to C<perl_parse> as its final argument,
-we hand it a B<NULL> instead, in which case the current environment
-is used.
+Notice that we don't use the C<env> pointer. Normally handed to
+C<perl_parse> as its final argument, C<env> here is replaced by
+C<NULL>, which means that the current environment will be used.
+
+The macros PERL_SYS_INIT3() and PERL_SYS_TERM() provide system-specific
+tune up of the C runtime environment necessary to run Perl interpreters;
+they should only be called once regardless of how many interpreters you
+create or destroy. Call PERL_SYS_INIT3() before you create your first
+interpreter, and PERL_SYS_TERM() after you free your last interpreter.
+
+Since PERL_SYS_INIT3() may change C<env>, it may be more appropriate to
+provide C<env> as an argument to perl_parse().
+
+Also notice that no matter what arguments you pass to perl_parse(),
+PERL_SYS_INIT3() must be invoked on the C main() argc, argv and env and
+only once.
Now compile this program (I'll call it I<interp.c>) into an executable:
You can also read and execute Perl statements from a file while in the
midst of your C program, by placing the filename in I<argv[1]> before
-calling I<perl_run()>.
+calling I<perl_run>.
=head2 Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
-To call individual Perl subroutines, you can use any of the B<perl_call_*>
-functions documented in the L<perlcall> man page.
-In this example we'll use I<perl_call_argv>.
+To call individual Perl subroutines, you can use any of the B<call_*>
+functions documented in L<perlcall>.
+In this example we'll use C<call_argv>.
That's shown below, in a program I'll call I<showtime.c>.
int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
- char *args[] = { NULL };
+ char *args[] = { NULL };
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
my_perl = perl_alloc();
perl_construct(my_perl);
perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, NULL);
+ PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
/*** skipping perl_run() ***/
- perl_call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, args);
+ call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, args);
perl_destruct(my_perl);
perl_free(my_perl);
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
}
where I<showtime> is a Perl subroutine that takes no arguments (that's the
818284590
yielding the number of seconds that elapsed between January 1, 1970
-(the beginning of the UNIX epoch), and the moment I began writing this
+(the beginning of the Unix epoch), and the moment I began writing this
sentence.
-Note that in this particular case we are not required to call I<perl_run>,
-however, in general it's considered good practice to ensure proper
-initialization of library code including execution of all object C<DESTROY>
-methods and package C<END {}> blocks.
+In this particular case we don't have to call I<perl_run>, as we set
+the PL_exit_flag PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END which executes END blocks in
+perl_destruct.
-If you want to pass some arguments to the Perl subroutine, you may add
-strings to the C<NULL> terminated C<args> list passed to I<perl_call_argv>.
-In order to pass arguments of another data type and/or examine return values
-of the subroutine you'll need to manipulate the
-Perl stack, demonstrated in the last section of this document:
-L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program>
+If you want to pass arguments to the Perl subroutine, you can add
+strings to the C<NULL>-terminated C<args> list passed to
+I<call_argv>. For other data types, or to examine return values,
+you'll need to manipulate the Perl stack. That's demonstrated in
+L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program>.
=head2 Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
-One way to evaluate pieces of Perl code is to use L<perlguts/perl_eval_sv>.
-We have wrapped this function with our own I<perl_eval()> function, which
-converts a command string to an SV, passing this and the L<perlcall/G_DISCARD>
-flag to L<perlguts/perl_eval_sv>.
+Perl provides two API functions to evaluate pieces of Perl code.
+These are L<perlapi/eval_sv> and L<perlapi/eval_pv>.
-Arguably, this is the only routine you'll ever need to execute
-snippets of Perl code from within your C program. Your string can be
-as long as you wish; it can contain multiple statements; it can
-include L<perlfunc/use>, L<perlfunc/require> and L<perlfunc/do> to include external Perl
-files.
+Arguably, these are the only routines you'll ever need to execute
+snippets of Perl code from within your C program. Your code can be as
+long as you wish; it can contain multiple statements; it can employ
+L<perlfunc/use>, L<perlfunc/require>, and L<perlfunc/do> to
+include external Perl files.
-Our I<perl_eval()> lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, and then
+I<eval_pv> lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, and then
extract variables for coercion into C types. The following program,
I<string.c>, executes three Perl strings, extracting an C<int> from
the first, a C<float> from the second, and a C<char *> from the third.
static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
- I32 perl_eval(char *string)
- {
- return perl_eval_sv(newSVpv(string,0), G_DISCARD);
- }
-
main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
- char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
- STRLEN length;
+ char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
- my_perl = perl_alloc();
- perl_construct( my_perl );
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
+ my_perl = perl_alloc();
+ perl_construct( my_perl );
- perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
- perl_run(my_perl);
- /** Treat $a as an integer **/
- perl_eval("$a = 3; $a **= 2");
- printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE)));
+ perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
+ PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
+ perl_run(my_perl);
- /** Treat $a as a float **/
- perl_eval("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2");
- printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE)));
+ /** Treat $a as an integer **/
+ eval_pv("$a = 3; $a **= 2", TRUE);
+ printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(get_sv("a", 0)));
- /** Treat $a as a string **/
- perl_eval("$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a); ");
- printf("a = %s\n", SvPV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE), length));
+ /** Treat $a as a float **/
+ eval_pv("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2", TRUE);
+ printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(get_sv("a", 0)));
- perl_destruct(my_perl);
- perl_free(my_perl);
+ /** Treat $a as a string **/
+ eval_pv("$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a);", TRUE);
+ printf("a = %s\n", SvPV_nolen(get_sv("a", 0)));
+
+ perl_destruct(my_perl);
+ perl_free(my_perl);
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
}
-All of those strange functions with I<sv> in their names help convert Perl scalars to C types. They're described in L<perlguts>.
+All of those strange functions with I<sv> in their names help convert Perl scalars to C types. They're described in L<perlguts> and L<perlapi>.
If you compile and run I<string.c>, you'll see the results of using
I<SvIV()> to create an C<int>, I<SvNV()> to create a C<float>, and
a = 9.859600
a = Just Another Perl Hacker
+In the example above, we've created a global variable to temporarily
+store the computed value of our eval'ed expression. It is also
+possible and in most cases a better strategy to fetch the return value
+from I<eval_pv()> instead. Example:
+
+ ...
+ SV *val = eval_pv("reverse 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'", TRUE);
+ printf("%s\n", SvPV_nolen(val));
+ ...
+
+This way, we avoid namespace pollution by not creating global
+variables and we've simplified our code as well.
=head2 Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
-Our I<perl_eval()> lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so we can
+The I<eval_sv()> function lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so we can
define some functions that use it to "specialize" in matches and
substitutions: I<match()>, I<substitute()>, and I<matches()>.
- char match(char *string, char *pattern);
+ I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern);
-Given a string and a pattern (e.g., "m/clasp/" or "/\b\w*\b/", which in
-your program might be represented as C<"/\\b\\w*\\b/">),
+Given a string and a pattern (e.g., C<m/clasp/> or C</\b\w*\b/>, which
+in your C program might appear as "/\\b\\w*\\b/"), match()
returns 1 if the string matches the pattern and 0 otherwise.
+ int substitute(SV **string, char *pattern);
- int substitute(char *string[], char *pattern);
+Given a pointer to an C<SV> and an C<=~> operation (e.g.,
+C<s/bob/robert/g> or C<tr[A-Z][a-z]>), substitute() modifies the string
+within the C<SV> as according to the operation, returning the number of substitutions
+made.
-Given a pointer to a string and an "=~" operation (e.g., "s/bob/robert/g" or
-"tr[A-Z][a-z]"), modifies the string according to the operation,
-returning the number of substitutions made.
+ int matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **matches);
- int matches(char *string, char *pattern, char **matches[]);
-
-Given a string, a pattern, and a pointer to an empty array of strings,
-evaluates C<$string =~ $pattern> in an array context, and fills in
-I<matches> with the array elements (allocating memory as it does so),
-returning the number of matches found.
+Given an C<SV>, a pattern, and a pointer to an empty C<AV>,
+matches() evaluates C<$string =~ $pattern> in a list context, and
+fills in I<matches> with the array elements, returning the number of matches found.
Here's a sample program, I<match.c>, that uses all three (long lines have
been wrapped here):
- #include <EXTERN.h>
- #include <perl.h>
- static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
- I32 perl_eval(char *string)
- {
- return perl_eval_sv(newSVpv(string,0), G_DISCARD);
- }
- /** match(string, pattern)
- **
- ** Used for matches in a scalar context.
- **
- ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise.
- **/
- char match(char *string, char *pattern)
- {
- char *command;
- command = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(string) + strlen(pattern) + 37);
- sprintf(command, "$string = '%s'; $return = $string =~ %s",
- string, pattern);
- perl_eval(command);
- free(command);
- return SvIV(perl_get_sv("return", FALSE));
- }
- /** substitute(string, pattern)
- **
- ** Used for =~ operations that modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///)
- **
- ** Returns the number of successful matches, and
- ** modifies the input string if there were any.
- **/
- int substitute(char *string[], char *pattern)
- {
- char *command;
- STRLEN length;
- command = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(*string) + strlen(pattern) + 35);
- sprintf(command, "$string = '%s'; $ret = ($string =~ %s)",
- *string, pattern);
- perl_eval(command);
- free(command);
- *string = SvPV(perl_get_sv("string", FALSE), length);
- return SvIV(perl_get_sv("ret", FALSE));
- }
- /** matches(string, pattern, matches)
- **
- ** Used for matches in an array context.
- **
- ** Returns the number of matches,
- ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings (allocates memory!)
- **/
- int matches(char *string, char *pattern, char **match_list[])
- {
- char *command;
- SV *current_match;
- AV *array;
+ #include <EXTERN.h>
+ #include <perl.h>
+
+ static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
+
+ /** my_eval_sv(code, error_check)
+ ** kinda like eval_sv(),
+ ** but we pop the return value off the stack
+ **/
+ SV* my_eval_sv(SV *sv, I32 croak_on_error)
+ {
+ dSP;
+ SV* retval;
+
+
+ PUSHMARK(SP);
+ eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR);
+
+ SPAGAIN;
+ retval = POPs;
+ PUTBACK;
+
+ if (croak_on_error && SvTRUE(ERRSV))
+ croak(SvPVx_nolen(ERRSV));
+
+ return retval;
+ }
+
+ /** match(string, pattern)
+ **
+ ** Used for matches in a scalar context.
+ **
+ ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise.
+ **/
+
+ I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern)
+ {
+ SV *command = newSV(0), *retval;
+
+ sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; $string =~ %s",
+ SvPV_nolen(string), pattern);
+
+ retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
+ SvREFCNT_dec(command);
+
+ return SvIV(retval);
+ }
+
+ /** substitute(string, pattern)
+ **
+ ** Used for =~ operations that modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///)
+ **
+ ** Returns the number of successful matches, and
+ ** modifies the input string if there were any.
+ **/
+
+ I32 substitute(SV **string, char *pattern)
+ {
+ SV *command = newSV(0), *retval;
+
+ sv_setpvf(command, "$string = '%s'; ($string =~ %s)",
+ SvPV_nolen(*string), pattern);
+
+ retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
+ SvREFCNT_dec(command);
+
+ *string = get_sv("string", 0);
+ return SvIV(retval);
+ }
+
+ /** matches(string, pattern, matches)
+ **
+ ** Used for matches in a list context.
+ **
+ ** Returns the number of matches,
+ ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings
+ **/
+
+ I32 matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **match_list)
+ {
+ SV *command = newSV(0);
I32 num_matches;
- STRLEN length;
- int i;
- command = malloc(sizeof(char) * strlen(string) + strlen(pattern) + 38);
- sprintf(command, "$string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)",
- string, pattern);
- perl_eval(command);
- free(command);
- array = perl_get_av("array", FALSE);
- num_matches = av_len(array) + 1; /** assume $[ is 0 **/
- *match_list = (char **) malloc(sizeof(char *) * num_matches);
- for (i = 0; i <= num_matches; i++) {
- current_match = av_shift(array);
- (*match_list)[i] = SvPV(current_match, length);
- }
+
+ sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)",
+ SvPV_nolen(string), pattern);
+
+ my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
+ SvREFCNT_dec(command);
+
+ *match_list = get_av("array", 0);
+ num_matches = av_len(*match_list) + 1;
+
return num_matches;
- }
- main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
- {
+ }
+
+ main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
+ {
char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
- char *text, **match_list;
- int num_matches, i;
- int j;
+ AV *match_list;
+ I32 num_matches, i;
+ SV *text;
+
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
my_perl = perl_alloc();
- perl_construct( my_perl );
+ perl_construct(my_perl);
perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
- perl_run(my_perl);
-
- text = (char *) malloc(sizeof(char) * 486); /** A long string follows! **/
- sprintf(text, "%s", "When he is at a convenience store and the bill \
- comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is aware that there is \
- something he *should* do, something that will enable him to get back \
- a quarter, but he has no idea *what*. He fumbles through his red \
- squeezey changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with his \
- dollar, hoping that he might luck into the correct amount. The boy \
- gives him back two of his own pennies and then the big shiny quarter \
- that is his prize. -RICHH");
+ PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
+
+ text = newSV(0);
+ sv_setpv(text, "When he is at a convenience store and the "
+ "bill comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is "
+ "aware that there is something he *should* do, something "
+ "that will enable him to get back a quarter, but he has "
+ "no idea *what*. He fumbles through his red squeezey "
+ "changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with "
+ "his dollar, hoping that he might luck into the correct "
+ "amount. The boy gives him back two of his own pennies "
+ "and then the big shiny quarter that is his prize. "
+ "-RICHH");
+
if (match(text, "m/quarter/")) /** Does text contain 'quarter'? **/
- printf("match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
+ printf("match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
else
- printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
+ printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
+
if (match(text, "m/eighth/")) /** Does text contain 'eighth'? **/
- printf("match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
+ printf("match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
else
- printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
+ printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
+
/** Match all occurrences of /wi../ **/
num_matches = matches(text, "m/(wi..)/g", &match_list);
printf("matches: m/(wi..)/g found %d matches...\n", num_matches);
+
for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++)
- printf("match: %s\n", match_list[i]);
+ printf("match: %s\n", SvPV_nolen(*av_fetch(match_list, i, FALSE)));
printf("\n");
- for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++) {
- free(match_list[i]);
- }
- free(match_list);
+
/** Remove all vowels from text **/
num_matches = substitute(&text, "s/[aeiou]//gi");
if (num_matches) {
- printf("substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%d substitutions made.\n",
- num_matches);
- printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", text);
+ printf("substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%d substitutions made.\n",
+ num_matches);
+ printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", SvPV_nolen(text));
}
+
/** Attempt a substitution **/
if (!substitute(&text, "s/Perl/C/")) {
- printf("substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n");
+ printf("substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n");
}
- free(text);
+
+ SvREFCNT_dec(text);
+ PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
perl_destruct(my_perl);
perl_free(my_perl);
- }
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
+ }
which produces the output (again, long lines have been wrapped here)
- perl_match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.
+ match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.
- perl_match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.
+ match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.
- perl_matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches...
+ matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches...
match: will
match: with
- perl_substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made.
- Now text is: Whn h s t cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts,
+ substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made.
+ Now text is: Whn h s t cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts,
Mynrd s wr tht thr s smthng h *shld* d, smthng tht wll nbl hm t gt bck
qrtr, bt h hs n d *wht*. H fmbls thrgh hs rd sqzy chngprs nd gvs th by
thr xtr pnns wth hs dllr, hpng tht h mght lck nt th crrct mnt. Th by gvs
hm bck tw f hs wn pnns nd thn th bg shny qrtr tht s hs prz. -RCHH
- perl_substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.
+ substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.
=head2 Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
First you'll need to know how to convert between C types and Perl
types, with newSViv() and sv_setnv() and newAV() and all their
-friends. They're described in L<perlguts>.
+friends. They're described in L<perlguts> and L<perlapi>.
Then you'll need to know how to manipulate the Perl stack. That's
described in L<perlcall>.
Once you've understood those, embedding Perl in C is easy.
-Because C has no built-in function for integer exponentiation, let's
+Because C has no builtin function for integer exponentiation, let's
make Perl's ** operator available to it (this is less useful than it
sounds, because Perl implements ** with C's I<pow()> function). First
I'll create a stub exponentiation function in I<power.pl>:
dSP; /* initialize stack pointer */
ENTER; /* everything created after here */
SAVETMPS; /* ...is a temporary variable. */
- PUSHMARK(sp); /* remember the stack pointer */
+ PUSHMARK(SP); /* remember the stack pointer */
XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(a))); /* push the base onto the stack */
XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(b))); /* push the exponent onto stack */
PUTBACK; /* make local stack pointer global */
- perl_call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR); /* call the function */
+ call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR); /* call the function */
SPAGAIN; /* refresh stack pointer */
/* pop the return value from stack */
printf ("%d to the %dth power is %d.\n", a, b, POPi);
int main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
- char *my_argv[2];
+ char *my_argv[] = { "", "power.pl" };
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
my_perl = perl_alloc();
perl_construct( my_perl );
- my_argv[1] = (char *) malloc(10);
- sprintf(my_argv[1], "power.pl");
-
- perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, my_argv, NULL);
+ perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, my_argv, (char **)NULL);
+ PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
perl_run(my_perl);
PerlPower(3, 4); /*** Compute 3 ** 4 ***/
perl_destruct(my_perl);
perl_free(my_perl);
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
}
=head2 Maintaining a persistent interpreter
-When developing interactive, potentially long-running applications, it's
-a good idea to maintain a persistent interpreter rather than allocating
-and constructing a new interpreter multiple times. The major gain here is
-speed, avoiding the penalty of Perl start-up time. However, a persistent
-interpreter will require you to be more cautious in your use of namespace
-and variable scoping. In previous examples we've been using global variables
-in the default package B<main>. We knew exactly what code would be run,
-making it safe to assume we'd avoid any variable collision or outrageous
-symbol table growth.
-
-Let's say your application is a server, which must run perl code from an
-arbitrary file during each transaction. Your server has no way of knowing
-what code is inside anyone of these files.
-If the file was pulled in by B<perl_parse()>, compiled into a newly
-constructed interpreter, then cleaned out with B<perl_destruct()> after the
-the transaction, you'd be shielded from most namespace troubles.
-
-One way to avoid namespace collisions in this scenerio, is to translate the
-file name into a valid Perl package name, which is most likely to be unique,
-then compile the code into that package using L<perlfunc/eval>.
-In the example below, each file will only be compiled once, unless it is
-updated on disk.
-Optionally, the application may choose to clean out the symbol table
-associated with the file after we are done with it. We'll call the subroutine
-B<Embed::Persistent::eval_file> which lives in the file B<persistent.pl>, with
-L<perlcall/perl_call_argv>, passing the filename and boolean cleanup/cache
+When developing interactive and/or potentially long-running
+applications, it's a good idea to maintain a persistent interpreter
+rather than allocating and constructing a new interpreter multiple
+times. The major reason is speed: since Perl will only be loaded into
+memory once.
+
+However, you have to be more cautious with namespace and variable
+scoping when using a persistent interpreter. In previous examples
+we've been using global variables in the default package C<main>. We
+knew exactly what code would be run, and assumed we could avoid
+variable collisions and outrageous symbol table growth.
+
+Let's say your application is a server that will occasionally run Perl
+code from some arbitrary file. Your server has no way of knowing what
+code it's going to run. Very dangerous.
+
+If the file is pulled in by C<perl_parse()>, compiled into a newly
+constructed interpreter, and subsequently cleaned out with
+C<perl_destruct()> afterwards, you're shielded from most namespace
+troubles.
+
+One way to avoid namespace collisions in this scenario is to translate
+the filename into a guaranteed-unique package name, and then compile
+the code into that package using L<perlfunc/eval>. In the example
+below, each file will only be compiled once. Or, the application
+might choose to clean out the symbol table associated with the file
+after it's no longer needed. Using L<perlapi/call_argv>, We'll
+call the subroutine C<Embed::Persistent::eval_file> which lives in the
+file C<persistent.pl> and pass the filename and boolean cleanup/cache
flag as arguments.
-Note that the process will continue to grow for each file that is compiled,
-and each file it pulls in via L<perlfunc/require>, L<perlfunc/use> or
-L<perlfunc/do>. In addition, there maybe B<AUTOLOAD>ed subroutines and
-other conditions that cause Perl's symbol table to grow. You may wish to
-add logic which keeps track of process size or restarts itself after n number
-of requests to ensure memory consumption is kept to a minimum. You also need
-to consider the importance of variable scoping with L<perlfunc/my> to futher
-reduce symbol table growth.
+Note that the process will continue to grow for each file that it
+uses. In addition, there might be C<AUTOLOAD>ed subroutines and other
+conditions that cause Perl's symbol table to grow. You might want to
+add some logic that keeps track of the process size, or restarts
+itself after a certain number of requests, to ensure that memory
+consumption is minimized. You'll also want to scope your variables
+with L<perlfunc/my> whenever possible.
+
-
package Embed::Persistent;
#persistent.pl
-
+
use strict;
- use vars '%Cache';
-
- #use Devel::Symdump ();
-
+ our %Cache;
+ use Symbol qw(delete_package);
+
sub valid_package_name {
my($string) = @_;
$string =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\/])/sprintf("_%2x",unpack("C",$1))/eg;
# second pass only for words starting with a digit
$string =~ s|/(\d)|sprintf("/_%2x",unpack("C",$1))|eg;
-
+
# Dress it up as a real package name
$string =~ s|/|::|g;
return "Embed" . $string;
}
-
- #borrowed from Safe.pm
- sub delete_package {
- my $pkg = shift;
- my ($stem, $leaf);
-
- no strict 'refs';
- $pkg = "main::$pkg\::"; # expand to full symbol table name
- ($stem, $leaf) = $pkg =~ m/(.*::)(\w+::)$/;
-
- my $stem_symtab = *{$stem}{HASH};
-
- delete $stem_symtab->{$leaf};
- }
-
+
sub eval_file {
my($filename, $delete) = @_;
my $package = valid_package_name($filename);
my $mtime = -M $filename;
if(defined $Cache{$package}{mtime}
&&
- $Cache{$package}{mtime} <= $mtime)
+ $Cache{$package}{mtime} <= $mtime)
{
- # we have compiled this subroutine already,
- # it has not been updated on disk, nothing left to do
- print STDERR "already compiled $package->handler\n";
+ # we have compiled this subroutine already,
+ # it has not been updated on disk, nothing left to do
+ print STDERR "already compiled $package->handler\n";
}
else {
- local *FH;
- open FH, $filename or die "open '$filename' $!";
- local($/) = undef;
- my $sub = <FH>;
- close FH;
-
- #wrap the code into a subroutine inside our unique package
- my $eval = qq{package $package; sub handler { $sub; }};
- {
- # hide our variables within this block
- my($filename,$mtime,$package,$sub);
- eval $eval;
- }
- die $@ if $@;
-
- #cache it unless we're cleaning out each time
- $Cache{$package}{mtime} = $mtime unless $delete;
+ local *FH;
+ open FH, $filename or die "open '$filename' $!";
+ local($/) = undef;
+ my $sub = <FH>;
+ close FH;
+
+ #wrap the code into a subroutine inside our unique package
+ my $eval = qq{package $package; sub handler { $sub; }};
+ {
+ # hide our variables within this block
+ my($filename,$mtime,$package,$sub);
+ eval $eval;
+ }
+ die $@ if $@;
+
+ #cache it unless we're cleaning out each time
+ $Cache{$package}{mtime} = $mtime unless $delete;
}
-
+
eval {$package->handler;};
die $@ if $@;
-
+
delete_package($package) if $delete;
-
+
#take a look if you want
#print Devel::Symdump->rnew($package)->as_string, $/;
}
-
+
1;
-
+
__END__
/* persistent.c */
- #include <EXTERN.h>
- #include <perl.h>
-
+ #include <EXTERN.h>
+ #include <perl.h>
+
/* 1 = clean out filename's symbol table after each request, 0 = don't */
#ifndef DO_CLEAN
#define DO_CLEAN 0
#endif
-
- static PerlInterpreter *perl = NULL;
-
+
+ #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024
+
+ static PerlInterpreter *my_perl = NULL;
+
int
main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
char *embedding[] = { "", "persistent.pl" };
char *args[] = { "", DO_CLEAN, NULL };
- char filename [1024];
+ char filename[BUFFER_SIZE];
int exitstatus = 0;
-
- if((perl = perl_alloc()) == NULL) {
- fprintf(stderr, "no memory!");
- exit(1);
+
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
+ if((my_perl = perl_alloc()) == NULL) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "no memory!");
+ exit(1);
}
- perl_construct(perl);
-
- exitstatus = perl_parse(perl, NULL, 2, embedding, NULL);
-
- if(!exitstatus) {
- exitstatus = perl_run(perl);
-
- while(printf("Enter file name: ") && gets(filename)) {
-
- /* call the subroutine, passing it the filename as an argument */
- args[0] = filename;
- perl_call_argv("Embed::Persistent::eval_file",
- G_DISCARD | G_EVAL, args);
-
- /* check $@ */
- if(SvTRUE(GvSV(errgv)))
- fprintf(stderr, "eval error: %s\n", SvPV(GvSV(errgv),na));
- }
+ perl_construct(my_perl);
+
+ PL_origalen = 1; /* don't let $0 assignment update the proctitle or embedding[0] */
+ exitstatus = perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, embedding, NULL);
+ PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
+ if(!exitstatus) {
+ exitstatus = perl_run(my_perl);
+
+ while(printf("Enter file name: ") &&
+ fgets(filename, BUFFER_SIZE, stdin)) {
+
+ filename[strlen(filename)-1] = '\0'; /* strip \n */
+ /* call the subroutine, passing it the filename as an argument */
+ args[0] = filename;
+ call_argv("Embed::Persistent::eval_file",
+ G_DISCARD | G_EVAL, args);
+
+ /* check $@ */
+ if(SvTRUE(ERRSV))
+ fprintf(stderr, "eval error: %s\n", SvPV_nolen(ERRSV));
+ }
}
-
- perl_destruct_level = 0;
- perl_destruct(perl);
- perl_free(perl);
+
+ PL_perl_destruct_level = 0;
+ perl_destruct(my_perl);
+ perl_free(my_perl);
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
exit(exitstatus);
}
-
Now compile:
- % cc -o persistent persistent.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`
+ % cc -o persistent persistent.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
-Here's a example script file:
+Here's an example script file:
#test.pl
my $string = "hello";
foo says: hello
Enter file name: ^C
+=head2 Execution of END blocks
+
+Traditionally END blocks have been executed at the end of the perl_run.
+This causes problems for applications that never call perl_run. Since
+perl 5.7.2 you can specify C<PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END>
+to get the new behaviour. This also enables the running of END blocks if
+the perl_parse fails and C<perl_destruct> will return the exit value.
+
+=head2 $0 assignments
+
+When a perl script assigns a value to $0 then the perl runtime will
+try to make this value show up as the program name reported by "ps" by
+updating the memory pointed to by the argv passed to perl_parse() and
+also calling API functions like setproctitle() where available. This
+behaviour might not be appropriate when embedding perl and can be
+disabled by assigning the value C<1> to the variable C<PL_origalen>
+before perl_parse() is called.
+
+The F<persistent.c> example above is for instance likely to segfault
+when $0 is assigned to if the C<PL_origalen = 1;> assignment is
+removed. This because perl will try to write to the read only memory
+of the C<embedding[]> strings.
+
=head2 Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
-The previous examples have gone through several steps to startup, use and
-shutdown an embedded Perl interpreter. Certain applications may require
-more than one instance of an interpreter to be created during the lifespan
-of a single process. Such an application may take different approaches in
-it's use of interpreter objects. For example, a particular transaction may
-want to create an interpreter instance, then release any resources associated
-with the object once the transaction is completed. When a single process
-does this once, resources are released upon exit of the program and the next
-time it starts, the interpreter's global state is fresh.
-
-In the same process, the program must take care to ensure that these
-actions take place before constructing a new interpreter. By default, the
-global variable C<perl_destruct_level> is set to C<0> since extra cleaning
-is not needed when a program constructs a single interpreter, such as the
-perl executable itself in C</usr/bin/perl> or some such.
-
-You can tell Perl to make everything squeeky clean by setting
-C<perl_destruct_level> to C<1>.
-
- perl_destruct_level = 1; /* perl global variable */
+Some rare applications will need to create more than one interpreter
+during a session. Such an application might sporadically decide to
+release any resources associated with the interpreter.
+
+The program must take care to ensure that this takes place I<before>
+the next interpreter is constructed. By default, when perl is not
+built with any special options, the global variable
+C<PL_perl_destruct_level> is set to C<0>, since extra cleaning isn't
+usually needed when a program only ever creates a single interpreter
+in its entire lifetime.
+
+Setting C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to C<1> makes everything squeaky clean:
+
while(1) {
...
- /* reset global variables here with perl_destruct_level = 1 */
- perl_contruct(my_perl);
+ /* reset global variables here with PL_perl_destruct_level = 1 */
+ PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
+ perl_construct(my_perl);
...
/* clean and reset _everything_ during perl_destruct */
- perl_destruct(my_perl); /* ah, nice and fresh */
- perl_free(my_perl);
+ PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
+ perl_destruct(my_perl);
+ perl_free(my_perl);
...
/* let's go do it again! */
}
-Now, when I<perl_destruct()> is called, the interpreter's syntax parsetree
-and symbol tables are cleaned out, along with reseting global variables.
-
-So, we've seen how to startup and shutdown an interpreter more than once
-in the same process, but there was only one instance in existance at any
-one time. Hmm, wonder if we can have more than one interpreter instance
-running at the _same_ time?
-Indeed this is possible, however when you build Perl, you must compile with
-C<-DMULTIPLICITY>.
-
-It's a little tricky for the Perl runtime to handle multiple interpreters,
-introducing some overhead that most programs with a single interpreter don't
-get burdened with. When you compile with C<-DMULTIPLICITY>, by default,
-C<perl_destruct_level> is set to C<1> for each interpreter.
+When I<perl_destruct()> is called, the interpreter's syntax parse tree
+and symbol tables are cleaned up, and global variables are reset. The
+second assignment to C<PL_perl_destruct_level> is needed because
+perl_construct resets it to C<0>.
+
+Now suppose we have more than one interpreter instance running at the
+same time. This is feasible, but only if you used the Configure option
+C<-Dusemultiplicity> or the options C<-Dusethreads -Duseithreads> when
+building perl. By default, enabling one of these Configure options
+sets the per-interpreter global variable C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to
+C<1>, so that thorough cleaning is automatic and interpreter variables
+are initialized correctly. Even if you don't intend to run two or
+more interpreters at the same time, but to run them sequentially, like
+in the above example, it is recommended to build perl with the
+C<-Dusemultiplicity> option otherwise some interpreter variables may
+not be initialized correctly between consecutive runs and your
+application may crash.
+
+See also L<perlxs/Thread-aware system interfaces>.
+
+Using C<-Dusethreads -Duseithreads> rather than C<-Dusemultiplicity>
+is more appropriate if you intend to run multiple interpreters
+concurrently in different threads, because it enables support for
+linking in the thread libraries of your system with the interpreter.
Let's give it a try:
#include <EXTERN.h>
- #include <perl.h>
-
+ #include <perl.h>
/* we're going to embed two interpreters */
- /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
-
#define SAY_HELLO "-e", "print qq(Hi, I'm $^X\n)"
-
int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
{
- PerlInterpreter
- *one_perl = perl_alloc(),
- *two_perl = perl_alloc();
+ PerlInterpreter *one_perl, *two_perl;
char *one_args[] = { "one_perl", SAY_HELLO };
char *two_args[] = { "two_perl", SAY_HELLO };
+ PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
+ one_perl = perl_alloc();
+ two_perl = perl_alloc();
+
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
perl_construct(one_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
perl_construct(two_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
perl_parse(one_perl, NULL, 3, one_args, (char **)NULL);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
perl_parse(two_perl, NULL, 3, two_args, (char **)NULL);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
perl_run(one_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
perl_run(two_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
perl_destruct(one_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
perl_destruct(two_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
perl_free(one_perl);
+ PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
perl_free(two_perl);
+ PERL_SYS_TERM();
}
+Note the calls to PERL_SET_CONTEXT(). These are necessary to initialize
+the global state that tracks which interpreter is the "current" one on
+the particular process or thread that may be running it. It should
+always be used if you have more than one interpreter and are making
+perl API calls on both interpreters in an interleaved fashion.
+
+PERL_SET_CONTEXT(interp) should also be called whenever C<interp> is
+used by a thread that did not create it (using either perl_alloc(), or
+the more esoteric perl_clone()).
Compile as usual:
Perl and linked C/C++ routines. Let's take a look some pieces of I<perlmain.c>
to see how Perl does this:
+ static void xs_init (pTHX);
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- # define EXTERN_C extern "C"
- #else
- # define EXTERN_C extern
- #endif
-
- static void xs_init _((void));
-
- EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader _((CV* cv));
- EXTERN_C void boot_Socket _((CV* cv));
+ EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader (pTHX_ CV* cv);
+ EXTERN_C void boot_Socket (pTHX_ CV* cv);
EXTERN_C void
- xs_init()
+ xs_init(pTHX)
{
char *file = __FILE__;
/* DynaLoader is a special case */
Then compile:
- % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`
+ % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
% interp
use Socket;
B<ExtUtils::Embed> can also automate writing the I<xs_init> glue code.
- % perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit -o perlxsi.c
+ % perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit -- -o perlxsi.c
% cc -c perlxsi.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
% cc -c interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
% cc -o interp perlxsi.o interp.o `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`
-Consult L<perlxs> and L<perlguts> for more details.
+Consult L<perlxs>, L<perlguts>, and L<perlapi> for more details.
+
+=head1 Hiding Perl_
+
+If you completely hide the short forms of the Perl public API,
+add -DPERL_NO_SHORT_NAMES to the compilation flags. This means that
+for example instead of writing
+
+ warn("%d bottles of beer on the wall", bottlecount);
+you will have to write the explicit full form
+
+ Perl_warn(aTHX_ "%d bottles of beer on the wall", bottlecount);
+
+(See L<perlguts/"Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT"> for the explanation
+of the C<aTHX_>. ) Hiding the short forms is very useful for avoiding
+all sorts of nasty (C preprocessor or otherwise) conflicts with other
+software packages (Perl defines about 2400 APIs with these short names,
+take or leave few hundred, so there certainly is room for conflict.)
=head1 MORAL
=head1 AUTHOR
-Jon Orwant F<E<lt>orwant@media.mit.eduE<gt>>,
-co-authored by Doug MacEachern F<E<lt>dougm@osf.orgE<gt>>,
-with contributions from
-Tim Bunce, Tom Christiansen, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya
+Jon Orwant <F<orwant@media.mit.edu>> and Doug MacEachern
+<F<dougm@covalent.net>>, with small contributions from Tim Bunce, Tom
+Christiansen, Guy Decoux, Hallvard Furuseth, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya
Zakharevich.
-June 17, 1996
+Doug MacEachern has an article on embedding in Volume 1, Issue 4 of
+The Perl Journal ( http://www.tpj.com/ ). Doug is also the developer of the
+most widely-used Perl embedding: the mod_perl system
+(perl.apache.org), which embeds Perl in the Apache web server.
+Oracle, Binary Evolution, ActiveState, and Ben Sugars's nsapi_perl
+have used this model for Oracle, Netscape and Internet Information
+Server Perl plugins.
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT
+
+Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Doug MacEachern and Jon Orwant. All
+Rights Reserved.
-Some of this material is excerpted from my book: I<Perl 5 Interactive>,
-Waite Group Press, 1996 (ISBN 1-57169-064-6) and appears
-courtesy of Waite Group Press.
+This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blobdiff