package Exporter;
-require 5.001;
-
-$ExportLevel = 0;
-$Verbose = 0 unless $Verbose;
-
-require Carp;
+require 5.006;
+
+# Be lean.
+#use strict;
+#no strict 'refs';
+
+our $Debug = 0;
+our $ExportLevel = 0;
+our $Verbose ||= 0;
+our $VERSION = '5.59';
+our (%Cache);
+# Carp does this now for us, so we can finally live w/o Carp
+#$Carp::Internal{Exporter} = 1;
+
+sub as_heavy {
+ require Exporter::Heavy;
+ # Unfortunately, this does not work if the caller is aliased as *name = \&foo
+ # Thus the need to create a lot of identical subroutines
+ my $c = (caller(1))[3];
+ $c =~ s/.*:://;
+ \&{"Exporter::Heavy::heavy_$c"};
+}
sub export {
-
- # First make import warnings look like they're coming from the "use".
- local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {
- my $text = shift;
- $text =~ s/ at \S*Exporter.pm line \d+.*\n//;
- local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too.
- Carp::carp($text);
- };
- local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub {
- Carp::croak("$_[0]Illegal null symbol in \@${1}::EXPORT")
- if $_[0] =~ /^Unable to create sub named "(.*?)::"/;
- };
-
- my($pkg, $callpkg, @imports) = @_;
- my($type, $sym, $oops);
- *exports = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT"};
-
- if (@imports) {
- if (!%exports) {
- grep(s/^&//, @exports);
- @exports{@exports} = (1) x @exports;
- my $ok = \@{"${pkg}::EXPORT_OK"};
- if (@$ok) {
- grep(s/^&//, @$ok);
- @exports{@$ok} = (1) x @$ok;
- }
- }
-
- if ($imports[0] =~ m#^[/!:]#){
- my $tagsref = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"};
- my $tagdata;
- my %imports;
- my($remove, $spec, @names, @allexports);
- # negated first item implies starting with default set:
- unshift @imports, ':DEFAULT' if $imports[0] =~ m/^!/;
- foreach $spec (@imports){
- $remove = $spec =~ s/^!//;
-
- if ($spec =~ s/^://){
- if ($spec eq 'DEFAULT'){
- @names = @exports;
- }
- elsif ($tagdata = $tagsref->{$spec}) {
- @names = @$tagdata;
- }
- else {
- warn qq["$spec" is not defined in %${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS];
- ++$oops;
- next;
- }
- }
- elsif ($spec =~ m:^/(.*)/$:){
- my $patn = $1;
- @allexports = keys %exports unless @allexports; # only do keys once
- @names = grep(/$patn/, @allexports); # not anchored by default
- }
- else {
- @names = ($spec); # is a normal symbol name
- }
-
- warn "Import ".($remove ? "del":"add").": @names "
- if $Verbose;
-
- if ($remove) {
- foreach $sym (@names) { delete $imports{$sym} }
- }
- else {
- @imports{@names} = (1) x @names;
- }
- }
- @imports = keys %imports;
- }
-
- foreach $sym (@imports) {
- if (!$exports{$sym}) {
- if ($sym =~ m/^\d/) {
- $pkg->require_version($sym);
- # If the version number was the only thing specified
- # then we should act as if nothing was specified:
- if (@imports == 1) {
- @imports = @exports;
- last;
- }
- # We need a way to emulate 'use Foo ()' but still
- # allow an easy version check: "use Foo 1.23, ''";
- if (@imports == 2 and !$imports[1]) {
- @imports = ();
- last;
- }
- } elsif ($sym !~ s/^&// || !$exports{$sym}) {
- warn qq["$sym" is not exported by the $pkg module];
- $oops++;
- }
- }
- }
- Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors") if $oops;
- }
- else {
- @imports = @exports;
- }
-
- *fail = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL"};
- if (@fail) {
- if (!%fail) {
- # Build cache of symbols. Optimise the lookup by adding
- # barewords twice... both with and without a leading &.
- # (Technique could be applied to %exports cache at cost of memory)
- my @expanded = map { /^\w/ ? ($_, '&'.$_) : $_ } @fail;
- warn "${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL cached: @expanded" if $Verbose;
- @fail{@expanded} = (1) x @expanded;
- }
- my @failed;
- foreach $sym (@imports) { push(@failed, $sym) if $fail{$sym} }
- if (@failed) {
- @failed = $pkg->export_fail(@failed);
- foreach $sym (@failed) {
- warn qq["$sym" is not implemented by the $pkg module ],
- "on this architecture";
- }
- Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors") if @failed;
- }
- }
-
- warn "Importing into $callpkg from $pkg: ",
- join(", ",sort @imports) if $Verbose;
-
- foreach $sym (@imports) {
- # shortcut for the common case of no type character
- (*{"${callpkg}::$sym"} = \&{"${pkg}::$sym"}, next)
- unless $sym =~ s/^(\W)//;
- $type = $1;
- *{"${callpkg}::$sym"} =
- $type eq '&' ? \&{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '$' ? \${"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '@' ? \@{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '%' ? \%{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '*' ? *{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- Carp::croak("Can't export symbol: $type$sym");
- }
+ goto &{as_heavy()};
}
sub import {
- my $pkg = shift;
- my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel);
- export $pkg, $callpkg, @_;
+ my $pkg = shift;
+ my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel);
+
+ if ($pkg eq "Exporter" and @_ and $_[0] eq "import") {
+ *{$callpkg."::import"} = \&import;
+ return;
+ }
+
+ # We *need* to treat @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"} since Carp uses it :-(
+ my($exports, $fail) = (\@{"$pkg\::EXPORT"}, \@{"$pkg\::EXPORT_FAIL"});
+ return export $pkg, $callpkg, @_
+ if $Verbose or $Debug or @$fail > 1;
+ my $export_cache = ($Cache{$pkg} ||= {});
+ my $args = @_ or @_ = @$exports;
+
+ local $_;
+ if ($args and not %$export_cache) {
+ s/^&//, $export_cache->{$_} = 1
+ foreach (@$exports, @{"$pkg\::EXPORT_OK"});
+ }
+ my $heavy;
+ # Try very hard not to use {} and hence have to enter scope on the foreach
+ # We bomb out of the loop with last as soon as heavy is set.
+ if ($args or $fail) {
+ ($heavy = (/\W/ or $args and not exists $export_cache->{$_}
+ or @$fail and $_ eq $fail->[0])) and last
+ foreach (@_);
+ } else {
+ ($heavy = /\W/) and last
+ foreach (@_);
+ }
+ return export $pkg, $callpkg, ($args ? @_ : ()) if $heavy;
+ local $SIG{__WARN__} =
+ sub {require Carp; &Carp::carp};
+ # shortcut for the common case of no type character
+ *{"$callpkg\::$_"} = \&{"$pkg\::$_"} foreach @_;
}
+# Default methods
-# Utility functions
-
-sub _push_tags {
- my($pkg, $var, $syms) = @_;
- my $nontag;
- *export_tags = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"};
- push(@{"${pkg}::$var"},
- map { $export_tags{$_} ? @{$export_tags{$_}} : scalar(++$nontag,$_) }
- (@$syms) ? @$syms : keys %export_tags);
- # This may change to a die one day
- Carp::carp("Some names are not tags") if $nontag and $^W;
+sub export_fail {
+ my $self = shift;
+ @_;
}
-sub export_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT", \@_) }
-sub export_ok_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT_OK", \@_) }
+# Unfortunately, caller(1)[3] "does not work" if the caller is aliased as
+# *name = \&foo. Thus the need to create a lot of identical subroutines
+# Otherwise we could have aliased them to export().
+sub export_to_level {
+ goto &{as_heavy()};
+}
-# Default methods
+sub export_tags {
+ goto &{as_heavy()};
+}
-sub export_fail {
- @_;
+sub export_ok_tags {
+ goto &{as_heavy()};
}
sub require_version {
- my($self, $wanted) = @_;
- my $pkg = ref $self || $self;
- my $version = ${"${pkg}::VERSION"};
- if (!$version or $version < $wanted) {
- $version ||= "(undef)";
- my $file = $INC{"$pkg.pm"};
- $file &&= " ($file)";
- Carp::croak("$pkg $wanted required--this is only version $version$file")
- }
- $version;
+ goto &{as_heavy()};
}
1;
-
-# A simple self test harness. Change 'require Carp' to 'use Carp ()' for testing.
-# package main; eval(join('',<DATA>)) or die $@ unless caller;
__END__
-package Test;
-$INC{'Exporter.pm'} = 1;
-@ISA = qw(Exporter);
-@EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
-@EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5);
-%EXPORT_TAGS = (T1=>[qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2=>[qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)], T3=>[qw(X3)]);
-@EXPORT_FAIL = qw(B4);
-Exporter::export_ok_tags('T3', 'unknown_tag');
-sub export_fail {
- map { "Test::$_" } @_ # edit symbols just as an example
-}
-
-package main;
-$Exporter::Verbose = 1;
-#import Test;
-#import Test qw(X3); # export ok via export_ok_tags()
-#import Test qw(:T1 !A2 /5/ !/3/ B5);
-import Test qw(:T2 !B4);
-import Test qw(:T2); # should fail
-1;
=head1 NAME
=head1 SYNOPSIS
-In module ModuleName.pm:
+In module YourModule.pm:
- package ModuleName;
+ package YourModule;
require Exporter;
@ISA = qw(Exporter);
+ @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request
- @EXPORT = qw(...); # symbols to export by default
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(...); # symbols to export on request
- %EXPORT_TAGS = tag => [...]; # define names for sets of symbols
-
-In other files which wish to use ModuleName:
+or
- use ModuleName; # import default symbols into my package
+ package YourModule;
+ use Exporter 'import'; # gives you Exporter's import() method directly
+ @EXPORT_OK = qw(munge frobnicate); # symbols to export on request
- use ModuleName qw(...); # import listed symbols into my package
+In other files which wish to use YourModule:
- use ModuleName (); # do not import any symbols
+ use ModuleName qw(frobnicate); # import listed symbols
+ frobnicate ($left, $right) # calls YourModule::frobnicate
=head1 DESCRIPTION
-The Exporter module implements a default C<import> method which
-many modules choose inherit rather than implement their own.
+The Exporter module implements an C<import> method which allows a module
+to export functions and variables to its users' namespaces. Many modules
+use Exporter rather than implementing their own C<import> method because
+Exporter provides a highly flexible interface, with an implementation optimised
+for the common case.
Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a
C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented
modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to
understanding the Exporter.
+=head2 How to Export
+
+The arrays C<@EXPORT> and C<@EXPORT_OK> in a module hold lists of
+symbols that are going to be exported into the users name space by
+default, or which they can request to be exported, respectively. The
+symbols can represent functions, scalars, arrays, hashes, or typeglobs.
+The symbols must be given by full name with the exception that the
+ampersand in front of a function is optional, e.g.
+
+ @EXPORT = qw(afunc $scalar @array); # afunc is a function
+ @EXPORT_OK = qw(&bfunc %hash *typeglob); # explicit prefix on &bfunc
+
+If you are only exporting function names it is recommended to omit the
+ampersand, as the implementation is faster this way.
+
=head2 Selecting What To Export
Do B<not> export method names!
(It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
my $subref = sub { ... };
- &$subref;
+ $subref->(@args); # Call it as a function
+ $obj->$subref(@args); # Use it as a method
-But there's no way to call that directly as a method, since a method
-must have a name in the symbol table.)
+However if you use them for methods it is up to you to figure out
+how to make inheritance work.)
As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
-@EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
+@EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. For function and
+method names use barewords in preference to names prefixed with
+ampersands for the export lists.
Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>.
+=head2 How to Import
+
+In other files which wish to use your module there are three basic ways for
+them to load your module and import its symbols:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item C<use ModuleName;>
+
+This imports all the symbols from ModuleName's @EXPORT into the namespace
+of the C<use> statement.
+
+=item C<use ModuleName ();>
+
+This causes perl to load your module but does not import any symbols.
+
+=item C<use ModuleName qw(...);>
+
+This imports only the symbols listed by the caller into their namespace.
+All listed symbols must be in your @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK, else an error
+occurs. The advanced export features of Exporter are accessed like this,
+but with list entries that are syntactically distinct from symbol names.
+
+=back
+
+Unless you want to use its advanced features, this is probably all you
+need to know to use Exporter.
+
+=head1 Advanced features
+
=head2 Specialised Import Lists
-If the first entry in an import list begins with !, : or / then the
-list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to or
-delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to
+If any of the entries in an import list begins with !, : or / then
+the list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to
+or delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to
right. Specifications are in the form:
[!]name This name only
specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported
into modules.
+=head2 Exporting without using Exporter's import method
+
+Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations
+where you can't directly call Exporter's import method. The export_to_level
+method looks like:
+
+ MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, $package, @what_to_export);
+
+where $where_to_export is an integer telling how far up the calling stack
+to export your symbols, and @what_to_export is an array telling what
+symbols *to* export (usually this is @_). The $package argument is
+currently unused.
+
+For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an
+import function:
+
+ package A;
+
+ @ISA = qw(Exporter);
+ @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
+
+ sub import
+ {
+ $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method
+ }
+
+and you want to Export symbol $A::b back to the module that called
+package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via
+inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called.
+Instead, say the following:
+
+ package A;
+ @ISA = qw(Exporter);
+ @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
+
+ sub import
+ {
+ $A::b = 1;
+ A->export_to_level(1, @_);
+ }
+
+This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to
+the program or module that used package A.
+
+Note: Be careful not to modify C<@_> at all before you call export_to_level
+- or people using your package will get very unexplained results!
+
+=head2 Exporting without inheriting from Exporter
+
+By including Exporter in your @ISA you inherit an Exporter's import() method
+but you also inherit several other helper methods which you probably don't
+want. To avoid this you can do
+
+ package YourModule;
+ use Exporter qw( import );
+
+which will export Exporter's own import() method into YourModule.
+Everything will work as before but you won't need to include Exporter in
+@YourModule::ISA.
+
=head2 Module Version Checking
The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a
The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed
in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array.
-If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter will
+If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter
will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before
generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method
with a list of the failed symbols:
names being silently added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. Future versions
may make this a fatal error.
+=head2 Generating combined tags
+
+If several symbol categories exist in %EXPORT_TAGS, it's usually
+useful to create the utility ":all" to simplify "use" statements.
+
+The simplest way to do this is:
+
+ %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]);
+
+ # add all the other ":class" tags to the ":all" class,
+ # deleting duplicates
+ {
+ my %seen;
+
+ push @{$EXPORT_TAGS{all}},
+ grep {!$seen{$_}++} @{$EXPORT_TAGS{$_}} foreach keys %EXPORT_TAGS;
+ }
+
+CGI.pm creates an ":all" tag which contains some (but not really
+all) of its categories. That could be done with one small
+change:
+
+ # add some of the other ":class" tags to the ":all" class,
+ # deleting duplicates
+ {
+ my %seen;
+
+ push @{$EXPORT_TAGS{all}},
+ grep {!$seen{$_}++} @{$EXPORT_TAGS{$_}}
+ foreach qw/html2 html3 netscape form cgi internal/;
+ }
+
+Note that the tag names in %EXPORT_TAGS don't have the leading ':'.
+
+=head2 C<AUTOLOAD>ed Constants
+
+Many modules make use of C<AUTOLOAD>ing for constant subroutines to
+avoid having to compile and waste memory on rarely used values (see
+L<perlsub> for details on constant subroutines). Calls to such
+constant subroutines are not optimized away at compile time because
+they can't be checked at compile time for constancy.
+
+Even if a prototype is available at compile time, the body of the
+subroutine is not (it hasn't been C<AUTOLOAD>ed yet). perl needs to
+examine both the C<()> prototype and the body of a subroutine at
+compile time to detect that it can safely replace calls to that
+subroutine with the constant value.
+
+A workaround for this is to call the constants once in a C<BEGIN> block:
+
+ package My ;
+
+ use Socket ;
+
+ foo( SO_LINGER ); ## SO_LINGER NOT optimized away; called at runtime
+ BEGIN { SO_LINGER }
+ foo( SO_LINGER ); ## SO_LINGER optimized away at compile time.
+
+This forces the C<AUTOLOAD> for C<SO_LINGER> to take place before
+SO_LINGER is encountered later in C<My> package.
+
+If you are writing a package that C<AUTOLOAD>s, consider forcing
+an C<AUTOLOAD> for any constants explicitly imported by other packages
+or which are usually used when your package is C<use>d.
+
=cut
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