+#ifdef HAS_MEMCMP
+# define memNE(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l))
+# define memEQ(s1,s2,l) (!memcmp(s1,s2,l))
+#else
+# define memNE(s1,s2,l) (bcmp(s1,s2,l))
+# define memEQ(s1,s2,l) (!bcmp(s1,s2,l))
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Character classes.
+ *
+ * Unfortunately, the introduction of locales means that we
+ * can't trust isupper(), etc. to tell the truth. And when
+ * it comes to /\w+/ with tainting enabled, we *must* be able
+ * to trust our character classes.
+ *
+ * Therefore, the default tests in the text of Perl will be
+ * independent of locale. Any code that wants to depend on
+ * the current locale will use the tests that begin with "lc".
+ */
+
+#ifdef HAS_SETLOCALE /* XXX Is there a better test for this? */
+# ifndef CTYPE256
+# define CTYPE256
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#define isALNUM(c) (isALPHA(c) || isDIGIT(c) || (c) == '_')
+#define isIDFIRST(c) (isALPHA(c) || (c) == '_')
+#define isALPHA(c) (isUPPER(c) || isLOWER(c))
+#define isSPACE(c) \
+ ((c) == ' ' || (c) == '\t' || (c) == '\n' || (c) =='\r' || (c) == '\f')
+#define isDIGIT(c) ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+ /* In EBCDIC we do not do locales: therefore() isupper() is fine. */
+# define isUPPER(c) isupper(c)
+# define isLOWER(c) islower(c)
+# define isALNUMC(c) isalnum(c)
+# define isASCII(c) isascii(c)
+# define isCNTRL(c) iscntrl(c)
+# define isGRAPH(c) isgraph(c)
+# define isPRINT(c) isprint(c)
+# define isPUNCT(c) ispunct(c)
+# define isXDIGIT(c) isxdigit(c)
+# define toUPPER(c) toupper(c)
+# define toLOWER(c) tolower(c)
+#else
+# define isUPPER(c) ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z')
+# define isLOWER(c) ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z')
+# define isALNUMC(c) (isALPHA(c) || isDIGIT(c))
+# define isASCII(c) ((c) <= 127)
+# define isCNTRL(c) ((c) < ' ')
+# define isGRAPH(c) (isALNUM(c) || isPUNCT(c))
+# define isPRINT(c) (((c) > 32 && (c) < 127) || isSPACE(c))
+# define isPUNCT(c) (((c) >= 33 && (c) <= 47) || ((c) >= 58 && (c) <= 64) || ((c) >= 91 && (c) <= 96) || ((c) >= 123 && (c) <= 126))
+# define isXDIGIT(c) (isdigit(c) || ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'f') || ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'F'))
+# define toUPPER(c) (isLOWER(c) ? (c) - ('a' - 'A') : (c))
+# define toLOWER(c) (isUPPER(c) ? (c) + ('a' - 'A') : (c))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_NEXT_CTYPE
+
+# define isALNUM_LC(c) \
+ (NXIsAlNum((unsigned int)(c)) || (char)(c) == '_')
+# define isIDFIRST_LC(c) \
+ (NXIsAlpha((unsigned int)(c)) || (char)(c) == '_')
+# define isALPHA_LC(c) NXIsAlpha((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isSPACE_LC(c) NXIsSpace((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isDIGIT_LC(c) NXIsDigit((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isUPPER_LC(c) NXIsUpper((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isLOWER_LC(c) NXIsLower((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isALNUMC_LC(c) NXIsAlNum((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isCNTRL_LC(c) NXIsCntrl((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isGRAPH_LC(c) NXIsGraph((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isPRINT_LC(c) NXIsPrint((unsigned int)(c))
+# define isPUNCT_LC(c) NXIsPunct((unsigned int)(c))
+# define toUPPER_LC(c) NXToUpper((unsigned int)(c))
+# define toLOWER_LC(c) NXToLower((unsigned int)(c))
+
+#else /* !USE_NEXT_CTYPE */
+
+# if defined(CTYPE256) || (!defined(isascii) && !defined(HAS_ISASCII))
+
+# define isALNUM_LC(c) (isalnum((unsigned char)(c)) || (char)(c) == '_')
+# define isIDFIRST_LC(c) (isalpha((unsigned char)(c)) || (char)(c) == '_')
+# define isALPHA_LC(c) isalpha((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isSPACE_LC(c) isspace((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isDIGIT_LC(c) isdigit((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isUPPER_LC(c) isupper((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isLOWER_LC(c) islower((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isALNUMC_LC(c) isalnum((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isCNTRL_LC(c) iscntrl((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isGRAPH_LC(c) isgraph((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isPRINT_LC(c) isprint((unsigned char)(c))
+# define isPUNCT_LC(c) ispunct((unsigned char)(c))
+# define toUPPER_LC(c) toupper((unsigned char)(c))
+# define toLOWER_LC(c) tolower((unsigned char)(c))
+
+# else
+
+# define isALNUM_LC(c) (isascii(c) && (isalnum(c) || (c) == '_'))
+# define isIDFIRST_LC(c) (isascii(c) && (isalpha(c) || (c) == '_'))
+# define isALPHA_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isalpha(c))
+# define isSPACE_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isspace(c))
+# define isDIGIT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isdigit(c))
+# define isUPPER_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isupper(c))
+# define isLOWER_LC(c) (isascii(c) && islower(c))
+# define isALNUMC_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isalnum(c))
+# define isCNTRL_LC(c) (isascii(c) && iscntrl(c))
+# define isGRAPH_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isgraph(c))
+# define isPRINT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isprint(c))
+# define isPUNCT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && ispunct(c))
+# define toUPPER_LC(c) toupper(c)
+# define toLOWER_LC(c) tolower(c)
+
+# endif
+#endif /* USE_NEXT_CTYPE */
+
+#define isALNUM_uni(c) is_uni_alnum(c)
+#define isIDFIRST_uni(c) is_uni_idfirst(c)
+#define isALPHA_uni(c) is_uni_alpha(c)
+#define isSPACE_uni(c) is_uni_space(c)
+#define isDIGIT_uni(c) is_uni_digit(c)
+#define isUPPER_uni(c) is_uni_upper(c)
+#define isLOWER_uni(c) is_uni_lower(c)
+#define isALNUMC_uni(c) is_uni_alnumc(c)
+#define isASCII_uni(c) is_uni_ascii(c)
+#define isCNTRL_uni(c) is_uni_cntrl(c)
+#define isGRAPH_uni(c) is_uni_graph(c)
+#define isPRINT_uni(c) is_uni_print(c)
+#define isPUNCT_uni(c) is_uni_punct(c)
+#define isXDIGIT_uni(c) is_uni_xdigit(c)
+#define toUPPER_uni(c) to_uni_upper(c)
+#define toTITLE_uni(c) to_uni_title(c)
+#define toLOWER_uni(c) to_uni_lower(c)
+
+#define isALNUM_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isALNUM_LC(c) : is_uni_alnum_lc(c))
+#define isIDFIRST_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isIDFIRST_LC(c) : is_uni_idfirst_lc(c))
+#define isALPHA_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isALPHA_LC(c) : is_uni_alpha_lc(c))
+#define isSPACE_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isSPACE_LC(c) : is_uni_space_lc(c))
+#define isDIGIT_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isDIGIT_LC(c) : is_uni_digit_lc(c))
+#define isUPPER_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isUPPER_LC(c) : is_uni_upper_lc(c))
+#define isLOWER_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isLOWER_LC(c) : is_uni_lower_lc(c))
+#define isALNUMC_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isALNUMC_LC(c) : is_uni_alnumc_lc(c))
+#define isCNTRL_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isCNTRL_LC(c) : is_uni_cntrl_lc(c))
+#define isGRAPH_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isGRAPH_LC(c) : is_uni_graph_lc(c))
+#define isPRINT_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isPRINT_LC(c) : is_uni_print_lc(c))
+#define isPUNCT_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? isPUNCT_LC(c) : is_uni_punct_lc(c))
+#define toUPPER_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? toUPPER_LC(c) : to_uni_upper_lc(c))
+#define toTITLE_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? toUPPER_LC(c) : to_uni_title_lc(c))
+#define toLOWER_LC_uni(c) (c < 256 ? toLOWER_LC(c) : to_uni_lower_lc(c))
+
+#define isALNUM_utf8(p) is_utf8_alnum(p)
+#define isIDFIRST_utf8(p) is_utf8_idfirst(p)
+#define isALPHA_utf8(p) is_utf8_alpha(p)
+#define isSPACE_utf8(p) is_utf8_space(p)
+#define isDIGIT_utf8(p) is_utf8_digit(p)
+#define isUPPER_utf8(p) is_utf8_upper(p)
+#define isLOWER_utf8(p) is_utf8_lower(p)
+#define isALNUMC_utf8(p) is_utf8_alnumc(p)
+#define isASCII_utf8(p) is_utf8_ascii(p)
+#define isCNTRL_utf8(p) is_utf8_cntrl(p)
+#define isGRAPH_utf8(p) is_utf8_graph(p)
+#define isPRINT_utf8(p) is_utf8_print(p)
+#define isPUNCT_utf8(p) is_utf8_punct(p)
+#define isXDIGIT_utf8(p) is_utf8_xdigit(p)
+#define toUPPER_utf8(p) to_utf8_upper(p)
+#define toTITLE_utf8(p) to_utf8_title(p)
+#define toLOWER_utf8(p) to_utf8_lower(p)
+
+#define isALNUM_LC_utf8(p) isALNUM_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isIDFIRST_LC_utf8(p) isIDFIRST_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isALPHA_LC_utf8(p) isALPHA_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isSPACE_LC_utf8(p) isSPACE_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isDIGIT_LC_utf8(p) isDIGIT_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isUPPER_LC_utf8(p) isUPPER_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isLOWER_LC_utf8(p) isLOWER_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isALNUMC_LC_utf8(p) isALNUMC_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isCNTRL_LC_utf8(p) isCNTRL_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isGRAPH_LC_utf8(p) isGRAPH_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isPRINT_LC_utf8(p) isPRINT_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define isPUNCT_LC_utf8(p) isPUNCT_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define toUPPER_LC_utf8(p) toUPPER_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define toTITLE_LC_utf8(p) toTITLE_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+#define toLOWER_LC_utf8(p) toLOWER_LC_uni(utf8_to_uv(p, 0))
+
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+EXT int ebcdic_control (int);
+# define toCTRL(c) ebcdic_control(c)
+#else
+ /* This conversion works both ways, strangely enough. */
+# define toCTRL(c) (toUPPER(c) ^ 64)
+#endif