| 1 | If you read this file _as_is_, just ignore the funny characters you see. |
| 2 | It is written in the POD format (see pod/perlpod.pod) which is specially |
| 3 | designed to be readable as is. |
| 4 | |
| 5 | =head1 NAME |
| 6 | |
| 7 | README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix (HP-UX) systems |
| 8 | |
| 9 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
| 10 | |
| 11 | This document describes various features of HP's Unix operating system |
| 12 | (HP-UX) that will affect how Perl version 5 (hereafter just Perl) is |
| 13 | compiled and/or runs. |
| 14 | |
| 15 | =head2 Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX |
| 16 | |
| 17 | When compiling Perl, you must use an ANSI C compiler. The C compiler |
| 18 | that ships with all HP-UX systems is a K&R compiler that should only be |
| 19 | used to build new kernels. |
| 20 | |
| 21 | Perl can be compiled with either HP's ANSI C compiler or with gcc. The |
| 22 | former is recommended, as not only can it compile Perl with no |
| 23 | difficulty, but also can take advantage of features listed later that |
| 24 | require the use of HP compiler-specific command-line flags. |
| 25 | |
| 26 | If you decide to use gcc, make sure your installation is recent and |
| 27 | complete, and be sure to read the Perl README file for more gcc-specific |
| 28 | details. |
| 29 | |
| 30 | =head2 PA-RISC |
| 31 | |
| 32 | HP's current Unix systems run on its own Precision Architecture |
| 33 | (PA-RISC) chip. HP-UX used to run on the Motorola MC68000 family of |
| 34 | chips, but any machine with this chip in it is quite obsolete and this |
| 35 | document will not attempt to address issues for compiling Perl on the |
| 36 | Motorola chipset. |
| 37 | |
| 38 | The most recent version of PA-RISC at the time of this document's last |
| 39 | update is 2.0. |
| 40 | |
| 41 | =head2 PA-RISC 1.0 |
| 42 | |
| 43 | The original version of PA-RISC, HP no longer sells any system with this chip. |
| 44 | |
| 45 | The following systems contained PA-RISC 1.0 chips: |
| 46 | |
| 47 | 600, 635, 645, 808, 815, 822, 825, 832, 834, 835, 840, 842, 845, 850, 852, |
| 48 | 855, 860, 865, 870, 890 |
| 49 | |
| 50 | =head2 PA-RISC 1.1 |
| 51 | |
| 52 | An upgrade to the PA-RISC design, it shipped for many years in many different |
| 53 | system. |
| 54 | |
| 55 | The following systems contain with PA-RISC 1.1 chips: |
| 56 | |
| 57 | 705, 710, 712, 715, 720, 722, 725, 728, 730, 735, 742, 743, 745, 747, 750, |
| 58 | 755, 770, 777, 778, 779, 800, 801, 803, 806, 807, 809, 811, 813, 816, 817, |
| 59 | 819, 821, 826, 827, 829, 831, 837, 839, 841, 847, 849, 851, 856, 857, 859, |
| 60 | 867, 869, 877, 887, 891, 892, 897, A180, A180C, B115, B120, B132L, B132L+, |
| 61 | B160L, B180L, C100, C110, C115, C120, C160L, D200, D210, D220, D230, D250, |
| 62 | D260, D310, D320, D330, D350, D360, D410, DX0, DX5, DZO, E25, E35, E45, |
| 63 | E55, F10, F20, F30, G30, G40, G50, G60, G70, H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70, |
| 64 | I30, I40, I50, I60, I70, J200, J210, J210XC, K100, K200, K210, K220, K230, |
| 65 | K400, K410, K420, S700i, S715, S724, S760, T500, T520 |
| 66 | |
| 67 | =head2 PA-RISC 2.0 |
| 68 | |
| 69 | The most recent upgrade to the PA-RISC design, it added support for |
| 70 | 64-bit integer data. |
| 71 | |
| 72 | As of the date of this document's last update, the following systems |
| 73 | contain PA-RISC 2.0 chips (this is very likely to be out of date): |
| 74 | |
| 75 | 700, 780, 781, 782, 783, 785, 802, 804, 810, 820, 861, 871, 879, 889, 893, |
| 76 | 895, 896, 898, 899, B1000, C130, C140, C160, C180, C180+, C180-XP, C200+, |
| 77 | C400+, C3000, C360, CB260, D270, D280, D370, D380, D390, D650, J220, J2240, |
| 78 | J280, J282, J400, J410, J5000, J7000, K250, K260, K260-EG, K270, K360, |
| 79 | K370, K380, K450, K460, K460-EG, K460-XP, K470, K570, K580, L1000, L2000, |
| 80 | N4000, R380, R390, T540, T600, V2000, V2200, V2250, V2500 |
| 81 | |
| 82 | A complete list of models at the time the OS was built is in the file |
| 83 | /opt/langtools/lib/sched.models. The first column corresponds to the |
| 84 | output of the "uname -m" command (without the leading "9000/"). The |
| 85 | second column is the PA-RISC version and the third column is the exact |
| 86 | chip type used. (Start browsing at the bottom to prevent confusion ;-) |
| 87 | |
| 88 | =head2 Portability Between PA-RISC Versions |
| 89 | |
| 90 | An executable compiled on a PA-RISC 2.0 platform will not execute on a |
| 91 | PA-RISC 1.1 platform, even if they are running the same version of |
| 92 | HP-UX. If you are building Perl on a PA-RISC 2.0 platform and want that |
| 93 | Perl to to also run on a PA-RISC 1.1, the compiler flags +DAportable and |
| 94 | +DS32 should be used. |
| 95 | |
| 96 | It is no longer possible to compile PA-RISC 1.0 executables on either |
| 97 | the PA-RISC 1.1 or 2.0 platforms. The command-line flags are accepted, |
| 98 | but the resulting executable will not run when transferred to a PA-RISC |
| 99 | 1.0 system. |
| 100 | |
| 101 | =head2 Itanium Processor Family and HP-UX |
| 102 | |
| 103 | HP-UX also runs on the new Itanium processor. This requires the use |
| 104 | of a different version of HP-UX (currently 11.20), and with the exception |
| 105 | of a few differences detailed below and in later sections, Perl should |
| 106 | compile with no problems. |
| 107 | |
| 108 | Although PA-RISC binaries can run on Itanium systems, you should not |
| 109 | attempt to use a PA-RISC version of Perl on an Itanium system. This is |
| 110 | because shared libraries created on an Itanium system cannot be loaded |
| 111 | while running a PA-RISC executable. |
| 112 | |
| 113 | =head2 Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX |
| 114 | |
| 115 | HP-UX supports dynamically loadable libraries (shared libraries). |
| 116 | Shared libraries end with the suffix .sl. On Itanium systems, |
| 117 | they end with the suffix .so. |
| 118 | |
| 119 | Shared libraries created on a platform using a particular PA-RISC |
| 120 | version are not usable on platforms using an earlier PA-RISC version by |
| 121 | default. However, this backwards compatibility may be enabled using the |
| 122 | same +DAportable compiler flag (with the same PA-RISC 1.0 caveat |
| 123 | mentioned above). |
| 124 | |
| 125 | Shared libraries created on an Itanium platform cannot be loaded on |
| 126 | a PA-RISC platform. Shared libraries created on a PA-RISC platform |
| 127 | can only be loaded on an Itanium platform if it is a PA-RISC executable |
| 128 | that is attempting to load the PA-RISC library. A PA-RISC shared |
| 129 | library cannot be loaded into an Itanium executable nor vice-versa. |
| 130 | |
| 131 | To create a shared library, the following steps must be performed: |
| 132 | |
| 133 | 1. Compile source modules with +z or +Z flag to create a .o module |
| 134 | which contains Position-Independent Code (PIC). The linker will |
| 135 | tell you in the next step if +Z was needed. |
| 136 | |
| 137 | 2. Link the shared library using the -b flag. If the code calls |
| 138 | any functions in other system libraries (e.g., libm), it must |
| 139 | be included on this line. |
| 140 | |
| 141 | (Note that these steps are usually handled automatically by the extension's |
| 142 | Makefile). |
| 143 | |
| 144 | If these dependent libraries are not listed at shared library creation |
| 145 | time, you will get fatal "Unresolved symbol" errors at run time when the |
| 146 | library is loaded. |
| 147 | |
| 148 | You may create a shared library that refers to another library, which |
| 149 | may be either an archive library or a shared library. If this second |
| 150 | library is a shared library, this is called a "dependent library". The |
| 151 | dependent library's name is recorded in the main shared library, but it |
| 152 | is not linked into the shared library. Instead, it is loaded when the |
| 153 | main shared library is loaded. This can cause problems if you build an |
| 154 | extension on one system and move it to another system where the |
| 155 | libraries may not be located in the same place as on the first system. |
| 156 | |
| 157 | If the referred library is an archive library, then it is treated as a |
| 158 | simple collection of .o modules (all of which must contain PIC). These |
| 159 | modules are then linked into the shared library. |
| 160 | |
| 161 | Note that it is okay to create a library which contains a dependent |
| 162 | library that is already linked into perl. |
| 163 | |
| 164 | Some extensions, like DB_File and Compress::Zlib use/require prebuilt |
| 165 | libraries for the perl extensions/modules to work. If these libraries |
| 166 | are built using the default configuration, it might happen that you run |
| 167 | into an error like "invalid loader fixup" during load phase. HP is aware |
| 168 | of this problem and address it at |
| 169 | http://devresource.hp.com/devresource/Docs/TechTips/cxxTips.html#tip13 |
| 170 | |
| 171 | A more general approach is to intervene manually, as with an example for |
| 172 | the DB_File module, which requires SleepyCat's libdb.sl: |
| 173 | |
| 174 | # cd .../db-3.2.9/build_unix |
| 175 | # vi Makefile |
| 176 | ... add +Z to all cflags to create shared objects |
| 177 | CFLAGS= -c $(CPPFLAGS) +Z -Ae +O2 +Onolimit \ |
| 178 | -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/X11R6 |
| 179 | CXXFLAGS= -c $(CPPFLAGS) +Z -Ae +O2 +Onolimit \ |
| 180 | -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/X11R6 |
| 181 | |
| 182 | # make clean |
| 183 | # make |
| 184 | # mkdir tmp |
| 185 | # cd tmp |
| 186 | # ar x ../libdb.a |
| 187 | # ld -b -o libdb-3.2.sl *.o |
| 188 | # mv libdb-3.2.sl /usr/local/lib |
| 189 | # rm *.o |
| 190 | # cd /usr/local/lib |
| 191 | # rm -f libdb.sl |
| 192 | # ln -s libdb-3.2.sl libdb.sl |
| 193 | |
| 194 | # cd .../DB_File-1.76 |
| 195 | # make distclean |
| 196 | # perl Makefile.PL |
| 197 | # make |
| 198 | # make test |
| 199 | # make install |
| 200 | |
| 201 | It is no longer possible to link PA-RISC 1.0 shared libraries (even |
| 202 | though the command-line flags are still present). |
| 203 | |
| 204 | PA-RISC and Itanium object files are not interchangeable. Although |
| 205 | you may be able to use ar to create an archive library of PA-RISC |
| 206 | object files on an Itanium system, you cannot link against it using |
| 207 | an Itanium link editor. |
| 208 | |
| 209 | =head2 The HP ANSI C Compiler |
| 210 | |
| 211 | When using this compiler to build Perl, you should make sure that the |
| 212 | flag -Aa is added to the cpprun and cppstdin variables in the config.sh |
| 213 | file (though see the section on 64-bit perl below). If you are using a |
| 214 | recent version of the Perl distribution, these flags are set automatically. |
| 215 | |
| 216 | =head2 Using Large Files with Perl on HP-UX |
| 217 | |
| 218 | Beginning with HP-UX version 10.20, files larger than 2GB (2^31 bytes) |
| 219 | may be created and manipulated. Three separate methods of doing this |
| 220 | are available. Of these methods, the best method for Perl is to compile |
| 221 | using the -Duselargefiles flag to Configure. This causes Perl to be |
| 222 | compiled using structures and functions in which these are 64 bits wide, |
| 223 | rather than 32 bits wide. (Note that this will only work with HP's ANSI |
| 224 | C compiler. If you want to compile Perl using gcc, you will have to get |
| 225 | a version of the compiler that support 64-bit operations.) |
| 226 | |
| 227 | There are some drawbacks to this approach. One is that any extension |
| 228 | which calls any file-manipulating C function will need to be recompiled |
| 229 | (just follow the usual "perl Makefile.PL; make; make test; make install" |
| 230 | procedure). |
| 231 | |
| 232 | The list of functions that will need to recompiled is: |
| 233 | creat, fgetpos, fopen, |
| 234 | freopen, fsetpos, fstat, |
| 235 | fstatvfs, fstatvfsdev, ftruncate, |
| 236 | ftw, lockf, lseek, |
| 237 | lstat, mmap, nftw, |
| 238 | open, prealloc, stat, |
| 239 | statvfs, statvfsdev, tmpfile, |
| 240 | truncate, getrlimit, setrlimit |
| 241 | |
| 242 | Another drawback is only valid for Perl versions before 5.6.0. This |
| 243 | drawback is that the seek and tell functions (both the builtin version |
| 244 | and POSIX module version) will not perform correctly. |
| 245 | |
| 246 | It is strongly recommended that you use this flag when you run |
| 247 | Configure. If you do not do this, but later answer the question about |
| 248 | large files when Configure asks you, you may get a configuration that |
| 249 | cannot be compiled, or that does not function as expected. |
| 250 | |
| 251 | =head2 Threaded Perl on HP-UX |
| 252 | |
| 253 | It is possible to compile a version of threaded Perl on any version of |
| 254 | HP-UX before 10.30, but it is strongly suggested that you be running on |
| 255 | HP-UX 11.00 at least. |
| 256 | |
| 257 | To compile Perl with threads, add -Dusethreads to the arguments of |
| 258 | Configure. Verify that the -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=199506L compiler flag is |
| 259 | automatically added to the list of flags. Also make sure that -lpthread |
| 260 | is listed before -lc in the list of libraries to link Perl with. The |
| 261 | hints provided for HP-UX during Configure will try very hard to get |
| 262 | this right for you. |
| 263 | |
| 264 | HP-UX versions before 10.30 require a seperate installation of a POSIX |
| 265 | threads library package. Two examples are the HP DCE package, available |
| 266 | on "HP-UX Hardware Extensions 3.0, Install and Core OS, Release 10.20, |
| 267 | April 1999 (B3920-13941)" or the Freely available PTH package, available |
| 268 | though worldwide HP-UX mirrors of precompiled packages |
| 269 | (e.g. http://hpux.tn.tudelft.nl/hppd/hpux/alpha.html) |
| 270 | |
| 271 | =head2 64-bit Perl on HP-UX |
| 272 | |
| 273 | Beginning with HP-UX 11.00, programs compiled under HP-UX can take |
| 274 | advantage of the LP64 programming environment (LP64 means Longs and |
| 275 | Pointers are 64 bits wide). |
| 276 | |
| 277 | Work is being performed on Perl to make it 64-bit compliant on all |
| 278 | versions of Unix. Once this is complete, scalar variables will be able |
| 279 | to hold numbers larger than 2^32 with complete precision. |
| 280 | |
| 281 | As of the date of this document, Perl is not 64-bit compliant on HP-UX. |
| 282 | |
| 283 | Should a user wish to experiment with compiling Perl in the LP64 |
| 284 | environment, use the -Duse64bitall flag to Configure. This will force |
| 285 | Perl to be compiled in a pure LP64 environment (via the +DD64 flag). |
| 286 | |
| 287 | You can also use the -Duse64bitint flag to Configure. Although there |
| 288 | are some minor differences between compiling Perl with this flag versus |
| 289 | the -Duse64bitall flag, they should not be noticeable from a Perl user's |
| 290 | perspective. |
| 291 | |
| 292 | In both cases, it is strongly recommended that you use these flags when |
| 293 | you run Configure. If you do not use do this, but later answer the |
| 294 | questions about 64-bit numbers when Configure asks you, you may get a |
| 295 | configuration that cannot be compiled, or that does not function as |
| 296 | expected. |
| 297 | |
| 298 | (Note that these Configure flags will only work with HP's ANSI C |
| 299 | compiler. If you want to compile Perl using gcc, you will have to get a |
| 300 | version of the compiler that support 64-bit operations.) |
| 301 | |
| 302 | =head2 GDBM and Threads on HP-UX |
| 303 | |
| 304 | If you attempt to compile Perl with threads on an 11.X system and also |
| 305 | link in the GDBM library, then Perl will immediately core dump when it |
| 306 | starts up. The only workaround at this point is to relink the GDBM |
| 307 | library under 11.X, then relink it into Perl. |
| 308 | |
| 309 | =head2 NFS filesystems and utime(2) on HP-UX |
| 310 | |
| 311 | If you are compiling Perl on a remotely-mounted NFS filesystem, the test |
| 312 | io/fs.t may fail on test #18. This appears to be a bug in HP-UX and no |
| 313 | fix is currently available. |
| 314 | |
| 315 | =head2 perl -P and // and HP-UX |
| 316 | |
| 317 | In HP-UX Perl is compiled with flags that will cause problems if the |
| 318 | -P flag of Perl (preprocess Perl code with the C preprocessor before |
| 319 | perl sees it) is used. The problem is that C<//>, being a C++-style |
| 320 | until-end-of-line comment, will disappear along with the remainder |
| 321 | of the line. This means that common Perl constructs like |
| 322 | |
| 323 | s/foo//; |
| 324 | |
| 325 | will turn into illegal code |
| 326 | |
| 327 | s/foo |
| 328 | |
| 329 | The workaround is to use some other quoting separator than C<"/">, |
| 330 | like for example C<"!">: |
| 331 | |
| 332 | s!foo!!; |
| 333 | |
| 334 | =head2 HP-UX Kernel Parameters (maxdsiz) for Compiling Perl |
| 335 | |
| 336 | By default, HP-UX comes configured with a maximum data segment size of |
| 337 | 64MB. This is too small to correctly compile Perl with the maximum |
| 338 | optimization levels. You can increase the size of the maxdsiz kernel |
| 339 | parameter through the use of SAM. |
| 340 | |
| 341 | When using the GUI version of SAM, click on the Kernel Configuration |
| 342 | icon, then the Configurable Parameters icon. Scroll down and select |
| 343 | the maxdsiz line. From the Actions menu, select the Modify Configurable |
| 344 | Parameter item. Insert the new formula into the Formula/Value box. |
| 345 | Then follow the instructions to rebuild your kernel and reboot your |
| 346 | system. |
| 347 | |
| 348 | In general, a value of 256MB (or "256*1024*1024") is sufficient for |
| 349 | Perl to compile at maximum optimization. |
| 350 | |
| 351 | =head1 AUTHOR |
| 352 | |
| 353 | Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com> |
| 354 | |
| 355 | With much assistance regarding shared libraries from Marc Sabatella. |
| 356 | |
| 357 | =head1 DATE |
| 358 | |
| 359 | Version 0.6.3: 2001-05-16 |
| 360 | |
| 361 | =cut |