| 1 | =encoding utf8 |
| 2 | |
| 3 | =head1 NAME |
| 4 | |
| 5 | perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms |
| 6 | |
| 7 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
| 8 | |
| 9 | An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers |
| 10 | on EBCDIC based computers. |
| 11 | |
| 12 | Portions of this document that are still incomplete are marked with XXX. |
| 13 | |
| 14 | Early Perl versions worked on some EBCDIC machines, but the last known |
| 15 | version that ran on EBCDIC was v5.8.7, until v5.22, when the Perl core |
| 16 | again works on z/OS. Theoretically, it could work on OS/400 or Siemens' |
| 17 | BS2000 (or their successors), but this is untested. In v5.22, not all |
| 18 | the modules found on CPAN but shipped with core Perl work on z/OS. |
| 19 | |
| 20 | If you want to use Perl on a non-z/OS EBCDIC machine, please let us know |
| 21 | by sending mail to perlbug@perl.org |
| 22 | |
| 23 | Writing Perl on an EBCDIC platform is really no different than writing |
| 24 | on an L</ASCII> one, but with different underlying numbers, as we'll see |
| 25 | shortly. You'll have to know something about those L</ASCII> platforms |
| 26 | because the documentation is biased and will frequently use example |
| 27 | numbers that don't apply to EBCDIC. There are also very few CPAN |
| 28 | modules that are written for EBCDIC and which don't work on ASCII; |
| 29 | instead the vast majority of CPAN modules are written for ASCII, and |
| 30 | some may happen to work on EBCDIC, while a few have been designed to |
| 31 | portably work on both. |
| 32 | |
| 33 | If your code just uses the 52 letters A-Z and a-z, plus SPACE, the |
| 34 | digits 0-9, and the punctuation characters that Perl uses, plus a few |
| 35 | controls that are denoted by escape sequences like C<\n> and C<\t>, then |
| 36 | there's nothing special about using Perl, and your code may very well |
| 37 | work on an ASCII machine without change. |
| 38 | |
| 39 | But if you write code that uses C<\005> to mean a TAB or C<\xC1> to mean |
| 40 | an "A", or C<\xDF> to mean a "E<yuml>" (small C<"y"> with a diaeresis), |
| 41 | then your code may well work on your EBCDIC platform, but not on an |
| 42 | ASCII one. That's fine to do if no one will ever want to run your code |
| 43 | on an ASCII platform; but the bias in this document will be in writing |
| 44 | code portable between EBCDIC and ASCII systems. Again, if every |
| 45 | character you care about is easily enterable from your keyboard, you |
| 46 | don't have to know anything about ASCII, but many keyboards don't easily |
| 47 | allow you to directly enter, say, the character C<\xDF>, so you have to |
| 48 | specify it indirectly, such as by using the C<"\xDF"> escape sequence. |
| 49 | In those cases it's easiest to know something about the ASCII/Unicode |
| 50 | character sets. If you know that the small "E<yuml>" is C<U+00FF>, then |
| 51 | you can instead specify it as C<"\N{U+FF}">, and have the computer |
| 52 | automatically translate it to C<\xDF> on your platform, and leave it as |
| 53 | C<\xFF> on ASCII ones. Or you could specify it by name, C<\N{LATIN |
| 54 | SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS> and not have to know the numbers. |
| 55 | Either way works, but require familiarity with Unicode. |
| 56 | |
| 57 | =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS |
| 58 | |
| 59 | =head2 ASCII |
| 60 | |
| 61 | The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or |
| 62 | US-ASCII) is a set of |
| 63 | integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that have standardized |
| 64 | interpretations by the computers which use ASCII. For example, 65 means |
| 65 | the letter "A". |
| 66 | The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary |
| 67 | digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as "7-bit ASCII". |
| 68 | ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute |
| 69 | document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 |
| 70 | (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is |
| 71 | given in the table L<below|/recipe 3> as the first 128 elements. |
| 72 | Languages that |
| 73 | can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include |
| 74 | English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American |
| 75 | languages. |
| 76 | |
| 77 | Most non-EBCDIC character sets are supersets of ASCII. That is the |
| 78 | integers 0-127 mean what ASCII says they mean. But integers 128 and |
| 79 | above are specific to the character set. |
| 80 | |
| 81 | Many of these fit entirely into 8 bits, using ASCII as 0-127, while |
| 82 | specifying what 128-255 mean, and not using anything above 255. |
| 83 | Thus, these are single-byte (or octet if you prefer) character sets. |
| 84 | One important one (since Unicode is a superset of it) is the ISO 8859-1 |
| 85 | character set. |
| 86 | |
| 87 | =head2 ISO 8859 |
| 88 | |
| 89 | The ISO 8859-I<B<$n>> are a collection of character code sets from the |
| 90 | International Organization for Standardization (ISO), each of which adds |
| 91 | characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in various |
| 92 | languages, many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. |
| 93 | Most are for European languages, but there are also ones for Arabic, |
| 94 | Greek, Hebrew, and Thai. There are good references on the web about |
| 95 | all these. |
| 96 | |
| 97 | =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) |
| 98 | |
| 99 | A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute |
| 100 | accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 |
| 101 | include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, |
| 102 | Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, |
| 103 | Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without |
| 104 | the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. |
| 105 | German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style |
| 106 | quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions |
| 107 | to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. |
| 108 | In IBM character code set identification terminology, ISO 8859-1 is |
| 109 | also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819). |
| 110 | |
| 111 | =head2 EBCDIC |
| 112 | |
| 113 | The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a |
| 114 | large collection of single- and multi-byte coded character sets that are |
| 115 | quite different from ASCII and ISO 8859-1, and are all slightly |
| 116 | different from each other; they typically run on host computers. The |
| 117 | EBCDIC encodings derive from 8-bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched |
| 118 | card encodings, which long predate ASCII. The layout on the |
| 119 | cards was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case |
| 120 | alphabetic |
| 121 | characters C<[a-z]> and C<[A-Z]>, but there were gaps within each Latin |
| 122 | alphabet range, visible in the table L<below|/recipe 3>. These gaps can |
| 123 | cause complications. |
| 124 | |
| 125 | Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set |
| 126 | identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. |
| 127 | |
| 128 | Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used EBCDIC |
| 129 | character sets, listed below. |
| 130 | |
| 131 | =head3 The 13 variant characters |
| 132 | |
| 133 | Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that |
| 134 | are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters |
| 135 | are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are: |
| 136 | |
| 137 | \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ ` |
| 138 | |
| 139 | When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at all of these characters to |
| 140 | guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and adapts itself |
| 141 | accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a character set that is not |
| 142 | one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will either fail to compile, or |
| 143 | mistakenly and silently choose one of the three. |
| 144 | |
| 145 | =head3 EBCDIC code sets recognized by Perl |
| 146 | |
| 147 | =over |
| 148 | |
| 149 | =item B<0037> |
| 150 | |
| 151 | Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 |
| 152 | characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used |
| 153 | in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system |
| 154 | that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 0037 differs from ISO 8859-1 |
| 155 | in 236 places; in other words they agree on only 20 code point values. |
| 156 | |
| 157 | =item B<1047> |
| 158 | |
| 159 | Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus |
| 160 | Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is |
| 161 | used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition |
| 162 | for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places, |
| 163 | and from ISO 8859-1 in 236. |
| 164 | |
| 165 | =item B<POSIX-BC> |
| 166 | |
| 167 | The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from |
| 168 | 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set. |
| 169 | Like 0037 and 1047, it is the same as ISO 8859-1 in 20 code point |
| 170 | values. |
| 171 | |
| 172 | =back |
| 173 | |
| 174 | =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points |
| 175 | |
| 176 | In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a |
| 177 | character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned |
| 178 | the number 193. In Unicode, the character "A" is assigned the number 65. |
| 179 | All the code points in ASCII and Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) have the same |
| 180 | meaning in Unicode. All three of the recognized EBCDIC code sets have |
| 181 | 256 code points, and in each code set, all 256 code points are mapped to |
| 182 | equivalent Latin1 code points. Obviously, "A" will map to "A", "B" => |
| 183 | "B", "%" => "%", etc., for all printable characters in Latin1 and these |
| 184 | code pages. |
| 185 | |
| 186 | It also turns out that EBCDIC has nearly precise equivalents for the |
| 187 | ASCII/Latin1 C0 controls and the DELETE control. (The C0 controls are |
| 188 | those whose ASCII code points are 0..0x1F; things like TAB, ACK, BEL, |
| 189 | etc.) A mapping is set up between these ASCII/EBCDIC controls. There |
| 190 | isn't such a precise mapping between the C1 controls on ASCII platforms |
| 191 | and the remaining EBCDIC controls. What has been done is to map these |
| 192 | controls, mostly arbitrarily, to some otherwise unmatched character in |
| 193 | the other character set. Most of these are very very rarely used |
| 194 | nowadays in EBCDIC anyway, and their names have been dropped, without |
| 195 | much complaint. For example the EO (Eight Ones) EBCDIC control |
| 196 | (consisting of eight one bits = 0xFF) is mapped to the C1 APC control |
| 197 | (0x9F), and you can't use the name "EO". |
| 198 | |
| 199 | The EBCDIC controls provide three possible line terminator characters, |
| 200 | CR (0x0D), LF (0x25), and NL (0x15). On ASCII platforms, the symbols |
| 201 | "NL" and "LF" refer to the same character, but in strict EBCDIC |
| 202 | terminology they are different ones. The EBCDIC NL is mapped to the C1 |
| 203 | control called "NEL" ("Next Line"; here's a case where the mapping makes |
| 204 | quite a bit of sense, and hence isn't just arbitrary). On some EBCDIC |
| 205 | platforms, this NL or NEL is the typical line terminator. This is true |
| 206 | of z/OS and BS2000. In these platforms, the C compilers will swap the |
| 207 | LF and NEL code points, so that C<"\n"> is 0x15, and refers to NL. Perl |
| 208 | does that too; you can see it in the code chart L<below|/recipe 3>. |
| 209 | This makes things generally "just work" without you even having to be |
| 210 | aware that there is a swap. |
| 211 | |
| 212 | =head2 Unicode and UTF |
| 213 | |
| 214 | UTF stands for "Unicode Transformation Format". |
| 215 | UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on |
| 216 | ASCII and Latin-1. |
| 217 | The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code point |
| 218 | depends on the ordinal number of that code point, |
| 219 | with larger numbers requiring more bytes. |
| 220 | UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on EBCDIC. |
| 221 | They are enough alike that often, casual usage will conflate the two |
| 222 | terms, and use "UTF-8" to mean both the UTF-8 found on ASCII platforms, |
| 223 | and the UTF-EBCDIC found on EBCDIC ones. |
| 224 | |
| 225 | You may see the term "invariant" character or code point. |
| 226 | This simply means that the character has the same numeric |
| 227 | value and representation when encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) as when |
| 228 | not. (Note that this is a very different concept from L</The 13 variant |
| 229 | characters> mentioned above. Careful prose will use the term "UTF-8 |
| 230 | invariant" instead of just "invariant", but most often you'll see just |
| 231 | "invariant".) For example, the ordinal value of "A" is 193 in most |
| 232 | EBCDIC code pages, and also is 193 when encoded in UTF-EBCDIC. All |
| 233 | UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) variant code points occupy at least two bytes when |
| 234 | encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC); by definition, the UTF-8 (or |
| 235 | UTF-EBCDIC) invariant code points are exactly one byte whether encoded |
| 236 | in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC), or not. (By now you see why people typically |
| 237 | just say "UTF-8" when they also mean "UTF-EBCDIC". For the rest of this |
| 238 | document, we'll mostly be casual about it too.) |
| 239 | In ASCII UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128 |
| 240 | ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII characters) are invariant. |
| 241 | In UTF-EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant characters. |
| 242 | (If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters |
| 243 | which have ASCII equivalents, plus those that correspond to |
| 244 | the C1 controls (128 - 159 on ASCII platforms).) |
| 245 | |
| 246 | A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (very rarely shorter) than |
| 247 | one encoded in UTF-8. Perl extends both UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC so that |
| 248 | they can encode code points above the Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF. Both |
| 249 | extensions are constructed to allow encoding of any code point that fits |
| 250 | in a 64-bit word. |
| 251 | |
| 252 | UTF-EBCDIC is defined by |
| 253 | L<Unicode Technical Report #16|http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr16> |
| 254 | (often referred to as just TR16). |
| 255 | It is defined based on CCSID 1047, not allowing for the differences for |
| 256 | other code pages. This allows for easy interchange of text between |
| 257 | computers running different code pages, but makes it unusable, without |
| 258 | adaptation, for Perl on those other code pages. |
| 259 | |
| 260 | The reason for this unusability is that a fundamental assumption of Perl |
| 261 | is that the characters it cares about for parsing and lexical analysis |
| 262 | are the same whether or not the text is in UTF-8. For example, Perl |
| 263 | expects the character C<"["> to have the same representation, no matter |
| 264 | if the string containing it (or program text) is UTF-8 encoded or not. |
| 265 | To ensure this, Perl adapts UTF-EBCDIC to the particular code page so |
| 266 | that all characters it expects to be UTF-8 invariant are in fact UTF-8 |
| 267 | invariant. This means that text generated on a computer running one |
| 268 | version of Perl's UTF-EBCDIC has to be translated to be intelligible to |
| 269 | a computer running another. |
| 270 | |
| 271 | TR16 implies a method to extend UTF-EBCDIC to encode points up through |
| 272 | S<C<2 ** 31 - 1>>. Perl uses this method for code points up through |
| 273 | S<C<2 ** 30 - 1>>, but uses an incompatible method for larger ones, to |
| 274 | enable it to handle much larger code points than otherwise. |
| 275 | |
| 276 | =head2 Using Encode |
| 277 | |
| 278 | Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard module Encode |
| 279 | to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points. |
| 280 | Encode knows about more EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently |
| 281 | be compiled to run on. |
| 282 | |
| 283 | use Encode 'from_to'; |
| 284 | |
| 285 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
| 286 | |
| 287 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
| 288 | from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1'); |
| 289 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
| 290 | |
| 291 | and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points |
| 292 | |
| 293 | use Encode 'from_to'; |
| 294 | |
| 295 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
| 296 | |
| 297 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
| 298 | from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'}); |
| 299 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
| 300 | |
| 301 | For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features |
| 302 | of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>. |
| 303 | |
| 304 | Since version 5.8 Perl uses the PerlIO I/O library. This enables |
| 305 | you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use |
| 306 | |
| 307 | use Encode; |
| 308 | open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii"); |
| 309 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| 310 | open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic"); |
| 311 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| 312 | open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1"); |
| 313 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| 314 | open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8"); |
| 315 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
| 316 | |
| 317 | to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 0037 EBCDIC, |
| 318 | ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only ASCII |
| 319 | characters were printed), and |
| 320 | UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters |
| 321 | that don't differ between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the |
| 322 | documentation of L<Encode::PerlIO> for details. |
| 323 | |
| 324 | As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally |
| 325 | ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC). |
| 326 | |
| 327 | =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES |
| 328 | |
| 329 | The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including |
| 330 | the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), |
| 331 | C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the |
| 332 | table names of the Latin 1 |
| 333 | extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly |
| 334 | corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1> albeit with |
| 335 | substitutions such as C<s/LATIN//> and C<s/VULGAR//> in all cases; |
| 336 | S<C<s/CAPITAL LETTER//>> in some cases; and |
| 337 | S<C<s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/>> in some other |
| 338 | cases. Controls are listed using their Unicode 6.2 abbreviations. |
| 339 | The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are |
| 340 | flagged with C<**>. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets |
| 341 | are flagged with C<##.> All C<ord()> numbers listed are decimal. If you |
| 342 | would rather see this table listing octal values, then run the table |
| 343 | (that is, the pod source text of this document, since this recipe may not |
| 344 | work with a pod2_other_format translation) through: |
| 345 | |
| 346 | =over 4 |
| 347 | |
| 348 | =item recipe 0 |
| 349 | |
| 350 | =back |
| 351 | |
| 352 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
| 353 | -e '{printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \ |
| 354 | perlebcdic.pod |
| 355 | |
| 356 | If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you |
| 357 | might want to write: |
| 358 | |
| 359 | =over 4 |
| 360 | |
| 361 | =item recipe 1 |
| 362 | |
| 363 | =back |
| 364 | |
| 365 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
| 366 | while (<FH>) { |
| 367 | if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*) |
| 368 | \s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x) |
| 369 | { |
| 370 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
| 371 | printf( |
| 372 | "%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%.03o\n", |
| 373 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
| 374 | } |
| 375 | elsif ($7 ne '') { |
| 376 | printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%.03o\n", |
| 377 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
| 378 | } |
| 379 | else { |
| 380 | printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n", |
| 381 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
| 382 | } |
| 383 | } |
| 384 | } |
| 385 | |
| 386 | If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then |
| 387 | run the table through: |
| 388 | |
| 389 | =over 4 |
| 390 | |
| 391 | =item recipe 2 |
| 392 | |
| 393 | =back |
| 394 | |
| 395 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
| 396 | -e '{printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%.02X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \ |
| 397 | perlebcdic.pod |
| 398 | |
| 399 | Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal: |
| 400 | |
| 401 | =over 4 |
| 402 | |
| 403 | =item recipe 3 |
| 404 | |
| 405 | =back |
| 406 | |
| 407 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
| 408 | while (<FH>) { |
| 409 | if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*) |
| 410 | \s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x) |
| 411 | { |
| 412 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
| 413 | printf( |
| 414 | "%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X.%02X\n", |
| 415 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
| 416 | } |
| 417 | elsif ($7 ne '') { |
| 418 | printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X\n", |
| 419 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
| 420 | } |
| 421 | else { |
| 422 | printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%02X\n", |
| 423 | $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
| 424 | } |
| 425 | } |
| 426 | } |
| 427 | |
| 428 | |
| 429 | ISO |
| 430 | 8859-1 POS- CCSID |
| 431 | CCSID CCSID CCSID IX- 1047 |
| 432 | chr 0819 0037 1047 BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC |
| 433 | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 434 | <NUL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
| 435 | <SOH> 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
| 436 | <STX> 2 2 2 2 2 2 |
| 437 | <ETX> 3 3 3 3 3 3 |
| 438 | <EOT> 4 55 55 55 4 55 |
| 439 | <ENQ> 5 45 45 45 5 45 |
| 440 | <ACK> 6 46 46 46 6 46 |
| 441 | <BEL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 |
| 442 | <BS> 8 22 22 22 8 22 |
| 443 | <HT> 9 5 5 5 9 5 |
| 444 | <LF> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ** |
| 445 | <VT> 11 11 11 11 11 11 |
| 446 | <FF> 12 12 12 12 12 12 |
| 447 | <CR> 13 13 13 13 13 13 |
| 448 | <SO> 14 14 14 14 14 14 |
| 449 | <SI> 15 15 15 15 15 15 |
| 450 | <DLE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 |
| 451 | <DC1> 17 17 17 17 17 17 |
| 452 | <DC2> 18 18 18 18 18 18 |
| 453 | <DC3> 19 19 19 19 19 19 |
| 454 | <DC4> 20 60 60 60 20 60 |
| 455 | <NAK> 21 61 61 61 21 61 |
| 456 | <SYN> 22 50 50 50 22 50 |
| 457 | <ETB> 23 38 38 38 23 38 |
| 458 | <CAN> 24 24 24 24 24 24 |
| 459 | <EOM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 |
| 460 | <SUB> 26 63 63 63 26 63 |
| 461 | <ESC> 27 39 39 39 27 39 |
| 462 | <FS> 28 28 28 28 28 28 |
| 463 | <GS> 29 29 29 29 29 29 |
| 464 | <RS> 30 30 30 30 30 30 |
| 465 | <US> 31 31 31 31 31 31 |
| 466 | <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 |
| 467 | ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 |
| 468 | " 34 127 127 127 34 127 |
| 469 | # 35 123 123 123 35 123 |
| 470 | $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 |
| 471 | % 37 108 108 108 37 108 |
| 472 | & 38 80 80 80 38 80 |
| 473 | ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 |
| 474 | ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 |
| 475 | ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 |
| 476 | * 42 92 92 92 42 92 |
| 477 | + 43 78 78 78 43 78 |
| 478 | , 44 107 107 107 44 107 |
| 479 | - 45 96 96 96 45 96 |
| 480 | . 46 75 75 75 46 75 |
| 481 | / 47 97 97 97 47 97 |
| 482 | 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 |
| 483 | 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 |
| 484 | 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 |
| 485 | 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 |
| 486 | 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 |
| 487 | 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 |
| 488 | 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 |
| 489 | 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 |
| 490 | 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 |
| 491 | 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 |
| 492 | : 58 122 122 122 58 122 |
| 493 | ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 |
| 494 | < 60 76 76 76 60 76 |
| 495 | = 61 126 126 126 61 126 |
| 496 | > 62 110 110 110 62 110 |
| 497 | ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 |
| 498 | @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 |
| 499 | A 65 193 193 193 65 193 |
| 500 | B 66 194 194 194 66 194 |
| 501 | C 67 195 195 195 67 195 |
| 502 | D 68 196 196 196 68 196 |
| 503 | E 69 197 197 197 69 197 |
| 504 | F 70 198 198 198 70 198 |
| 505 | G 71 199 199 199 71 199 |
| 506 | H 72 200 200 200 72 200 |
| 507 | I 73 201 201 201 73 201 |
| 508 | J 74 209 209 209 74 209 |
| 509 | K 75 210 210 210 75 210 |
| 510 | L 76 211 211 211 76 211 |
| 511 | M 77 212 212 212 77 212 |
| 512 | N 78 213 213 213 78 213 |
| 513 | O 79 214 214 214 79 214 |
| 514 | P 80 215 215 215 80 215 |
| 515 | Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 |
| 516 | R 82 217 217 217 82 217 |
| 517 | S 83 226 226 226 83 226 |
| 518 | T 84 227 227 227 84 227 |
| 519 | U 85 228 228 228 85 228 |
| 520 | V 86 229 229 229 86 229 |
| 521 | W 87 230 230 230 87 230 |
| 522 | X 88 231 231 231 88 231 |
| 523 | Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 |
| 524 | Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 |
| 525 | [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 ** ## |
| 526 | \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ## |
| 527 | ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ** |
| 528 | ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 ** ## |
| 529 | _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 |
| 530 | ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ## |
| 531 | a 97 129 129 129 97 129 |
| 532 | b 98 130 130 130 98 130 |
| 533 | c 99 131 131 131 99 131 |
| 534 | d 100 132 132 132 100 132 |
| 535 | e 101 133 133 133 101 133 |
| 536 | f 102 134 134 134 102 134 |
| 537 | g 103 135 135 135 103 135 |
| 538 | h 104 136 136 136 104 136 |
| 539 | i 105 137 137 137 105 137 |
| 540 | j 106 145 145 145 106 145 |
| 541 | k 107 146 146 146 107 146 |
| 542 | l 108 147 147 147 108 147 |
| 543 | m 109 148 148 148 109 148 |
| 544 | n 110 149 149 149 110 149 |
| 545 | o 111 150 150 150 111 150 |
| 546 | p 112 151 151 151 112 151 |
| 547 | q 113 152 152 152 113 152 |
| 548 | r 114 153 153 153 114 153 |
| 549 | s 115 162 162 162 115 162 |
| 550 | t 116 163 163 163 116 163 |
| 551 | u 117 164 164 164 117 164 |
| 552 | v 118 165 165 165 118 165 |
| 553 | w 119 166 166 166 119 166 |
| 554 | x 120 167 167 167 120 167 |
| 555 | y 121 168 168 168 121 168 |
| 556 | z 122 169 169 169 122 169 |
| 557 | { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ## |
| 558 | | 124 79 79 79 124 79 |
| 559 | } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ## |
| 560 | ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ## |
| 561 | <DEL> 127 7 7 7 127 7 |
| 562 | <PAD> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 |
| 563 | <HOP> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 |
| 564 | <BPH> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 |
| 565 | <NBH> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 |
| 566 | <IND> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 |
| 567 | <NEL> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ** |
| 568 | <SSA> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 |
| 569 | <ESA> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 |
| 570 | <HTS> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 |
| 571 | <HTJ> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 |
| 572 | <VTS> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 |
| 573 | <PLD> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 |
| 574 | <PLU> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 |
| 575 | <RI> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 |
| 576 | <SS2> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 |
| 577 | <SS3> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 |
| 578 | <DCS> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 |
| 579 | <PU1> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 |
| 580 | <PU2> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 |
| 581 | <STS> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 |
| 582 | <CCH> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 |
| 583 | <MW> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 |
| 584 | <SPA> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 |
| 585 | <EPA> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 |
| 586 | <SOS> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 |
| 587 | <SGC> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 |
| 588 | <SCI> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 |
| 589 | <CSI> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 |
| 590 | <ST> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 |
| 591 | <OSC> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 |
| 592 | <PM> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 |
| 593 | <APC> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ## |
| 594 | <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 |
| 595 | <INVERTED "!" > 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 |
| 596 | <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ## |
| 597 | <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 |
| 598 | <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 |
| 599 | <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 |
| 600 | <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ## |
| 601 | <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 |
| 602 | <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 ** ## |
| 603 | <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 |
| 604 | <FEMININE ORDINAL> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 |
| 605 | <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 |
| 606 | <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 ** ## |
| 607 | <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 |
| 608 | <REGISTERED TRADE MARK> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 |
| 609 | <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ## |
| 610 | <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 |
| 611 | <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 |
| 612 | <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 |
| 613 | <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 |
| 614 | <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 |
| 615 | <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 |
| 616 | <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 |
| 617 | <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 |
| 618 | <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 |
| 619 | <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 |
| 620 | <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 |
| 621 | <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 |
| 622 | <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 |
| 623 | <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 |
| 624 | <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 |
| 625 | <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 |
| 626 | <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 |
| 627 | <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 |
| 628 | <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 |
| 629 | <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 |
| 630 | <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 |
| 631 | <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 |
| 632 | <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 |
| 633 | <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 |
| 634 | <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 |
| 635 | <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 |
| 636 | <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 |
| 637 | <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 |
| 638 | <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 |
| 639 | <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 |
| 640 | <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 |
| 641 | <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 |
| 642 | <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 |
| 643 | <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 |
| 644 | <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 |
| 645 | <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 |
| 646 | <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 |
| 647 | <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 |
| 648 | <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 |
| 649 | <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 |
| 650 | <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 |
| 651 | <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ## |
| 652 | <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 |
| 653 | <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ## |
| 654 | <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 |
| 655 | <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 ** ## |
| 656 | <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 |
| 657 | <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 |
| 658 | <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 |
| 659 | <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 |
| 660 | <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 |
| 661 | <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 |
| 662 | <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 |
| 663 | <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 |
| 664 | <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 |
| 665 | <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 |
| 666 | <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 |
| 667 | <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 |
| 668 | <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 |
| 669 | <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 |
| 670 | <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 |
| 671 | <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 |
| 672 | <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 |
| 673 | <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 |
| 674 | <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 |
| 675 | <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 |
| 676 | <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 |
| 677 | <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 |
| 678 | <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 |
| 679 | <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 |
| 680 | <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 |
| 681 | <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 |
| 682 | <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 |
| 683 | <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ## |
| 684 | <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 |
| 685 | <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 |
| 686 | <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 |
| 687 | <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 |
| 688 | <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 |
| 689 | <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115 |
| 690 | |
| 691 | If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than |
| 692 | ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through: |
| 693 | |
| 694 | =over 4 |
| 695 | |
| 696 | =item recipe 4 |
| 697 | |
| 698 | =back |
| 699 | |
| 700 | perl \ |
| 701 | -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| 702 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
| 703 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
| 704 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
| 705 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,34,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
| 706 | |
| 707 | If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the number |
| 708 | 34 in the last line to 39, like this: |
| 709 | |
| 710 | =over 4 |
| 711 | |
| 712 | =item recipe 5 |
| 713 | |
| 714 | =back |
| 715 | |
| 716 | perl \ |
| 717 | -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| 718 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
| 719 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
| 720 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
| 721 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,39,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
| 722 | |
| 723 | If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the number |
| 724 | 34 in the last line to 44, like this: |
| 725 | |
| 726 | =over 4 |
| 727 | |
| 728 | =item recipe 6 |
| 729 | |
| 730 | =back |
| 731 | |
| 732 | perl \ |
| 733 | -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
| 734 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
| 735 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
| 736 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
| 737 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,44,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
| 738 | |
| 739 | =head2 Table in hex, sorted in 1047 order |
| 740 | |
| 741 | Since this document was first written, the convention has become more |
| 742 | and more to use hexadecimal notation for code points. To do this with |
| 743 | the recipes and to also sort is a multi-step process, so here, for |
| 744 | convenience, is the table from above, re-sorted to be in Code Page 1047 |
| 745 | order, and using hex notation. |
| 746 | |
| 747 | ISO |
| 748 | 8859-1 POS- CCSID |
| 749 | CCSID CCSID CCSID IX- 1047 |
| 750 | chr 0819 0037 1047 BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC |
| 751 | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 752 | <NUL> 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
| 753 | <SOH> 01 01 01 01 01 01 |
| 754 | <STX> 02 02 02 02 02 02 |
| 755 | <ETX> 03 03 03 03 03 03 |
| 756 | <ST> 9C 04 04 04 C2.9C 04 |
| 757 | <HT> 09 05 05 05 09 05 |
| 758 | <SSA> 86 06 06 06 C2.86 06 |
| 759 | <DEL> 7F 07 07 07 7F 07 |
| 760 | <EPA> 97 08 08 08 C2.97 08 |
| 761 | <RI> 8D 09 09 09 C2.8D 09 |
| 762 | <SS2> 8E 0A 0A 0A C2.8E 0A |
| 763 | <VT> 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B |
| 764 | <FF> 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C 0C |
| 765 | <CR> 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D |
| 766 | <SO> 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E 0E |
| 767 | <SI> 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F 0F |
| 768 | <DLE> 10 10 10 10 10 10 |
| 769 | <DC1> 11 11 11 11 11 11 |
| 770 | <DC2> 12 12 12 12 12 12 |
| 771 | <DC3> 13 13 13 13 13 13 |
| 772 | <OSC> 9D 14 14 14 C2.9D 14 |
| 773 | <LF> 0A 25 15 15 0A 15 ** |
| 774 | <BS> 08 16 16 16 08 16 |
| 775 | <ESA> 87 17 17 17 C2.87 17 |
| 776 | <CAN> 18 18 18 18 18 18 |
| 777 | <EOM> 19 19 19 19 19 19 |
| 778 | <PU2> 92 1A 1A 1A C2.92 1A |
| 779 | <SS3> 8F 1B 1B 1B C2.8F 1B |
| 780 | <FS> 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C 1C |
| 781 | <GS> 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D 1D |
| 782 | <RS> 1E 1E 1E 1E 1E 1E |
| 783 | <US> 1F 1F 1F 1F 1F 1F |
| 784 | <PAD> 80 20 20 20 C2.80 20 |
| 785 | <HOP> 81 21 21 21 C2.81 21 |
| 786 | <BPH> 82 22 22 22 C2.82 22 |
| 787 | <NBH> 83 23 23 23 C2.83 23 |
| 788 | <IND> 84 24 24 24 C2.84 24 |
| 789 | <NEL> 85 15 25 25 C2.85 25 ** |
| 790 | <ETB> 17 26 26 26 17 26 |
| 791 | <ESC> 1B 27 27 27 1B 27 |
| 792 | <HTS> 88 28 28 28 C2.88 28 |
| 793 | <HTJ> 89 29 29 29 C2.89 29 |
| 794 | <VTS> 8A 2A 2A 2A C2.8A 2A |
| 795 | <PLD> 8B 2B 2B 2B C2.8B 2B |
| 796 | <PLU> 8C 2C 2C 2C C2.8C 2C |
| 797 | <ENQ> 05 2D 2D 2D 05 2D |
| 798 | <ACK> 06 2E 2E 2E 06 2E |
| 799 | <BEL> 07 2F 2F 2F 07 2F |
| 800 | <DCS> 90 30 30 30 C2.90 30 |
| 801 | <PU1> 91 31 31 31 C2.91 31 |
| 802 | <SYN> 16 32 32 32 16 32 |
| 803 | <STS> 93 33 33 33 C2.93 33 |
| 804 | <CCH> 94 34 34 34 C2.94 34 |
| 805 | <MW> 95 35 35 35 C2.95 35 |
| 806 | <SPA> 96 36 36 36 C2.96 36 |
| 807 | <EOT> 04 37 37 37 04 37 |
| 808 | <SOS> 98 38 38 38 C2.98 38 |
| 809 | <SGC> 99 39 39 39 C2.99 39 |
| 810 | <SCI> 9A 3A 3A 3A C2.9A 3A |
| 811 | <CSI> 9B 3B 3B 3B C2.9B 3B |
| 812 | <DC4> 14 3C 3C 3C 14 3C |
| 813 | <NAK> 15 3D 3D 3D 15 3D |
| 814 | <PM> 9E 3E 3E 3E C2.9E 3E |
| 815 | <SUB> 1A 3F 3F 3F 1A 3F |
| 816 | <SPACE> 20 40 40 40 20 40 |
| 817 | <NON-BREAKING SPACE> A0 41 41 41 C2.A0 80.41 |
| 818 | <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> E2 42 42 42 C3.A2 8B.43 |
| 819 | <a WITH DIAERESIS> E4 43 43 43 C3.A4 8B.45 |
| 820 | <a WITH GRAVE> E0 44 44 44 C3.A0 8B.41 |
| 821 | <a WITH ACUTE> E1 45 45 45 C3.A1 8B.42 |
| 822 | <a WITH TILDE> E3 46 46 46 C3.A3 8B.44 |
| 823 | <a WITH RING ABOVE> E5 47 47 47 C3.A5 8B.46 |
| 824 | <c WITH CEDILLA> E7 48 48 48 C3.A7 8B.48 |
| 825 | <n WITH TILDE> F1 49 49 49 C3.B1 8B.58 |
| 826 | <CENT SIGN> A2 4A 4A B0 C2.A2 80.43 ## |
| 827 | . 2E 4B 4B 4B 2E 4B |
| 828 | < 3C 4C 4C 4C 3C 4C |
| 829 | ( 28 4D 4D 4D 28 4D |
| 830 | + 2B 4E 4E 4E 2B 4E |
| 831 | | 7C 4F 4F 4F 7C 4F |
| 832 | & 26 50 50 50 26 50 |
| 833 | <e WITH ACUTE> E9 51 51 51 C3.A9 8B.4A |
| 834 | <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> EA 52 52 52 C3.AA 8B.51 |
| 835 | <e WITH DIAERESIS> EB 53 53 53 C3.AB 8B.52 |
| 836 | <e WITH GRAVE> E8 54 54 54 C3.A8 8B.49 |
| 837 | <i WITH ACUTE> ED 55 55 55 C3.AD 8B.54 |
| 838 | <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> EE 56 56 56 C3.AE 8B.55 |
| 839 | <i WITH DIAERESIS> EF 57 57 57 C3.AF 8B.56 |
| 840 | <i WITH GRAVE> EC 58 58 58 C3.AC 8B.53 |
| 841 | <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> DF 59 59 59 C3.9F 8A.73 |
| 842 | ! 21 5A 5A 5A 21 5A |
| 843 | $ 24 5B 5B 5B 24 5B |
| 844 | * 2A 5C 5C 5C 2A 5C |
| 845 | ) 29 5D 5D 5D 29 5D |
| 846 | ; 3B 5E 5E 5E 3B 5E |
| 847 | ^ 5E B0 5F 6A 5E 5F ** ## |
| 848 | - 2D 60 60 60 2D 60 |
| 849 | / 2F 61 61 61 2F 61 |
| 850 | <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> C2 62 62 62 C3.82 8A.43 |
| 851 | <A WITH DIAERESIS> C4 63 63 63 C3.84 8A.45 |
| 852 | <A WITH GRAVE> C0 64 64 64 C3.80 8A.41 |
| 853 | <A WITH ACUTE> C1 65 65 65 C3.81 8A.42 |
| 854 | <A WITH TILDE> C3 66 66 66 C3.83 8A.44 |
| 855 | <A WITH RING ABOVE> C5 67 67 67 C3.85 8A.46 |
| 856 | <C WITH CEDILLA> C7 68 68 68 C3.87 8A.48 |
| 857 | <N WITH TILDE> D1 69 69 69 C3.91 8A.58 |
| 858 | <BROKEN BAR> A6 6A 6A D0 C2.A6 80.47 ## |
| 859 | , 2C 6B 6B 6B 2C 6B |
| 860 | % 25 6C 6C 6C 25 6C |
| 861 | _ 5F 6D 6D 6D 5F 6D |
| 862 | > 3E 6E 6E 6E 3E 6E |
| 863 | ? 3F 6F 6F 6F 3F 6F |
| 864 | <o WITH STROKE> F8 70 70 70 C3.B8 8B.67 |
| 865 | <E WITH ACUTE> C9 71 71 71 C3.89 8A.4A |
| 866 | <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> CA 72 72 72 C3.8A 8A.51 |
| 867 | <E WITH DIAERESIS> CB 73 73 73 C3.8B 8A.52 |
| 868 | <E WITH GRAVE> C8 74 74 74 C3.88 8A.49 |
| 869 | <I WITH ACUTE> CD 75 75 75 C3.8D 8A.54 |
| 870 | <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> CE 76 76 76 C3.8E 8A.55 |
| 871 | <I WITH DIAERESIS> CF 77 77 77 C3.8F 8A.56 |
| 872 | <I WITH GRAVE> CC 78 78 78 C3.8C 8A.53 |
| 873 | ` 60 79 79 4A 60 79 ## |
| 874 | : 3A 7A 7A 7A 3A 7A |
| 875 | # 23 7B 7B 7B 23 7B |
| 876 | @ 40 7C 7C 7C 40 7C |
| 877 | ' 27 7D 7D 7D 27 7D |
| 878 | = 3D 7E 7E 7E 3D 7E |
| 879 | " 22 7F 7F 7F 22 7F |
| 880 | <O WITH STROKE> D8 80 80 80 C3.98 8A.67 |
| 881 | a 61 81 81 81 61 81 |
| 882 | b 62 82 82 82 62 82 |
| 883 | c 63 83 83 83 63 83 |
| 884 | d 64 84 84 84 64 84 |
| 885 | e 65 85 85 85 65 85 |
| 886 | f 66 86 86 86 66 86 |
| 887 | g 67 87 87 87 67 87 |
| 888 | h 68 88 88 88 68 88 |
| 889 | i 69 89 89 89 69 89 |
| 890 | <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> AB 8A 8A 8A C2.AB 80.52 |
| 891 | <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> BB 8B 8B 8B C2.BB 80.6A |
| 892 | <SMALL LETTER eth> F0 8C 8C 8C C3.B0 8B.57 |
| 893 | <y WITH ACUTE> FD 8D 8D 8D C3.BD 8B.71 |
| 894 | <SMALL LETTER thorn> FE 8E 8E 8E C3.BE 8B.72 |
| 895 | <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> B1 8F 8F 8F C2.B1 80.58 |
| 896 | <DEGREE SIGN> B0 90 90 90 C2.B0 80.57 |
| 897 | j 6A 91 91 91 6A 91 |
| 898 | k 6B 92 92 92 6B 92 |
| 899 | l 6C 93 93 93 6C 93 |
| 900 | m 6D 94 94 94 6D 94 |
| 901 | n 6E 95 95 95 6E 95 |
| 902 | o 6F 96 96 96 6F 96 |
| 903 | p 70 97 97 97 70 97 |
| 904 | q 71 98 98 98 71 98 |
| 905 | r 72 99 99 99 72 99 |
| 906 | <FEMININE ORDINAL> AA 9A 9A 9A C2.AA 80.51 |
| 907 | <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> BA 9B 9B 9B C2.BA 80.69 |
| 908 | <SMALL LIGATURE ae> E6 9C 9C 9C C3.A6 8B.47 |
| 909 | <CEDILLA> B8 9D 9D 9D C2.B8 80.67 |
| 910 | <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> C6 9E 9E 9E C3.86 8A.47 |
| 911 | <CURRENCY SIGN> A4 9F 9F 9F C2.A4 80.45 |
| 912 | <MICRO SIGN> B5 A0 A0 A0 C2.B5 80.64 |
| 913 | ~ 7E A1 A1 FF 7E A1 ## |
| 914 | s 73 A2 A2 A2 73 A2 |
| 915 | t 74 A3 A3 A3 74 A3 |
| 916 | u 75 A4 A4 A4 75 A4 |
| 917 | v 76 A5 A5 A5 76 A5 |
| 918 | w 77 A6 A6 A6 77 A6 |
| 919 | x 78 A7 A7 A7 78 A7 |
| 920 | y 79 A8 A8 A8 79 A8 |
| 921 | z 7A A9 A9 A9 7A A9 |
| 922 | <INVERTED "!" > A1 AA AA AA C2.A1 80.42 |
| 923 | <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> BF AB AB AB C2.BF 80.73 |
| 924 | <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> D0 AC AC AC C3.90 8A.57 |
| 925 | [ 5B BA AD BB 5B AD ** ## |
| 926 | <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> DE AE AE AE C3.9E 8A.72 |
| 927 | <REGISTERED TRADE MARK> AE AF AF AF C2.AE 80.55 |
| 928 | <NOT SIGN> AC 5F B0 BA C2.AC 80.53 ** ## |
| 929 | <POUND SIGN> A3 B1 B1 B1 C2.A3 80.44 |
| 930 | <YEN SIGN> A5 B2 B2 B2 C2.A5 80.46 |
| 931 | <MIDDLE DOT> B7 B3 B3 B3 C2.B7 80.66 |
| 932 | <COPYRIGHT SIGN> A9 B4 B4 B4 C2.A9 80.4A |
| 933 | <SECTION SIGN> A7 B5 B5 B5 C2.A7 80.48 |
| 934 | <PARAGRAPH SIGN> B6 B6 B6 B6 C2.B6 80.65 |
| 935 | <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> BC B7 B7 B7 C2.BC 80.70 |
| 936 | <FRACTION ONE HALF> BD B8 B8 B8 C2.BD 80.71 |
| 937 | <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> BE B9 B9 B9 C2.BE 80.72 |
| 938 | <Y WITH ACUTE> DD AD BA AD C3.9D 8A.71 ** ## |
| 939 | <DIAERESIS> A8 BD BB 79 C2.A8 80.49 ** ## |
| 940 | <MACRON> AF BC BC A1 C2.AF 80.56 ## |
| 941 | ] 5D BB BD BD 5D BD ** |
| 942 | <ACUTE ACCENT> B4 BE BE BE C2.B4 80.63 |
| 943 | <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> D7 BF BF BF C3.97 8A.66 |
| 944 | { 7B C0 C0 FB 7B C0 ## |
| 945 | A 41 C1 C1 C1 41 C1 |
| 946 | B 42 C2 C2 C2 42 C2 |
| 947 | C 43 C3 C3 C3 43 C3 |
| 948 | D 44 C4 C4 C4 44 C4 |
| 949 | E 45 C5 C5 C5 45 C5 |
| 950 | F 46 C6 C6 C6 46 C6 |
| 951 | G 47 C7 C7 C7 47 C7 |
| 952 | H 48 C8 C8 C8 48 C8 |
| 953 | I 49 C9 C9 C9 49 C9 |
| 954 | <SOFT HYPHEN> AD CA CA CA C2.AD 80.54 |
| 955 | <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> F4 CB CB CB C3.B4 8B.63 |
| 956 | <o WITH DIAERESIS> F6 CC CC CC C3.B6 8B.65 |
| 957 | <o WITH GRAVE> F2 CD CD CD C3.B2 8B.59 |
| 958 | <o WITH ACUTE> F3 CE CE CE C3.B3 8B.62 |
| 959 | <o WITH TILDE> F5 CF CF CF C3.B5 8B.64 |
| 960 | } 7D D0 D0 FD 7D D0 ## |
| 961 | J 4A D1 D1 D1 4A D1 |
| 962 | K 4B D2 D2 D2 4B D2 |
| 963 | L 4C D3 D3 D3 4C D3 |
| 964 | M 4D D4 D4 D4 4D D4 |
| 965 | N 4E D5 D5 D5 4E D5 |
| 966 | O 4F D6 D6 D6 4F D6 |
| 967 | P 50 D7 D7 D7 50 D7 |
| 968 | Q 51 D8 D8 D8 51 D8 |
| 969 | R 52 D9 D9 D9 52 D9 |
| 970 | <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> B9 DA DA DA C2.B9 80.68 |
| 971 | <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> FB DB DB DB C3.BB 8B.6A |
| 972 | <u WITH DIAERESIS> FC DC DC DC C3.BC 8B.70 |
| 973 | <u WITH GRAVE> F9 DD DD C0 C3.B9 8B.68 ## |
| 974 | <u WITH ACUTE> FA DE DE DE C3.BA 8B.69 |
| 975 | <y WITH DIAERESIS> FF DF DF DF C3.BF 8B.73 |
| 976 | \ 5C E0 E0 BC 5C E0 ## |
| 977 | <DIVISION SIGN> F7 E1 E1 E1 C3.B7 8B.66 |
| 978 | S 53 E2 E2 E2 53 E2 |
| 979 | T 54 E3 E3 E3 54 E3 |
| 980 | U 55 E4 E4 E4 55 E4 |
| 981 | V 56 E5 E5 E5 56 E5 |
| 982 | W 57 E6 E6 E6 57 E6 |
| 983 | X 58 E7 E7 E7 58 E7 |
| 984 | Y 59 E8 E8 E8 59 E8 |
| 985 | Z 5A E9 E9 E9 5A E9 |
| 986 | <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> B2 EA EA EA C2.B2 80.59 |
| 987 | <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> D4 EB EB EB C3.94 8A.63 |
| 988 | <O WITH DIAERESIS> D6 EC EC EC C3.96 8A.65 |
| 989 | <O WITH GRAVE> D2 ED ED ED C3.92 8A.59 |
| 990 | <O WITH ACUTE> D3 EE EE EE C3.93 8A.62 |
| 991 | <O WITH TILDE> D5 EF EF EF C3.95 8A.64 |
| 992 | 0 30 F0 F0 F0 30 F0 |
| 993 | 1 31 F1 F1 F1 31 F1 |
| 994 | 2 32 F2 F2 F2 32 F2 |
| 995 | 3 33 F3 F3 F3 33 F3 |
| 996 | 4 34 F4 F4 F4 34 F4 |
| 997 | 5 35 F5 F5 F5 35 F5 |
| 998 | 6 36 F6 F6 F6 36 F6 |
| 999 | 7 37 F7 F7 F7 37 F7 |
| 1000 | 8 38 F8 F8 F8 38 F8 |
| 1001 | 9 39 F9 F9 F9 39 F9 |
| 1002 | <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> B3 FA FA FA C2.B3 80.62 |
| 1003 | <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> DB FB FB DD C3.9B 8A.6A ## |
| 1004 | <U WITH DIAERESIS> DC FC FC FC C3.9C 8A.70 |
| 1005 | <U WITH GRAVE> D9 FD FD E0 C3.99 8A.68 ## |
| 1006 | <U WITH ACUTE> DA FE FE FE C3.9A 8A.69 |
| 1007 | <APC> 9F FF FF 5F C2.9F FF ## |
| 1008 | |
| 1009 | =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS |
| 1010 | |
| 1011 | It is possible to determine which character set you are operating under. |
| 1012 | But first you need to be really really sure you need to do this. Your |
| 1013 | code will be simpler and probably just as portable if you don't have |
| 1014 | to test the character set and do different things, depending. There are |
| 1015 | actually only very few circumstances where it's not easy to write |
| 1016 | straight-line code portable to all character sets. See |
| 1017 | L<perluniintro/Unicode and EBCDIC> for how to portably specify |
| 1018 | characters. |
| 1019 | |
| 1020 | But there are some cases where you may want to know which character set |
| 1021 | you are running under. One possible example is doing |
| 1022 | L<sorting|/SORTING> in inner loops where performance is critical. |
| 1023 | |
| 1024 | To determine if you are running under ASCII or EBCDIC, you can use the |
| 1025 | return value of C<ord()> or C<chr()> to test one or more character |
| 1026 | values. For example: |
| 1027 | |
| 1028 | $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); |
| 1029 | $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193); |
| 1030 | $is_ascii = ord("A") == 65; |
| 1031 | $is_ebcdic = ord("A") == 193; |
| 1032 | |
| 1033 | There's even less need to distinguish between EBCDIC code pages, but to |
| 1034 | do so try looking at one or more of the characters that differ between |
| 1035 | them. |
| 1036 | |
| 1037 | $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; |
| 1038 | $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; |
| 1039 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; |
| 1040 | $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187; |
| 1041 | |
| 1042 | However, it would be unwise to write tests such as: |
| 1043 | |
| 1044 | $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG |
| 1045 | $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED |
| 1046 | |
| 1047 | Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII |
| 1048 | platforms from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC |
| 1049 | platform since S<C<"\r" eq chr(13)>> under all of those coded character |
| 1050 | sets. But note too that because C<"\n"> is C<chr(13)> and C<"\r"> is |
| 1051 | C<chr(10)> on old Macintosh (which is an ASCII platform) the second |
| 1052 | C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there. |
| 1053 | |
| 1054 | To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC |
| 1055 | code page you can use the Config module like so: |
| 1056 | |
| 1057 | use Config; |
| 1058 | $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define'; |
| 1059 | |
| 1060 | =head1 CONVERSIONS |
| 1061 | |
| 1062 | =head2 C<utf8::unicode_to_native()> and C<utf8::native_to_unicode()> |
| 1063 | |
| 1064 | These functions take an input numeric code point in one encoding and |
| 1065 | return what its equivalent value is in the other. |
| 1066 | |
| 1067 | See L<utf8>. |
| 1068 | |
| 1069 | =head2 tr/// |
| 1070 | |
| 1071 | In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to |
| 1072 | another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the |
| 1073 | above table, along with Perl's C<tr///> operator is all that is needed. |
| 1074 | The data in the table are in ASCII/Latin1 order, hence the EBCDIC columns |
| 1075 | provide easy-to-use ASCII/Latin1 to EBCDIC operations that are also easily |
| 1076 | reversed. |
| 1077 | |
| 1078 | For example, to convert ASCII/Latin1 to code page 037 take the output of the |
| 1079 | second numbers column from the output of recipe 2 (modified to add |
| 1080 | C<"\"> characters), and use it in C<tr///> like so: |
| 1081 | |
| 1082 | $cp_037 = |
| 1083 | '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' . |
| 1084 | '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' . |
| 1085 | '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' . |
| 1086 | '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' . |
| 1087 | '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' . |
| 1088 | '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' . |
| 1089 | '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' . |
| 1090 | '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' . |
| 1091 | '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' . |
| 1092 | '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' . |
| 1093 | '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' . |
| 1094 | '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' . |
| 1095 | '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' . |
| 1096 | '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' . |
| 1097 | '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' . |
| 1098 | '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF'; |
| 1099 | |
| 1100 | my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; |
| 1101 | eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/'; |
| 1102 | |
| 1103 | To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// |
| 1104 | arguments like so: |
| 1105 | |
| 1106 | my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; |
| 1107 | eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/'; |
| 1108 | |
| 1109 | Similarly one could take the output of the third numbers column from recipe 2 |
| 1110 | to obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth numbers column of the output from |
| 1111 | recipe 2 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as |
| 1112 | well. |
| 1113 | |
| 1114 | If you wanted to see the inverse tables, you would first have to sort on the |
| 1115 | desired numbers column as in recipes 4, 5 or 6, then take the output of the |
| 1116 | first numbers column. |
| 1117 | |
| 1118 | =head2 iconv |
| 1119 | |
| 1120 | XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility |
| 1121 | available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's |
| 1122 | documentation for information on iconv. |
| 1123 | |
| 1124 | On OS/390 or z/OS see the L<iconv(1)> manpage. One way to invoke the C<iconv> |
| 1125 | shell utility from within perl would be to: |
| 1126 | |
| 1127 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
| 1128 | $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1` |
| 1129 | |
| 1130 | or the inverse map: |
| 1131 | |
| 1132 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
| 1133 | $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047` |
| 1134 | |
| 1135 | For other Perl-based conversion options see the C<Convert::*> modules on CPAN. |
| 1136 | |
| 1137 | =head2 C RTL |
| 1138 | |
| 1139 | The OS/390 and z/OS C run-time libraries provide C<_atoe()> and C<_etoa()> functions. |
| 1140 | |
| 1141 | =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES |
| 1142 | |
| 1143 | The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with |
| 1144 | care on EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array |
| 1145 | will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC platform |
| 1146 | or an ASCII platform: |
| 1147 | |
| 1148 | @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25 |
| 1149 | |
| 1150 | The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results |
| 1151 | when operating on string or character data in a Perl program running |
| 1152 | on an EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is |
| 1153 | an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>: |
| 1154 | |
| 1155 | # EBCDIC-based examples |
| 1156 | print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" |
| 1157 | print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" |
| 1158 | print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; |
| 1159 | print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n"; |
| 1160 | |
| 1161 | An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters |
| 1162 | in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed |
| 1163 | as control characters in Perl, e.g. C<(chr(0)> eq C<\c@>)> |
| 1164 | C<(chr(1)> eq C<\cA>)>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been |
| 1165 | ported to take C<\c@> to C<chr(0)> and C<\cA> to C<chr(1)>, etc. as well, but the |
| 1166 | characters that result depend on which code page you are |
| 1167 | using. The table below uses the standard acronyms for the controls. |
| 1168 | The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are |
| 1169 | identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only |
| 1170 | one spot (21 decimal). Note that the line terminator character |
| 1171 | may be generated by C<\cJ> on ASCII platforms but by C<\cU> on 1047 or POSIX-BC |
| 1172 | platforms and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on |
| 1173 | 0037 platforms. Note also that C<\c\> cannot be the final element in a string |
| 1174 | or regex, as it will absorb the terminator. But C<\c\I<X>> is a C<FILE |
| 1175 | SEPARATOR> concatenated with I<X> for all I<X>. |
| 1176 | The outlier C<\c?> on ASCII, which yields a non-C0 control C<DEL>, |
| 1177 | yields the outlier control C<APC> on EBCDIC, the one that isn't in the |
| 1178 | block of contiguous controls. Note that a subtlety of this is that |
| 1179 | C<\c?> on ASCII platforms is an ASCII character, while it isn't |
| 1180 | equivalent to any ASCII character in EBCDIC platforms. |
| 1181 | |
| 1182 | chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC |
| 1183 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1184 | \c@ 0 <NUL> <NUL> <NUL> |
| 1185 | \cA 1 <SOH> <SOH> <SOH> |
| 1186 | \cB 2 <STX> <STX> <STX> |
| 1187 | \cC 3 <ETX> <ETX> <ETX> |
| 1188 | \cD 4 <EOT> <ST> <ST> |
| 1189 | \cE 5 <ENQ> <HT> <HT> |
| 1190 | \cF 6 <ACK> <SSA> <SSA> |
| 1191 | \cG 7 <BEL> <DEL> <DEL> |
| 1192 | \cH 8 <BS> <EPA> <EPA> |
| 1193 | \cI 9 <HT> <RI> <RI> |
| 1194 | \cJ 10 <LF> <SS2> <SS2> |
| 1195 | \cK 11 <VT> <VT> <VT> |
| 1196 | \cL 12 <FF> <FF> <FF> |
| 1197 | \cM 13 <CR> <CR> <CR> |
| 1198 | \cN 14 <SO> <SO> <SO> |
| 1199 | \cO 15 <SI> <SI> <SI> |
| 1200 | \cP 16 <DLE> <DLE> <DLE> |
| 1201 | \cQ 17 <DC1> <DC1> <DC1> |
| 1202 | \cR 18 <DC2> <DC2> <DC2> |
| 1203 | \cS 19 <DC3> <DC3> <DC3> |
| 1204 | \cT 20 <DC4> <OSC> <OSC> |
| 1205 | \cU 21 <NAK> <NEL> <LF> ** |
| 1206 | \cV 22 <SYN> <BS> <BS> |
| 1207 | \cW 23 <ETB> <ESA> <ESA> |
| 1208 | \cX 24 <CAN> <CAN> <CAN> |
| 1209 | \cY 25 <EOM> <EOM> <EOM> |
| 1210 | \cZ 26 <SUB> <PU2> <PU2> |
| 1211 | \c[ 27 <ESC> <SS3> <SS3> |
| 1212 | \c\X 28 <FS>X <FS>X <FS>X |
| 1213 | \c] 29 <GS> <GS> <GS> |
| 1214 | \c^ 30 <RS> <RS> <RS> |
| 1215 | \c_ 31 <US> <US> <US> |
| 1216 | \c? * <DEL> <APC> <APC> |
| 1217 | |
| 1218 | C<*> Note: C<\c?> maps to ordinal 127 (C<DEL>) on ASCII platforms, but |
| 1219 | since ordinal 127 is a not a control character on EBCDIC machines, |
| 1220 | C<\c?> instead maps on them to C<APC>, which is 255 in 0037 and 1047, |
| 1221 | and 95 in POSIX-BC. |
| 1222 | |
| 1223 | =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES |
| 1224 | |
| 1225 | =over 8 |
| 1226 | |
| 1227 | =item C<chr()> |
| 1228 | |
| 1229 | C<chr()> must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired |
| 1230 | character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For example: |
| 1231 | |
| 1232 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193); |
| 1233 | |
| 1234 | =item C<ord()> |
| 1235 | |
| 1236 | C<ord()> will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC platform. |
| 1237 | For example: |
| 1238 | |
| 1239 | $the_number_193 = ord("A"); |
| 1240 | |
| 1241 | =item C<pack()> |
| 1242 | |
| 1243 | |
| 1244 | The C<"c"> and C<"C"> templates for C<pack()> are dependent upon character set |
| 1245 | encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include: |
| 1246 | |
| 1247 | $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); |
| 1248 | # $foo eq "ABCD" |
| 1249 | $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); |
| 1250 | # same thing |
| 1251 | |
| 1252 | $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); |
| 1253 | # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD" |
| 1254 | |
| 1255 | The C<"U"> template has been ported to mean "Unicode" on all platforms so |
| 1256 | that |
| 1257 | |
| 1258 | pack("U", 65) eq 'A' |
| 1259 | |
| 1260 | is true on all platforms. If you want native code points for the low |
| 1261 | 256, use the C<"W"> template. This means that the equivalences |
| 1262 | |
| 1263 | pack("W", ord($character)) eq $character |
| 1264 | unpack("W", $character) == ord $character |
| 1265 | |
| 1266 | will hold. |
| 1267 | |
| 1268 | =item C<print()> |
| 1269 | |
| 1270 | One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to |
| 1271 | print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place |
| 1272 | for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for |
| 1273 | CGI script writing. For example, many Perl programming guides |
| 1274 | recommend something similar to: |
| 1275 | |
| 1276 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; |
| 1277 | # this may be wrong on EBCDIC |
| 1278 | |
| 1279 | You can instead write |
| 1280 | |
| 1281 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et al |
| 1282 | |
| 1283 | and have it work portably. |
| 1284 | |
| 1285 | That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done |
| 1286 | by the web server in this case. Consult your web server's documentation for |
| 1287 | further details. |
| 1288 | |
| 1289 | =item C<printf()> |
| 1290 | |
| 1291 | The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa |
| 1292 | will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed |
| 1293 | on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include: |
| 1294 | |
| 1295 | printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC |
| 1296 | |
| 1297 | =item C<sort()> |
| 1298 | |
| 1299 | EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for |
| 1300 | mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail L<below|/SORTING>. |
| 1301 | |
| 1302 | =item C<sprintf()> |
| 1303 | |
| 1304 | See the discussion of C<L</printf()>> above. An example of the use |
| 1305 | of sprintf would be: |
| 1306 | |
| 1307 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193); |
| 1308 | |
| 1309 | =item C<unpack()> |
| 1310 | |
| 1311 | See the discussion of C<L</pack()>> above. |
| 1312 | |
| 1313 | =back |
| 1314 | |
| 1315 | Note that it is possible to write portable code for these by specifying |
| 1316 | things in Unicode numbers, and using a conversion function: |
| 1317 | |
| 1318 | printf("%c",utf8::unicode_to_native(65)); # prints A on all |
| 1319 | # platforms |
| 1320 | print utf8::native_to_unicode(ord("A")); # Likewise, prints 65 |
| 1321 | |
| 1322 | See L<perluniintro/Unicode and EBCDIC> and L</CONVERSIONS> |
| 1323 | for other options. |
| 1324 | |
| 1325 | =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES |
| 1326 | |
| 1327 | You can write your regular expressions just like someone on an ASCII |
| 1328 | platform would do. But keep in mind that using octal or hex notation to |
| 1329 | specify a particular code point will give you the character that the |
| 1330 | EBCDIC code page natively maps to it. (This is also true of all |
| 1331 | double-quoted strings.) If you want to write portably, just use the |
| 1332 | C<\N{U+...}> notation everywhere where you would have used C<\x{...}>, |
| 1333 | and don't use octal notation at all. |
| 1334 | |
| 1335 | Starting in Perl v5.22, this applies to ranges in bracketed character |
| 1336 | classes. If you say, for example, C<qr/[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7F}]/>, it means |
| 1337 | the characters C<\N{U+20}>, C<\N{U+21}>, ..., C<\N{U+7F}>. This range |
| 1338 | is all the printable characters that the ASCII character set contains. |
| 1339 | |
| 1340 | Prior to v5.22, you couldn't specify any ranges portably, except |
| 1341 | (starting in Perl v5.5.3) all subsets of the C<[A-Z]> and C<[a-z]> |
| 1342 | ranges are specially coded to not pick up gap characters. For example, |
| 1343 | characters such as "E<ocirc>" (C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>) that lie between |
| 1344 | "I" and "J" would not be matched by the regular expression range |
| 1345 | C</[H-K]/>. But if either of the range end points is explicitly numeric |
| 1346 | (and neither is specified by C<\N{U+...}>), the gap characters are |
| 1347 | matched: |
| 1348 | |
| 1349 | /[\x89-\x91]/ |
| 1350 | |
| 1351 | will match C<\x8e>, even though C<\x89> is "i" and C<\x91 > is "j", |
| 1352 | and C<\x8e> is a gap character, from the alphabetic viewpoint. |
| 1353 | |
| 1354 | Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex (unless |
| 1355 | you use C<\N{U+...}>) or |
| 1356 | octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following |
| 1357 | set of subs: |
| 1358 | |
| 1359 | sub is_c0 { |
| 1360 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1361 | $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
| 1362 | } |
| 1363 | |
| 1364 | sub is_print_ascii { |
| 1365 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1366 | $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; |
| 1367 | } |
| 1368 | |
| 1369 | sub is_delete { |
| 1370 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1371 | $char eq "\177"; |
| 1372 | } |
| 1373 | |
| 1374 | sub is_c1 { |
| 1375 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1376 | $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
| 1377 | } |
| 1378 | |
| 1379 | sub is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1 |
| 1380 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1381 | $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
| 1382 | } |
| 1383 | |
| 1384 | These are valid only on ASCII platforms. Starting in Perl v5.22, simply |
| 1385 | changing the octal constants to equivalent C<\N{U+...}> values makes |
| 1386 | them portable: |
| 1387 | |
| 1388 | sub is_c0 { |
| 1389 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1390 | $char =~ /[\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}]/; |
| 1391 | } |
| 1392 | |
| 1393 | sub is_print_ascii { |
| 1394 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1395 | $char =~ /[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7E}]/; |
| 1396 | } |
| 1397 | |
| 1398 | sub is_delete { |
| 1399 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1400 | $char eq "\N{U+7F}"; |
| 1401 | } |
| 1402 | |
| 1403 | sub is_c1 { |
| 1404 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1405 | $char =~ /[\N{U+80}-\N{U+9F}]/; |
| 1406 | } |
| 1407 | |
| 1408 | sub is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1 |
| 1409 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1410 | $char =~ /[\N{U+A0}-\N{U+FF}]/; |
| 1411 | } |
| 1412 | |
| 1413 | And here are some alternative portable ways to write them: |
| 1414 | |
| 1415 | sub Is_c0 { |
| 1416 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1417 | return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/a && ! Is_delete($char); |
| 1418 | |
| 1419 | # Alternatively: |
| 1420 | # return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ |
| 1421 | # && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/ |
| 1422 | # && ! Is_delete($char); |
| 1423 | } |
| 1424 | |
| 1425 | sub Is_print_ascii { |
| 1426 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1427 | |
| 1428 | return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/a; |
| 1429 | |
| 1430 | # Alternatively: |
| 1431 | # return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/ && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/; |
| 1432 | |
| 1433 | # Or |
| 1434 | # return $char |
| 1435 | # =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; |
| 1436 | } |
| 1437 | |
| 1438 | sub Is_delete { |
| 1439 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1440 | return utf8::native_to_unicode(ord $char) == 0x7F; |
| 1441 | } |
| 1442 | |
| 1443 | sub Is_c1 { |
| 1444 | use feature 'unicode_strings'; |
| 1445 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1446 | return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/; |
| 1447 | } |
| 1448 | |
| 1449 | sub Is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1 |
| 1450 | use feature 'unicode_strings'; |
| 1451 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1452 | return ord($char) < 256 |
| 1453 | && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/ |
| 1454 | && $char !~ /[[:cntrl:]]/; |
| 1455 | } |
| 1456 | |
| 1457 | Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be |
| 1458 | to use the characters in the range explicitly: |
| 1459 | |
| 1460 | sub Is_latin_1 { |
| 1461 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1462 | $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏ] |
| 1463 | [ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/x; |
| 1464 | } |
| 1465 | |
| 1466 | Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the |
| 1467 | presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. But |
| 1468 | it does allow C<Is_c1> to be rewritten so it works on Perls that don't |
| 1469 | have C<'unicode_strings'> (earlier than v5.14): |
| 1470 | |
| 1471 | sub Is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1 |
| 1472 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
| 1473 | return ord($char) < 256 |
| 1474 | && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/ |
| 1475 | && ! Is_latin1($char); |
| 1476 | } |
| 1477 | |
| 1478 | =head1 SOCKETS |
| 1479 | |
| 1480 | Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network |
| 1481 | byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a |
| 1482 | host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. |
| 1483 | Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on |
| 1484 | output. |
| 1485 | |
| 1486 | =head1 SORTING |
| 1487 | |
| 1488 | One big difference between ASCII-based character sets and EBCDIC ones |
| 1489 | are the relative positions of the characters when sorted in native |
| 1490 | order. Of most concern are the upper- and lowercase letters, the |
| 1491 | digits, and the underscore (C<"_">). On ASCII platforms the native sort |
| 1492 | order has the digits come before the uppercase letters which come before |
| 1493 | the underscore which comes before the lowercase letters. On EBCDIC, the |
| 1494 | underscore comes first, then the lowercase letters, then the uppercase |
| 1495 | ones, and the digits last. If sorted on an ASCII-based platform, the |
| 1496 | two-letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter |
| 1497 | abbreviation for drive; that is: |
| 1498 | |
| 1499 | @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII, |
| 1500 | # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC |
| 1501 | |
| 1502 | The property of lowercase before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is |
| 1503 | even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. |
| 1504 | An example would be that "E<Euml>" (C<E WITH DIAERESIS>, 203) comes |
| 1505 | before "E<euml>" (C<e WITH DIAERESIS>, 235) on an ASCII platform, but |
| 1506 | the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform. |
| 1507 | (Astute readers will note that the uppercase version of "E<szlig>" |
| 1508 | C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case versions |
| 1509 | of "E<yuml>" (small C<y WITH DIAERESIS>) and "E<micro>" (C<MICRO SIGN>) |
| 1510 | are not in the 0..255 range but are in Unicode, in a Unicode enabled |
| 1511 | Perl). |
| 1512 | |
| 1513 | The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on |
| 1514 | ASCII platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions |
| 1515 | on how to deal with these differences. |
| 1516 | |
| 1517 | =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. |
| 1518 | |
| 1519 | This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require |
| 1520 | some user education. |
| 1521 | |
| 1522 | =head2 Use a sort helper function |
| 1523 | |
| 1524 | This is completely general, but the most computationally expensive |
| 1525 | strategy. Choose one or the other character set and transform to that |
| 1526 | for every sort comparision. Here's a complete example that transforms |
| 1527 | to ASCII sort order: |
| 1528 | |
| 1529 | sub native_to_uni($) { |
| 1530 | my $string = shift; |
| 1531 | |
| 1532 | # Saves time on an ASCII platform |
| 1533 | return $string if ord 'A' == 65; |
| 1534 | |
| 1535 | my $output = ""; |
| 1536 | for my $i (0 .. length($string) - 1) { |
| 1537 | $output |
| 1538 | .= chr(utf8::native_to_unicode(ord(substr($string, $i, 1)))); |
| 1539 | } |
| 1540 | |
| 1541 | # Preserve utf8ness of input onto the output, even if it didn't need |
| 1542 | # to be utf8 |
| 1543 | utf8::upgrade($output) if utf8::is_utf8($string); |
| 1544 | |
| 1545 | return $output; |
| 1546 | } |
| 1547 | |
| 1548 | sub ascii_order { # Sort helper |
| 1549 | return native_to_uni($a) cmp native_to_uni($b); |
| 1550 | } |
| 1551 | |
| 1552 | sort ascii_order @list; |
| 1553 | |
| 1554 | =head2 MONO CASE then sort data (for non-digits, non-underscore) |
| 1555 | |
| 1556 | If you don't care about where digits and underscore sort to, you can do |
| 1557 | something like this |
| 1558 | |
| 1559 | sub case_insensitive_order { # Sort helper |
| 1560 | return lc($a) cmp lc($b) |
| 1561 | } |
| 1562 | |
| 1563 | sort case_insensitive_order @list; |
| 1564 | |
| 1565 | If performance is an issue, and you don't care if the output is in the |
| 1566 | same case as the input, Use C<tr///> to transform to the case most |
| 1567 | employed within the data. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE |
| 1568 | non-Latin1, then apply C<tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/>, and then C<sort()>. If the |
| 1569 | data are primarily lowercase non Latin1 then apply C<tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/> |
| 1570 | before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE and include Latin-1 |
| 1571 | characters then apply: |
| 1572 | |
| 1573 | tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/; |
| 1574 | tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ/; |
| 1575 | s/ß/SS/g; |
| 1576 | |
| 1577 | then C<sort()>. If you have a choice, it's better to lowercase things |
| 1578 | to avoid the problems of the two Latin-1 characters whose uppercase is |
| 1579 | outside Latin-1: "E<yuml>" (small C<y WITH DIAERESIS>) and "E<micro>" |
| 1580 | (C<MICRO SIGN>). If you do need to upppercase, you can; with a |
| 1581 | Unicode-enabled Perl, do: |
| 1582 | |
| 1583 | tr/ÿ/\x{178}/; |
| 1584 | tr/µ/\x{39C}/; |
| 1585 | |
| 1586 | =head2 Perform sorting on one type of platform only. |
| 1587 | |
| 1588 | This strategy can employ a network connection. As such |
| 1589 | it would be computationally expensive. |
| 1590 | |
| 1591 | =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS |
| 1592 | |
| 1593 | There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set |
| 1594 | mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the |
| 1595 | previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are |
| 1596 | discussed next. |
| 1597 | |
| 1598 | =head2 URL decoding and encoding |
| 1599 | |
| 1600 | Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an |
| 1601 | attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example |
| 1602 | the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form: |
| 1603 | |
| 1604 | http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/ |
| 1605 | |
| 1606 | may also be expressed as either of: |
| 1607 | |
| 1608 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/ |
| 1609 | |
| 1610 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/ |
| 1611 | |
| 1612 | where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for "~". Here is an example |
| 1613 | of decoding such a URL in any EBCDIC code page: |
| 1614 | |
| 1615 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/'; |
| 1616 | $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/ |
| 1617 | pack("c",utf8::unicode_to_native(hex($1)))/xge; |
| 1618 | |
| 1619 | Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such |
| 1620 | a URL in any EBCDIC code page: |
| 1621 | |
| 1622 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/'; |
| 1623 | # The following regular expression does not address the |
| 1624 | # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A') |
| 1625 | $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/ |
| 1626 | sprintf("%%%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xge; |
| 1627 | |
| 1628 | where a more complete solution would split the URL into components |
| 1629 | and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts. |
| 1630 | |
| 1631 | =head2 uu encoding and decoding |
| 1632 | |
| 1633 | The C<u> template to C<pack()> or C<unpack()> will render EBCDIC data in |
| 1634 | EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, |
| 1635 | the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC |
| 1636 | computer: |
| 1637 | |
| 1638 | $all_byte_chrs = ''; |
| 1639 | for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); } |
| 1640 | $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs); |
| 1641 | ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm; |
| 1642 | M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL |
| 1643 | M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9 |
| 1644 | M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6& |
| 1645 | MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S |
| 1646 | MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@ |
| 1647 | ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P`` |
| 1648 | ENDOFHEREDOC |
| 1649 | if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) { |
| 1650 | print "Yes "; |
| 1651 | } |
| 1652 | $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs); |
| 1653 | if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) { |
| 1654 | print "indeed\n"; |
| 1655 | } |
| 1656 | |
| 1657 | Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC: |
| 1658 | |
| 1659 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
| 1660 | $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/; |
| 1661 | open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne ""; |
| 1662 | while(<>) { |
| 1663 | last if /^end/; |
| 1664 | next if /[a-z]/; |
| 1665 | next unless int((((utf8::native_to_unicode(ord()) - 32 ) & 077) |
| 1666 | + 2) / 3) |
| 1667 | == int(length() / 4); |
| 1668 | print OUT unpack("u", $_); |
| 1669 | } |
| 1670 | close(OUT); |
| 1671 | chmod oct($mode), $file; |
| 1672 | |
| 1673 | |
| 1674 | =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding |
| 1675 | |
| 1676 | On ASCII-encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside of |
| 1677 | the printable set using: |
| 1678 | |
| 1679 | # This QP encoder works on ASCII only |
| 1680 | $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/ |
| 1681 | sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge; |
| 1682 | |
| 1683 | Starting in Perl v5.22, this is trivially changeable to work portably on |
| 1684 | both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms. |
| 1685 | |
| 1686 | # This QP encoder works on both ASCII and EBCDIC |
| 1687 | $qp_string =~ s/([=\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}\N{U+80}-\N{U+FF}])/ |
| 1688 | sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge; |
| 1689 | |
| 1690 | For earlier Perls, a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC |
| 1691 | platforms would look somewhat like the following: |
| 1692 | |
| 1693 | $delete = utf8::unicode_to_native(ord("\x7F")); |
| 1694 | $qp_string =~ |
| 1695 | s/([^[:print:]$delete])/ |
| 1696 | sprintf("=%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xage; |
| 1697 | |
| 1698 | (although in production code the substitutions might be done |
| 1699 | in the EBCDIC branch with the function call and separately in the |
| 1700 | ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map; in Perl v5.22, the |
| 1701 | identity map is optimized out so there is no expense, but the |
| 1702 | alternative above is simpler and is also available in v5.22). |
| 1703 | |
| 1704 | Such QP strings can be decoded with: |
| 1705 | |
| 1706 | # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only |
| 1707 | $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][[:xdigit:])/chr hex $1/ge; |
| 1708 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; |
| 1709 | |
| 1710 | Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms |
| 1711 | would look somewhat like the following: |
| 1712 | |
| 1713 | $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][:xdigit:]])/ |
| 1714 | chr utf8::native_to_unicode(hex $1)/xge; |
| 1715 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; |
| 1716 | |
| 1717 | =head2 Caesarean ciphers |
| 1718 | |
| 1719 | The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment |
| 1720 | dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius |
| 1721 | Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes |
| 1722 | referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after |
| 1723 | the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps |
| 1724 | on the 26-letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the |
| 1725 | interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps |
| 1726 | (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet |
| 1727 | rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will |
| 1728 | work on ASCII and EBCDIC platforms: |
| 1729 | |
| 1730 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
| 1731 | |
| 1732 | while(<>){ |
| 1733 | tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/; |
| 1734 | print; |
| 1735 | } |
| 1736 | |
| 1737 | In one-liner form: |
| 1738 | |
| 1739 | perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print' |
| 1740 | |
| 1741 | |
| 1742 | =head1 Hashing order and checksums |
| 1743 | |
| 1744 | Perl deliberately randomizes hash order for security purposes on both |
| 1745 | ASCII and EBCDIC platforms. |
| 1746 | |
| 1747 | EBCDIC checksums will differ for the same file translated into ASCII |
| 1748 | and vice versa. |
| 1749 | |
| 1750 | =head1 I18N AND L10N |
| 1751 | |
| 1752 | Internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) are supported at least |
| 1753 | in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system-dependent |
| 1754 | and discussed under the L<OS ISSUES> section below. |
| 1755 | |
| 1756 | =head1 MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS |
| 1757 | |
| 1758 | Perl works with UTF-EBCDIC, a multi-byte encoding. In Perls earlier |
| 1759 | than v5.22, there may be various bugs in this regard. |
| 1760 | |
| 1761 | Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX. |
| 1762 | |
| 1763 | =head1 OS ISSUES |
| 1764 | |
| 1765 | There may be a few system-dependent issues |
| 1766 | of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers. |
| 1767 | |
| 1768 | =head2 OS/400 |
| 1769 | |
| 1770 | =over 8 |
| 1771 | |
| 1772 | =item PASE |
| 1773 | |
| 1774 | The PASE environment is a runtime environment for OS/400 that can run |
| 1775 | executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400; see L<perlos400>. PASE |
| 1776 | is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE. |
| 1777 | |
| 1778 | =item IFS access |
| 1779 | |
| 1780 | XXX. |
| 1781 | |
| 1782 | =back |
| 1783 | |
| 1784 | =head2 OS/390, z/OS |
| 1785 | |
| 1786 | Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS. |
| 1787 | |
| 1788 | =over 8 |
| 1789 | |
| 1790 | =item C<sigaction> |
| 1791 | |
| 1792 | C<SA_SIGINFO> can have segmentation faults. |
| 1793 | |
| 1794 | =item C<chcp> |
| 1795 | |
| 1796 | B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing |
| 1797 | one's code page. See also L<chcp(1)>. |
| 1798 | |
| 1799 | =item dataset access |
| 1800 | |
| 1801 | For sequential data set access try: |
| 1802 | |
| 1803 | my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`; |
| 1804 | |
| 1805 | or: |
| 1806 | |
| 1807 | my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`; |
| 1808 | |
| 1809 | See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN. |
| 1810 | |
| 1811 | =item C<iconv> |
| 1812 | |
| 1813 | B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. |
| 1814 | See also the L<iconv(1)> and L<iconv(3)> manual pages. |
| 1815 | |
| 1816 | =item locales |
| 1817 | |
| 1818 | Locales are supported. There may be glitches when a locale is another |
| 1819 | EBCDIC code page which has some of the |
| 1820 | L<code-page variant characters|/The 13 variant characters> in other |
| 1821 | positions. |
| 1822 | |
| 1823 | There aren't currently any real UTF-8 locales, even though some locale |
| 1824 | names contain the string "UTF-8". |
| 1825 | |
| 1826 | See L<perllocale> for information on locales. The L10N files |
| 1827 | are in F</usr/nls/locale>. C<$Config{d_setlocale}> is C<'define'> on |
| 1828 | OS/390 or z/OS. |
| 1829 | |
| 1830 | =back |
| 1831 | |
| 1832 | =head2 POSIX-BC? |
| 1833 | |
| 1834 | XXX. |
| 1835 | |
| 1836 | =head1 BUGS |
| 1837 | |
| 1838 | =over 4 |
| 1839 | |
| 1840 | =item * |
| 1841 | |
| 1842 | The C<cmp> (and hence C<sort>) operators do not necessarily give the |
| 1843 | correct results when both operands are UTF-EBCDIC encoded strings and |
| 1844 | there is a mixture of ASCII and/or control characters, along with other |
| 1845 | characters. |
| 1846 | |
| 1847 | =item * |
| 1848 | |
| 1849 | Ranges containing C<\N{...}> in the C<tr///> (and C<y///>) |
| 1850 | transliteration operators are treated differently than the equivalent |
| 1851 | ranges in regular expression patterns. They should, but don't, cause |
| 1852 | the values in the ranges to all be treated as Unicode code points, and |
| 1853 | not native ones. (L<perlre/Version 8 Regular Expressions> gives |
| 1854 | details as to how it should work.) |
| 1855 | |
| 1856 | =item * |
| 1857 | |
| 1858 | Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to |
| 1859 | be concatenated together properly as recipes in this document |
| 1860 | 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might |
| 1861 | seem to imply. |
| 1862 | |
| 1863 | =item * |
| 1864 | |
| 1865 | There are some bugs in the C<pack>/C<unpack> C<"U0"> template |
| 1866 | |
| 1867 | =item * |
| 1868 | |
| 1869 | There are a significant number of test failures in the CPAN modules |
| 1870 | shipped with Perl v5.22. These are only in modules not primarily |
| 1871 | maintained by Perl 5 porters. Some of these are failures in the tests |
| 1872 | only: they don't realize that it is proper to get different results on |
| 1873 | EBCDIC platforms. And some of the failures are real bugs. If you |
| 1874 | compile and do a C<make test> on Perl, all tests on the C</cpan> |
| 1875 | directory are skipped. |
| 1876 | |
| 1877 | In particular, the extensions L<Unicode::Collate> and |
| 1878 | L<Unicode::Normalize> are not supported under EBCDIC; likewise for the |
| 1879 | (now deprecated) L<encoding> pragma. |
| 1880 | |
| 1881 | L<Encode> partially works. |
| 1882 | |
| 1883 | =item * |
| 1884 | |
| 1885 | In earlier versions, when byte and character data were concatenated, |
| 1886 | the new string was sometimes created by |
| 1887 | decoding the byte strings as I<ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1)>, even if the |
| 1888 | old Unicode string used EBCDIC. |
| 1889 | |
| 1890 | =back |
| 1891 | |
| 1892 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
| 1893 | |
| 1894 | L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>. |
| 1895 | |
| 1896 | =head1 REFERENCES |
| 1897 | |
| 1898 | L<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps> |
| 1899 | |
| 1900 | L<http://www.unicode.org/> |
| 1901 | |
| 1902 | L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/> |
| 1903 | |
| 1904 | L<http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/> |
| 1905 | B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings, |
| 1906 | September 1999. |
| 1907 | |
| 1908 | B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., |
| 1909 | ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000. |
| 1910 | |
| 1911 | B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - |
| 1912 | Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996. |
| 1913 | |
| 1914 | "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing |
| 1915 | & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999; |
| 1916 | ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA. |
| 1917 | |
| 1918 | B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication> |
| 1919 | Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, |
| 1920 | 1998. |
| 1921 | |
| 1922 | L<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM> |
| 1923 | B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer. |
| 1924 | |
| 1925 | =head1 HISTORY |
| 1926 | |
| 1927 | 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp. |
| 1928 | |
| 1929 | =head1 AUTHOR |
| 1930 | |
| 1931 | Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 |
| 1932 | with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and |
| 1933 | AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC |
| 1934 | help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. |
| 1935 | Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and |
| 1936 | Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and |
| 1937 | registered service marks used in this document are the property of |
| 1938 | their respective owners. |
| 1939 | |
| 1940 | Now maintained by Perl5 Porters. |