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Commit	Line	Data
	1	=encoding utf8
	2
	3	=head1 NAME
	4
	5	perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
	6
	7	=head1 DESCRIPTION
	8
	9	An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers
	10	on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization,
	11	internationalization, or multi-byte character set issues other
	12	than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC.
	13
	14	Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
	15
	16	Perl used to work on EBCDIC machines, but there are now areas of the code where
	17	it doesn't. If you want to use Perl on an EBCDIC machine, please let us know
	18	by sending mail to perlbug@perl.org
	19
	20	=head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
	21
	22	=head2 ASCII
	23
	24	The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-ASCII) is a
	25	set of
	26	integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character
	27	interpretation by the display and other systems of computers.
	28	The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary
	29	digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as "7-bit ASCII".
	30	ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute
	31	document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991
	32	(with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is
	33	given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that
	34	can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include
	35	English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American
	36	languages.
	37
	38	There are many character sets that extend the range of integers
	39	from 0..27-1 up to 28-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer).
	40	One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.
	41
	42	=head2 ISO 8859
	43
	44	The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
	45	International Organization for Standardization (ISO), each of which
	46	adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European
	47	languages, many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
	48
	49	=head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
	50
	51	A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
	52	accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
	53	include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
	54	Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
	55	Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without
	56	the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
	57	German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style
	58	quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions
	59	to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work.
	60	In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is
	61	also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
	62
	63	=head2 EBCDIC
	64
	65	The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a
	66	large collection of single- and multi-byte coded character sets that are
	67	different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 and are all slightly different from each
	68	other; they typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive from
	69	8-bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the
	70	cards was such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabet
	71	characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were gaps within each Latin alphabet
	72	range.
	73
	74	Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
	75	identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers.
	76
	77	Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used EBCDIC
	78	character sets, listed below.
	79
	80	=head3 The 13 variant characters
	81
	82	Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that
	83	are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters
	84	are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
	85
	86	\ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # \| $ @ `
	87
	88	When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at all of these characters to
	89	guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and adapts itself
	90	accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a character set that is not
	91	one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will either fail to compile, or
	92	mistakenly and silently choose one of the three.
	93	They are:
	94
	95	=over
	96
	97	=item B<0037>
	98
	99	Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
	100	characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used
	101	in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system
	102	that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 0037 differs from ISO 8859-1
	103	in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.
	104
	105	=item B<1047>
	106
	107	Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
	108	Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is
	109	used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
	110	for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.
	111
	112	=item B<POSIX-BC>
	113
	114	The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from
	115	1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
	116
	117	=back
	118
	119	=head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
	120
	121	In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a
	122	character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
	123	the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65.
	124	This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which
	125	are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers.
	126	The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256?
	127	(for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used)
	128	In EBCDIC, the EBCDIC code points are used for the low 256. This
	129	means that the equivalences
	130
	131	pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
	132	unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
	133
	134	will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over
	135	all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC
	136	equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal
	137	65, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".)
	138
	139	=head2 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC
	140
	141	=over 4
	142
	143	=item *
	144
	145	The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not
	146	supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the (now deprecated) encoding pragma.
	147
	148	=back
	149
	150	=head2 Unicode and UTF
	151
	152	UTF stands for C<Unicode Transformation Format>.
	153	UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on
	154	ASCII and Latin-1.
	155	The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code point
	156	depends on the ordinal number of that code point,
	157	with larger numbers requiring more bytes.
	158	UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on EBCDIC.
	159
	160	You may see the term C<invariant> character or code point.
	161	This simply means that the character has the same numeric
	162	value when encoded as when not.
	163	(Note that this is a very different concept from L</The 13 variant characters>
	164	mentioned above.)
	165	For example, the ordinal value of 'A' is 193 in most EBCDIC code pages,
	166	and also is 193 when encoded in UTF-EBCDIC.
	167	All variant code points occupy at least two bytes when encoded.
	168	In UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128
	169	ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII characters) are invariant.
	170	In UTF-EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant characters.
	171	(If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters
	172	which have ASCII equivalents, plus those that correspond to
	173	the C1 controls (80..9f on ASCII platforms).)
	174
	175	A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (but never shorter) than
	176	one encoded in UTF-8.
	177
	178	=head2 Using Encode
	179
	180	Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode
	181	to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points.
	182	Encode knows about more EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently
	183	be compiled to run on.
	184
	185	use Encode 'from_to';
	186
	187	my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
	188
	189	# $a is in EBCDIC code points
	190	from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
	191	# $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
	192
	193	and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
	194
	195	use Encode 'from_to';
	196
	197	my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
	198
	199	# $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
	200	from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
	201	# $a is in EBCDIC code points
	202
	203	For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
	204	of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>.
	205
	206	Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables
	207	you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use
	208
	209	use Encode;
	210	open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
	211	print $f "Hello World!\n";
	212	open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
	213	print $f "Hello World!\n";
	214	open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
	215	print $f "Hello World!\n";
	216	open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
	217	print $f "Hello World!\n";
	218
	219	to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 0037 EBCDIC,
	220	ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only ASCII
	221	characters were printed), and
	222	UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters
	223	that don't differ between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the
	224	documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details.
	225
	226	As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
	227	ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
	228
	229	=head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES
	230
	231	The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
	232	the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
	233	C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
	234	table names of the Latin 1
	235	extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
	236	corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1> albeit with
	237	substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL
	238	LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other
	239	cases. Controls are listed using their Unicode 6.2 abbreviations.
	240	The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are
	241	flagged with **. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets
	242	are flagged with ##. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you
	243	would rather see this table listing octal values, then run the table
	244	(that is, the pod source text of this document, since this recipe may not
	245	work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:
	246
	247	=over 4
	248
	249	=item recipe 0
	250
	251	=back
	252
	253	perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
	254	-e '{printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
	255	perlebcdic.pod
	256
	257	If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
	258	might want to write:
	259
	260	=over 4
	261
	262	=item recipe 1
	263
	264	=back
	265
	266	open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
	267	while (<FH>) {
	268	if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
	269	\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x)
	270	{
	271	if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
	272	printf(
	273	"%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%.03o\n",
	274	$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
	275	}
	276	elsif ($7 ne '') {
	277	printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%.03o\n",
	278	$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
	279	}
	280	else {
	281	printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",
	282	$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
	283	}
	284	}
	285	}
	286
	287	If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then
	288	run the table through:
	289
	290	=over 4
	291
	292	=item recipe 2
	293
	294	=back
	295
	296	perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
	297	-e '{printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%.02X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
	298	perlebcdic.pod
	299
	300	Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
	301
	302	=over 4
	303
	304	=item recipe 3
	305
	306	=back
	307
	308	open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
	309	while (<FH>) {
	310	if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
	311	\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x)
	312	{
	313	if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
	314	printf(
	315	"%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X.%02X\n",
	316	$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
	317	}
	318	elsif ($7 ne '') {
	319	printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X\n",
	320	$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
	321	}
	322	else {
	323	printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%02X\n",
	324	$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
	325	}
	326	}
	327	}
	328
	329
	330	ISO
	331	8859-1 POS- CCSID
	332	CCSID CCSID CCSID IX- 1047
	333	chr 0819 0037 1047 BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
	334	---------------------------------------------------------------------
	335	<NUL> 0 0 0 0 0 0
	336	<SOH> 1 1 1 1 1 1
	337	<STX> 2 2 2 2 2 2
	338	<ETX> 3 3 3 3 3 3
	339	<EOT> 4 55 55 55 4 55
	340	<ENQ> 5 45 45 45 5 45
	341	<ACK> 6 46 46 46 6 46
	342	<BEL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
	343	<BS> 8 22 22 22 8 22
	344	<HT> 9 5 5 5 9 5
	345	<LF> 10 37 21 21 10 21 **
	346	<VT> 11 11 11 11 11 11
	347	<FF> 12 12 12 12 12 12
	348	<CR> 13 13 13 13 13 13
	349	<SO> 14 14 14 14 14 14
	350	<SI> 15 15 15 15 15 15
	351	<DLE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
	352	<DC1> 17 17 17 17 17 17
	353	<DC2> 18 18 18 18 18 18
	354	<DC3> 19 19 19 19 19 19
	355	<DC4> 20 60 60 60 20 60
	356	<NAK> 21 61 61 61 21 61
	357	<SYN> 22 50 50 50 22 50
	358	<ETB> 23 38 38 38 23 38
	359	<CAN> 24 24 24 24 24 24
	360	<EOM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
	361	<SUB> 26 63 63 63 26 63
	362	<ESC> 27 39 39 39 27 39
	363	<FS> 28 28 28 28 28 28
	364	<GS> 29 29 29 29 29 29
	365	<RS> 30 30 30 30 30 30
	366	<US> 31 31 31 31 31 31
	367	<SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
	368	! 33 90 90 90 33 90
	369	" 34 127 127 127 34 127
	370	# 35 123 123 123 35 123
	371	$ 36 91 91 91 36 91
	372	% 37 108 108 108 37 108
	373	& 38 80 80 80 38 80
	374	' 39 125 125 125 39 125
	375	( 40 77 77 77 40 77
	376	) 41 93 93 93 41 93
	377	* 42 92 92 92 42 92
	378	+ 43 78 78 78 43 78
	379	, 44 107 107 107 44 107
	380	- 45 96 96 96 45 96
	381	. 46 75 75 75 46 75
	382	/ 47 97 97 97 47 97
	383	0 48 240 240 240 48 240
	384	1 49 241 241 241 49 241
	385	2 50 242 242 242 50 242
	386	3 51 243 243 243 51 243
	387	4 52 244 244 244 52 244
	388	5 53 245 245 245 53 245
	389	6 54 246 246 246 54 246
	390	7 55 247 247 247 55 247
	391	8 56 248 248 248 56 248
	392	9 57 249 249 249 57 249
	393	: 58 122 122 122 58 122
	394	; 59 94 94 94 59 94
	395	< 60 76 76 76 60 76
	396	= 61 126 126 126 61 126
	397	> 62 110 110 110 62 110
	398	? 63 111 111 111 63 111
	399	@ 64 124 124 124 64 124
	400	A 65 193 193 193 65 193
	401	B 66 194 194 194 66 194
	402	C 67 195 195 195 67 195
	403	D 68 196 196 196 68 196
	404	E 69 197 197 197 69 197
	405	F 70 198 198 198 70 198
	406	G 71 199 199 199 71 199
	407	H 72 200 200 200 72 200
	408	I 73 201 201 201 73 201
	409	J 74 209 209 209 74 209
	410	K 75 210 210 210 75 210
	411	L 76 211 211 211 76 211
	412	M 77 212 212 212 77 212
	413	N 78 213 213 213 78 213
	414	O 79 214 214 214 79 214
	415	P 80 215 215 215 80 215
	416	Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
	417	R 82 217 217 217 82 217
	418	S 83 226 226 226 83 226
	419	T 84 227 227 227 84 227
	420	U 85 228 228 228 85 228
	421	V 86 229 229 229 86 229
	422	W 87 230 230 230 87 230
	423	X 88 231 231 231 88 231
	424	Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
	425	Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
	426	[ 91 186 173 187 91 173 ** ##
	427	\ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ##
	428	] 93 187 189 189 93 189 **
	429	^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 ** ##
	430	_ 95 109 109 109 95 109
	431	` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ##
	432	a 97 129 129 129 97 129
	433	b 98 130 130 130 98 130
	434	c 99 131 131 131 99 131
	435	d 100 132 132 132 100 132
	436	e 101 133 133 133 101 133
	437	f 102 134 134 134 102 134
	438	g 103 135 135 135 103 135
	439	h 104 136 136 136 104 136
	440	i 105 137 137 137 105 137
	441	j 106 145 145 145 106 145
	442	k 107 146 146 146 107 146
	443	l 108 147 147 147 108 147
	444	m 109 148 148 148 109 148
	445	n 110 149 149 149 110 149
	446	o 111 150 150 150 111 150
	447	p 112 151 151 151 112 151
	448	q 113 152 152 152 113 152
	449	r 114 153 153 153 114 153
	450	s 115 162 162 162 115 162
	451	t 116 163 163 163 116 163
	452	u 117 164 164 164 117 164
	453	v 118 165 165 165 118 165
	454	w 119 166 166 166 119 166
	455	x 120 167 167 167 120 167
	456	y 121 168 168 168 121 168
	457	z 122 169 169 169 122 169
	458	{ 123 192 192 251 123 192 ##
	459	\| 124 79 79 79 124 79
	460	} 125 208 208 253 125 208 ##
	461	~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ##
	462	<DEL> 127 7 7 7 127 7
	463	<PAD> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
	464	<HOP> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
	465	<BPH> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
	466	<NBH> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
	467	<IND> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
	468	<NEL> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 **
	469	<SSA> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
	470	<ESA> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
	471	<HTS> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
	472	<HTJ> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
	473	<VTS> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
	474	<PLD> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
	475	<PLU> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
	476	<RI> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
	477	<SS2> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
	478	<SS3> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
	479	<DCS> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
	480	<PU1> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
	481	<PU2> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
	482	<STS> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
	483	<CCH> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
	484	<MW> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
	485	<SPA> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
	486	<EPA> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
	487	<SOS> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
	488	<SGC> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
	489	<SCI> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
	490	<CSI> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
	491	<ST> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
	492	<OSC> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
	493	<PM> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
	494	<APC> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ##
	495	<NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
	496	<INVERTED "!" > 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
	497	<CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ##
	498	<POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
	499	<CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
	500	<YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
	501	<BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ##
	502	<SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
	503	<DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 ** ##
	504	<COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
	505	<FEMININE ORDINAL> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
	506	<LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
	507	<NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 ** ##
	508	<SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
	509	<REGISTERED TRADE MARK> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
	510	<MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ##
	511	<DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
	512	<PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
	513	<SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
	514	<SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
	515	<ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
	516	<MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
	517	<PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
	518	<MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
	519	<CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
	520	<SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
	521	<MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
	522	<RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
	523	<FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
	524	<FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
	525	<FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
	526	<INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
	527	<A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
	528	<A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
	529	<A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
	530	<A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
	531	<A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
	532	<A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
	533	<CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
	534	<C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
	535	<E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
	536	<E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
	537	<E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
	538	<E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
	539	<I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
	540	<I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
	541	<I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
	542	<I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
	543	<CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
	544	<N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
	545	<O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
	546	<O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
	547	<O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
	548	<O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
	549	<O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
	550	<MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
	551	<O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
	552	<U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ##
	553	<U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
	554	<U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ##
	555	<U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
	556	<Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 ** ##
	557	<CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
	558	<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
	559	<a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
	560	<a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
	561	<a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
	562	<a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
	563	<a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
	564	<a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
	565	<SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
	566	<c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
	567	<e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
	568	<e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
	569	<e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
	570	<e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
	571	<i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
	572	<i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
	573	<i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
	574	<i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
	575	<SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
	576	<n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
	577	<o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
	578	<o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
	579	<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
	580	<o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
	581	<o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
	582	<DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
	583	<o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
	584	<u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ##
	585	<u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
	586	<u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
	587	<u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
	588	<y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
	589	<SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
	590	<y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
	591
	592	If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
	593	ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
	594
	595	=over 4
	596
	597	=item recipe 4
	598
	599	=back
	600
	601	perl \
	602	-ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
	603	-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
	604	-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
	605	-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
	606	-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,34,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
	607
	608	If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the number
	609	34 in the last line to 39, like this:
	610
	611	=over 4
	612
	613	=item recipe 5
	614
	615	=back
	616
	617	perl \
	618	-ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
	619	-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
	620	-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
	621	-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
	622	-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,39,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
	623
	624	If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the number
	625	39 in the last line to 44, like this:
	626
	627	=over 4
	628
	629	=item recipe 6
	630
	631	=back
	632
	633	perl \
	634	-ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
	635	-e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
	636	-e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
	637	-e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
	638	-e ' map{[$_,substr($_,44,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
	639
	640
	641	=head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
	642
	643	To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
	644	could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more
	645	character values. For example:
	646
	647	$is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
	648	$is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
	649
	650	Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that:
	651
	652	$is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
	653	$is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
	654
	655	To distinguish between EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of
	656	the characters that differ between them. For example:
	657
	658	$is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
	659	$is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
	660
	661	Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any
	662	of the code sets, e.g.:
	663
	664	$is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
	665	$is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
	666	$is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
	667	$is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
	668
	669	However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
	670
	671	$is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
	672	$is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
	673
	674	Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII platforms
	675	from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC platform since "\r" eq
	676	chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that
	677	because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the Macintosh (which is an
	678	ASCII platform) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there.
	679
	680	To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC
	681	code page you can use the Config module like so:
	682
	683	use Config;
	684	$is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
	685
	686	=head1 CONVERSIONS
	687
	688	=head2 C<utf8::unicode_to_native()> and C<utf8::native_to_unicode()>
	689
	690	These functions take an input numeric code point in one encoding and
	691	return what its equivalent value is in the other.
	692
	693	=head2 tr///
	694
	695	In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
	696	another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
	697	above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed.
	698	The data in the table are in ASCII/Latin1 order, hence the EBCDIC columns
	699	provide easy-to-use ASCII/Latin1 to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
	700	reversed.
	701
	702	For example, to convert ASCII/Latin1 to code page 037 take the output of the
	703	second numbers column from the output of recipe 2 (modified to add '\'
	704	characters), and use it in tr/// like so:
	705
	706	$cp_037 =
	707	'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
	708	'\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
	709	'\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
	710	'\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
	711	'\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
	712	'\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' .
	713	'\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
	714	'\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' .
	715	'\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
	716	'\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' .
	717	'\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' .
	718	'\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
	719	'\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
	720	'\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' .
	721	'\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
	722	'\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
	723
	724	my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
	725	eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
	726
	727	To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
	728	arguments like so:
	729
	730	my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
	731	eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
	732
	733	Similarly one could take the output of the third numbers column from recipe 2
	734	to obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth numbers column of the output from
	735	recipe 2 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as
	736	well.
	737
	738	If you wanted to see the inverse tables, you would first have to sort on the
	739	desired numbers column as in recipes 4, 5 or 6, then take the output of the
	740	first numbers column.
	741
	742	=head2 iconv
	743
	744	XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility
	745	available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's
	746	documentation for information on iconv.
	747
	748	On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv
	749	shell utility from within perl would be to:
	750
	751	# OS/390 or z/OS example
	752	$ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'\| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
	753
	754	or the inverse map:
	755
	756	# OS/390 or z/OS example
	757	$ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'\| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
	758
	759	For other perl-based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN.
	760
	761	=head2 C RTL
	762
	763	The OS/390 and z/OS C run-time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions.
	764
	765	=head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
	766
	767	The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with
	768	care on EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array
	769	will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC platform
	770	or an ASCII platform:
	771
	772	@alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
	773
	774	The bitwise operators such as & ^ \| may return different results
	775	when operating on string or character data in a perl program running
	776	on an EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is
	777	an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>:
	778
	779	# EBCDIC-based examples
	780	print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
	781	print "JA" \| " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
	782	print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
	783	print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
	784
	785	An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters
	786	in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed
	787	as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0)> eq C<\c@>)>
	788	C<(chr(1)> eq C<\cA>)>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been
	789	ported to take C<\c@> to chr(0) and C<\cA> to chr(1), etc. as well, but the
	790	characters that result depend on which code page you are
	791	using. The table below uses the standard acronyms for the controls.
	792	The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are
	793	identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only
	794	one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character
	795	may be generated by C<\cJ> on ASCII platforms but by C<\cU> on 1047 or POSIX-BC
	796	platforms and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on
	797	0037 platforms. Note also that C<\c\> cannot be the final element in a string
	798	or regex, as it will absorb the terminator. But C<\c\I<X>> is a C<FILE
	799	SEPARATOR> concatenated with I<X> for all I<X>.
	800	The outlier C<\c?> on ASCII, which yields a non-C0 control C<DEL>,
	801	yields the outlier control C<APC> on EBCDIC, the one that isn't in the
	802	block of contiguous controls.
	803
	804	chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
	805	-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	806	\c@ 0 <NUL> <NUL> <NUL>
	807	\cA 1 <SOH> <SOH> <SOH>
	808	\cB 2 <STX> <STX> <STX>
	809	\cC 3 <ETX> <ETX> <ETX>
	810	\cD 4 <EOT> <ST> <ST>
	811	\cE 5 <ENQ> <HT> <HT>
	812	\cF 6 <ACK> <SSA> <SSA>
	813	\cG 7 <BEL> <DEL> <DEL>
	814	\cH 8 <BS> <EPA> <EPA>
	815	\cI 9 <HT> <RI> <RI>
	816	\cJ 10 <LF> <SS2> <SS2>
	817	\cK 11 <VT> <VT> <VT>
	818	\cL 12 <FF> <FF> <FF>
	819	\cM 13 <CR> <CR> <CR>
	820	\cN 14 <SO> <SO> <SO>
	821	\cO 15 <SI> <SI> <SI>
	822	\cP 16 <DLE> <DLE> <DLE>
	823	\cQ 17 <DC1> <DC1> <DC1>
	824	\cR 18 <DC2> <DC2> <DC2>
	825	\cS 19 <DC3> <DC3> <DC3>
	826	\cT 20 <DC4> <OSC> <OSC>
	827	\cU 21 <NAK> <NEL> <LF> **
	828	\cV 22 <SYN> <BS> <BS>
	829	\cW 23 <ETB> <ESA> <ESA>
	830	\cX 24 <CAN> <CAN> <CAN>
	831	\cY 25 <EOM> <EOM> <EOM>
	832	\cZ 26 <SUB> <PU2> <PU2>
	833	\c[ 27 <ESC> <SS3> <SS3>
	834	\c\X 28 <FS>X <FS>X <FS>X
	835	\c] 29 <GS> <GS> <GS>
	836	\c^ 30 <RS> <RS> <RS>
	837	\c_ 31 <US> <US> <US>
	838	\c? * <DEL> <APC> <APC>
	839
	840	C<*> Note: C<\c?> maps to ordinal 127 (C<DEL>) on ASCII platforms, but
	841	since ordinal 127 is a not a control character on EBCDIC machines,
	842	C<\c?> instead maps to C<APC>, which is 255 in 0037 and 1047, and 95 in
	843	POSIX-BC.
	844
	845	=head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
	846
	847	=over 8
	848
	849	=item chr()
	850
	851	chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired
	852	character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For example:
	853
	854	$CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
	855
	856	=item ord()
	857
	858	ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC platform.
	859	For example:
	860
	861	$the_number_193 = ord("A");
	862
	863	=item pack()
	864
	865	The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set
	866	encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
	867
	868	$foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
	869	# $foo eq "ABCD"
	870	$foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
	871	# same thing
	872
	873	$foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
	874	# $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
	875
	876	=item print()
	877
	878	One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
	879	print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place
	880	for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for
	881	CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides
	882	recommend something similar to:
	883
	884	print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
	885	# this may be wrong on EBCDIC
	886
	887	Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example
	888	you should instead write that as:
	889
	890	print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et al
	891
	892	That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done
	893	by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for
	894	the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for
	895	further details.
	896
	897	=item printf()
	898
	899	The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa
	900	will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed
	901	on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include:
	902
	903	printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
	904
	905	=item sort()
	906
	907	EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for
	908	mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.
	909
	910	=item sprintf()
	911
	912	See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use
	913	of sprintf would be:
	914
	915	$CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
	916
	917	=item unpack()
	918
	919	See the discussion of pack() above.
	920
	921	=back
	922
	923	=head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
	924
	925	As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expressions such as
	926	[A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap
	927	characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>
	928	that lie between I and J would not be matched by the
	929	regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. This works in
	930	the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is
	931	explicitly numeric: C<[\x89-\x91]> will match C<\x8e>, even
	932	though C<\x89> is C<i> and C<\x91 > is C<j>, and C<\x8e>
	933	is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint.
	934
	935	If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
	936	regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such
	937	as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII platforms to
	938	have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>.
	939
	940	Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
	941	octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following
	942	set of subs:
	943
	944	sub is_c0 {
	945	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	946	$char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
	947	}
	948
	949	sub is_print_ascii {
	950	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	951	$char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
	952	}
	953
	954	sub is_delete {
	955	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	956	$char eq "\177";
	957	}
	958
	959	sub is_c1 {
	960	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	961	$char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
	962	}
	963
	964	sub is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1
	965	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	966	$char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
	967	}
	968
	969	These are valid only on ASCII platforms, but can be easily rewritten to
	970	work on any platform as follows:
	971
	972	sub Is_c0 {
	973	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	974	return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/a && ! Is_delete($char);
	975
	976	# Alternatively:
	977	# return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/
	978	# && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/
	979	# && ! Is_delete($char);
	980	}
	981
	982	sub Is_print_ascii {
	983	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	984
	985	return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/a;
	986
	987	# Alternatively:
	988	# return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/ && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
	989
	990	# Or
	991	# return $char
	992	# =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{\|}~]/;
	993	}
	994
	995	sub Is_delete {
	996	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	997	return utf8::native_to_unicode(ord $char) == 0x7F;
	998	}
	999
	1000	sub Is_c1 {
	1001	use feature 'unicode_strings';
	1002	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	1003	return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
	1004	}
	1005
	1006	sub Is_latin_1 { # But not ASCII; not C1
	1007	use feature 'unicode_strings';
	1008	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	1009	return ord($char) < 256
	1010	&& $char !~ [[:ascii:]]
	1011	&& $char !~ [[:cntrl:]];
	1012	}
	1013
	1014	Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be
	1015	to use the characters in the range explicitly:
	1016
	1017	sub Is_latin_1 {
	1018	my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
	1019	$char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏ]
	1020	[ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/x;
	1021	}
	1022
	1023	Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
	1024	presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.
	1025
	1026	=head1 SOCKETS
	1027
	1028	Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
	1029	byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a
	1030	host web server where the server may take care of translation for you.
	1031	Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
	1032	output.
	1033
	1034	=head1 SORTING
	1035
	1036	One big difference between ASCII-based character sets and EBCDIC ones
	1037	are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the
	1038	letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII-based platform the
	1039	two-letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter
	1040	abbreviation for drive; that is:
	1041
	1042	@sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
	1043	# but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
	1044
	1045	The property of lowercase before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is
	1046	even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.
	1047	An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes
	1048	before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII platform, but
	1049	the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform.
	1050	(Astute readers will note that the uppercase version of E<szlig>
	1051	C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of
	1052	E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is
	1053	at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl).
	1054
	1055	The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on
	1056	ASCII platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions
	1057	on how to deal with these differences.
	1058
	1059	=head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
	1060
	1061	This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
	1062	some user education.
	1063
	1064	=head2 MONO CASE then sort data.
	1065
	1066	In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed-case text, try to
	1067	C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data.
	1068	If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/
	1069	then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then
	1070	apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
	1071	and include Latin-1 characters then apply:
	1072
	1073	tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
	1074	tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ/;
	1075	s/ß/SS/g;
	1076
	1077	then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not
	1078	address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at
	1079	code point 255 on ASCII platforms, but 223 on most EBCDIC platforms
	1080	where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a
	1081	Unicode-enabled Perl you might try:
	1082
	1083	tr/^?/\x{178}/;
	1084
	1085	The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case
	1086	of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.
	1087
	1088	=head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert.
	1089
	1090	This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network
	1091	connection.
	1092
	1093	=head2 Perform sorting on one type of platform only.
	1094
	1095	This strategy can employ a network connection. As such
	1096	it would be computationally expensive.
	1097
	1098	=head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
	1099
	1100	There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set
	1101	mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the
	1102	previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are
	1103	discussed next.
	1104
	1105	=head2 URL decoding and encoding
	1106
	1107	Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
	1108	attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example
	1109	the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form:
	1110
	1111	http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
	1112
	1113	may also be expressed as either of:
	1114
	1115	http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
	1116
	1117	http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
	1118
	1119	where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example
	1120	of decoding such a URL in any EBCDIC code page:
	1121
	1122	$url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
	1123	$url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/
	1124	pack("c",utf8::unicode_to_native(hex($1)))/xge;
	1125
	1126	Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such
	1127	a URL in any EBCDIC code page:
	1128
	1129	$url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
	1130	# The following regular expression does not address the
	1131	# mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
	1132	$url =~ s/([\t "#%&,;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{\|}~])/
	1133	sprintf("%%%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xge;
	1134
	1135	where a more complete solution would split the URL into components
	1136	and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
	1137
	1138	=head2 uu encoding and decoding
	1139
	1140	The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC
	1141	characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the
	1142	following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer:
	1143
	1144	$all_byte_chrs = '';
	1145	for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
	1146	$uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
	1147	($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
	1148	M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
	1149	M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
	1150	M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
	1151	MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJFJJZRMKJ^PL;S
	1152	MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
	1153	?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
	1154	ENDOFHEREDOC
	1155	if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
	1156	print "Yes ";
	1157	}
	1158	$uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
	1159	if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
	1160	print "indeed\n";
	1161	}
	1162
	1163	Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC:
	1164
	1165	#!/usr/local/bin/perl
	1166	$_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s(\d)\s(\S)/;
	1167	open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
	1168	while(<>) {
	1169	last if /^end/;
	1170	next if /[a-z]/;
	1171	next unless int((((utf8::native_to_unicode(ord()) - 32 ) & 077)
	1172	+ 2) / 3)
	1173	== int(length() / 4);
	1174	print OUT unpack("u", $_);
	1175	}
	1176	close(OUT);
	1177	chmod oct($mode), $file;
	1178
	1179
	1180	=head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
	1181
	1182	On ASCII-encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside of
	1183	the printable set using:
	1184
	1185	# This QP encoder works on ASCII only
	1186	$qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
	1187
	1188	Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
	1189	would look somewhat like the following:
	1190
	1191	$delete = utf8::unicode_to_native(ord("\x7F"));
	1192	$qp_string =~
	1193	s/([^[:print:]$delete])/
	1194	sprintf("=%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xage;
	1195
	1196	(although in production code the substitutions might be done
	1197	in the EBCDIC branch with the function call and separately in the
	1198	ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map).
	1199
	1200	Such QP strings can be decoded with:
	1201
	1202	# This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
	1203	$string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][[:xdigit:])/chr hex $1/ge;
	1204	$string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
	1205
	1206	Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
	1207	would look somewhat like the following:
	1208
	1209	$string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][:xdigit:]])/
	1210	chr utf8::native_to_unicode(hex $1)/xge;
	1211	$string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
	1212
	1213	=head2 Caesarean ciphers
	1214
	1215	The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment
	1216	dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius
	1217	Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes
	1218	referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after
	1219	the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps
	1220	on the 26-letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the
	1221	interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps
	1222	(thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet
	1223	rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will
	1224	work on ASCII and EBCDIC platforms:
	1225
	1226	#!/usr/local/bin/perl
	1227
	1228	while(<>){
	1229	tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
	1230	print;
	1231	}
	1232
	1233	In one-liner form:
	1234
	1235	perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
	1236
	1237
	1238	=head1 Hashing order and checksums
	1239
	1240	To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on
	1241	hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored
	1242	on an ASCII-based platform and hashes stored on an EBCDIC-based platform.
	1243	XXX
	1244
	1245	=head1 I18N AND L10N
	1246
	1247	Internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) are supported at least
	1248	in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system-dependent
	1249	and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below.
	1250
	1251	=head1 MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS
	1252
	1253	Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters
	1254	on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with
	1255	the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms.
	1256
	1257	Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
	1258
	1259	=head1 OS ISSUES
	1260
	1261	There may be a few system-dependent issues
	1262	of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers.
	1263
	1264	=head2 OS/400
	1265
	1266	=over 8
	1267
	1268	=item PASE
	1269
	1270	The PASE environment is a runtime environment for OS/400 that can run
	1271	executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400; see L<perlos400>. PASE
	1272	is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
	1273
	1274	=item IFS access
	1275
	1276	XXX.
	1277
	1278	=back
	1279
	1280	=head2 OS/390, z/OS
	1281
	1282	Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
	1283
	1284	=over 8
	1285
	1286	=item chcp
	1287
	1288	B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing
	1289	one's code page. See also L<chcp(1)>.
	1290
	1291	=item dataset access
	1292
	1293	For sequential data set access try:
	1294
	1295	my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
	1296
	1297	or:
	1298
	1299	my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
	1300
	1301	See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
	1302
	1303	=item OS/390, z/OS iconv
	1304
	1305	B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
	1306	See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
	1307
	1308	=item locales
	1309
	1310	On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files
	1311	are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390
	1312	or z/OS.
	1313
	1314	=back
	1315
	1316	=head2 POSIX-BC?
	1317
	1318	XXX.
	1319
	1320	=head1 BUGS
	1321
	1322	Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to
	1323	be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might
	1324	seem to imply.
	1325
	1326	=head1 SEE ALSO
	1327
	1328	L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>.
	1329
	1330	=head1 REFERENCES
	1331
	1332	L<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps>
	1333
	1334	L<http://www.unicode.org/>
	1335
	1336	L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/>
	1337
	1338	L<http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/>
	1339	B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings,
	1340	September 1999.
	1341
	1342	B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed.,
	1343	ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000.
	1344
	1345	B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture -
	1346	Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
	1347
	1348	"Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing
	1349	& Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999;
	1350	ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
	1351
	1352	B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication>
	1353	Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers,
	1354	1998.
	1355
	1356	L<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM>
	1357	B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer.
	1358
	1359	=head1 HISTORY
	1360
	1361	15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
	1362
	1363	=head1 AUTHOR
	1364
	1365	Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000
	1366	with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and
	1367	AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC
	1368	help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
	1369	Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and
	1370	Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and
	1371	registered service marks used in this document are the property of
	1372	their respective owners.