| 1 | #!../miniperl |
| 2 | |
| 3 | use strict; |
| 4 | use warnings; |
| 5 | |
| 6 | $ENV{LC_ALL} = 'C'; |
| 7 | |
| 8 | my $Quiet; |
| 9 | @ARGV = grep { not($_ eq '-q' and $Quiet = 1) } @ARGV; |
| 10 | |
| 11 | if (@ARGV) { |
| 12 | my $workdir = shift; |
| 13 | chdir $workdir |
| 14 | or die "Couldn't chdir to '$workdir': $!"; |
| 15 | } |
| 16 | require 'regen/regen_lib.pl'; |
| 17 | |
| 18 | # MANIFEST itself is Unix style filenames, so we have to assume that Unix style |
| 19 | # filenames will work. |
| 20 | |
| 21 | open MANIFEST, '<', 'MANIFEST' |
| 22 | or die "Can't open MANIFEST: $!"; |
| 23 | my @files = |
| 24 | grep !m#/perl.*\.pod#, |
| 25 | grep m#(?:\.pm|\.pod|_pm\.PL)#, |
| 26 | map {s/\s.*//s; $_} |
| 27 | grep { m#^(lib|ext|dist|cpan)/# && !m#/(?:t|demo)/# } |
| 28 | <MANIFEST>; |
| 29 | close MANIFEST |
| 30 | or die "$0: failed to close MANIFEST: $!"; |
| 31 | |
| 32 | my $out = open_new('pod/perlmodlib.pod', undef, |
| 33 | {by => "$0 extracting documentation", |
| 34 | from => 'the Perl source files'}, 1); |
| 35 | |
| 36 | my %exceptions = ( |
| 37 | 'abbrev' => 'Text::Abbrev', |
| 38 | 'carp' => 'Carp', |
| 39 | 'getopt' => 'Getopt::Std', |
| 40 | 'Encode::MIME::NAME' => 'Encode::MIME::Name', |
| 41 | 'libnetFAQ' => 'Net::libnetFAQ', |
| 42 | ); |
| 43 | |
| 44 | my (@pragma, @mod); |
| 45 | |
| 46 | for my $filename (@files) { |
| 47 | unless (open MOD, '<', $filename) { |
| 48 | warn "Couldn't open $filename: $!"; |
| 49 | next; |
| 50 | } |
| 51 | |
| 52 | my ($name, $thing); |
| 53 | my $foundit = 0; |
| 54 | { |
| 55 | local $/ = ""; |
| 56 | while (<MOD>) { |
| 57 | next unless /^=head1 NAME/; |
| 58 | $foundit++; |
| 59 | last; |
| 60 | } |
| 61 | } |
| 62 | unless ($foundit) { |
| 63 | warn "$filename missing =head1 NAME (OK if respective .pod exists)\n" |
| 64 | unless $Quiet; |
| 65 | next; |
| 66 | } |
| 67 | my $title = <MOD>; |
| 68 | chomp $title; |
| 69 | close MOD |
| 70 | or die "Error closing $filename: $!"; |
| 71 | |
| 72 | ($name, $thing) = split / --? /, $title, 2; |
| 73 | |
| 74 | unless ($name and $thing) { |
| 75 | warn "$filename missing name\n" unless $name; |
| 76 | warn "$filename missing thing\n" unless $thing or $Quiet; |
| 77 | next; |
| 78 | } |
| 79 | |
| 80 | $name =~ s/[^A-Za-z0-9_:\$<>].*//; |
| 81 | $name = $exceptions{$name} || $name; |
| 82 | $thing =~ s/^perl pragma to //i; |
| 83 | $thing = ucfirst $thing; |
| 84 | $title = "=item $name\n\n$thing\n\n"; |
| 85 | |
| 86 | if ($name =~ /[A-Z]/) { |
| 87 | push @mod, $title; |
| 88 | } else { |
| 89 | push @pragma, $title; |
| 90 | } |
| 91 | } |
| 92 | |
| 93 | # Much easier to special case it like this than special case the depending on |
| 94 | # and parsing lib/Config.pod, or special case opening configpm and finding its |
| 95 | # =head1 (which is not found with the $/="" above) |
| 96 | push @mod, "=item Config\n\nAccess Perl configuration information\n\n"; |
| 97 | |
| 98 | |
| 99 | # The intent of using =cut as the heredoc terminator is to make the whole file |
| 100 | # parse as (reasonably) sane Pod as-is to anything that attempts to |
| 101 | # brute-force treat it as such. The content is already useful - this just |
| 102 | # makes it tidier, by stopping anything doing this mistaking the rest of the |
| 103 | # Perl code for Pod. eg http://search.cpan.org/dist/perl/pod/perlmodlib.PL |
| 104 | |
| 105 | print $out <<'=cut'; |
| 106 | =head1 NAME |
| 107 | |
| 108 | perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones |
| 109 | |
| 110 | =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY |
| 111 | |
| 112 | Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described |
| 113 | below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library |
| 114 | files (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be |
| 115 | autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated |
| 116 | by the installation process. You may also discover files in the |
| 117 | library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are |
| 118 | old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still |
| 119 | run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard |
| 120 | modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up |
| 121 | as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may |
| 122 | already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) |
| 123 | The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, |
| 124 | but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. |
| 125 | |
| 126 | =head2 Pragmatic Modules |
| 127 | |
| 128 | They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they |
| 129 | tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually |
| 130 | work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these |
| 131 | are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them |
| 132 | by saying: |
| 133 | |
| 134 | no integer; |
| 135 | no strict 'refs'; |
| 136 | no warnings; |
| 137 | |
| 138 | which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. |
| 139 | |
| 140 | Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the |
| 141 | C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, |
| 142 | like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a |
| 143 | variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than |
| 144 | just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file |
| 145 | for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no |
| 146 | vars> or C<no subs>. |
| 147 | |
| 148 | The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). |
| 149 | |
| 150 | =over 12 |
| 151 | |
| 152 | =cut |
| 153 | |
| 154 | print $out $_ for sort @pragma; |
| 155 | |
| 156 | print $out <<'=cut'; |
| 157 | |
| 158 | =back |
| 159 | |
| 160 | =head2 Standard Modules |
| 161 | |
| 162 | Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined |
| 163 | manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the |
| 164 | Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. |
| 165 | |
| 166 | It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your |
| 167 | system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you |
| 168 | don't have the gdbm library. |
| 169 | |
| 170 | =over 12 |
| 171 | |
| 172 | =cut |
| 173 | |
| 174 | print $out $_ for sort @mod; |
| 175 | |
| 176 | print $out <<'=cut', "=cut\n"; |
| 177 | |
| 178 | =back |
| 179 | |
| 180 | To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including |
| 181 | those without documentation or outside the standard release, |
| 182 | just use the following command (under the default win32 shell, |
| 183 | double quotes should be used instead of single quotes). |
| 184 | |
| 185 | % perl -MFile::Find=find -MFile::Spec::Functions -Tlwe \ |
| 186 | 'find { wanted => sub { print canonpath $_ if /\.pm\z/ }, |
| 187 | no_chdir => 1 }, @INC' |
| 188 | |
| 189 | (The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.) |
| 190 | They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible |
| 191 | via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> |
| 192 | program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which |
| 193 | generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you |
| 194 | have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have |
| 195 | to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no |
| 196 | system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. |
| 197 | |
| 198 | Note also that the command C<perldoc perllocal> gives you a (possibly |
| 199 | incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on |
| 200 | your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker |
| 201 | install process.) |
| 202 | |
| 203 | =head2 Extension Modules |
| 204 | |
| 205 | Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They |
| 206 | are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, |
| 207 | but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules |
| 208 | include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. |
| 209 | |
| 210 | Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not |
| 211 | completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time |
| 212 | for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of |
| 213 | platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to |
| 214 | look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines |
| 215 | like Alta Vista or Google. |
| 216 | |
| 217 | =head1 CPAN |
| 218 | |
| 219 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally |
| 220 | replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style |
| 221 | guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and |
| 222 | occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for |
| 223 | CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/ |
| 224 | |
| 225 | Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, |
| 226 | some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of |
| 227 | modules are: |
| 228 | |
| 229 | =over |
| 230 | |
| 231 | =item * |
| 232 | |
| 233 | Language Extensions and Documentation Tools |
| 234 | |
| 235 | =item * |
| 236 | |
| 237 | Development Support |
| 238 | |
| 239 | =item * |
| 240 | |
| 241 | Operating System Interfaces |
| 242 | |
| 243 | =item * |
| 244 | |
| 245 | Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication |
| 246 | |
| 247 | =item * |
| 248 | |
| 249 | Data Types and Data Type Utilities |
| 250 | |
| 251 | =item * |
| 252 | |
| 253 | Database Interfaces |
| 254 | |
| 255 | =item * |
| 256 | |
| 257 | User Interfaces |
| 258 | |
| 259 | =item * |
| 260 | |
| 261 | Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages |
| 262 | |
| 263 | =item * |
| 264 | |
| 265 | File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) |
| 266 | |
| 267 | =item * |
| 268 | |
| 269 | String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching |
| 270 | |
| 271 | =item * |
| 272 | |
| 273 | Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing |
| 274 | |
| 275 | =item * |
| 276 | |
| 277 | Internationalization and Locale |
| 278 | |
| 279 | =item * |
| 280 | |
| 281 | Authentication, Security, and Encryption |
| 282 | |
| 283 | =item * |
| 284 | |
| 285 | World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME |
| 286 | |
| 287 | =item * |
| 288 | |
| 289 | Server and Daemon Utilities |
| 290 | |
| 291 | =item * |
| 292 | |
| 293 | Archiving and Compression |
| 294 | |
| 295 | =item * |
| 296 | |
| 297 | Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing |
| 298 | |
| 299 | =item * |
| 300 | |
| 301 | Mail and Usenet News |
| 302 | |
| 303 | =item * |
| 304 | |
| 305 | Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) |
| 306 | |
| 307 | =item * |
| 308 | |
| 309 | File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities |
| 310 | |
| 311 | =item * |
| 312 | |
| 313 | Miscellaneous Modules |
| 314 | |
| 315 | =back |
| 316 | |
| 317 | The list of the registered CPAN sites follows. |
| 318 | Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields: |
| 319 | |
| 320 | Continent |
| 321 | | |
| 322 | |-->Country |
| 323 | | |
| 324 | |-->[state/province] |
| 325 | | |
| 326 | |-->ftp |
| 327 | | |
| 328 | |-->[http] |
| 329 | |
| 330 | and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the |
| 331 | European and the South American sites. |
| 332 | |
| 333 | Registered CPAN sites |
| 334 | |
| 335 | =for maintainers |
| 336 | Generated by Porting/make_modlib_cpan.pl |
| 337 | |
| 338 | =head2 Africa |
| 339 | |
| 340 | =over 4 |
| 341 | |
| 342 | =item South Africa |
| 343 | |
| 344 | http://cpan.mirror.ac.za/ |
| 345 | ftp://cpan.mirror.ac.za/ |
| 346 | http://mirror.is.co.za/pub/cpan/ |
| 347 | ftp://ftp.is.co.za/pub/cpan/ |
| 348 | ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 349 | |
| 350 | =back |
| 351 | |
| 352 | =head2 Asia |
| 353 | |
| 354 | =over 4 |
| 355 | |
| 356 | =item China |
| 357 | |
| 358 | http://cpan.wenzk.com/ |
| 359 | |
| 360 | =item Hong Kong |
| 361 | |
| 362 | http://ftp.cuhk.edu.hk/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 363 | ftp://ftp.cuhk.edu.hk/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 364 | http://mirrors.geoexpat.com/cpan/ |
| 365 | |
| 366 | =item India |
| 367 | |
| 368 | http://perlmirror.indialinks.com/ |
| 369 | |
| 370 | =item Indonesia |
| 371 | |
| 372 | http://cpan.biz.net.id/ |
| 373 | http://komo.vlsm.org/CPAN/ |
| 374 | ftp://komo.vlsm.org/CPAN/ |
| 375 | http://cpan.cermin.lipi.go.id/ |
| 376 | ftp://cermin.lipi.go.id/pub/CPAN/ |
| 377 | http://cpan.pesat.net.id/ |
| 378 | |
| 379 | =item Japan |
| 380 | |
| 381 | ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN |
| 382 | ftp://ftp.kddilabs.jp/CPAN/ |
| 383 | http://ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
| 384 | ftp://ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
| 385 | http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
| 386 | ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
| 387 | ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
| 388 | ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
| 389 | http://ftp.riken.jp/lang/CPAN/ |
| 390 | ftp://ftp.riken.jp/lang/CPAN/ |
| 391 | http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/lang/cpan/ |
| 392 | ftp://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/lang/cpan/ |
| 393 | |
| 394 | =item Republic of Korea |
| 395 | |
| 396 | http://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/CPAN |
| 397 | ftp://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/CPAN |
| 398 | http://cpan.mirror.cdnetworks.com/ |
| 399 | ftp://cpan.mirror.cdnetworks.com/CPAN/ |
| 400 | http://cpan.sarang.net/ |
| 401 | ftp://cpan.sarang.net/CPAN/ |
| 402 | |
| 403 | =item Russia |
| 404 | |
| 405 | http://cpan.tomsk.ru/ |
| 406 | ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/ |
| 407 | |
| 408 | =item Singapore |
| 409 | |
| 410 | http://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN |
| 411 | ftp://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN |
| 412 | http://cpan.mirror.choon.net/ |
| 413 | http://cpan.oss.eznetsols.org |
| 414 | ftp://ftp.oss.eznetsols.org/cpan |
| 415 | |
| 416 | =item Taiwan |
| 417 | |
| 418 | http://ftp.cse.yzu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ |
| 419 | ftp://ftp.cse.yzu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ |
| 420 | http://cpan.nctu.edu.tw/ |
| 421 | ftp://cpan.nctu.edu.tw/ |
| 422 | ftp://ftp.ncu.edu.tw/CPAN/ |
| 423 | http://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ |
| 424 | ftp://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/Unix/Lang/CPAN/ |
| 425 | http://cpan.stu.edu.tw |
| 426 | ftp://ftp.stu.edu.tw/CPAN |
| 427 | http://ftp.stu.edu.tw/CPAN |
| 428 | ftp://ftp.stu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN |
| 429 | http://cpan.cs.pu.edu.tw/ |
| 430 | ftp://cpan.cs.pu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN |
| 431 | |
| 432 | =item Thailand |
| 433 | |
| 434 | http://mirrors.issp.co.th/cpan/ |
| 435 | ftp://mirrors.issp.co.th/cpan/ |
| 436 | http://mirror.yourconnect.com/CPAN/ |
| 437 | ftp://mirror.yourconnect.com/CPAN/ |
| 438 | |
| 439 | =item Turkey |
| 440 | |
| 441 | http://cpan.gazi.edu.tr/ |
| 442 | |
| 443 | =back |
| 444 | |
| 445 | =head2 Central America |
| 446 | |
| 447 | =over 4 |
| 448 | |
| 449 | =item Costa Rica |
| 450 | |
| 451 | http://mirrors.ucr.ac.cr/CPAN/ |
| 452 | ftp://mirrors.ucr.ac.cr/CPAN/ |
| 453 | |
| 454 | =back |
| 455 | |
| 456 | =head2 Europe |
| 457 | |
| 458 | =over 4 |
| 459 | |
| 460 | =item Austria |
| 461 | |
| 462 | http://cpan.inode.at/ |
| 463 | ftp://cpan.inode.at |
| 464 | http://gd.tuwien.ac.at/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 465 | ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/ |
| 466 | |
| 467 | =item Belgium |
| 468 | |
| 469 | http://ftp.belnet.be/mirror/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 470 | ftp://ftp.belnet.be/mirror/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 471 | http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ |
| 472 | http://cpan.weepee.org/ |
| 473 | |
| 474 | =item Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 475 | |
| 476 | http://cpan.blic.net/ |
| 477 | |
| 478 | =item Bulgaria |
| 479 | |
| 480 | http://cpan.cbox.biz/ |
| 481 | ftp://cpan.cbox.biz/cpan/ |
| 482 | http://cpan.digsys.bg/ |
| 483 | ftp://ftp.digsys.bg/pub/CPAN |
| 484 | |
| 485 | =item Croatia |
| 486 | |
| 487 | http://ftp.carnet.hr/pub/CPAN/ |
| 488 | ftp://ftp.carnet.hr/pub/CPAN/ |
| 489 | |
| 490 | =item Czech Republic |
| 491 | |
| 492 | ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ |
| 493 | http://archive.cpan.cz/ |
| 494 | |
| 495 | =item Denmark |
| 496 | |
| 497 | http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/cpan |
| 498 | ftp://mirrors.dotsrc.org/cpan/ |
| 499 | http://www.cpan.dk/ |
| 500 | http://mirror.uni-c.dk/pub/CPAN/ |
| 501 | |
| 502 | =item Finland |
| 503 | |
| 504 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 505 | http://mirror.eunet.fi/CPAN |
| 506 | |
| 507 | =item France |
| 508 | |
| 509 | http://cpan.enstimac.fr/ |
| 510 | ftp://ftp.inria.fr/pub/CPAN/ |
| 511 | http://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
| 512 | ftp://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
| 513 | ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
| 514 | http://mir2.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org |
| 515 | ftp://mir1.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org |
| 516 | ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 517 | http://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 518 | ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 519 | http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN |
| 520 | ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN |
| 521 | http://cpan.cict.fr/ |
| 522 | ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ |
| 523 | |
| 524 | =item Germany |
| 525 | |
| 526 | ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/unix/languages/perl/ |
| 527 | http://mirrors.softliste.de/cpan/ |
| 528 | ftp://ftp.rub.de/pub/CPAN/ |
| 529 | http://www.planet-elektronik.de/CPAN/ |
| 530 | http://ftp.hosteurope.de/pub/CPAN/ |
| 531 | ftp://ftp.hosteurope.de/pub/CPAN/ |
| 532 | http://www.mirrorspace.org/cpan/ |
| 533 | http://mirror.netcologne.de/cpan/ |
| 534 | ftp://mirror.netcologne.de/cpan/ |
| 535 | ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 536 | http://ftp-stud.hs-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 537 | ftp://ftp-stud.hs-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 538 | http://mirrors.zerg.biz/cpan/ |
| 539 | http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 540 | ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 541 | http://dl.ambiweb.de/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 542 | http://cpan.mirror.clusters.kg/ |
| 543 | http://cpan.mirror.iphh.net/ |
| 544 | ftp://cpan.mirror.iphh.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 545 | http://cpan.mirroring.de/ |
| 546 | http://mirror.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 547 | ftp://mirror.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 548 | http://www.chemmedia.de/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 549 | http://ftp.cw.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 550 | ftp://ftp.cw.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 551 | http://cpan.cpantesters.org/ |
| 552 | ftp://cpan.cpantesters.org/CPAN/ |
| 553 | http://cpan.mirrored.de/ |
| 554 | ftp://mirror.petamem.com/CPAN/ |
| 555 | http://cpan.noris.de/ |
| 556 | ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/ |
| 557 | ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
| 558 | ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 559 | |
| 560 | =item Greece |
| 561 | |
| 562 | ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
| 563 | ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ |
| 564 | http://cpan.cc.uoc.gr/ |
| 565 | ftp://ftp.cc.uoc.gr/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 566 | |
| 567 | =item Hungary |
| 568 | |
| 569 | http://cpan.mirrors.enexis.hu/ |
| 570 | ftp://cpan.mirrors.enexis.hu/mirrors/cpan/ |
| 571 | http://cpan.hu/ |
| 572 | |
| 573 | =item Iceland |
| 574 | |
| 575 | http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ |
| 576 | ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ |
| 577 | |
| 578 | =item Ireland |
| 579 | |
| 580 | http://ftp.esat.net/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 581 | ftp://ftp.esat.net/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 582 | http://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN |
| 583 | ftp://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN |
| 584 | |
| 585 | =item Italy |
| 586 | |
| 587 | http://bo.mirror.garr.it/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 588 | http://cpan.panu.it/ |
| 589 | ftp://ftp.panu.it/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/ |
| 590 | |
| 591 | =item Latvia |
| 592 | |
| 593 | http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ |
| 594 | |
| 595 | =item Lithuania |
| 596 | |
| 597 | http://ftp.litnet.lt/pub/CPAN/ |
| 598 | ftp://ftp.litnet.lt/pub/CPAN/ |
| 599 | |
| 600 | =item Malta |
| 601 | |
| 602 | http://cpan.waldonet.net.mt/ |
| 603 | |
| 604 | =item Netherlands |
| 605 | |
| 606 | ftp://ftp.quicknet.nl/pub/CPAN/ |
| 607 | http://mirror.hostfuss.com/CPAN/ |
| 608 | ftp://mirror.hostfuss.com/CPAN/ |
| 609 | http://mirrors3.kernel.org/cpan/ |
| 610 | ftp://mirrors3.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 611 | http://cpan.mirror.versatel.nl/ |
| 612 | ftp://ftp.mirror.versatel.nl/cpan/ |
| 613 | ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 614 | http://mirror.leaseweb.com/CPAN/ |
| 615 | ftp://mirror.leaseweb.com/CPAN/ |
| 616 | ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ |
| 617 | http://archive.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 618 | ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 619 | http://luxitude.net/cpan/ |
| 620 | |
| 621 | =item Norway |
| 622 | |
| 623 | ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
| 624 | ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ |
| 625 | |
| 626 | =item Poland |
| 627 | |
| 628 | http://piotrkosoft.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 629 | ftp://ftp.piotrkosoft.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 630 | http://ftp.man.poznan.pl/pub/CPAN |
| 631 | ftp://ftp.man.poznan.pl/pub/CPAN |
| 632 | ftp://ftp.ps.pl/pub/CPAN/ |
| 633 | ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ |
| 634 | ftp://ftp.tpnet.pl/d4/CPAN/ |
| 635 | |
| 636 | =item Portugal |
| 637 | |
| 638 | http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/ |
| 639 | ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN |
| 640 | ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
| 641 | http://cpan.perl.pt/ |
| 642 | http://cpan.ip.pt/ |
| 643 | ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/ |
| 644 | http://mirrors.nfsi.pt/CPAN/ |
| 645 | ftp://mirrors.nfsi.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
| 646 | http://cpan.dcc.fc.up.pt/ |
| 647 | |
| 648 | =item Romania |
| 649 | |
| 650 | http://ftp.astral.ro/pub/CPAN/ |
| 651 | ftp://ftp.astral.ro/pub/CPAN/ |
| 652 | ftp://ftp.lug.ro/CPAN |
| 653 | http://mirrors.xservers.ro/CPAN/ |
| 654 | http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 655 | ftp://ftp.hostingromania.ro/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 656 | ftp://ftp.iasi.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 657 | |
| 658 | =item Russia |
| 659 | |
| 660 | ftp://ftp.aha.ru/CPAN/ |
| 661 | http://cpan.rinet.ru/ |
| 662 | ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 663 | ftp://ftp.SpringDaemons.com/pub/CPAN/ |
| 664 | http://mirror.rol.ru/CPAN/ |
| 665 | http://ftp.silvernet.ru/CPAN/ |
| 666 | http://ftp.spbu.ru/CPAN/ |
| 667 | ftp://ftp.spbu.ru/CPAN/ |
| 668 | |
| 669 | =item Slovakia |
| 670 | |
| 671 | http://cpan.fyxm.net/ |
| 672 | |
| 673 | =item Slovenia |
| 674 | |
| 675 | http://www.klevze.si/cpan |
| 676 | |
| 677 | =item Spain |
| 678 | |
| 679 | http://osl.ugr.es/CPAN/ |
| 680 | ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 681 | http://ftp.gui.uva.es/sites/cpan.org/ |
| 682 | ftp://ftp.gui.uva.es/sites/cpan.org/ |
| 683 | |
| 684 | =item Sweden |
| 685 | |
| 686 | http://mirrors4.kernel.org/cpan/ |
| 687 | ftp://mirrors4.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 688 | |
| 689 | =item Switzerland |
| 690 | |
| 691 | http://cpan.mirror.solnet.ch/ |
| 692 | ftp://ftp.solnet.ch/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 693 | ftp://ftp.adwired.ch/CPAN/ |
| 694 | http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 695 | ftp://mirror.switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 696 | |
| 697 | =item Ukraine |
| 698 | |
| 699 | http://cpan.makeperl.org/ |
| 700 | ftp://cpan.makeperl.org/pub/CPAN |
| 701 | http://cpan.org.ua/ |
| 702 | http://cpan.gafol.net/ |
| 703 | ftp://ftp.gafol.net/pub/cpan/ |
| 704 | |
| 705 | =item United Kingdom |
| 706 | |
| 707 | http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 708 | ftp://ftp.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 709 | http://mirror.tje.me.uk/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 710 | ftp://mirror.tje.me.uk/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 711 | http://www.mirror.8086.net/sites/CPAN/ |
| 712 | ftp://ftp.mirror.8086.net/sites/CPAN/ |
| 713 | http://cpan.mirror.anlx.net/ |
| 714 | ftp://ftp.mirror.anlx.net/CPAN/ |
| 715 | http://mirror.bytemark.co.uk/CPAN/ |
| 716 | ftp://mirror.bytemark.co.uk/CPAN/ |
| 717 | http://cpan.etla.org/ |
| 718 | ftp://cpan.etla.org/pub/CPAN |
| 719 | ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/ |
| 720 | http://mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net/CPAN/ |
| 721 | ftp://mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 722 | http://ftp.plig.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 723 | ftp://ftp.plig.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 724 | http://ftp.ticklers.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 725 | ftp://ftp.ticklers.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 726 | http://cpan.mirrors.uk2.net/ |
| 727 | ftp://mirrors.uk2.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 728 | http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.cpan.org/ |
| 729 | ftp://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.cpan.org/ |
| 730 | |
| 731 | =back |
| 732 | |
| 733 | =head2 North America |
| 734 | |
| 735 | =over 4 |
| 736 | |
| 737 | =item Bahamas |
| 738 | |
| 739 | http://www.securehost.com/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 740 | |
| 741 | =item Canada |
| 742 | |
| 743 | http://cpan.arcticnetwork.ca |
| 744 | ftp://mirror.arcticnetwork.ca/pub/CPAN |
| 745 | http://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/ |
| 746 | ftp://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 747 | http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 748 | ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 749 | http://arwen.cs.dal.ca/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 750 | ftp://arwen.cs.dal.ca/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 751 | http://CPAN.mirror.rafal.ca/ |
| 752 | ftp://CPAN.mirror.rafal.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 753 | ftp://ftp.nrc.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 754 | http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 755 | ftp://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
| 756 | |
| 757 | =item Mexico |
| 758 | |
| 759 | http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ |
| 760 | ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ |
| 761 | |
| 762 | =item United States |
| 763 | |
| 764 | =over 8 |
| 765 | |
| 766 | =item Alabama |
| 767 | |
| 768 | http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
| 769 | ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
| 770 | |
| 771 | =item Arizona |
| 772 | |
| 773 | http://cpan.ezarticleinformation.com/ |
| 774 | |
| 775 | =item California |
| 776 | |
| 777 | http://cpan.knowledgematters.net/ |
| 778 | http://cpan.binkerton.com/ |
| 779 | http://cpan.develooper.com/ |
| 780 | http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN |
| 781 | http://cpan.schatt.com/ |
| 782 | http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/ |
| 783 | ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN |
| 784 | http://mirrors2.kernel.org/cpan/ |
| 785 | ftp://mirrors2.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 786 | http://cpan.mirror.facebook.net/ |
| 787 | http://mirrors1.kernel.org/cpan/ |
| 788 | ftp://mirrors1.kernel.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 789 | http://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/ |
| 790 | ftp://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/ |
| 791 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ |
| 792 | |
| 793 | =item Florida |
| 794 | |
| 795 | ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 796 | http://mirror.atlantic.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 797 | ftp://mirror.atlantic.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 798 | |
| 799 | =item Idaho |
| 800 | |
| 801 | http://mirror.its.uidaho.edu/pub/cpan/ |
| 802 | ftp://mirror.its.uidaho.edu/cpan/ |
| 803 | |
| 804 | =item Illinois |
| 805 | |
| 806 | http://cpan.mirrors.hoobly.com/ |
| 807 | http://cpan.uchicago.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
| 808 | ftp://cpan.uchicago.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
| 809 | http://mirrors.servercentral.net/CPAN/ |
| 810 | http://www.stathy.com/CPAN/ |
| 811 | ftp://www.stathy.com/CPAN/ |
| 812 | |
| 813 | =item Indiana |
| 814 | |
| 815 | ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
| 816 | http://cpan.netnitco.net/ |
| 817 | ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 818 | http://ftp.ndlug.nd.edu/pub/perl/ |
| 819 | ftp://ftp.ndlug.nd.edu/pub/perl/ |
| 820 | |
| 821 | =item Massachusetts |
| 822 | |
| 823 | http://mirrors.ccs.neu.edu/CPAN/ |
| 824 | |
| 825 | =item Michigan |
| 826 | |
| 827 | http://ftp.wayne.edu/cpan/ |
| 828 | ftp://ftp.wayne.edu/cpan/ |
| 829 | |
| 830 | =item Minnesota |
| 831 | |
| 832 | http://cpan.msi.umn.edu/ |
| 833 | |
| 834 | =item New Jersey |
| 835 | |
| 836 | http://mirror.datapipe.net/CPAN/ |
| 837 | ftp://mirror.datapipe.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 838 | |
| 839 | =item New York |
| 840 | |
| 841 | http://mirrors.24-7-solutions.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 842 | ftp://mirrors.24-7-solutions.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 843 | http://mirror.cc.columbia.edu/pub/software/cpan/ |
| 844 | ftp://mirror.cc.columbia.edu/pub/software/cpan/ |
| 845 | http://cpan.belfry.net/ |
| 846 | http://cpan.erlbaum.net/ |
| 847 | ftp://cpan.erlbaum.net/CPAN/ |
| 848 | http://cpan.hexten.net/ |
| 849 | ftp://cpan.hexten.net/ |
| 850 | ftp://mirror.nyi.net/CPAN/ |
| 851 | http://mirror.rit.edu/CPAN/ |
| 852 | ftp://mirror.rit.edu/CPAN/ |
| 853 | |
| 854 | =item North Carolina |
| 855 | |
| 856 | http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN |
| 857 | ftp://ftp.ncsu.edu/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
| 858 | |
| 859 | =item Oregon |
| 860 | |
| 861 | http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 862 | ftp://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/CPAN/ |
| 863 | |
| 864 | =item Pennsylvania |
| 865 | |
| 866 | http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ |
| 867 | ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ |
| 868 | http://cpan.pair.com/ |
| 869 | ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/ |
| 870 | |
| 871 | =item South Carolina |
| 872 | |
| 873 | http://cpan.mirror.clemson.edu/ |
| 874 | |
| 875 | =item Tennessee |
| 876 | |
| 877 | http://mira.sunsite.utk.edu/CPAN/ |
| 878 | |
| 879 | =item Texas |
| 880 | |
| 881 | http://mirror.uta.edu/CPAN |
| 882 | |
| 883 | =item Utah |
| 884 | |
| 885 | ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ |
| 886 | |
| 887 | =item Virginia |
| 888 | |
| 889 | http://cpan-du.viaverio.com/ |
| 890 | ftp://cpan-du.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/ |
| 891 | http://perl.secsup.org/ |
| 892 | ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/ |
| 893 | ftp://mirror.cogentco.com/pub/CPAN/ |
| 894 | |
| 895 | =item Washington |
| 896 | |
| 897 | http://cpan.llarian.net/ |
| 898 | ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ |
| 899 | ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ |
| 900 | |
| 901 | =item Wisconsin |
| 902 | |
| 903 | http://cpan.mirrors.tds.net |
| 904 | ftp://cpan.mirrors.tds.net/pub/CPAN |
| 905 | http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
| 906 | ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
| 907 | |
| 908 | =back |
| 909 | |
| 910 | =back |
| 911 | |
| 912 | =head2 Oceania |
| 913 | |
| 914 | =over 4 |
| 915 | |
| 916 | =item Australia |
| 917 | |
| 918 | http://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/cpan/ |
| 919 | ftp://mirror.internode.on.net/pub/cpan/ |
| 920 | http://cpan.mirror.aussiehq.net.au/ |
| 921 | http://mirror.as24220.net/cpan/ |
| 922 | ftp://mirror.as24220.net/cpan/ |
| 923 | |
| 924 | =item New Zealand |
| 925 | |
| 926 | ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
| 927 | http://cpan.inspire.net.nz |
| 928 | ftp://cpan.inspire.net.nz/cpan |
| 929 | http://cpan.catalyst.net.nz/CPAN/ |
| 930 | ftp://cpan.catalyst.net.nz/pub/CPAN/ |
| 931 | |
| 932 | =back |
| 933 | |
| 934 | =head2 South America |
| 935 | |
| 936 | =over 4 |
| 937 | |
| 938 | =item Argentina |
| 939 | |
| 940 | http://cpan.patan.com.ar/ |
| 941 | http://cpan.localhost.net.ar |
| 942 | ftp://mirrors.localhost.net.ar/pub/mirrors/CPAN |
| 943 | |
| 944 | =item Brazil |
| 945 | |
| 946 | ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ |
| 947 | http://ftp.pucpr.br/CPAN |
| 948 | ftp://ftp.pucpr.br/CPAN |
| 949 | http://cpan.kinghost.net/ |
| 950 | |
| 951 | =item Chile |
| 952 | |
| 953 | http://cpan.dcc.uchile.cl/ |
| 954 | ftp://cpan.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/lang/cpan/ |
| 955 | |
| 956 | =item Colombia |
| 957 | |
| 958 | http://www.laqee.unal.edu.co/CPAN/ |
| 959 | |
| 960 | =back |
| 961 | |
| 962 | =head2 RSYNC Mirrors |
| 963 | |
| 964 | mirror.as24220.net::cpan |
| 965 | cpan.inode.at::CPAN |
| 966 | gd.tuwien.ac.at::CPAN |
| 967 | ftp.belnet.be::packages/cpan |
| 968 | rsync.linorg.usp.br::CPAN |
| 969 | rsync.arcticnetwork.ca::CPAN |
| 970 | CPAN.mirror.rafal.ca::CPAN |
| 971 | mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca::CPAN |
| 972 | theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca::CPAN |
| 973 | www.laqee.unal.edu.co::CPAN |
| 974 | mirror.uni-c.dk::CPAN |
| 975 | rsync.nic.funet.fi::CPAN |
| 976 | rsync://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
| 977 | mir1.ovh.net::CPAN |
| 978 | miroir-francais.fr::cpan |
| 979 | ftp.crihan.fr::CPAN |
| 980 | rsync://mirror.cict.fr/cpan/ |
| 981 | rsync://mirror.netcologne.de/cpan/ |
| 982 | ftp-stud.hs-esslingen.de::CPAN/ |
| 983 | ftp.gwdg.de::FTP/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
| 984 | cpan.mirror.iphh.net::CPAN |
| 985 | cpan.cpantesters.org::cpan |
| 986 | cpan.hu::CPAN |
| 987 | komo.vlsm.org::CPAN |
| 988 | mirror.unej.ac.id::cpan |
| 989 | ftp.esat.net::/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
| 990 | ftp.heanet.ie::mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN |
| 991 | rsync.panu.it::CPAN |
| 992 | cpan.fastbull.org::CPAN |
| 993 | ftp.kddilabs.jp::cpan |
| 994 | ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp::cpan/ |
| 995 | rsync://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
| 996 | rsync://ftp.riken.jp/cpan/ |
| 997 | mirror.linuxiso.kz::CPAN |
| 998 | rsync://mirrors3.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 999 | rsync://rsync.osmirror.nl/cpan/ |
| 1000 | mirror.leaseweb.com::CPAN |
| 1001 | cpan.nautile.nc::CPAN |
| 1002 | mirror.icis.pcz.pl::CPAN |
| 1003 | piotrkosoft.net::mirrors/CPAN |
| 1004 | rsync://cpan.perl.pt/ |
| 1005 | ftp.kaist.ac.kr::cpan |
| 1006 | cpan.sarang.net::CPAN |
| 1007 | mirror.averse.net::cpan |
| 1008 | rsync.oss.eznetsols.org |
| 1009 | mirror.ac.za::cpan |
| 1010 | ftp.is.co.za::IS-Mirror/ftp.cpan.org/ |
| 1011 | rsync://ftp.gui.uva.es/cpan/ |
| 1012 | rsync://mirrors4.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 1013 | ftp.solnet.ch::CPAN |
| 1014 | ftp.ulak.net.tr::CPAN |
| 1015 | gafol.net::cpan |
| 1016 | rsync.mirrorservice.org::ftp.funet.fi/pub/ |
| 1017 | rsync://rsync.mirror.8086.net/CPAN/ |
| 1018 | rsync.mirror.anlx.net::CPAN |
| 1019 | mirror.bytemark.co.uk::CPAN |
| 1020 | ftp.plig.net::CPAN |
| 1021 | rsync://ftp.ticklers.org:CPAN/ |
| 1022 | mirrors.ibiblio.org::CPAN |
| 1023 | cpan-du.viaverio.com::CPAN |
| 1024 | mirror.hiwaay.net::CPAN |
| 1025 | rsync://mira.sunsite.utk.edu/CPAN/ |
| 1026 | cpan.mirrors.tds.net::CPAN |
| 1027 | mirror.its.uidaho.edu::cpan |
| 1028 | rsync://mirror.cc.columbia.edu::cpan/ |
| 1029 | ftp.fxcorporate.com::CPAN |
| 1030 | rsync.atlantic.net::CPAN |
| 1031 | mirrors.kernel.org::mirrors/CPAN |
| 1032 | rsync://mirrors2.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 1033 | cpan.pair.com::CPAN |
| 1034 | rsync://mirror.rit.edu/CPAN/ |
| 1035 | rsync://mirror.facebook.net/cpan/ |
| 1036 | rsync://mirrors1.kernel.org/mirrors/CPAN/ |
| 1037 | cpan-sj.viaverio.com::CPAN |
| 1038 | |
| 1039 | For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, |
| 1040 | see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . |
| 1041 | |
| 1042 | =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse |
| 1043 | |
| 1044 | (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules |
| 1045 | file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) |
| 1046 | |
| 1047 | Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a |
| 1048 | package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a |
| 1049 | namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be |
| 1050 | used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its |
| 1051 | first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), |
| 1052 | or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). |
| 1053 | |
| 1054 | A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same |
| 1055 | name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be |
| 1056 | called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of |
| 1057 | its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be |
| 1058 | totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module |
| 1059 | might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on |
| 1060 | demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to |
| 1061 | exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perlobj>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about |
| 1062 | the AUTOLOAD mechanism. |
| 1063 | |
| 1064 | =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation |
| 1065 | |
| 1066 | =over 4 |
| 1067 | |
| 1068 | =item * |
| 1069 | |
| 1070 | Do similar modules already exist in some form? |
| 1071 | |
| 1072 | If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or |
| 1073 | by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not |
| 1074 | practical try to get together with the module authors to work on |
| 1075 | extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. |
| 1076 | A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing |
| 1077 | with command line options. |
| 1078 | |
| 1079 | If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of |
| 1080 | modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It |
| 1081 | helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction |
| 1082 | scheme as the original author. |
| 1083 | |
| 1084 | =item * |
| 1085 | |
| 1086 | Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. |
| 1087 | |
| 1088 | Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). |
| 1089 | Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks |
| 1090 | of code that need less warnings. |
| 1091 | |
| 1092 | Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless |
| 1093 | into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, |
| 1094 | e.g.,: |
| 1095 | |
| 1096 | sub new { |
| 1097 | my $class = shift; |
| 1098 | return bless {}, $class; |
| 1099 | } |
| 1100 | |
| 1101 | or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static |
| 1102 | or a virtual method. |
| 1103 | |
| 1104 | sub new { |
| 1105 | my $self = shift; |
| 1106 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
| 1107 | return bless {}, $class; |
| 1108 | } |
| 1109 | |
| 1110 | Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later |
| 1111 | (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where |
| 1112 | appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. |
| 1113 | Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. |
| 1114 | |
| 1115 | Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. |
| 1116 | Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. |
| 1117 | Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired |
| 1118 | class names as far as possible. |
| 1119 | |
| 1120 | Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and |
| 1121 | C<< $r->func() >> would work. |
| 1122 | |
| 1123 | Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a |
| 1124 | burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to |
| 1125 | the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: |
| 1126 | |
| 1127 | eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); |
| 1128 | |
| 1129 | Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say |
| 1130 | C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able |
| 1131 | to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, |
| 1132 | does your application still work if you change: C<< $obj = YOURCLASS->new(); >> |
| 1133 | into: C<< $obj = SUBCLASS->new(); >> ? |
| 1134 | |
| 1135 | Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it |
| 1136 | difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state |
| 1137 | information in objects. |
| 1138 | |
| 1139 | Always use B<-w>. |
| 1140 | |
| 1141 | Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). |
| 1142 | Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks |
| 1143 | of code that need less strictness. |
| 1144 | |
| 1145 | Always use B<-w>. |
| 1146 | |
| 1147 | Follow the guidelines in L<perlstyle>. |
| 1148 | |
| 1149 | Always use B<-w>. |
| 1150 | |
| 1151 | =item * |
| 1152 | |
| 1153 | Some simple style guidelines |
| 1154 | |
| 1155 | The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. |
| 1156 | |
| 1157 | Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their |
| 1158 | style over several years as they learn what helps them write and |
| 1159 | maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that |
| 1160 | seem to be widely used by experienced developers: |
| 1161 | |
| 1162 | Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read |
| 1163 | $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for |
| 1164 | non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works |
| 1165 | consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. |
| 1166 | |
| 1167 | Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally |
| 1168 | reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer |
| 1169 | and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and |
| 1170 | use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). |
| 1171 | |
| 1172 | You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope |
| 1173 | or nature of a variable. For example: |
| 1174 | |
| 1175 | $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) |
| 1176 | $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static |
| 1177 | $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables |
| 1178 | |
| 1179 | Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. |
| 1180 | e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. |
| 1181 | |
| 1182 | You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or |
| 1183 | function should not be used outside the package that defined it. |
| 1184 | |
| 1185 | =item * |
| 1186 | |
| 1187 | Select what to export. |
| 1188 | |
| 1189 | Do NOT export method names! |
| 1190 | |
| 1191 | Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! |
| 1192 | |
| 1193 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must |
| 1194 | export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid |
| 1195 | short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. |
| 1196 | |
| 1197 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the |
| 1198 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) |
| 1199 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to |
| 1200 | indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. |
| 1201 | |
| 1202 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: |
| 1203 | C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that |
| 1204 | directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol |
| 1205 | table.) |
| 1206 | |
| 1207 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented |
| 1208 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then |
| 1209 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. |
| 1210 | |
| 1211 | =item * |
| 1212 | |
| 1213 | Select a name for the module. |
| 1214 | |
| 1215 | This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as |
| 1216 | possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or |
| 1217 | more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special |
| 1218 | about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use |
| 1219 | nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. |
| 1220 | There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. |
| 1221 | Module names should begin with a capital letter. |
| 1222 | |
| 1223 | Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone |
| 1224 | (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). |
| 1225 | Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. |
| 1226 | If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. |
| 1227 | |
| 1228 | If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good |
| 1229 | practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will |
| 1230 | avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, |
| 1231 | Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. |
| 1232 | |
| 1233 | If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's |
| 1234 | standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in |
| 1235 | those modules. |
| 1236 | |
| 1237 | If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, |
| 1238 | that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure |
| 1239 | that their names will not clash with any future public module. You |
| 1240 | can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by |
| 1241 | using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. |
| 1242 | |
| 1243 | To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to |
| 1244 | 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is |
| 1245 | unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. |
| 1246 | |
| 1247 | =item * |
| 1248 | |
| 1249 | Have you got it right? |
| 1250 | |
| 1251 | How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you |
| 1252 | picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have |
| 1253 | you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? |
| 1254 | |
| 1255 | The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, |
| 1256 | is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about |
| 1257 | all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. |
| 1258 | |
| 1259 | All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its |
| 1260 | purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is |
| 1261 | probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored |
| 1262 | by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) |
| 1263 | |
| 1264 | Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be |
| 1265 | ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting |
| 1266 | others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! |
| 1267 | |
| 1268 | =item * |
| 1269 | |
| 1270 | README and other Additional Files. |
| 1271 | |
| 1272 | It's well known that software developers usually fully document the |
| 1273 | software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of |
| 1274 | your software and there is not enough time to write the full |
| 1275 | documentation please at least provide a README file containing: |
| 1276 | |
| 1277 | =over 10 |
| 1278 | |
| 1279 | =item * |
| 1280 | |
| 1281 | A description of the module/package/extension etc. |
| 1282 | |
| 1283 | =item * |
| 1284 | |
| 1285 | A copyright notice - see below. |
| 1286 | |
| 1287 | =item * |
| 1288 | |
| 1289 | Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. |
| 1290 | |
| 1291 | =item * |
| 1292 | |
| 1293 | How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. |
| 1294 | |
| 1295 | =item * |
| 1296 | |
| 1297 | How to install it. |
| 1298 | |
| 1299 | =item * |
| 1300 | |
| 1301 | Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities |
| 1302 | |
| 1303 | =item * |
| 1304 | |
| 1305 | Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. |
| 1306 | |
| 1307 | =back |
| 1308 | |
| 1309 | If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to |
| 1310 | split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, |
| 1311 | Copying, ToDo etc. |
| 1312 | |
| 1313 | =over 4 |
| 1314 | |
| 1315 | =item * |
| 1316 | |
| 1317 | Adding a Copyright Notice. |
| 1318 | |
| 1319 | How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. |
| 1320 | The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make |
| 1321 | a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. |
| 1322 | |
| 1323 | Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL |
| 1324 | and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic, |
| 1325 | or L<perlgpl> and L<perlartistic>). Larry has good reasons for NOT |
| 1326 | just using the GNU GPL. |
| 1327 | |
| 1328 | My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the |
| 1329 | Perl community at large is to state something simply like: |
| 1330 | |
| 1331 | Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. |
| 1332 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
| 1333 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
| 1334 | |
| 1335 | This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may |
| 1336 | also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. |
| 1337 | Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. |
| 1338 | |
| 1339 | =item * |
| 1340 | |
| 1341 | Give the module a version/issue/release number. |
| 1342 | |
| 1343 | To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you |
| 1344 | should store your module's version number in a non-my package |
| 1345 | variable called $VERSION. This should be a positive floating point |
| 1346 | number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, |
| 1347 | e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. |
| 1348 | See L<Exporter> for details. |
| 1349 | |
| 1350 | It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. |
| 1351 | Use the number in announcements and archive file names when |
| 1352 | releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). |
| 1353 | See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. |
| 1354 | |
| 1355 | =item * |
| 1356 | |
| 1357 | How to release and distribute a module. |
| 1358 | |
| 1359 | It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your |
| 1360 | module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce |
| 1361 | Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off |
| 1362 | distribution. |
| 1363 | |
| 1364 | If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should |
| 1365 | include details of its location in your announcement. |
| 1366 | |
| 1367 | Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file |
| 1368 | name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories |
| 1369 | will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your |
| 1370 | file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification |
| 1371 | message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get |
| 1372 | deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed |
| 1373 | and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its |
| 1374 | location. |
| 1375 | |
| 1376 | FTP Archives for Perl Modules: |
| 1377 | |
| 1378 | Follow the instructions and links on: |
| 1379 | |
| 1380 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html |
| 1381 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html |
| 1382 | |
| 1383 | or upload to one of these sites: |
| 1384 | |
| 1385 | https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ |
| 1386 | http://pause.perl.org/ |
| 1387 | |
| 1388 | and notify <modules@perl.org>. |
| 1389 | |
| 1390 | By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror |
| 1391 | your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on |
| 1392 | CPAN! |
| 1393 | |
| 1394 | Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! |
| 1395 | |
| 1396 | =item * |
| 1397 | |
| 1398 | Take care when changing a released module. |
| 1399 | |
| 1400 | Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. |
| 1401 | Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the |
| 1402 | old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. |
| 1403 | |
| 1404 | =back |
| 1405 | |
| 1406 | =back |
| 1407 | |
| 1408 | =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules |
| 1409 | |
| 1410 | =over 4 |
| 1411 | |
| 1412 | =item * |
| 1413 | |
| 1414 | There is no requirement to convert anything. |
| 1415 | |
| 1416 | If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should |
| 1417 | continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor |
| 1418 | changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but |
| 1419 | there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. |
| 1420 | |
| 1421 | =item * |
| 1422 | |
| 1423 | Consider the implications. |
| 1424 | |
| 1425 | All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to |
| 1426 | be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is |
| 1427 | it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? |
| 1428 | |
| 1429 | =item * |
| 1430 | |
| 1431 | Make the most of the opportunity. |
| 1432 | |
| 1433 | If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the |
| 1434 | opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module |
| 1435 | creation above include many of the issues you should consider. |
| 1436 | |
| 1437 | =item * |
| 1438 | |
| 1439 | The pl2pm utility will get you started. |
| 1440 | |
| 1441 | This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write |
| 1442 | corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: |
| 1443 | |
| 1444 | =over 10 |
| 1445 | |
| 1446 | =item * |
| 1447 | |
| 1448 | Adds the standard Module prologue lines |
| 1449 | |
| 1450 | =item * |
| 1451 | |
| 1452 | Converts package specifiers from ' to :: |
| 1453 | |
| 1454 | =item * |
| 1455 | |
| 1456 | Converts die(...) to croak(...) |
| 1457 | |
| 1458 | =item * |
| 1459 | |
| 1460 | Several other minor changes |
| 1461 | |
| 1462 | =back |
| 1463 | |
| 1464 | Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted |
| 1465 | code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. |
| 1466 | Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! |
| 1467 | |
| 1468 | =back |
| 1469 | |
| 1470 | =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code |
| 1471 | |
| 1472 | =over 4 |
| 1473 | |
| 1474 | =item * |
| 1475 | |
| 1476 | Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. |
| 1477 | |
| 1478 | =item * |
| 1479 | |
| 1480 | Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. |
| 1481 | |
| 1482 | Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy |
| 1483 | to reuse. |
| 1484 | |
| 1485 | =item * |
| 1486 | |
| 1487 | Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. |
| 1488 | |
| 1489 | =item * |
| 1490 | |
| 1491 | Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. |
| 1492 | |
| 1493 | =item * |
| 1494 | |
| 1495 | In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small |
| 1496 | |
| 1497 | fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases |
| 1498 | the application could invoked as: |
| 1499 | |
| 1500 | % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... |
| 1501 | or |
| 1502 | % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) |
| 1503 | |
| 1504 | =back |
| 1505 | |
| 1506 | =head1 NOTE |
| 1507 | |
| 1508 | Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may |
| 1509 | have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl |
| 1510 | doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer |
| 1511 | that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not |
| 1512 | because it has a shotgun. |
| 1513 | |
| 1514 | The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, |
| 1515 | and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is |
| 1516 | that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The |
| 1517 | written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other |
| 1518 | provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that |
| 1519 | you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. |
| 1520 | |
| 1521 | =cut |
| 1522 | |
| 1523 | read_only_bottom_close_and_rename($out); |