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66cbab2c KW |
1 | =encoding utf8 |
2 | ||
5f05dabc | 3 | =head1 NAME |
4 | ||
b0c42ed9 | 5 | perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization) |
5f05dabc | 6 | |
7 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
8 | ||
66cbab2c KW |
9 | In the beginning there was ASCII, the "American Standard Code for |
10 | Information Interchange", which works quite well for Americans with | |
11 | their English alphabet and dollar-denominated currency. But it doesn't | |
12 | work so well even for other English speakers, who may use different | |
13 | currencies, such as the pound sterling (as the symbol for that currency | |
14 | is not in ASCII); and it's hopelessly inadequate for many of the | |
15 | thousands of the world's other languages. | |
16 | ||
17 | To address these deficiencies, the concept of locales was invented | |
18 | (formally the ISO C, XPG4, POSIX 1.c "locale system"). And applications | |
19 | were and are being written that use the locale mechanism. The process of | |
20 | making such an application take account of its users' preferences in | |
21 | these kinds of matters is called B<internationalization> (often | |
22 | abbreviated as B<i18n>); telling such an application about a particular | |
23 | set of preferences is known as B<localization> (B<l10n>). | |
24 | ||
0c880285 KW |
25 | Perl has been extended to support certain types of locales available in |
26 | the locale system. This is controlled per application by using one | |
27 | pragma, one function call, and several environment variables. | |
28 | ||
29 | Perl supports single-byte locales that are supersets of ASCII, such as | |
30 | the ISO 8859 ones, and one multi-byte-type locale, UTF-8 ones, described | |
31 | in the next paragraph. Perl doesn't support any other multi-byte | |
32 | locales, such as the ones for East Asian languages. | |
66cbab2c KW |
33 | |
34 | Unfortunately, there are quite a few deficiencies with the design (and | |
31f05a37 KW |
35 | often, the implementations) of locales. Unicode was invented (see |
36 | L<perlunitut> for an introduction to that) in part to address these | |
37 | design deficiencies, and nowadays, there is a series of "UTF-8 | |
38 | locales", based on Unicode. These are locales whose character set is | |
39 | Unicode, encoded in UTF-8. Starting in v5.20, Perl fully supports | |
9accf6df | 40 | UTF-8 locales, except for sorting and string comparisons like C<lt> and |
a4a439fb KW |
41 | C<ge>. Starting in v5.26, Perl can handle these reasonably as well, |
42 | depending on the platform's implementation. However, for earlier | |
0c880285 | 43 | releases or for better control, use L<Unicode::Collate>. Perl continues to |
a4a439fb KW |
44 | support the old non UTF-8 locales as well. There are currently no UTF-8 |
45 | locales for EBCDIC platforms. | |
31f05a37 | 46 | |
66cbab2c KW |
47 | (Unicode is also creating C<CLDR>, the "Common Locale Data Repository", |
48 | L<http://cldr.unicode.org/> which includes more types of information than | |
49 | are available in the POSIX locale system. At the time of this writing, | |
50 | there was no CPAN module that provides access to this XML-encoded data. | |
e784ce68 KW |
51 | However, it is possible to compute the POSIX locale data from them, and |
52 | earlier CLDR versions had these already extracted for you as UTF-8 locales | |
53 | L<http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/2.0.1/>.) | |
66cbab2c KW |
54 | |
55 | =head1 WHAT IS A LOCALE | |
56 | ||
57 | A locale is a set of data that describes various aspects of how various | |
58 | communities in the world categorize their world. These categories are | |
59 | broken down into the following types (some of which include a brief | |
60 | note here): | |
61 | ||
62 | =over | |
63 | ||
cb88b78e | 64 | =item Category C<LC_NUMERIC>: Numeric formatting |
66cbab2c KW |
65 | |
66 | This indicates how numbers should be formatted for human readability, | |
67 | for example the character used as the decimal point. | |
68 | ||
cb88b78e | 69 | =item Category C<LC_MONETARY>: Formatting of monetary amounts |
66cbab2c | 70 | |
032639c4 | 71 | Z<> |
66cbab2c | 72 | |
cb88b78e | 73 | =item Category C<LC_TIME>: Date/Time formatting |
66cbab2c | 74 | |
032639c4 | 75 | Z<> |
66cbab2c | 76 | |
cb88b78e | 77 | =item Category C<LC_MESSAGES>: Error and other messages |
66cbab2c | 78 | |
2619d284 | 79 | This is used by Perl itself only for accessing operating system error |
03c702c5 | 80 | messages via L<$!|perlvar/$ERRNO> and L<$^E|perlvar/$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR>. |
66cbab2c | 81 | |
cb88b78e | 82 | =item Category C<LC_COLLATE>: Collation |
66cbab2c | 83 | |
76073c88 | 84 | This indicates the ordering of letters for comparison and sorting. |
66cbab2c KW |
85 | In Latin alphabets, for example, "b", generally follows "a". |
86 | ||
cb88b78e | 87 | =item Category C<LC_CTYPE>: Character Types |
66cbab2c KW |
88 | |
89 | This indicates, for example if a character is an uppercase letter. | |
90 | ||
2619d284 KW |
91 | =item Other categories |
92 | ||
93 | Some platforms have other categories, dealing with such things as | |
94 | measurement units and paper sizes. None of these are used directly by | |
95 | Perl, but outside operations that Perl interacts with may use | |
d6ded950 | 96 | these. See L</Not within the scope of "use locale"> below. |
2619d284 | 97 | |
66cbab2c KW |
98 | =back |
99 | ||
2619d284 KW |
100 | More details on the categories used by Perl are given below in L</LOCALE |
101 | CATEGORIES>. | |
66cbab2c KW |
102 | |
103 | Together, these categories go a long way towards being able to customize | |
104 | a single program to run in many different locations. But there are | |
105 | deficiencies, so keep reading. | |
5f05dabc | 106 | |
107 | =head1 PREPARING TO USE LOCALES | |
108 | ||
c5c88224 KW |
109 | Perl itself (outside the L<POSIX> module) will not use locales unless |
110 | specifically requested to (but | |
2619d284 KW |
111 | again note that Perl may interact with code that does use them). Even |
112 | if there is such a request, B<all> of the following must be true | |
b960a36e | 113 | for it to work properly: |
5f05dabc | 114 | |
115 | =over 4 | |
116 | ||
117 | =item * | |
118 | ||
119 | B<Your operating system must support the locale system>. If it does, | |
39332f68 | 120 | you should find that the C<setlocale()> function is a documented part of |
5f05dabc | 121 | its C library. |
122 | ||
123 | =item * | |
124 | ||
5a964f20 | 125 | B<Definitions for locales that you use must be installed>. You, or |
14280422 DD |
126 | your system administrator, must make sure that this is the case. The |
127 | available locales, the location in which they are kept, and the manner | |
5a964f20 TC |
128 | in which they are installed all vary from system to system. Some systems |
129 | provide only a few, hard-wired locales and do not allow more to be | |
130 | added. Others allow you to add "canned" locales provided by the system | |
131 | supplier. Still others allow you or the system administrator to define | |
14280422 | 132 | and add arbitrary locales. (You may have to ask your supplier to |
5a964f20 | 133 | provide canned locales that are not delivered with your operating |
14280422 | 134 | system.) Read your system documentation for further illumination. |
5f05dabc | 135 | |
136 | =item * | |
137 | ||
138 | B<Perl must believe that the locale system is supported>. If it does, | |
139 | C<perl -V:d_setlocale> will say that the value for C<d_setlocale> is | |
140 | C<define>. | |
141 | ||
142 | =back | |
143 | ||
144 | If you want a Perl application to process and present your data | |
145 | according to a particular locale, the application code should include | |
5a0de581 | 146 | the S<C<use locale>> pragma (see L</The "use locale" pragma>) where |
5f05dabc | 147 | appropriate, and B<at least one> of the following must be true: |
148 | ||
149 | =over 4 | |
150 | ||
c052850d | 151 | =item 1 |
5f05dabc | 152 | |
66cbab2c | 153 | B<The locale-determining environment variables (see L</"ENVIRONMENT">) |
5a964f20 | 154 | must be correctly set up> at the time the application is started, either |
ef3087ec | 155 | by yourself or by whomever set up your system account; or |
5f05dabc | 156 | |
c052850d | 157 | =item 2 |
5f05dabc | 158 | |
14280422 | 159 | B<The application must set its own locale> using the method described in |
5a0de581 | 160 | L</The setlocale function>. |
5f05dabc | 161 | |
162 | =back | |
163 | ||
164 | =head1 USING LOCALES | |
165 | ||
d6ded950 | 166 | =head2 The C<"use locale"> pragma |
5f05dabc | 167 | |
e9bc6d6b KW |
168 | Starting in Perl 5.28, this pragma may be used in |
169 | L<multi-threaded|threads> applications on systems that have thread-safe | |
170 | locale ability. Some caveats apply, see L</Multi-threaded> below. On | |
171 | systems without this capability, or in earlier Perls, do NOT use this | |
172 | pragma in scripts that have multiple L<threads|threads> active. The | |
173 | locale in these cases is not local to a single thread. Another thread | |
174 | may change the locale at any time, which could cause at a minimum that a | |
175 | given thread is operating in a locale it isn't expecting to be in. On | |
176 | some platforms, segfaults can also occur. The locale change need not be | |
177 | explicit; some operations cause perl to change the locale itself. You | |
178 | are vulnerable simply by having done a S<C<"use locale">>. | |
fc82b82e | 179 | |
c5c88224 KW |
180 | By default, Perl itself (outside the L<POSIX> module) |
181 | ignores the current locale. The S<C<use locale>> | |
66cbab2c | 182 | pragma tells Perl to use the current locale for some operations. |
d6ded950 KW |
183 | Starting in v5.16, there are optional parameters to this pragma, |
184 | described below, which restrict which operations are affected by it. | |
c052850d KW |
185 | |
186 | The current locale is set at execution time by | |
187 | L<setlocale()|/The setlocale function> described below. If that function | |
188 | hasn't yet been called in the course of the program's execution, the | |
66cbab2c | 189 | current locale is that which was determined by the L</"ENVIRONMENT"> in |
ebc3223b | 190 | effect at the start of the program. |
dfcc8045 | 191 | If there is no valid environment, the current locale is whatever the |
65ebb059 KW |
192 | system default has been set to. On POSIX systems, it is likely, but |
193 | not necessarily, the "C" locale. On Windows, the default is set via the | |
194 | computer's S<C<Control Panel-E<gt>Regional and Language Options>> (or its | |
195 | current equivalent). | |
c052850d KW |
196 | |
197 | The operations that are affected by locale are: | |
5f05dabc | 198 | |
199 | =over 4 | |
200 | ||
d6ded950 | 201 | =item B<Not within the scope of C<"use locale">> |
b960a36e | 202 | |
c0a087f2 KW |
203 | Only certain operations (all originating outside Perl) should be |
204 | affected, as follows: | |
1d2ab946 KW |
205 | |
206 | =over 4 | |
207 | ||
208 | =item * | |
2619d284 | 209 | |
663d437a | 210 | The current locale is used when going outside of Perl with |
2619d284 KW |
211 | operations like L<system()|perlfunc/system LIST> or |
212 | L<qxE<sol>E<sol>|perlop/qxE<sol>STRINGE<sol>>, if those operations are | |
213 | locale-sensitive. | |
214 | ||
1d2ab946 KW |
215 | =item * |
216 | ||
2619d284 KW |
217 | Also Perl gives access to various C library functions through the |
218 | L<POSIX> module. Some of those functions are always affected by the | |
219 | current locale. For example, C<POSIX::strftime()> uses C<LC_TIME>; | |
220 | C<POSIX::strtod()> uses C<LC_NUMERIC>; C<POSIX::strcoll()> and | |
9accf6df | 221 | C<POSIX::strxfrm()> use C<LC_COLLATE>. All such functions |
2619d284 | 222 | will behave according to the current underlying locale, even if that |
1d2ab946 | 223 | locale isn't exposed to Perl space. |
2619d284 | 224 | |
d9e2553c KW |
225 | This applies as well to L<I18N::Langinfo>. |
226 | ||
1d2ab946 KW |
227 | =item * |
228 | ||
52686f2a KW |
229 | XS modules for all categories but C<LC_NUMERIC> get the underlying |
230 | locale, and hence any C library functions they call will use that | |
8a384d3a | 231 | underlying locale. For more discussion, see L<perlxs/CAVEATS>. |
1d2ab946 KW |
232 | |
233 | =back | |
234 | ||
c5c88224 KW |
235 | Note that all C programs (including the perl interpreter, which is |
236 | written in C) always have an underlying locale. That locale is the "C" | |
237 | locale unless changed by a call to L<setlocale()|/The setlocale | |
238 | function>. When Perl starts up, it changes the underlying locale to the | |
239 | one which is indicated by the L</ENVIRONMENT>. When using the L<POSIX> | |
240 | module or writing XS code, it is important to keep in mind that the | |
241 | underlying locale may be something other than "C", even if the program | |
242 | hasn't explicitly changed it. | |
243 | ||
032639c4 | 244 | Z<> |
ebc3223b KW |
245 | |
246 | =item B<Lingering effects of C<S<use locale>>> | |
1d2ab946 KW |
247 | |
248 | Certain Perl operations that are set-up within the scope of a | |
d6ded950 | 249 | C<use locale> retain that effect even outside the scope. |
b960a36e KW |
250 | These include: |
251 | ||
252 | =over 4 | |
253 | ||
254 | =item * | |
255 | ||
256 | The output format of a L<write()|perlfunc/write> is determined by an | |
257 | earlier format declaration (L<perlfunc/format>), so whether or not the | |
258 | output is affected by locale is determined by if the C<format()> is | |
d6ded950 | 259 | within the scope of a C<use locale>, not whether the C<write()> |
b960a36e KW |
260 | is. |
261 | ||
262 | =item * | |
263 | ||
264 | Regular expression patterns can be compiled using | |
33be4c61 | 265 | L<qrE<sol>E<sol>|perlop/qrE<sol>STRINGE<sol>msixpodualn> with actual |
b960a36e KW |
266 | matching deferred to later. Again, it is whether or not the compilation |
267 | was done within the scope of C<use locale> that determines the match | |
268 | behavior, not if the matches are done within such a scope or not. | |
269 | ||
270 | =back | |
271 | ||
032639c4 | 272 | Z<> |
ebc3223b | 273 | |
d6ded950 | 274 | =item B<Under C<"use locale";>> |
66cbab2c KW |
275 | |
276 | =over 4 | |
277 | ||
278 | =item * | |
279 | ||
d6ded950 | 280 | All the above operations |
b960a36e KW |
281 | |
282 | =item * | |
283 | ||
284 | B<Format declarations> (L<perlfunc/format>) and hence any subsequent | |
285 | C<write()>s use C<LC_NUMERIC>. | |
66cbab2c KW |
286 | |
287 | =item * | |
288 | ||
b960a36e KW |
289 | B<stringification and output> use C<LC_NUMERIC>. |
290 | These include the results of | |
291 | C<print()>, | |
292 | C<printf()>, | |
293 | C<say()>, | |
294 | and | |
295 | C<sprintf()>. | |
66cbab2c | 296 | |
b960a36e KW |
297 | =item * |
298 | ||
299 | B<The comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<cmp>, C<ge>, and C<gt>) use | |
39332f68 | 300 | C<LC_COLLATE>. C<sort()> is also affected if used without an |
5a964f20 | 301 | explicit comparison function, because it uses C<cmp> by default. |
14280422 | 302 | |
5a964f20 | 303 | B<Note:> C<eq> and C<ne> are unaffected by locale: they always |
de108802 | 304 | perform a char-by-char comparison of their scalar operands. What's |
14280422 DD |
305 | more, if C<cmp> finds that its operands are equal according to the |
306 | collation sequence specified by the current locale, it goes on to | |
de108802 RGS |
307 | perform a char-by-char comparison, and only returns I<0> (equal) if the |
308 | operands are char-for-char identical. If you really want to know whether | |
5a964f20 | 309 | two strings--which C<eq> and C<cmp> may consider different--are equal |
14280422 | 310 | as far as collation in the locale is concerned, see the discussion in |
cb88b78e | 311 | L<Category C<LC_COLLATE>: Collation>. |
5f05dabc | 312 | |
313 | =item * | |
314 | ||
39332f68 KW |
315 | B<Regular expressions and case-modification functions> (C<uc()>, C<lc()>, |
316 | C<ucfirst()>, and C<lcfirst()>) use C<LC_CTYPE> | |
5f05dabc | 317 | |
2c6ee1a7 KW |
318 | =item * |
319 | ||
dbf3c4d7 KW |
320 | B<The variables L<$!|perlvar/$ERRNO>> (and its synonyms C<$ERRNO> and |
321 | C<$OS_ERROR>) B<and L<$^E|perlvar/$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR>> (and its synonym | |
2c6ee1a7 KW |
322 | C<$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR>) when used as strings use C<LC_MESSAGES>. |
323 | ||
5f05dabc | 324 | =back |
325 | ||
66cbab2c | 326 | =back |
5f05dabc | 327 | |
5a964f20 | 328 | The default behavior is restored with the S<C<no locale>> pragma, or |
ef3087ec | 329 | upon reaching the end of the block enclosing C<use locale>. |
3cd61afa | 330 | Note that C<use locale> calls may be |
66cbab2c KW |
331 | nested, and that what is in effect within an inner scope will revert to |
332 | the outer scope's rules at the end of the inner scope. | |
5f05dabc | 333 | |
5a964f20 | 334 | The string result of any operation that uses locale |
14280422 | 335 | information is tainted, as it is possible for a locale to be |
5a0de581 | 336 | untrustworthy. See L</"SECURITY">. |
5f05dabc | 337 | |
d6ded950 KW |
338 | Starting in Perl v5.16 in a very limited way, and more generally in |
339 | v5.22, you can restrict which category or categories are enabled by this | |
340 | particular instance of the pragma by adding parameters to it. For | |
341 | example, | |
342 | ||
343 | use locale qw(:ctype :numeric); | |
344 | ||
345 | enables locale awareness within its scope of only those operations | |
346 | (listed above) that are affected by C<LC_CTYPE> and C<LC_NUMERIC>. | |
347 | ||
348 | The possible categories are: C<:collate>, C<:ctype>, C<:messages>, | |
349 | C<:monetary>, C<:numeric>, C<:time>, and the pseudo category | |
350 | C<:characters> (described below). | |
351 | ||
352 | Thus you can say | |
353 | ||
354 | use locale ':messages'; | |
355 | ||
356 | and only L<$!|perlvar/$ERRNO> and L<$^E|perlvar/$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR> | |
357 | will be locale aware. Everything else is unaffected. | |
358 | ||
359 | Since Perl doesn't currently do anything with the C<LC_MONETARY> | |
360 | category, specifying C<:monetary> does effectively nothing. Some | |
22803c6a | 361 | systems have other categories, such as C<LC_PAPER>, but Perl |
e9bc6d6b | 362 | also doesn't do anything with them, and there is no way to specify |
d6ded950 KW |
363 | them in this pragma's arguments. |
364 | ||
365 | You can also easily say to use all categories but one, by either, for | |
366 | example, | |
367 | ||
368 | use locale ':!ctype'; | |
369 | use locale ':not_ctype'; | |
370 | ||
371 | both of which mean to enable locale awarness of all categories but | |
372 | C<LC_CTYPE>. Only one category argument may be specified in a | |
373 | S<C<use locale>> if it is of the negated form. | |
374 | ||
375 | Prior to v5.22 only one form of the pragma with arguments is available: | |
376 | ||
377 | use locale ':not_characters'; | |
378 | ||
379 | (and you have to say C<not_>; you can't use the bang C<!> form). This | |
380 | pseudo category is a shorthand for specifying both C<:collate> and | |
381 | C<:ctype>. Hence, in the negated form, it is nearly the same thing as | |
382 | saying | |
383 | ||
384 | use locale qw(:messages :monetary :numeric :time); | |
385 | ||
386 | We use the term "nearly", because C<:not_characters> also turns on | |
387 | S<C<use feature 'unicode_strings'>> within its scope. This form is | |
388 | less useful in v5.20 and later, and is described fully in | |
389 | L</Unicode and UTF-8>, but briefly, it tells Perl to not use the | |
390 | character portions of the locale definition, that is the C<LC_CTYPE> and | |
391 | C<LC_COLLATE> categories. Instead it will use the native character set | |
392 | (extended by Unicode). When using this parameter, you are responsible | |
393 | for getting the external character set translated into the | |
394 | native/Unicode one (which it already will be if it is one of the | |
395 | increasingly popular UTF-8 locales). There are convenient ways of doing | |
396 | this, as described in L</Unicode and UTF-8>. | |
397 | ||
5f05dabc | 398 | =head2 The setlocale function |
399 | ||
e9bc6d6b KW |
400 | WARNING! Prior to Perl 5.28 or on a system that does not support |
401 | thread-safe locale operations, do NOT use this function in a | |
402 | L<thread|threads>. The locale will change in all other threads at the | |
403 | same time, and should your thread get paused by the operating system, | |
404 | and another started, that thread will not have the locale it is | |
405 | expecting. On some platforms, there can be a race leading to segfaults | |
406 | if two threads call this function nearly simultaneously. | |
fc82b82e | 407 | |
14280422 | 408 | You can switch locales as often as you wish at run time with the |
39332f68 | 409 | C<POSIX::setlocale()> function: |
5f05dabc | 410 | |
5f05dabc | 411 | # Import locale-handling tool set from POSIX module. |
412 | # This example uses: setlocale -- the function call | |
413 | # LC_CTYPE -- explained below | |
2619d284 KW |
414 | # (Showing the testing for success/failure of operations is |
415 | # omitted in these examples to avoid distracting from the main | |
ebc3223b | 416 | # point) |
6ea81ccf | 417 | |
5f05dabc | 418 | use POSIX qw(locale_h); |
dfcc8045 KW |
419 | use locale; |
420 | my $old_locale; | |
5f05dabc | 421 | |
14280422 | 422 | # query and save the old locale |
5f05dabc | 423 | $old_locale = setlocale(LC_CTYPE); |
424 | ||
425 | setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr_CA.ISO8859-1"); | |
426 | # LC_CTYPE now in locale "French, Canada, codeset ISO 8859-1" | |
427 | ||
428 | setlocale(LC_CTYPE, ""); | |
65ebb059 KW |
429 | # LC_CTYPE now reset to the default defined by the |
430 | # LC_ALL/LC_CTYPE/LANG environment variables, or to the system | |
431 | # default. See below for documentation. | |
5f05dabc | 432 | |
433 | # restore the old locale | |
434 | setlocale(LC_CTYPE, $old_locale); | |
435 | ||
39332f68 | 436 | The first argument of C<setlocale()> gives the B<category>, the second the |
14280422 DD |
437 | B<locale>. The category tells in what aspect of data processing you |
438 | want to apply locale-specific rules. Category names are discussed in | |
66cbab2c | 439 | L</LOCALE CATEGORIES> and L</"ENVIRONMENT">. The locale is the name of a |
14280422 DD |
440 | collection of customization information corresponding to a particular |
441 | combination of language, country or territory, and codeset. Read on for | |
442 | hints on the naming of locales: not all systems name locales as in the | |
443 | example. | |
444 | ||
39332f68 | 445 | If no second argument is provided and the category is something other |
cb88b78e | 446 | than C<LC_ALL>, the function returns a string naming the current locale |
502a173a | 447 | for the category. You can use this value as the second argument in a |
f170b852 KW |
448 | subsequent call to C<setlocale()>, B<but> on some platforms the string |
449 | is opaque, not something that most people would be able to decipher as | |
450 | to what locale it means. | |
502a173a | 451 | |
cb88b78e | 452 | If no second argument is provided and the category is C<LC_ALL>, the |
502a173a | 453 | result is implementation-dependent. It may be a string of |
c052850d | 454 | concatenated locale names (separator also implementation-dependent) |
39332f68 | 455 | or a single locale name. Please consult your L<setlocale(3)> man page for |
502a173a JH |
456 | details. |
457 | ||
458 | If a second argument is given and it corresponds to a valid locale, | |
459 | the locale for the category is set to that value, and the function | |
460 | returns the now-current locale value. You can then use this in yet | |
39332f68 | 461 | another call to C<setlocale()>. (In some implementations, the return |
502a173a JH |
462 | value may sometimes differ from the value you gave as the second |
463 | argument--think of it as an alias for the value you gave.) | |
5f05dabc | 464 | |
465 | As the example shows, if the second argument is an empty string, the | |
466 | category's locale is returned to the default specified by the | |
467 | corresponding environment variables. Generally, this results in a | |
5a964f20 | 468 | return to the default that was in force when Perl started up: changes |
54310121 | 469 | to the environment made by the application after startup may or may not |
5a964f20 | 470 | be noticed, depending on your system's C library. |
5f05dabc | 471 | |
d6ded950 KW |
472 | Note that when a form of C<use locale> that doesn't include all |
473 | categories is specified, Perl ignores the excluded categories. | |
66cbab2c | 474 | |
f170b852 | 475 | If C<set_locale()> fails for some reason (for example, an attempt to set |
dfcc8045 KW |
476 | to a locale unknown to the system), the locale for the category is not |
477 | changed, and the function returns C<undef>. | |
478 | ||
e9bc6d6b KW |
479 | Starting in Perl 5.28, on multi-threaded perls compiled on systems that |
480 | implement POSIX 2008 thread-safe locale operations, this function | |
481 | doesn't actually call the system C<setlocale>. Instead those | |
482 | thread-safe operations are used to emulate the C<setlocale> function, | |
483 | but in a thread-safe manner. | |
2619d284 | 484 | |
39332f68 | 485 | For further information about the categories, consult L<setlocale(3)>. |
3e6e419a | 486 | |
e9bc6d6b KW |
487 | =head2 Multi-threaded operation |
488 | ||
489 | Beginning in Perl 5.28, multi-threaded locale operation is supported on | |
490 | systems that implement either the POSIX 2008 or Windows-specific | |
491 | thread-safe locale operations. Many modern systems, such as various | |
492 | Unix variants and Darwin do have this. | |
493 | ||
494 | You can tell if using locales is safe on your system by looking at the | |
495 | read-only boolean variable C<${^SAFE_LOCALES}>. The value is 1 if the | |
496 | perl is not threaded, or if it is using thread-safe locale operations. | |
497 | ||
498 | Thread-safe operations are supported in Windows starting in Visual Studio | |
499 | 2005, and in systems compatible with POSIX 2008. Some platforms claim | |
500 | to support POSIX 2008, but have buggy implementations, so that the hints | |
501 | files for compiling to run on them turn off attempting to use | |
502 | thread-safety. C<${^SAFE_LOCALES}> will be 0 on them. | |
503 | ||
504 | Be aware that writing a multi-threaded application will not be portable | |
505 | to a platform which lacks the native thread-safe locale support. On | |
506 | systems that do have it, you automatically get this behavior for | |
507 | threaded perls, without having to do anything. If for some reason, you | |
508 | don't want to use this capability (perhaps the POSIX 2008 support is | |
509 | buggy on your system), you can manually compile Perl to use the old | |
510 | non-thread-safe implementation by passing the argument | |
511 | C<-Accflags='-DNO_THREAD_SAFE_LOCALE'> to F<Configure>. | |
512 | Except on Windows, this will continue to use certain of the POSIX 2008 | |
513 | functions in some situations. If these are buggy, you can pass the | |
514 | following to F<Configure> instead or additionally: | |
515 | C<-Accflags='-DNO_POSIX_2008_LOCALE'>. This will also keep the code | |
516 | from using thread-safe locales. | |
517 | C<${^SAFE_LOCALES}> will be 0 on systems that turn off the thread-safe | |
518 | operations. | |
519 | ||
e1895adc KW |
520 | Normally on unthreaded builds, the traditional C<setlocale()> is used |
521 | and not the thread-safe locale functions. You can force the use of these | |
522 | on systems that have them by adding the | |
523 | C<-Accflags='-DUSE_THREAD_SAFE_LOCALE'> to F<Configure>. | |
524 | ||
e9bc6d6b KW |
525 | The initial program is started up using the locale specified from the |
526 | environment, as currently, described in L</ENVIRONMENT>. All newly | |
527 | created threads start with C<LC_ALL> set to C<"C">>. Each thread may | |
528 | use C<POSIX::setlocale()> to query or switch its locale at any time, | |
529 | without affecting any other thread. All locale-dependent operations | |
530 | automatically use their thread's locale. | |
531 | ||
532 | This should be completely transparent to any applications written | |
533 | entirely in Perl (minus a few rarely encountered caveats given in the | |
534 | L</Multi-threaded> section). Information for XS module writers is given | |
535 | in L<perlxs/Locale-aware XS code>. | |
536 | ||
3e6e419a JH |
537 | =head2 Finding locales |
538 | ||
39332f68 | 539 | For locales available in your system, consult also L<setlocale(3)> to |
5a964f20 TC |
540 | see whether it leads to the list of available locales (search for the |
541 | I<SEE ALSO> section). If that fails, try the following command lines: | |
5f05dabc | 542 | |
543 | locale -a | |
544 | ||
545 | nlsinfo | |
546 | ||
547 | ls /usr/lib/nls/loc | |
548 | ||
549 | ls /usr/lib/locale | |
550 | ||
551 | ls /usr/lib/nls | |
552 | ||
b478f28d JH |
553 | ls /usr/share/locale |
554 | ||
5f05dabc | 555 | and see whether they list something resembling these |
556 | ||
2bdf8add | 557 | en_US.ISO8859-1 de_DE.ISO8859-1 ru_RU.ISO8859-5 |
502a173a | 558 | en_US.iso88591 de_DE.iso88591 ru_RU.iso88595 |
2bdf8add | 559 | en_US de_DE ru_RU |
14280422 | 560 | en de ru |
2bdf8add JH |
561 | english german russian |
562 | english.iso88591 german.iso88591 russian.iso88595 | |
502a173a | 563 | english.roman8 russian.koi8r |
5f05dabc | 564 | |
39332f68 | 565 | Sadly, even though the calling interface for C<setlocale()> has been |
528d65ad | 566 | standardized, names of locales and the directories where the |
5a964f20 | 567 | configuration resides have not been. The basic form of the name is |
528d65ad JH |
568 | I<language_territory>B<.>I<codeset>, but the latter parts after |
569 | I<language> are not always present. The I<language> and I<country> | |
570 | are usually from the standards B<ISO 3166> and B<ISO 639>, the | |
571 | two-letter abbreviations for the countries and the languages of the | |
572 | world, respectively. The I<codeset> part often mentions some B<ISO | |
573 | 8859> character set, the Latin codesets. For example, C<ISO 8859-1> | |
574 | is the so-called "Western European codeset" that can be used to encode | |
575 | most Western European languages adequately. Again, there are several | |
576 | ways to write even the name of that one standard. Lamentably. | |
5f05dabc | 577 | |
14280422 DD |
578 | Two special locales are worth particular mention: "C" and "POSIX". |
579 | Currently these are effectively the same locale: the difference is | |
5a964f20 TC |
580 | mainly that the first one is defined by the C standard, the second by |
581 | the POSIX standard. They define the B<default locale> in which | |
14280422 | 582 | every program starts in the absence of locale information in its |
5a964f20 | 583 | environment. (The I<default> default locale, if you will.) Its language |
39332f68 KW |
584 | is (American) English and its character codeset ASCII or, rarely, a |
585 | superset thereof (such as the "DEC Multinational Character Set | |
586 | (DEC-MCS)"). B<Warning>. The C locale delivered by some vendors | |
587 | may not actually exactly match what the C standard calls for. So | |
588 | beware. | |
5f05dabc | 589 | |
14280422 DD |
590 | B<NOTE>: Not all systems have the "POSIX" locale (not all systems are |
591 | POSIX-conformant), so use "C" when you need explicitly to specify this | |
592 | default locale. | |
5f05dabc | 593 | |
3e6e419a JH |
594 | =head2 LOCALE PROBLEMS |
595 | ||
5a964f20 | 596 | You may encounter the following warning message at Perl startup: |
3e6e419a JH |
597 | |
598 | perl: warning: Setting locale failed. | |
599 | perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: | |
600 | LC_ALL = "En_US", | |
601 | LANG = (unset) | |
602 | are supported and installed on your system. | |
603 | perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C"). | |
604 | ||
cb88b78e | 605 | This means that your locale settings had C<LC_ALL> set to "En_US" and |
5a964f20 TC |
606 | LANG exists but has no value. Perl tried to believe you but could not. |
607 | Instead, Perl gave up and fell back to the "C" locale, the default locale | |
65ebb059 KW |
608 | that is supposed to work no matter what. (On Windows, it first tries |
609 | falling back to the system default locale.) This usually means your | |
610 | locale settings were wrong, they mention locales your system has never | |
611 | heard of, or the locale installation in your system has problems (for | |
612 | example, some system files are broken or missing). There are quick and | |
613 | temporary fixes to these problems, as well as more thorough and lasting | |
614 | fixes. | |
3e6e419a | 615 | |
83fb1bf0 KW |
616 | =head2 Testing for broken locales |
617 | ||
618 | If you are building Perl from source, the Perl test suite file | |
619 | F<lib/locale.t> can be used to test the locales on your system. | |
620 | Setting the environment variable C<PERL_DEBUG_FULL_TEST> to 1 | |
621 | will cause it to output detailed results. For example, on Linux, you | |
622 | could say | |
623 | ||
1d2ab946 | 624 | PERL_DEBUG_FULL_TEST=1 ./perl -T -Ilib lib/locale.t > locale.log 2>&1 |
83fb1bf0 KW |
625 | |
626 | Besides many other tests, it will test every locale it finds on your | |
627 | system to see if they conform to the POSIX standard. If any have | |
628 | errors, it will include a summary near the end of the output of which | |
629 | locales passed all its tests, and which failed, and why. | |
630 | ||
3e6e419a JH |
631 | =head2 Temporarily fixing locale problems |
632 | ||
5a964f20 | 633 | The two quickest fixes are either to render Perl silent about any |
3e6e419a JH |
634 | locale inconsistencies or to run Perl under the default locale "C". |
635 | ||
636 | Perl's moaning about locale problems can be silenced by setting the | |
22ff3130 | 637 | environment variable C<PERL_BADLANG> to "0" or "". |
900bd440 JH |
638 | This method really just sweeps the problem under the carpet: you tell |
639 | Perl to shut up even when Perl sees that something is wrong. Do not | |
640 | be surprised if later something locale-dependent misbehaves. | |
3e6e419a JH |
641 | |
642 | Perl can be run under the "C" locale by setting the environment | |
cb88b78e KW |
643 | variable C<LC_ALL> to "C". This method is perhaps a bit more civilized |
644 | than the C<PERL_BADLANG> approach, but setting C<LC_ALL> (or | |
5a964f20 TC |
645 | other locale variables) may affect other programs as well, not just |
646 | Perl. In particular, external programs run from within Perl will see | |
3e6e419a | 647 | these changes. If you make the new settings permanent (read on), all |
5a0de581 LM |
648 | programs you run see the changes. See L</"ENVIRONMENT"> for |
649 | the full list of relevant environment variables and L</"USING LOCALES"> | |
e05ffc7d | 650 | for their effects in Perl. Effects in other programs are |
cb88b78e | 651 | easily deducible. For example, the variable C<LC_COLLATE> may well affect |
b432a672 | 652 | your B<sort> program (or whatever the program that arranges "records" |
3e6e419a JH |
653 | alphabetically in your system is called). |
654 | ||
5a964f20 TC |
655 | You can test out changing these variables temporarily, and if the |
656 | new settings seem to help, put those settings into your shell startup | |
663d437a | 657 | files. Consult your local documentation for the exact details. For |
5a964f20 | 658 | Bourne-like shells (B<sh>, B<ksh>, B<bash>, B<zsh>): |
3e6e419a JH |
659 | |
660 | LC_ALL=en_US.ISO8859-1 | |
661 | export LC_ALL | |
662 | ||
5a964f20 TC |
663 | This assumes that we saw the locale "en_US.ISO8859-1" using the commands |
664 | discussed above. We decided to try that instead of the above faulty | |
665 | locale "En_US"--and in Cshish shells (B<csh>, B<tcsh>) | |
3e6e419a JH |
666 | |
667 | setenv LC_ALL en_US.ISO8859-1 | |
c47ff5f1 | 668 | |
663d437a | 669 | or if you have the "env" application you can do (in any shell) |
c406981e JH |
670 | |
671 | env LC_ALL=en_US.ISO8859-1 perl ... | |
672 | ||
5a964f20 | 673 | If you do not know what shell you have, consult your local |
3e6e419a JH |
674 | helpdesk or the equivalent. |
675 | ||
676 | =head2 Permanently fixing locale problems | |
677 | ||
5a964f20 TC |
678 | The slower but superior fixes are when you may be able to yourself |
679 | fix the misconfiguration of your own environment variables. The | |
3e6e419a JH |
680 | mis(sing)configuration of the whole system's locales usually requires |
681 | the help of your friendly system administrator. | |
682 | ||
5a0de581 | 683 | First, see earlier in this document about L</Finding locales>. That tells |
5a964f20 TC |
684 | how to find which locales are really supported--and more importantly, |
685 | installed--on your system. In our example error message, environment | |
686 | variables affecting the locale are listed in the order of decreasing | |
687 | importance (and unset variables do not matter). Therefore, having | |
688 | LC_ALL set to "En_US" must have been the bad choice, as shown by the | |
689 | error message. First try fixing locale settings listed first. | |
3e6e419a | 690 | |
5a964f20 TC |
691 | Second, if using the listed commands you see something B<exactly> |
692 | (prefix matches do not count and case usually counts) like "En_US" | |
693 | without the quotes, then you should be okay because you are using a | |
694 | locale name that should be installed and available in your system. | |
5a0de581 | 695 | In this case, see L</Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration>. |
3e6e419a | 696 | |
4a4eefd0 | 697 | =head2 Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration |
3e6e419a | 698 | |
5a964f20 | 699 | This is when you see something like: |
3e6e419a JH |
700 | |
701 | perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: | |
702 | LC_ALL = "En_US", | |
703 | LANG = (unset) | |
704 | are supported and installed on your system. | |
705 | ||
706 | but then cannot see that "En_US" listed by the above-mentioned | |
5a964f20 TC |
707 | commands. You may see things like "en_US.ISO8859-1", but that isn't |
708 | the same. In this case, try running under a locale | |
709 | that you can list and which somehow matches what you tried. The | |
3e6e419a | 710 | rules for matching locale names are a bit vague because |
e05ffc7d | 711 | standardization is weak in this area. See again the |
5a0de581 | 712 | L</Finding locales> about general rules. |
3e6e419a | 713 | |
b687b08b | 714 | =head2 Fixing system locale configuration |
3e6e419a | 715 | |
5a964f20 TC |
716 | Contact a system administrator (preferably your own) and report the exact |
717 | error message you get, and ask them to read this same documentation you | |
718 | are now reading. They should be able to check whether there is something | |
5a0de581 | 719 | wrong with the locale configuration of the system. The L</Finding locales> |
5a964f20 TC |
720 | section is unfortunately a bit vague about the exact commands and places |
721 | because these things are not that standardized. | |
3e6e419a | 722 | |
5f05dabc | 723 | =head2 The localeconv function |
724 | ||
39332f68 | 725 | The C<POSIX::localeconv()> function allows you to get particulars of the |
14280422 | 726 | locale-dependent numeric formatting information specified by the current |
a835cd47 KW |
727 | underlying C<LC_NUMERIC> and C<LC_MONETARY> locales (regardless of |
728 | whether called from within the scope of C<S<use locale>> or not). (If | |
729 | you just want the name of | |
39332f68 | 730 | the current locale for a particular category, use C<POSIX::setlocale()> |
5a0de581 | 731 | with a single parameter--see L</The setlocale function>.) |
5f05dabc | 732 | |
733 | use POSIX qw(locale_h); | |
5f05dabc | 734 | |
735 | # Get a reference to a hash of locale-dependent info | |
736 | $locale_values = localeconv(); | |
737 | ||
738 | # Output sorted list of the values | |
739 | for (sort keys %$locale_values) { | |
14280422 | 740 | printf "%-20s = %s\n", $_, $locale_values->{$_} |
5f05dabc | 741 | } |
742 | ||
39332f68 | 743 | C<localeconv()> takes no arguments, and returns B<a reference to> a hash. |
5a964f20 | 744 | The keys of this hash are variable names for formatting, such as |
502a173a | 745 | C<decimal_point> and C<thousands_sep>. The values are the |
cea6626f | 746 | corresponding, er, values. See L<POSIX/localeconv> for a longer |
502a173a JH |
747 | example listing the categories an implementation might be expected to |
748 | provide; some provide more and others fewer. You don't need an | |
39332f68 | 749 | explicit C<use locale>, because C<localeconv()> always observes the |
502a173a | 750 | current locale. |
5f05dabc | 751 | |
5a964f20 TC |
752 | Here's a simple-minded example program that rewrites its command-line |
753 | parameters as integers correctly formatted in the current locale: | |
5f05dabc | 754 | |
ef3087ec KW |
755 | use POSIX qw(locale_h); |
756 | ||
757 | # Get some of locale's numeric formatting parameters | |
758 | my ($thousands_sep, $grouping) = | |
759 | @{localeconv()}{'thousands_sep', 'grouping'}; | |
760 | ||
761 | # Apply defaults if values are missing | |
762 | $thousands_sep = ',' unless $thousands_sep; | |
763 | ||
764 | # grouping and mon_grouping are packed lists | |
765 | # of small integers (characters) telling the | |
766 | # grouping (thousand_seps and mon_thousand_seps | |
767 | # being the group dividers) of numbers and | |
768 | # monetary quantities. The integers' meanings: | |
769 | # 255 means no more grouping, 0 means repeat | |
770 | # the previous grouping, 1-254 means use that | |
771 | # as the current grouping. Grouping goes from | |
772 | # right to left (low to high digits). In the | |
773 | # below we cheat slightly by never using anything | |
774 | # else than the first grouping (whatever that is). | |
775 | if ($grouping) { | |
776 | @grouping = unpack("C*", $grouping); | |
777 | } else { | |
778 | @grouping = (3); | |
779 | } | |
780 | ||
781 | # Format command line params for current locale | |
782 | for (@ARGV) { | |
783 | $_ = int; # Chop non-integer part | |
784 | 1 while | |
785 | s/(\d)(\d{$grouping[0]}($|$thousands_sep))/$1$thousands_sep$2/; | |
786 | print "$_"; | |
787 | } | |
788 | print "\n"; | |
5f05dabc | 789 | |
03ceeedf KW |
790 | Note that if the platform doesn't have C<LC_NUMERIC> and/or |
791 | C<LC_MONETARY> available or enabled, the corresponding elements of the | |
792 | hash will be missing. | |
793 | ||
74c76037 | 794 | =head2 I18N::Langinfo |
4bbcc6e8 JH |
795 | |
796 | Another interface for querying locale-dependent information is the | |
c0a087f2 | 797 | C<I18N::Langinfo::langinfo()> function. |
4bbcc6e8 | 798 | |
39332f68 KW |
799 | The following example will import the C<langinfo()> function itself and |
800 | three constants to be used as arguments to C<langinfo()>: a constant for | |
74c76037 JH |
801 | the abbreviated first day of the week (the numbering starts from |
802 | Sunday = 1) and two more constants for the affirmative and negative | |
803 | answers for a yes/no question in the current locale. | |
4bbcc6e8 | 804 | |
74c76037 | 805 | use I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo ABDAY_1 YESSTR NOSTR); |
4bbcc6e8 | 806 | |
ef3087ec KW |
807 | my ($abday_1, $yesstr, $nostr) |
808 | = map { langinfo } qw(ABDAY_1 YESSTR NOSTR); | |
4bbcc6e8 | 809 | |
74c76037 | 810 | print "$abday_1? [$yesstr/$nostr] "; |
4bbcc6e8 | 811 | |
74c76037 JH |
812 | In other words, in the "C" (or English) locale the above will probably |
813 | print something like: | |
814 | ||
e05ffc7d | 815 | Sun? [yes/no] |
4bbcc6e8 JH |
816 | |
817 | See L<I18N::Langinfo> for more information. | |
818 | ||
5f05dabc | 819 | =head1 LOCALE CATEGORIES |
820 | ||
5a964f20 TC |
821 | The following subsections describe basic locale categories. Beyond these, |
822 | some combination categories allow manipulation of more than one | |
5a0de581 | 823 | basic category at a time. See L</"ENVIRONMENT"> for a discussion of these. |
5f05dabc | 824 | |
ff52fcf1 | 825 | =head2 Category C<LC_COLLATE>: Collation: Text Comparisons and Sorting |
5f05dabc | 826 | |
d6ded950 KW |
827 | In the scope of a S<C<use locale>> form that includes collation, Perl |
828 | looks to the C<LC_COLLATE> | |
5a964f20 | 829 | environment variable to determine the application's notions on collation |
b4ffc3db TC |
830 | (ordering) of characters. For example, "b" follows "a" in Latin |
831 | alphabets, but where do "E<aacute>" and "E<aring>" belong? And while | |
f87fa335 | 832 | "color" follows "chocolate" in English, what about in traditional Spanish? |
5f05dabc | 833 | |
60f0fa02 | 834 | The following collations all make sense and you may meet any of them |
dbf3c4d7 | 835 | if you C<"use locale">. |
60f0fa02 JH |
836 | |
837 | A B C D E a b c d e | |
35316ca3 | 838 | A a B b C c D d E e |
60f0fa02 JH |
839 | a A b B c C d D e E |
840 | a b c d e A B C D E | |
841 | ||
f1cbbd6e | 842 | Here is a code snippet to tell what "word" |
5a964f20 | 843 | characters are in the current locale, in that locale's order: |
5f05dabc | 844 | |
845 | use locale; | |
35316ca3 | 846 | print +(sort grep /\w/, map { chr } 0..255), "\n"; |
5f05dabc | 847 | |
14280422 DD |
848 | Compare this with the characters that you see and their order if you |
849 | state explicitly that the locale should be ignored: | |
5f05dabc | 850 | |
851 | no locale; | |
35316ca3 | 852 | print +(sort grep /\w/, map { chr } 0..255), "\n"; |
5f05dabc | 853 | |
854 | This machine-native collation (which is what you get unless S<C<use | |
855 | locale>> has appeared earlier in the same block) must be used for | |
856 | sorting raw binary data, whereas the locale-dependent collation of the | |
b0c42ed9 | 857 | first example is useful for natural text. |
5f05dabc | 858 | |
5a0de581 | 859 | As noted in L</USING LOCALES>, C<cmp> compares according to the current |
14280422 | 860 | collation locale when C<use locale> is in effect, but falls back to a |
de108802 | 861 | char-by-char comparison for strings that the locale says are equal. You |
39332f68 | 862 | can use C<POSIX::strcoll()> if you don't want this fall-back: |
14280422 DD |
863 | |
864 | use POSIX qw(strcoll); | |
865 | $equal_in_locale = | |
866 | !strcoll("space and case ignored", "SpaceAndCaseIgnored"); | |
867 | ||
39332f68 | 868 | C<$equal_in_locale> will be true if the collation locale specifies a |
5a964f20 | 869 | dictionary-like ordering that ignores space characters completely and |
9e3a2af8 | 870 | which folds case. |
14280422 | 871 | |
a4a439fb KW |
872 | Perl uses the platform's C library collation functions C<strcoll()> and |
873 | C<strxfrm()>. That means you get whatever they give. On some | |
874 | platforms, these functions work well on UTF-8 locales, giving | |
875 | a reasonable default collation for the code points that are important in | |
876 | that locale. (And if they aren't working well, the problem may only be | |
877 | that the locale definition is deficient, so can be fixed by using a | |
878 | better definition file. Unicode's definitions (see L</Freely available | |
879 | locale definitions>) provide reasonable UTF-8 locale collation | |
880 | definitions.) Starting in Perl v5.26, Perl's use of these functions has | |
881 | been made more seamless. This may be sufficient for your needs. For | |
882 | more control, and to make sure strings containing any code point (not | |
883 | just the ones important in the locale) collate properly, the | |
884 | L<Unicode::Collate> module is suggested. | |
885 | ||
886 | In non-UTF-8 locales (hence single byte), code points above 0xFF are | |
887 | technically invalid. But if present, again starting in v5.26, they will | |
888 | collate to the same position as the highest valid code point does. This | |
889 | generally gives good results, but the collation order may be skewed if | |
890 | the valid code point gets special treatment when it forms particular | |
891 | sequences with other characters as defined by the locale. | |
892 | When two strings collate identically, the code point order is used as a | |
893 | tie breaker. | |
894 | ||
895 | If Perl detects that there are problems with the locale collation order, | |
896 | it reverts to using non-locale collation rules for that locale. | |
31f05a37 | 897 | |
5a964f20 | 898 | If you have a single string that you want to check for "equality in |
14280422 | 899 | locale" against several others, you might think you could gain a little |
39332f68 | 900 | efficiency by using C<POSIX::strxfrm()> in conjunction with C<eq>: |
14280422 DD |
901 | |
902 | use POSIX qw(strxfrm); | |
903 | $xfrm_string = strxfrm("Mixed-case string"); | |
904 | print "locale collation ignores spaces\n" | |
905 | if $xfrm_string eq strxfrm("Mixed-casestring"); | |
906 | print "locale collation ignores hyphens\n" | |
907 | if $xfrm_string eq strxfrm("Mixedcase string"); | |
908 | print "locale collation ignores case\n" | |
909 | if $xfrm_string eq strxfrm("mixed-case string"); | |
910 | ||
39332f68 | 911 | C<strxfrm()> takes a string and maps it into a transformed string for use |
de108802 | 912 | in char-by-char comparisons against other transformed strings during |
14280422 | 913 | collation. "Under the hood", locale-affected Perl comparison operators |
39332f68 KW |
914 | call C<strxfrm()> for both operands, then do a char-by-char |
915 | comparison of the transformed strings. By calling C<strxfrm()> explicitly | |
14280422 | 916 | and using a non locale-affected comparison, the example attempts to save |
5a964f20 | 917 | a couple of transformations. But in fact, it doesn't save anything: Perl |
2ae324a7 | 918 | magic (see L<perlguts/Magic Variables>) creates the transformed version of a |
5a964f20 | 919 | string the first time it's needed in a comparison, then keeps this version around |
14280422 | 920 | in case it's needed again. An example rewritten the easy way with |
e38874e2 | 921 | C<cmp> runs just about as fast. It also copes with null characters |
39332f68 | 922 | embedded in strings; if you call C<strxfrm()> directly, it treats the first |
0c880285 | 923 | null it finds as a terminator. Don't expect the transformed strings |
5a964f20 | 924 | it produces to be portable across systems--or even from one revision |
39332f68 | 925 | of your operating system to the next. In short, don't call C<strxfrm()> |
e38874e2 | 926 | directly: let Perl do it for you. |
14280422 | 927 | |
5a964f20 | 928 | Note: C<use locale> isn't shown in some of these examples because it isn't |
dfcc8045 KW |
929 | needed: C<strcoll()> and C<strxfrm()> are POSIX functions |
930 | which use the standard system-supplied C<libc> functions that | |
931 | always obey the current C<LC_COLLATE> locale. | |
5f05dabc | 932 | |
cb88b78e | 933 | =head2 Category C<LC_CTYPE>: Character Types |
5f05dabc | 934 | |
d6ded950 KW |
935 | In the scope of a S<C<use locale>> form that includes C<LC_CTYPE>, Perl |
936 | obeys the C<LC_CTYPE> locale | |
14280422 | 937 | setting. This controls the application's notion of which characters are |
ebc3223b KW |
938 | alphabetic, numeric, punctuation, I<etc>. This affects Perl's C<\w> |
939 | regular expression metanotation, | |
f1cbbd6e | 940 | which stands for alphanumeric characters--that is, alphabetic, |
ebc3223b KW |
941 | numeric, and the platform's native underscore. |
942 | (Consult L<perlre> for more information about | |
14280422 | 943 | regular expressions.) Thanks to C<LC_CTYPE>, depending on your locale |
b4ffc3db TC |
944 | setting, characters like "E<aelig>", "E<eth>", "E<szlig>", and |
945 | "E<oslash>" may be understood as C<\w> characters. | |
ebc3223b KW |
946 | It also affects things like C<\s>, C<\D>, and the POSIX character |
947 | classes, like C<[[:graph:]]>. (See L<perlrecharclass> for more | |
948 | information on all these.) | |
5f05dabc | 949 | |
2c268ad5 | 950 | The C<LC_CTYPE> locale also provides the map used in transliterating |
68dc0745 | 951 | characters between lower and uppercase. This affects the case-mapping |
663d437a KW |
952 | functions--C<fc()>, C<lc()>, C<lcfirst()>, C<uc()>, and C<ucfirst()>; |
953 | case-mapping | |
b9cc4f69 | 954 | interpolation with C<\F>, C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u>, or C<\U> in double-quoted |
26a9b33a | 955 | strings and C<s///> substitutions; and case-insensitive regular expression |
e38874e2 DD |
956 | pattern matching using the C<i> modifier. |
957 | ||
31f05a37 KW |
958 | Starting in v5.20, Perl supports UTF-8 locales for C<LC_CTYPE>, but |
959 | otherwise Perl only supports single-byte locales, such as the ISO 8859 | |
960 | series. This means that wide character locales, for example for Asian | |
b5eea289 KW |
961 | languages, are not well-supported. Use of these locales may cause core |
962 | dumps. If the platform has the capability for Perl to detect such a | |
963 | locale, starting in Perl v5.22, L<Perl will warn, default | |
964 | enabled|warnings/Category Hierarchy>, using the C<locale> warning | |
965 | category, whenever such a locale is switched into. The UTF-8 locale | |
966 | support is actually a | |
31f05a37 | 967 | superset of POSIX locales, because it is really full Unicode behavior |
13af4fd9 KW |
968 | as if no C<LC_CTYPE> locale were in effect at all (except for tainting; |
969 | see L</SECURITY>). POSIX locales, even UTF-8 ones, | |
31f05a37 KW |
970 | are lacking certain concepts in Unicode, such as the idea that changing |
971 | the case of a character could expand to be more than one character. | |
972 | Perl in a UTF-8 locale, will give you that expansion. Prior to v5.20, | |
973 | Perl treated a UTF-8 locale on some platforms like an ISO 8859-1 one, | |
974 | with some restrictions, and on other platforms more like the "C" locale. | |
975 | For releases v5.16 and v5.18, C<S<use locale 'not_characters>> could be | |
976 | used as a workaround for this (see L</Unicode and UTF-8>). | |
977 | ||
5d63e270 | 978 | Note that there are quite a few things that are unaffected by the |
663d437a KW |
979 | current locale. Any literal character is the native character for the |
980 | given platform. Hence 'A' means the character at code point 65 on ASCII | |
981 | platforms, and 193 on EBCDIC. That may or may not be an 'A' in the | |
982 | current locale, if that locale even has an 'A'. | |
983 | Similarly, all the escape sequences for particular characters, | |
5d63e270 KW |
984 | C<\n> for example, always mean the platform's native one. This means, |
985 | for example, that C<\N> in regular expressions (every character | |
1d2ab946 | 986 | but new-line) works on the platform character set. |
5d63e270 | 987 | |
8c6180a9 KW |
988 | Starting in v5.22, Perl will by default warn when switching into a |
989 | locale that redefines any ASCII printable character (plus C<\t> and | |
84035de0 KW |
990 | C<\n>) into a different class than expected. This is likely to |
991 | happen on modern locales only on EBCDIC platforms, where, for example, | |
992 | a CCSID 0037 locale on a CCSID 1047 machine moves C<"[">, but it can | |
993 | happen on ASCII platforms with the ISO 646 and other | |
8c6180a9 KW |
994 | 7-bit locales that are essentially obsolete. Things may still work, |
995 | depending on what features of Perl are used by the program. For | |
996 | example, in the example from above where C<"|"> becomes a C<\w>, and | |
997 | there are no regular expressions where this matters, the program may | |
998 | still work properly. The warning lists all the characters that | |
999 | it can determine could be adversely affected. | |
1000 | ||
14280422 DD |
1001 | B<Note:> A broken or malicious C<LC_CTYPE> locale definition may result |
1002 | in clearly ineligible characters being considered to be alphanumeric by | |
e199995e | 1003 | your application. For strict matching of (mundane) ASCII letters and |
5a964f20 | 1004 | digits--for example, in command strings--locale-aware applications |
5a0de581 | 1005 | should use C<\w> with the C</a> regular expression modifier. See L</"SECURITY">. |
5f05dabc | 1006 | |
fee33030 | 1007 | =head2 Category C<LC_NUMERIC>: Numeric Formatting |
5f05dabc | 1008 | |
d6ded950 KW |
1009 | After a proper C<POSIX::setlocale()> call, and within the scope of |
1010 | of a C<use locale> form that includes numerics, Perl obeys the | |
1011 | C<LC_NUMERIC> locale information, which controls an application's idea | |
1012 | of how numbers should be formatted for human readability. | |
b960a36e | 1013 | In most implementations the only effect is to |
b4ffc3db | 1014 | change the character used for the decimal point--perhaps from "." to ",". |
b960a36e | 1015 | The functions aren't aware of such niceties as thousands separation and |
5a0de581 | 1016 | so on. (See L</The localeconv function> if you care about these things.) |
5a964f20 | 1017 | |
b960a36e KW |
1018 | use POSIX qw(strtod setlocale LC_NUMERIC); |
1019 | use locale; | |
5f05dabc | 1020 | |
b960a36e | 1021 | setlocale LC_NUMERIC, ""; |
14280422 | 1022 | |
b960a36e | 1023 | $n = 5/2; # Assign numeric 2.5 to $n |
5f05dabc | 1024 | |
b960a36e | 1025 | $a = " $n"; # Locale-dependent conversion to string |
5f05dabc | 1026 | |
b960a36e | 1027 | print "half five is $n\n"; # Locale-dependent output |
5f05dabc | 1028 | |
b960a36e | 1029 | printf "half five is %g\n", $n; # Locale-dependent output |
5f05dabc | 1030 | |
b960a36e KW |
1031 | print "DECIMAL POINT IS COMMA\n" |
1032 | if $n == (strtod("2,5"))[0]; # Locale-dependent conversion | |
5f05dabc | 1033 | |
4bbcc6e8 JH |
1034 | See also L<I18N::Langinfo> and C<RADIXCHAR>. |
1035 | ||
cb88b78e | 1036 | =head2 Category C<LC_MONETARY>: Formatting of monetary amounts |
5f05dabc | 1037 | |
e199995e | 1038 | The C standard defines the C<LC_MONETARY> category, but not a function |
5a964f20 | 1039 | that is affected by its contents. (Those with experience of standards |
b0c42ed9 | 1040 | committees will recognize that the working group decided to punt on the |
fa9b773e KW |
1041 | issue.) Consequently, Perl essentially takes no notice of it. If you |
1042 | really want to use C<LC_MONETARY>, you can query its contents--see | |
5a0de581 | 1043 | L</The localeconv function>--and use the information that it returns in your |
e05ffc7d KW |
1044 | application's own formatting of currency amounts. However, you may well |
1045 | find that the information, voluminous and complex though it may be, still | |
1046 | does not quite meet your requirements: currency formatting is a hard nut | |
13a2d996 | 1047 | to crack. |
5f05dabc | 1048 | |
4bbcc6e8 JH |
1049 | See also L<I18N::Langinfo> and C<CRNCYSTR>. |
1050 | ||
ff52fcf1 | 1051 | =head2 Category C<LC_TIME>: Respresentation of time |
5f05dabc | 1052 | |
39332f68 | 1053 | Output produced by C<POSIX::strftime()>, which builds a formatted |
5f05dabc | 1054 | human-readable date/time string, is affected by the current C<LC_TIME> |
1055 | locale. Thus, in a French locale, the output produced by the C<%B> | |
1056 | format element (full month name) for the first month of the year would | |
5a964f20 | 1057 | be "janvier". Here's how to get a list of long month names in the |
5f05dabc | 1058 | current locale: |
1059 | ||
1060 | use POSIX qw(strftime); | |
14280422 DD |
1061 | for (0..11) { |
1062 | $long_month_name[$_] = | |
1063 | strftime("%B", 0, 0, 0, 1, $_, 96); | |
5f05dabc | 1064 | } |
1065 | ||
2619d284 KW |
1066 | Note: C<use locale> isn't needed in this example: C<strftime()> is a POSIX |
1067 | function which uses the standard system-supplied C<libc> function that | |
1068 | always obeys the current C<LC_TIME> locale. | |
5f05dabc | 1069 | |
4bbcc6e8 | 1070 | See also L<I18N::Langinfo> and C<ABDAY_1>..C<ABDAY_7>, C<DAY_1>..C<DAY_7>, |
2a2bf5f4 | 1071 | C<ABMON_1>..C<ABMON_12>, and C<ABMON_1>..C<ABMON_12>. |
4bbcc6e8 | 1072 | |
5f05dabc | 1073 | =head2 Other categories |
1074 | ||
2619d284 KW |
1075 | The remaining locale categories are not currently used by Perl itself. |
1076 | But again note that things Perl interacts with may use these, including | |
1077 | extensions outside the standard Perl distribution, and by the | |
98a6f11e | 1078 | operating system and its utilities. Note especially that the string |
1079 | value of C<$!> and the error messages given by external utilities may | |
1080 | be changed by C<LC_MESSAGES>. If you want to have portable error | |
265f5c4a | 1081 | codes, use C<%!>. See L<Errno>. |
14280422 DD |
1082 | |
1083 | =head1 SECURITY | |
1084 | ||
5a964f20 | 1085 | Although the main discussion of Perl security issues can be found in |
14280422 DD |
1086 | L<perlsec>, a discussion of Perl's locale handling would be incomplete |
1087 | if it did not draw your attention to locale-dependent security issues. | |
5a964f20 TC |
1088 | Locales--particularly on systems that allow unprivileged users to |
1089 | build their own locales--are untrustworthy. A malicious (or just plain | |
14280422 DD |
1090 | broken) locale can make a locale-aware application give unexpected |
1091 | results. Here are a few possibilities: | |
1092 | ||
1093 | =over 4 | |
1094 | ||
1095 | =item * | |
1096 | ||
1097 | Regular expression checks for safe file names or mail addresses using | |
5a964f20 | 1098 | C<\w> may be spoofed by an C<LC_CTYPE> locale that claims that |
dbf3c4d7 | 1099 | characters such as C<"E<gt>"> and C<"|"> are alphanumeric. |
14280422 DD |
1100 | |
1101 | =item * | |
1102 | ||
e38874e2 | 1103 | String interpolation with case-mapping, as in, say, C<$dest = |
cb88b78e | 1104 | "C:\U$name.$ext">, may produce dangerous results if a bogus C<LC_CTYPE> |
e38874e2 DD |
1105 | case-mapping table is in effect. |
1106 | ||
1107 | =item * | |
1108 | ||
14280422 DD |
1109 | A sneaky C<LC_COLLATE> locale could result in the names of students with |
1110 | "D" grades appearing ahead of those with "A"s. | |
1111 | ||
1112 | =item * | |
1113 | ||
5a964f20 | 1114 | An application that takes the trouble to use information in |
14280422 | 1115 | C<LC_MONETARY> may format debits as if they were credits and vice versa |
5a964f20 | 1116 | if that locale has been subverted. Or it might make payments in US |
14280422 DD |
1117 | dollars instead of Hong Kong dollars. |
1118 | ||
1119 | =item * | |
1120 | ||
39332f68 | 1121 | The date and day names in dates formatted by C<strftime()> could be |
14280422 | 1122 | manipulated to advantage by a malicious user able to subvert the |
5a964f20 | 1123 | C<LC_DATE> locale. ("Look--it says I wasn't in the building on |
14280422 DD |
1124 | Sunday.") |
1125 | ||
1126 | =back | |
1127 | ||
1128 | Such dangers are not peculiar to the locale system: any aspect of an | |
5a964f20 | 1129 | application's environment which may be modified maliciously presents |
14280422 | 1130 | similar challenges. Similarly, they are not specific to Perl: any |
5a964f20 | 1131 | programming language that allows you to write programs that take |
14280422 DD |
1132 | account of their environment exposes you to these issues. |
1133 | ||
5a964f20 TC |
1134 | Perl cannot protect you from all possibilities shown in the |
1135 | examples--there is no substitute for your own vigilance--but, when | |
14280422 | 1136 | C<use locale> is in effect, Perl uses the tainting mechanism (see |
5a964f20 | 1137 | L<perlsec>) to mark string results that become locale-dependent, and |
14280422 | 1138 | which may be untrustworthy in consequence. Here is a summary of the |
5a964f20 | 1139 | tainting behavior of operators and functions that may be affected by |
14280422 DD |
1140 | the locale: |
1141 | ||
1142 | =over 4 | |
1143 | ||
551e1d92 RB |
1144 | =item * |
1145 | ||
1146 | B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>): | |
14280422 DD |
1147 | |
1148 | Scalar true/false (or less/equal/greater) result is never tainted. | |
1149 | ||
551e1d92 RB |
1150 | =item * |
1151 | ||
1d2ab946 | 1152 | B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u>, C<\U>, or C<\F>) |
e38874e2 | 1153 | |
d6ded950 KW |
1154 | The result string containing interpolated material is tainted if |
1155 | a C<use locale> form that includes C<LC_CTYPE> is in effect. | |
e38874e2 | 1156 | |
551e1d92 RB |
1157 | =item * |
1158 | ||
1159 | B<Matching operator> (C<m//>): | |
14280422 DD |
1160 | |
1161 | Scalar true/false result never tainted. | |
1162 | ||
1d2ab946 | 1163 | All subpatterns, either delivered as a list-context result or as C<$1> |
d6ded950 KW |
1164 | I<etc>., are tainted if a C<use locale> form that includes |
1165 | C<LC_CTYPE> is in effect, and the subpattern | |
63baef57 KW |
1166 | regular expression contains a locale-dependent construct. These |
1167 | constructs include C<\w> (to match an alphanumeric character), C<\W> | |
1168 | (non-alphanumeric character), C<\b> and C<\B> (word-boundary and | |
1169 | non-boundardy, which depend on what C<\w> and C<\W> match), C<\s> | |
1170 | (whitespace character), C<\S> (non whitespace character), C<\d> and | |
1171 | C<\D> (digits and non-digits), and the POSIX character classes, such as | |
1172 | C<[:alpha:]> (see L<perlrecharclass/POSIX Character Classes>). | |
1173 | ||
1174 | Tainting is also likely if the pattern is to be matched | |
1175 | case-insensitively (via C</i>). The exception is if all the code points | |
1176 | to be matched this way are above 255 and do not have folds under Unicode | |
1177 | rules to below 256. Tainting is not done for these because Perl | |
1178 | only uses Unicode rules for such code points, and those rules are the | |
1179 | same no matter what the current locale. | |
1180 | ||
1d2ab946 KW |
1181 | The matched-pattern variables, C<$&>, C<$`> (pre-match), C<$'> |
1182 | (post-match), and C<$+> (last match) also are tainted. | |
14280422 | 1183 | |
551e1d92 RB |
1184 | =item * |
1185 | ||
1186 | B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>): | |
14280422 | 1187 | |
e38874e2 | 1188 | Has the same behavior as the match operator. Also, the left |
d6ded950 KW |
1189 | operand of C<=~> becomes tainted when a C<use locale> |
1190 | form that includes C<LC_CTYPE> is in effect, if modified as | |
66cbab2c | 1191 | a result of a substitution based on a regular |
1d2ab946 KW |
1192 | expression match involving any of the things mentioned in the previous |
1193 | item, or of case-mapping, such as C<\l>, C<\L>,C<\u>, C<\U>, or C<\F>. | |
14280422 | 1194 | |
551e1d92 RB |
1195 | =item * |
1196 | ||
39332f68 | 1197 | B<Output formatting functions> (C<printf()> and C<write()>): |
14280422 | 1198 | |
3cf03d68 JH |
1199 | Results are never tainted because otherwise even output from print, |
1200 | for example C<print(1/7)>, should be tainted if C<use locale> is in | |
1201 | effect. | |
14280422 | 1202 | |
551e1d92 RB |
1203 | =item * |
1204 | ||
39332f68 | 1205 | B<Case-mapping functions> (C<lc()>, C<lcfirst()>, C<uc()>, C<ucfirst()>): |
14280422 | 1206 | |
d6ded950 KW |
1207 | Results are tainted if a C<use locale> form that includes C<LC_CTYPE> is |
1208 | in effect. | |
14280422 | 1209 | |
551e1d92 RB |
1210 | =item * |
1211 | ||
39332f68 KW |
1212 | B<POSIX locale-dependent functions> (C<localeconv()>, C<strcoll()>, |
1213 | C<strftime()>, C<strxfrm()>): | |
14280422 DD |
1214 | |
1215 | Results are never tainted. | |
1216 | ||
14280422 DD |
1217 | =back |
1218 | ||
1219 | Three examples illustrate locale-dependent tainting. | |
1220 | The first program, which ignores its locale, won't run: a value taken | |
54310121 | 1221 | directly from the command line may not be used to name an output file |
14280422 DD |
1222 | when taint checks are enabled. |
1223 | ||
1224 | #/usr/local/bin/perl -T | |
1225 | # Run with taint checking | |
1226 | ||
54310121 | 1227 | # Command line sanity check omitted... |
14280422 DD |
1228 | $tainted_output_file = shift; |
1229 | ||
1230 | open(F, ">$tainted_output_file") | |
3183d96c | 1231 | or warn "Open of $tainted_output_file failed: $!\n"; |
14280422 DD |
1232 | |
1233 | The program can be made to run by "laundering" the tainted value through | |
5a964f20 TC |
1234 | a regular expression: the second example--which still ignores locale |
1235 | information--runs, creating the file named on its command line | |
14280422 DD |
1236 | if it can. |
1237 | ||
1238 | #/usr/local/bin/perl -T | |
1239 | ||
1240 | $tainted_output_file = shift; | |
1241 | $tainted_output_file =~ m%[\w/]+%; | |
1242 | $untainted_output_file = $&; | |
1243 | ||
1244 | open(F, ">$untainted_output_file") | |
1245 | or warn "Open of $untainted_output_file failed: $!\n"; | |
1246 | ||
5a964f20 | 1247 | Compare this with a similar but locale-aware program: |
14280422 DD |
1248 | |
1249 | #/usr/local/bin/perl -T | |
1250 | ||
1251 | $tainted_output_file = shift; | |
1252 | use locale; | |
1253 | $tainted_output_file =~ m%[\w/]+%; | |
1254 | $localized_output_file = $&; | |
1255 | ||
1256 | open(F, ">$localized_output_file") | |
1257 | or warn "Open of $localized_output_file failed: $!\n"; | |
1258 | ||
1d2ab946 | 1259 | This third program fails to run because C<$&> is tainted: it is the result |
5a964f20 | 1260 | of a match involving C<\w> while C<use locale> is in effect. |
5f05dabc | 1261 | |
1262 | =head1 ENVIRONMENT | |
1263 | ||
1264 | =over 12 | |
1265 | ||
ee1ec05f KW |
1266 | =item PERL_SKIP_LOCALE_INIT |
1267 | ||
c5c88224 KW |
1268 | This environment variable, available starting in Perl v5.20, if set |
1269 | (to any value), tells Perl to not use the rest of the | |
ee1ec05f KW |
1270 | environment variables to initialize with. Instead, Perl uses whatever |
1271 | the current locale settings are. This is particularly useful in | |
1272 | embedded environments, see | |
1273 | L<perlembed/Using embedded Perl with POSIX locales>. | |
1274 | ||
5f05dabc | 1275 | =item PERL_BADLANG |
1276 | ||
14280422 | 1277 | A string that can suppress Perl's warning about failed locale settings |
54310121 | 1278 | at startup. Failure can occur if the locale support in the operating |
5a964f20 | 1279 | system is lacking (broken) in some way--or if you mistyped the name of |
900bd440 | 1280 | a locale when you set up your environment. If this environment |
22ff3130 HS |
1281 | variable is absent, or has a value other than "0" or "", Perl will |
1282 | complain about locale setting failures. | |
5f05dabc | 1283 | |
cb88b78e | 1284 | B<NOTE>: C<PERL_BADLANG> only gives you a way to hide the warning message. |
14280422 DD |
1285 | The message tells about some problem in your system's locale support, |
1286 | and you should investigate what the problem is. | |
5f05dabc | 1287 | |
1288 | =back | |
1289 | ||
1290 | The following environment variables are not specific to Perl: They are | |
39332f68 | 1291 | part of the standardized (ISO C, XPG4, POSIX 1.c) C<setlocale()> method |
b385bb4d KW |
1292 | for controlling an application's opinion on data. Windows is non-POSIX, |
1293 | but Perl arranges for the following to work as described anyway. | |
65ebb059 KW |
1294 | If the locale given by an environment variable is not valid, Perl tries |
1295 | the next lower one in priority. If none are valid, on Windows, the | |
1296 | system default locale is then tried. If all else fails, the C<"C"> | |
1297 | locale is used. If even that doesn't work, something is badly broken, | |
c5e9a8e7 | 1298 | but Perl tries to forge ahead with whatever the locale settings might |
65ebb059 | 1299 | be. |
5f05dabc | 1300 | |
1301 | =over 12 | |
1302 | ||
cb88b78e | 1303 | =item C<LC_ALL> |
5f05dabc | 1304 | |
5a964f20 | 1305 | C<LC_ALL> is the "override-all" locale environment variable. If |
5f05dabc | 1306 | set, it overrides all the rest of the locale environment variables. |
1307 | ||
cb88b78e | 1308 | =item C<LANGUAGE> |
528d65ad JH |
1309 | |
1310 | B<NOTE>: C<LANGUAGE> is a GNU extension, it affects you only if you | |
1311 | are using the GNU libc. This is the case if you are using e.g. Linux. | |
e1020413 | 1312 | If you are using "commercial" Unixes you are most probably I<not> |
22b6f60d JH |
1313 | using GNU libc and you can ignore C<LANGUAGE>. |
1314 | ||
1315 | However, in the case you are using C<LANGUAGE>: it affects the | |
1316 | language of informational, warning, and error messages output by | |
1317 | commands (in other words, it's like C<LC_MESSAGES>) but it has higher | |
96090e4f | 1318 | priority than C<LC_ALL>. Moreover, it's not a single value but |
22b6f60d JH |
1319 | instead a "path" (":"-separated list) of I<languages> (not locales). |
1320 | See the GNU C<gettext> library documentation for more information. | |
528d65ad | 1321 | |
3ee1a09c | 1322 | =item C<LC_CTYPE> |
5f05dabc | 1323 | |
1324 | In the absence of C<LC_ALL>, C<LC_CTYPE> chooses the character type | |
1325 | locale. In the absence of both C<LC_ALL> and C<LC_CTYPE>, C<LANG> | |
1326 | chooses the character type locale. | |
1327 | ||
cb88b78e | 1328 | =item C<LC_COLLATE> |
5f05dabc | 1329 | |
14280422 DD |
1330 | In the absence of C<LC_ALL>, C<LC_COLLATE> chooses the collation |
1331 | (sorting) locale. In the absence of both C<LC_ALL> and C<LC_COLLATE>, | |
1332 | C<LANG> chooses the collation locale. | |
5f05dabc | 1333 | |
cb88b78e | 1334 | =item C<LC_MONETARY> |
5f05dabc | 1335 | |
14280422 DD |
1336 | In the absence of C<LC_ALL>, C<LC_MONETARY> chooses the monetary |
1337 | formatting locale. In the absence of both C<LC_ALL> and C<LC_MONETARY>, | |
1338 | C<LANG> chooses the monetary formatting locale. | |
5f05dabc | 1339 | |
cb88b78e | 1340 | =item C<LC_NUMERIC> |
5f05dabc | 1341 | |
1342 | In the absence of C<LC_ALL>, C<LC_NUMERIC> chooses the numeric format | |
1343 | locale. In the absence of both C<LC_ALL> and C<LC_NUMERIC>, C<LANG> | |
1344 | chooses the numeric format. | |
1345 | ||
cb88b78e | 1346 | =item C<LC_TIME> |
5f05dabc | 1347 | |
14280422 DD |
1348 | In the absence of C<LC_ALL>, C<LC_TIME> chooses the date and time |
1349 | formatting locale. In the absence of both C<LC_ALL> and C<LC_TIME>, | |
1350 | C<LANG> chooses the date and time formatting locale. | |
5f05dabc | 1351 | |
cb88b78e | 1352 | =item C<LANG> |
5f05dabc | 1353 | |
14280422 DD |
1354 | C<LANG> is the "catch-all" locale environment variable. If it is set, it |
1355 | is used as the last resort after the overall C<LC_ALL> and the | |
3ee1a09c | 1356 | category-specific C<LC_I<foo>>. |
5f05dabc | 1357 | |
1358 | =back | |
1359 | ||
7e4353e9 RGS |
1360 | =head2 Examples |
1361 | ||
cb88b78e | 1362 | The C<LC_NUMERIC> controls the numeric output: |
7e4353e9 | 1363 | |
ef3087ec KW |
1364 | use locale; |
1365 | use POSIX qw(locale_h); # Imports setlocale() and the LC_ constants. | |
1366 | setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "fr_FR") or die "Pardon"; | |
1367 | printf "%g\n", 1.23; # If the "fr_FR" succeeded, probably shows 1,23. | |
7e4353e9 | 1368 | |
39332f68 | 1369 | and also how strings are parsed by C<POSIX::strtod()> as numbers: |
7e4353e9 | 1370 | |
ef3087ec KW |
1371 | use locale; |
1372 | use POSIX qw(locale_h strtod); | |
1373 | setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "de_DE") or die "Entschuldigung"; | |
1374 | my $x = strtod("2,34") + 5; | |
1375 | print $x, "\n"; # Probably shows 7,34. | |
7e4353e9 | 1376 | |
5f05dabc | 1377 | =head1 NOTES |
1378 | ||
b960a36e KW |
1379 | =head2 String C<eval> and C<LC_NUMERIC> |
1380 | ||
1381 | A string L<eval|perlfunc/eval EXPR> parses its expression as standard | |
1382 | Perl. It is therefore expecting the decimal point to be a dot. If | |
1383 | C<LC_NUMERIC> is set to have this be a comma instead, the parsing will | |
1384 | be confused, perhaps silently. | |
1385 | ||
1386 | use locale; | |
1387 | use POSIX qw(locale_h); | |
1388 | setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "fr_FR") or die "Pardon"; | |
1389 | my $a = 1.2; | |
1390 | print eval "$a + 1.5"; | |
1391 | print "\n"; | |
1392 | ||
1393 | prints C<13,5>. This is because in that locale, the comma is the | |
1394 | decimal point character. The C<eval> thus expands to: | |
1395 | ||
1396 | eval "1,2 + 1.5" | |
1397 | ||
1398 | and the result is not what you likely expected. No warnings are | |
1399 | generated. If you do string C<eval>'s within the scope of | |
1400 | S<C<use locale>>, you should instead change the C<eval> line to do | |
1401 | something like: | |
1402 | ||
1403 | print eval "no locale; $a + 1.5"; | |
1404 | ||
1405 | This prints C<2.7>. | |
1406 | ||
d6ded950 KW |
1407 | You could also exclude C<LC_NUMERIC>, if you don't need it, by |
1408 | ||
1409 | use locale ':!numeric'; | |
1410 | ||
5f05dabc | 1411 | =head2 Backward compatibility |
1412 | ||
b0c42ed9 | 1413 | Versions of Perl prior to 5.004 B<mostly> ignored locale information, |
5a964f20 TC |
1414 | generally behaving as if something similar to the C<"C"> locale were |
1415 | always in force, even if the program environment suggested otherwise | |
5a0de581 | 1416 | (see L</The setlocale function>). By default, Perl still behaves this |
5a964f20 TC |
1417 | way for backward compatibility. If you want a Perl application to pay |
1418 | attention to locale information, you B<must> use the S<C<use locale>> | |
5a0de581 | 1419 | pragma (see L</The "use locale" pragma>) or, in the unlikely event |
062ca197 | 1420 | that you want to do so for just pattern matching, the |
70709c68 KW |
1421 | C</l> regular expression modifier (see L<perlre/Character set |
1422 | modifiers>) to instruct it to do so. | |
b0c42ed9 JH |
1423 | |
1424 | Versions of Perl from 5.002 to 5.003 did use the C<LC_CTYPE> | |
5a964f20 TC |
1425 | information if available; that is, C<\w> did understand what |
1426 | were the letters according to the locale environment variables. | |
b0c42ed9 JH |
1427 | The problem was that the user had no control over the feature: |
1428 | if the C library supported locales, Perl used them. | |
1429 | ||
1430 | =head2 I18N:Collate obsolete | |
1431 | ||
5a964f20 | 1432 | In versions of Perl prior to 5.004, per-locale collation was possible |
b0c42ed9 JH |
1433 | using the C<I18N::Collate> library module. This module is now mildly |
1434 | obsolete and should be avoided in new applications. The C<LC_COLLATE> | |
1435 | functionality is now integrated into the Perl core language: One can | |
1436 | use locale-specific scalar data completely normally with C<use locale>, | |
1437 | so there is no longer any need to juggle with the scalar references of | |
1438 | C<I18N::Collate>. | |
5f05dabc | 1439 | |
14280422 | 1440 | =head2 Sort speed and memory use impacts |
5f05dabc | 1441 | |
1442 | Comparing and sorting by locale is usually slower than the default | |
14280422 DD |
1443 | sorting; slow-downs of two to four times have been observed. It will |
1444 | also consume more memory: once a Perl scalar variable has participated | |
1445 | in any string comparison or sorting operation obeying the locale | |
1446 | collation rules, it will take 3-15 times more memory than before. (The | |
1447 | exact multiplier depends on the string's contents, the operating system | |
1448 | and the locale.) These downsides are dictated more by the operating | |
1449 | system's implementation of the locale system than by Perl. | |
5f05dabc | 1450 | |
5f05dabc | 1451 | =head2 Freely available locale definitions |
1452 | ||
66cbab2c KW |
1453 | The Unicode CLDR project extracts the POSIX portion of many of its |
1454 | locales, available at | |
1455 | ||
e784ce68 KW |
1456 | http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/2.0.1/ |
1457 | ||
1458 | (Newer versions of CLDR require you to compute the POSIX data yourself. | |
1459 | See L<http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/latest/>.) | |
66cbab2c | 1460 | |
08d7a6b2 LB |
1461 | There is a large collection of locale definitions at: |
1462 | ||
1463 | http://std.dkuug.dk/i18n/WG15-collection/locales/ | |
1464 | ||
1465 | You should be aware that it is | |
14280422 | 1466 | unsupported, and is not claimed to be fit for any purpose. If your |
5a964f20 | 1467 | system allows installation of arbitrary locales, you may find the |
14280422 DD |
1468 | definitions useful as they are, or as a basis for the development of |
1469 | your own locales. | |
5f05dabc | 1470 | |
14280422 | 1471 | =head2 I18n and l10n |
5f05dabc | 1472 | |
b0c42ed9 JH |
1473 | "Internationalization" is often abbreviated as B<i18n> because its first |
1474 | and last letters are separated by eighteen others. (You may guess why | |
1475 | the internalin ... internaliti ... i18n tends to get abbreviated.) In | |
1476 | the same way, "localization" is often abbreviated to B<l10n>. | |
14280422 DD |
1477 | |
1478 | =head2 An imperfect standard | |
1479 | ||
1480 | Internationalization, as defined in the C and POSIX standards, can be | |
e9bc6d6b KW |
1481 | criticized as incomplete and ungainly. They also have a tendency, like |
1482 | standards groups, to divide the world into nations, when we all know | |
1483 | that the world can equally well be divided into bankers, bikers, gamers, | |
1484 | and so on. | |
5f05dabc | 1485 | |
b310b053 JH |
1486 | =head1 Unicode and UTF-8 |
1487 | ||
7ee2ae1e | 1488 | The support of Unicode is new starting from Perl version v5.6, and more fully |
31f05a37 KW |
1489 | implemented in versions v5.8 and later. See L<perluniintro>. |
1490 | ||
a4a439fb KW |
1491 | Starting in Perl v5.20, UTF-8 locales are supported in Perl, except |
1492 | C<LC_COLLATE> is only partially supported; collation support is improved | |
1493 | in Perl v5.26 to a level that may be sufficient for your needs | |
1494 | (see L</Category C<LC_COLLATE>: Collation: Text Comparisons and Sorting>). | |
1495 | ||
1496 | If you have Perl v5.16 or v5.18 and can't upgrade, you can use | |
66cbab2c KW |
1497 | |
1498 | use locale ':not_characters'; | |
1499 | ||
1500 | When this form of the pragma is used, only the non-character portions of | |
1501 | locales are used by Perl, for example C<LC_NUMERIC>. Perl assumes that | |
1502 | you have translated all the characters it is to operate on into Unicode | |
1503 | (actually the platform's native character set (ASCII or EBCDIC) plus | |
1504 | Unicode). For data in files, this can conveniently be done by also | |
1505 | specifying | |
1506 | ||
1507 | use open ':locale'; | |
1508 | ||
1509 | This pragma arranges for all inputs from files to be translated into | |
1510 | Unicode from the current locale as specified in the environment (see | |
1511 | L</ENVIRONMENT>), and all outputs to files to be translated back | |
1512 | into the locale. (See L<open>). On a per-filehandle basis, you can | |
1513 | instead use the L<PerlIO::locale> module, or the L<Encode::Locale> | |
1514 | module, both available from CPAN. The latter module also has methods to | |
1515 | ease the handling of C<ARGV> and environment variables, and can be used | |
31f05a37 | 1516 | on individual strings. If you know that all your locales will be |
66cbab2c KW |
1517 | UTF-8, as many are these days, you can use the L<B<-C>|perlrun/-C> |
1518 | command line switch. | |
1519 | ||
1520 | This form of the pragma allows essentially seamless handling of locales | |
31f05a37 | 1521 | with Unicode. The collation order will be by Unicode code point order. |
a4a439fb | 1522 | L<Unicode::Collate> can be used to get Unicode rules collation. |
66cbab2c | 1523 | |
31f05a37 KW |
1524 | All the modules and switches just described can be used in v5.20 with |
1525 | just plain C<use locale>, and, should the input locales not be UTF-8, | |
1526 | you'll get the less than ideal behavior, described below, that you get | |
1527 | with pre-v5.16 Perls, or when you use the locale pragma without the | |
1528 | C<:not_characters> parameter in v5.16 and v5.18. If you are using | |
1529 | exclusively UTF-8 locales in v5.20 and higher, the rest of this section | |
1530 | does not apply to you. | |
1531 | ||
1532 | There are two cases, multi-byte and single-byte locales. First | |
1533 | multi-byte: | |
1534 | ||
1535 | The only multi-byte (or wide character) locale that Perl is ever likely | |
1536 | to support is UTF-8. This is due to the difficulty of implementation, | |
1537 | the fact that high quality UTF-8 locales are now published for every | |
e784ce68 KW |
1538 | area of the world (L<http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/2.0.1/> for |
1539 | ones that are already set-up, but from an earlier version; | |
1540 | L<http://unicode.org/Public/cldr/latest/> for the most up-to-date, but | |
1541 | you have to extract the POSIX information yourself), and that | |
31f05a37 KW |
1542 | failing all that you can use the L<Encode> module to translate to/from |
1543 | your locale. So, you'll have to do one of those things if you're using | |
1544 | one of these locales, such as Big5 or Shift JIS. For UTF-8 locales, in | |
1545 | Perls (pre v5.20) that don't have full UTF-8 locale support, they may | |
1546 | work reasonably well (depending on your C library implementation) | |
1547 | simply because both | |
dc4bfc4b KW |
1548 | they and Perl store characters that take up multiple bytes the same way. |
1549 | However, some, if not most, C library implementations may not process | |
1550 | the characters in the upper half of the Latin-1 range (128 - 255) | |
cb88b78e | 1551 | properly under C<LC_CTYPE>. To see if a character is a particular type |
dc4bfc4b KW |
1552 | under a locale, Perl uses the functions like C<isalnum()>. Your C |
1553 | library may not work for UTF-8 locales with those functions, instead | |
dbf3c4d7 KW |
1554 | only working under the newer wide library functions like C<iswalnum()>, |
1555 | which Perl does not use. | |
1556 | These multi-byte locales are treated like single-byte locales, and will | |
1557 | have the restrictions described below. Starting in Perl v5.22 a warning | |
1558 | message is raised when Perl detects a multi-byte locale that it doesn't | |
1559 | fully support. | |
e199995e | 1560 | |
31f05a37 | 1561 | For single-byte locales, |
e199995e | 1562 | Perl generally takes the tack to use locale rules on code points that can fit |
66cbab2c KW |
1563 | in a single byte, and Unicode rules for those that can't (though this |
1564 | isn't uniformly applied, see the note at the end of this section). This | |
1565 | prevents many problems in locales that aren't UTF-8. Suppose the locale | |
1566 | is ISO8859-7, Greek. The character at 0xD7 there is a capital Chi. But | |
1567 | in the ISO8859-1 locale, Latin1, it is a multiplication sign. The POSIX | |
1568 | regular expression character class C<[[:alpha:]]> will magically match | |
1569 | 0xD7 in the Greek locale but not in the Latin one. | |
e199995e | 1570 | |
1d2ab946 | 1571 | However, there are places where this breaks down. Certain Perl constructs are |
b4ffc3db TC |
1572 | for Unicode only, such as C<\p{Alpha}>. They assume that 0xD7 always has its |
1573 | Unicode meaning (or the equivalent on EBCDIC platforms). Since Latin1 is a | |
1574 | subset of Unicode and 0xD7 is the multiplication sign in both Latin1 and | |
1575 | Unicode, C<\p{Alpha}> will never match it, regardless of locale. A similar | |
0c880285 | 1576 | issue occurs with C<\N{...}>. Prior to v5.20, it is therefore a bad |
31f05a37 | 1577 | idea to use C<\p{}> or |
66cbab2c | 1578 | C<\N{}> under plain C<use locale>--I<unless> you can guarantee that the |
dbf3c4d7 | 1579 | locale will be ISO8859-1. Use POSIX character classes instead. |
66cbab2c KW |
1580 | |
1581 | Another problem with this approach is that operations that cross the | |
1582 | single byte/multiple byte boundary are not well-defined, and so are | |
4a70680a | 1583 | disallowed. (This boundary is between the codepoints at 255/256.) |
66cbab2c KW |
1584 | For example, lower casing LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS (U+0178) |
1585 | should return LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS (U+00FF). But in the | |
1586 | Greek locale, for example, there is no character at 0xFF, and Perl | |
1587 | has no way of knowing what the character at 0xFF is really supposed to | |
1588 | represent. Thus it disallows the operation. In this mode, the | |
1589 | lowercase of U+0178 is itself. | |
1590 | ||
1591 | The same problems ensue if you enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your | |
e199995e | 1592 | standard file handles, default C<open()> layer, and C<@ARGV> on non-ISO8859-1, |
b4ffc3db TC |
1593 | non-UTF-8 locales (by using either the B<-C> command line switch or the |
1594 | C<PERL_UNICODE> environment variable; see L<perlrun>). | |
1595 | Things are read in as UTF-8, which would normally imply a Unicode | |
1596 | interpretation, but the presence of a locale causes them to be interpreted | |
1597 | in that locale instead. For example, a 0xD7 code point in the Unicode | |
1598 | input, which should mean the multiplication sign, won't be interpreted by | |
66cbab2c | 1599 | Perl that way under the Greek locale. This is not a problem |
b4ffc3db | 1600 | I<provided> you make certain that all locales will always and only be either |
66cbab2c | 1601 | an ISO8859-1, or, if you don't have a deficient C library, a UTF-8 locale. |
b4ffc3db | 1602 | |
1d2ab946 KW |
1603 | Still another problem is that this approach can lead to two code |
1604 | points meaning the same character. Thus in a Greek locale, both U+03A7 | |
1605 | and U+00D7 are GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI. | |
1606 | ||
613abc6d KW |
1607 | Because of all these problems, starting in v5.22, Perl will raise a |
1608 | warning if a multi-byte (hence Unicode) code point is used when a | |
1609 | single-byte locale is in effect. (Although it doesn't check for this if | |
1610 | doing so would unreasonably slow execution down.) | |
1611 | ||
b4ffc3db TC |
1612 | Vendor locales are notoriously buggy, and it is difficult for Perl to test |
1613 | its locale-handling code because this interacts with code that Perl has no | |
1614 | control over; therefore the locale-handling code in Perl may be buggy as | |
66cbab2c KW |
1615 | well. (However, the Unicode-supplied locales should be better, and |
1616 | there is a feed back mechanism to correct any problems. See | |
1617 | L</Freely available locale definitions>.) | |
1618 | ||
7ee2ae1e | 1619 | If you have Perl v5.16, the problems mentioned above go away if you use |
66cbab2c | 1620 | the C<:not_characters> parameter to the locale pragma (except for vendor |
7ee2ae1e | 1621 | bugs in the non-character portions). If you don't have v5.16, and you |
66cbab2c KW |
1622 | I<do> have locales that work, using them may be worthwhile for certain |
1623 | specific purposes, as long as you keep in mind the gotchas already | |
1624 | mentioned. For example, if the collation for your locales works, it | |
1625 | runs faster under locales than under L<Unicode::Collate>; and you gain | |
1626 | access to such things as the local currency symbol and the names of the | |
7ee2ae1e | 1627 | months and days of the week. (But to hammer home the point, in v5.16, |
66cbab2c KW |
1628 | you get this access without the downsides of locales by using the |
1629 | C<:not_characters> form of the pragma.) | |
1630 | ||
1631 | Note: The policy of using locale rules for code points that can fit in a | |
1632 | byte, and Unicode rules for those that can't is not uniformly applied. | |
7ee2ae1e | 1633 | Pre-v5.12, it was somewhat haphazard; in v5.12 it was applied fairly |
66cbab2c | 1634 | consistently to regular expression matching except for bracketed |
7ee2ae1e | 1635 | character classes; in v5.14 it was extended to all regex matches; and in |
663d437a | 1636 | v5.16 to the casing operations such as C<\L> and C<uc()>. For |
dbf3c4d7 | 1637 | collation, in all releases so far, the system's C<strxfrm()> function is |
a4a439fb KW |
1638 | called, and whatever it does is what you get. Starting in v5.26, various |
1639 | bugs are fixed with the way perl uses this function. | |
b310b053 | 1640 | |
5f05dabc | 1641 | =head1 BUGS |
1642 | ||
4e615abd KW |
1643 | =head2 Collation of strings containing embedded C<NUL> characters |
1644 | ||
6696cfa7 KW |
1645 | C<NUL> characters will sort the same as the lowest collating control |
1646 | character does, or to C<"\001"> in the unlikely event that there are no | |
1647 | control characters at all in the locale. In cases where the strings | |
1648 | don't contain this non-C<NUL> control, the results will be correct, and | |
1649 | in many locales, this control, whatever it might be, will rarely be | |
1650 | encountered. But there are cases where a C<NUL> should sort before this | |
1651 | control, but doesn't. If two strings do collate identically, the one | |
0c880285 KW |
1652 | containing the C<NUL> will sort to earlier. Prior to 5.26, there were |
1653 | more bugs. | |
4e615abd | 1654 | |
e9bc6d6b KW |
1655 | =head2 Multi-threaded |
1656 | ||
1657 | XS code or C-language libraries called from it that use the system | |
1658 | L<C<setlocale(3)>> function (except on Windows) likely will not work | |
1659 | from a multi-threaded application without changes. See | |
1660 | L<perlxs/Locale-aware XS code>. | |
1661 | ||
1662 | An XS module that is locale-dependent could have been written under the | |
1663 | assumption that it will never be called in a multi-threaded environment, | |
1664 | and so uses other non-locale constructs that aren't multi-thread-safe. | |
1665 | See L<perlxs/Thread-aware system interfaces>. | |
1666 | ||
1667 | POSIX does not define a way to get the name of the current per-thread | |
1668 | locale. Some systems, such as Darwin and NetBSD do implement a | |
1669 | function, L<querylocale(3)> to do this. On non-Windows systems without | |
1670 | it, such as Linux, there are some additional caveats: | |
1671 | ||
1672 | =over | |
1673 | ||
1674 | =item * | |
1675 | ||
1676 | An embedded perl needs to be started up while the global locale is in | |
1677 | effect. See L<perlembed/Using embedded Perl with POSIX locales>. | |
1678 | ||
1679 | =item * | |
1680 | ||
1681 | It becomes more important for perl to know about all the possible | |
1682 | locale categories on the platform, even if they aren't apparently used | |
1683 | in your program. Perl knows all of the Linux ones. If your platform | |
1684 | has others, you can send email to L<mailto:perlbug@perl.org> for | |
1685 | inclusion of it in the next release. In the meantime, it is possible to | |
1686 | edit the Perl source to teach it about the category, and then recompile. | |
1687 | Search for instances of, say, C<LC_PAPER> in the source, and use that as | |
1688 | a template to add the omitted one. | |
1689 | ||
1690 | =item * | |
1691 | ||
1692 | It is possible, though hard to do, to call C<POSIX::setlocale> with a | |
1693 | locale that it doesn't recognize as syntactically legal, but actually is | |
1694 | legal on that system. This should happen only with embedded perls, or | |
1695 | if you hand-craft a locale name yourself. | |
1696 | ||
1697 | =back | |
1698 | ||
5f05dabc | 1699 | =head2 Broken systems |
1700 | ||
5a964f20 | 1701 | In certain systems, the operating system's locale support |
2bdf8add | 1702 | is broken and cannot be fixed or used by Perl. Such deficiencies can |
b4ffc3db | 1703 | and will result in mysterious hangs and/or Perl core dumps when |
2bdf8add | 1704 | C<use locale> is in effect. When confronted with such a system, |
7f2de2d2 | 1705 | please report in excruciating detail to <F<perlbug@perl.org>>, and |
b4ffc3db | 1706 | also contact your vendor: bug fixes may exist for these problems |
2bdf8add | 1707 | in your operating system. Sometimes such bug fixes are called an |
83fb1bf0 KW |
1708 | operating system upgrade. If you have the source for Perl, include in |
1709 | the perlbug email the output of the test described above in L</Testing | |
1710 | for broken locales>. | |
5f05dabc | 1711 | |
1712 | =head1 SEE ALSO | |
1713 | ||
b310b053 | 1714 | L<I18N::Langinfo>, L<perluniintro>, L<perlunicode>, L<open>, |
106ab961 | 1715 | L<POSIX/localeconv>, |
4bbcc6e8 JH |
1716 | L<POSIX/setlocale>, L<POSIX/strcoll>, L<POSIX/strftime>, |
1717 | L<POSIX/strtod>, L<POSIX/strxfrm>. | |
5f05dabc | 1718 | |
ccd65d51 KW |
1719 | For special considerations when Perl is embedded in a C program, |
1720 | see L<perlembed/Using embedded Perl with POSIX locales>. | |
1721 | ||
5f05dabc | 1722 | =head1 HISTORY |
1723 | ||
b0c42ed9 | 1724 | Jarkko Hietaniemi's original F<perli18n.pod> heavily hacked by Dominic |
5a964f20 | 1725 | Dunlop, assisted by the perl5-porters. Prose worked over a bit by |
106ab961 | 1726 | Tom Christiansen, and now maintained by Perl 5 porters. |