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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | ||
3 | perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start | |
4 | ||
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION | |
6 | ||
7 | This page covers the very basics of understanding, creating and | |
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8 | using regular expressions ('regexes') in Perl. |
9 | ||
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10 | |
11 | =head1 The Guide | |
12 | ||
13 | =head2 Simple word matching | |
14 | ||
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15 | The simplest regex is simply a word, or more generally, a string of |
16 | characters. A regex consisting of a word matches any string that | |
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17 | contains that word: |
18 | ||
19 | "Hello World" =~ /World/; # matches | |
20 | ||
6425a278 | 21 | In this statement, C<World> is a regex and the C<//> enclosing |
1e2a213d | 22 | C</World/> tells Perl to search a string for a match. The operator |
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23 | C<=~> associates the string with the regex match and produces a true |
24 | value if the regex matched, or false if the regex did not match. In | |
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25 | our case, C<World> matches the second word in C<"Hello World">, so the |
26 | expression is true. This idea has several variations. | |
27 | ||
28 | Expressions like this are useful in conditionals: | |
29 | ||
30 | print "It matches\n" if "Hello World" =~ /World/; | |
31 | ||
32 | The sense of the match can be reversed by using C<!~> operator: | |
33 | ||
34 | print "It doesn't match\n" if "Hello World" !~ /World/; | |
35 | ||
6425a278 | 36 | The literal string in the regex can be replaced by a variable: |
47f9c88b GS |
37 | |
38 | $greeting = "World"; | |
39 | print "It matches\n" if "Hello World" =~ /$greeting/; | |
40 | ||
41 | If you're matching against C<$_>, the C<$_ =~> part can be omitted: | |
42 | ||
43 | $_ = "Hello World"; | |
44 | print "It matches\n" if /World/; | |
45 | ||
46 | Finally, the C<//> default delimiters for a match can be changed to | |
47 | arbitrary delimiters by putting an C<'m'> out front: | |
48 | ||
49 | "Hello World" =~ m!World!; # matches, delimited by '!' | |
50 | "Hello World" =~ m{World}; # matches, note the matching '{}' | |
51 | "/usr/bin/perl" =~ m"/perl"; # matches after '/usr/bin', | |
52 | # '/' becomes an ordinary char | |
53 | ||
6425a278 | 54 | Regexes must match a part of the string I<exactly> in order for the |
47f9c88b GS |
55 | statement to be true: |
56 | ||
57 | "Hello World" =~ /world/; # doesn't match, case sensitive | |
58 | "Hello World" =~ /o W/; # matches, ' ' is an ordinary char | |
59 | "Hello World" =~ /World /; # doesn't match, no ' ' at end | |
60 | ||
1e2a213d | 61 | Perl will always match at the earliest possible point in the string: |
47f9c88b GS |
62 | |
63 | "Hello World" =~ /o/; # matches 'o' in 'Hello' | |
64 | "That hat is red" =~ /hat/; # matches 'hat' in 'That' | |
65 | ||
66 | Not all characters can be used 'as is' in a match. Some characters, | |
6425a278 | 67 | called B<metacharacters>, are reserved for use in regex notation. |
47f9c88b GS |
68 | The metacharacters are |
69 | ||
70 | {}[]()^$.|*+?\ | |
71 | ||
72 | A metacharacter can be matched by putting a backslash before it: | |
73 | ||
74 | "2+2=4" =~ /2+2/; # doesn't match, + is a metacharacter | |
75 | "2+2=4" =~ /2\+2/; # matches, \+ is treated like an ordinary + | |
76 | 'C:\WIN32' =~ /C:\\WIN/; # matches | |
5d525260 | 77 | "/usr/bin/perl" =~ /\/usr\/bin\/perl/; # matches |
47f9c88b | 78 | |
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79 | In the last regex, the forward slash C<'/'> is also backslashed, |
80 | because it is used to delimit the regex. | |
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81 | |
82 | Non-printable ASCII characters are represented by B<escape sequences>. | |
83 | Common examples are C<\t> for a tab, C<\n> for a newline, and C<\r> | |
84 | for a carriage return. Arbitrary bytes are represented by octal | |
85 | escape sequences, e.g., C<\033>, or hexadecimal escape sequences, | |
86 | e.g., C<\x1B>: | |
87 | ||
555bd962 BG |
88 | "1000\t2000" =~ m(0\t2) # matches |
89 | "cat" =~ /\143\x61\x74/ # matches in ASCII, but | |
90 | # a weird way to spell cat | |
47f9c88b | 91 | |
caedc70b | 92 | Regexes are treated mostly as double-quoted strings, so variable |
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93 | substitution works: |
94 | ||
95 | $foo = 'house'; | |
96 | 'cathouse' =~ /cat$foo/; # matches | |
97 | 'housecat' =~ /${foo}cat/; # matches | |
98 | ||
6425a278 | 99 | With all of the regexes above, if the regex matched anywhere in the |
47f9c88b GS |
100 | string, it was considered a match. To specify I<where> it should |
101 | match, we would use the B<anchor> metacharacters C<^> and C<$>. The | |
102 | anchor C<^> means match at the beginning of the string and the anchor | |
103 | C<$> means match at the end of the string, or before a newline at the | |
104 | end of the string. Some examples: | |
105 | ||
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106 | "housekeeper" =~ /keeper/; # matches |
107 | "housekeeper" =~ /^keeper/; # doesn't match | |
108 | "housekeeper" =~ /keeper$/; # matches | |
109 | "housekeeper\n" =~ /keeper$/; # matches | |
110 | "housekeeper" =~ /^housekeeper$/; # matches | |
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111 | |
112 | =head2 Using character classes | |
113 | ||
114 | A B<character class> allows a set of possible characters, rather than | |
6425a278 | 115 | just a single character, to match at a particular point in a regex. |
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116 | Character classes are denoted by brackets C<[...]>, with the set of |
117 | characters to be possibly matched inside. Here are some examples: | |
118 | ||
119 | /cat/; # matches 'cat' | |
6425a278 | 120 | /[bcr]at/; # matches 'bat', 'cat', or 'rat' |
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121 | "abc" =~ /[cab]/; # matches 'a' |
122 | ||
123 | In the last statement, even though C<'c'> is the first character in | |
6425a278 | 124 | the class, the earliest point at which the regex can match is C<'a'>. |
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125 | |
126 | /[yY][eE][sS]/; # match 'yes' in a case-insensitive way | |
127 | # 'yes', 'Yes', 'YES', etc. | |
128 | /yes/i; # also match 'yes' in a case-insensitive way | |
129 | ||
130 | The last example shows a match with an C<'i'> B<modifier>, which makes | |
131 | the match case-insensitive. | |
132 | ||
133 | Character classes also have ordinary and special characters, but the | |
134 | sets of ordinary and special characters inside a character class are | |
135 | different than those outside a character class. The special | |
136 | characters for a character class are C<-]\^$> and are matched using an | |
137 | escape: | |
138 | ||
139 | /[\]c]def/; # matches ']def' or 'cdef' | |
140 | $x = 'bcr'; | |
141 | /[$x]at/; # matches 'bat, 'cat', or 'rat' | |
142 | /[\$x]at/; # matches '$at' or 'xat' | |
143 | /[\\$x]at/; # matches '\at', 'bat, 'cat', or 'rat' | |
144 | ||
145 | The special character C<'-'> acts as a range operator within character | |
146 | classes, so that the unwieldy C<[0123456789]> and C<[abc...xyz]> | |
147 | become the svelte C<[0-9]> and C<[a-z]>: | |
148 | ||
149 | /item[0-9]/; # matches 'item0' or ... or 'item9' | |
150 | /[0-9a-fA-F]/; # matches a hexadecimal digit | |
151 | ||
152 | If C<'-'> is the first or last character in a character class, it is | |
153 | treated as an ordinary character. | |
154 | ||
155 | The special character C<^> in the first position of a character class | |
156 | denotes a B<negated character class>, which matches any character but | |
6425a278 | 157 | those in the brackets. Both C<[...]> and C<[^...]> must match a |
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158 | character, or the match fails. Then |
159 | ||
160 | /[^a]at/; # doesn't match 'aat' or 'at', but matches | |
161 | # all other 'bat', 'cat, '0at', '%at', etc. | |
162 | /[^0-9]/; # matches a non-numeric character | |
163 | /[a^]at/; # matches 'aat' or '^at'; here '^' is ordinary | |
164 | ||
caedc70b | 165 | Perl has several abbreviations for common character classes. (These |
b81c9143 KW |
166 | definitions are those that Perl uses in ASCII-safe mode with the C</a> modifier. |
167 | Otherwise they could match many more non-ASCII Unicode characters as | |
168 | well. See L<perlrecharclass/Backslash sequences> for details.) | |
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169 | |
170 | =over 4 | |
171 | ||
172 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 173 | |
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174 | \d is a digit and represents |
175 | ||
176 | [0-9] | |
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177 | |
178 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 179 | |
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180 | \s is a whitespace character and represents |
181 | ||
182 | [\ \t\r\n\f] | |
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183 | |
184 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 185 | |
5d525260 CW |
186 | \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and represents |
187 | ||
188 | [0-9a-zA-Z_] | |
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189 | |
190 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 191 | |
5d525260 CW |
192 | \D is a negated \d; it represents any character but a digit |
193 | ||
194 | [^0-9] | |
47f9c88b GS |
195 | |
196 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 197 | |
5d525260 CW |
198 | \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace character |
199 | ||
200 | [^\s] | |
47f9c88b GS |
201 | |
202 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 203 | |
5d525260 CW |
204 | \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character |
205 | ||
206 | [^\w] | |
47f9c88b GS |
207 | |
208 | =item * | |
551e1d92 | 209 | |
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210 | The period '.' matches any character but "\n" |
211 | ||
212 | =back | |
213 | ||
214 | The C<\d\s\w\D\S\W> abbreviations can be used both inside and outside | |
215 | of character classes. Here are some in use: | |
216 | ||
217 | /\d\d:\d\d:\d\d/; # matches a hh:mm:ss time format | |
218 | /[\d\s]/; # matches any digit or whitespace character | |
219 | /\w\W\w/; # matches a word char, followed by a | |
220 | # non-word char, followed by a word char | |
221 | /..rt/; # matches any two chars, followed by 'rt' | |
222 | /end\./; # matches 'end.' | |
223 | /end[.]/; # same thing, matches 'end.' | |
224 | ||
225 | The S<B<word anchor> > C<\b> matches a boundary between a word | |
226 | character and a non-word character C<\w\W> or C<\W\w>: | |
227 | ||
228 | $x = "Housecat catenates house and cat"; | |
229 | $x =~ /\bcat/; # matches cat in 'catenates' | |
230 | $x =~ /cat\b/; # matches cat in 'housecat' | |
231 | $x =~ /\bcat\b/; # matches 'cat' at end of string | |
232 | ||
233 | In the last example, the end of the string is considered a word | |
234 | boundary. | |
235 | ||
236 | =head2 Matching this or that | |
237 | ||
da75cd15 | 238 | We can match different character strings with the B<alternation> |
6425a278 | 239 | metacharacter C<'|'>. To match C<dog> or C<cat>, we form the regex |
1e2a213d | 240 | C<dog|cat>. As before, Perl will try to match the regex at the |
47f9c88b | 241 | earliest possible point in the string. At each character position, |
1e2a213d KW |
242 | Perl will first try to match the first alternative, C<dog>. If |
243 | C<dog> doesn't match, Perl will then try the next alternative, C<cat>. | |
244 | If C<cat> doesn't match either, then the match fails and Perl moves to | |
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245 | the next position in the string. Some examples: |
246 | ||
247 | "cats and dogs" =~ /cat|dog|bird/; # matches "cat" | |
248 | "cats and dogs" =~ /dog|cat|bird/; # matches "cat" | |
249 | ||
6425a278 | 250 | Even though C<dog> is the first alternative in the second regex, |
47f9c88b GS |
251 | C<cat> is able to match earlier in the string. |
252 | ||
253 | "cats" =~ /c|ca|cat|cats/; # matches "c" | |
254 | "cats" =~ /cats|cat|ca|c/; # matches "cats" | |
255 | ||
256 | At a given character position, the first alternative that allows the | |
210b36aa | 257 | regex match to succeed will be the one that matches. Here, all the |
5d525260 | 258 | alternatives match at the first string position, so the first matches. |
47f9c88b GS |
259 | |
260 | =head2 Grouping things and hierarchical matching | |
261 | ||
6425a278 GS |
262 | The B<grouping> metacharacters C<()> allow a part of a regex to be |
263 | treated as a single unit. Parts of a regex are grouped by enclosing | |
264 | them in parentheses. The regex C<house(cat|keeper)> means match | |
47f9c88b GS |
265 | C<house> followed by either C<cat> or C<keeper>. Some more examples |
266 | are | |
267 | ||
268 | /(a|b)b/; # matches 'ab' or 'bb' | |
269 | /(^a|b)c/; # matches 'ac' at start of string or 'bc' anywhere | |
270 | ||
271 | /house(cat|)/; # matches either 'housecat' or 'house' | |
272 | /house(cat(s|)|)/; # matches either 'housecats' or 'housecat' or | |
273 | # 'house'. Note groups can be nested. | |
274 | ||
275 | "20" =~ /(19|20|)\d\d/; # matches the null alternative '()\d\d', | |
276 | # because '20\d\d' can't match | |
277 | ||
278 | =head2 Extracting matches | |
279 | ||
280 | The grouping metacharacters C<()> also allow the extraction of the | |
281 | parts of a string that matched. For each grouping, the part that | |
282 | matched inside goes into the special variables C<$1>, C<$2>, etc. | |
283 | They can be used just as ordinary variables: | |
284 | ||
285 | # extract hours, minutes, seconds | |
286 | $time =~ /(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)/; # match hh:mm:ss format | |
287 | $hours = $1; | |
288 | $minutes = $2; | |
289 | $seconds = $3; | |
290 | ||
6425a278 | 291 | In list context, a match C</regex/> with groupings will return the |
47f9c88b GS |
292 | list of matched values C<($1,$2,...)>. So we could rewrite it as |
293 | ||
294 | ($hours, $minutes, $second) = ($time =~ /(\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)/); | |
295 | ||
6425a278 | 296 | If the groupings in a regex are nested, C<$1> gets the group with the |
47f9c88b | 297 | leftmost opening parenthesis, C<$2> the next opening parenthesis, |
6425a278 | 298 | etc. For example, here is a complex regex and the matching variables |
47f9c88b GS |
299 | indicated below it: |
300 | ||
301 | /(ab(cd|ef)((gi)|j))/; | |
302 | 1 2 34 | |
303 | ||
304 | Associated with the matching variables C<$1>, C<$2>, ... are | |
d8b950dc | 305 | the B<backreferences> C<\g1>, C<\g2>, ... Backreferences are |
6425a278 | 306 | matching variables that can be used I<inside> a regex: |
47f9c88b | 307 | |
d8b950dc | 308 | /(\w\w\w)\s\g1/; # find sequences like 'the the' in string |
47f9c88b | 309 | |
d8b950dc KW |
310 | C<$1>, C<$2>, ... should only be used outside of a regex, and C<\g1>, |
311 | C<\g2>, ... only inside a regex. | |
47f9c88b GS |
312 | |
313 | =head2 Matching repetitions | |
314 | ||
315 | The B<quantifier> metacharacters C<?>, C<*>, C<+>, and C<{}> allow us | |
6425a278 | 316 | to determine the number of repeats of a portion of a regex we |
47f9c88b GS |
317 | consider to be a match. Quantifiers are put immediately after the |
318 | character, character class, or grouping that we want to specify. They | |
319 | have the following meanings: | |
320 | ||
321 | =over 4 | |
322 | ||
cb49b31f RB |
323 | =item * |
324 | ||
325 | C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times | |
326 | ||
327 | =item * | |
328 | ||
329 | C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of times | |
330 | ||
331 | =item * | |
47f9c88b | 332 | |
cb49b31f | 333 | C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least once |
47f9c88b | 334 | |
cb49b31f | 335 | =item * |
47f9c88b | 336 | |
cb49b31f | 337 | C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> |
47f9c88b GS |
338 | times. |
339 | ||
cb49b31f RB |
340 | =item * |
341 | ||
342 | C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times | |
343 | ||
344 | =item * | |
47f9c88b | 345 | |
cb49b31f | 346 | C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n> times |
47f9c88b GS |
347 | |
348 | =back | |
349 | ||
350 | Here are some examples: | |
351 | ||
352 | /[a-z]+\s+\d*/; # match a lowercase word, at least some space, and | |
353 | # any number of digits | |
d8b950dc | 354 | /(\w+)\s+\g1/; # match doubled words of arbitrary length |
c2ac8995 NS |
355 | $year =~ /^\d{2,4}$/; # make sure year is at least 2 but not more |
356 | # than 4 digits | |
555bd962 | 357 | $year =~ /^\d{4}$|^\d{2}$/; # better match; throw out 3 digit dates |
47f9c88b GS |
358 | |
359 | These quantifiers will try to match as much of the string as possible, | |
6425a278 | 360 | while still allowing the regex to match. So we have |
47f9c88b | 361 | |
6425a278 | 362 | $x = 'the cat in the hat'; |
47f9c88b GS |
363 | $x =~ /^(.*)(at)(.*)$/; # matches, |
364 | # $1 = 'the cat in the h' | |
365 | # $2 = 'at' | |
366 | # $3 = '' (0 matches) | |
367 | ||
368 | The first quantifier C<.*> grabs as much of the string as possible | |
6425a278 | 369 | while still having the regex match. The second quantifier C<.*> has |
47f9c88b GS |
370 | no string left to it, so it matches 0 times. |
371 | ||
372 | =head2 More matching | |
373 | ||
374 | There are a few more things you might want to know about matching | |
72606c45 | 375 | operators. |
47f9c88b GS |
376 | The global modifier C<//g> allows the matching operator to match |
377 | within a string as many times as possible. In scalar context, | |
378 | successive matches against a string will have C<//g> jump from match | |
379 | to match, keeping track of position in the string as it goes along. | |
380 | You can get or set the position with the C<pos()> function. | |
381 | For example, | |
382 | ||
383 | $x = "cat dog house"; # 3 words | |
384 | while ($x =~ /(\w+)/g) { | |
385 | print "Word is $1, ends at position ", pos $x, "\n"; | |
386 | } | |
387 | ||
388 | prints | |
389 | ||
390 | Word is cat, ends at position 3 | |
391 | Word is dog, ends at position 7 | |
392 | Word is house, ends at position 13 | |
393 | ||
394 | A failed match or changing the target string resets the position. If | |
395 | you don't want the position reset after failure to match, add the | |
6425a278 | 396 | C<//c>, as in C</regex/gc>. |
47f9c88b GS |
397 | |
398 | In list context, C<//g> returns a list of matched groupings, or if | |
6425a278 | 399 | there are no groupings, a list of matches to the whole regex. So |
47f9c88b GS |
400 | |
401 | @words = ($x =~ /(\w+)/g); # matches, | |
402 | # $word[0] = 'cat' | |
403 | # $word[1] = 'dog' | |
404 | # $word[2] = 'house' | |
405 | ||
406 | =head2 Search and replace | |
407 | ||
6425a278 | 408 | Search and replace is performed using C<s/regex/replacement/modifiers>. |
caedc70b | 409 | The C<replacement> is a Perl double-quoted string that replaces in the |
6425a278 | 410 | string whatever is matched with the C<regex>. The operator C<=~> is |
47f9c88b | 411 | also used here to associate a string with C<s///>. If matching |
caedc70b FC |
412 | against C<$_>, the S<C<$_ =~>> can be dropped. If there is a match, |
413 | C<s///> returns the number of substitutions made; otherwise it returns | |
47f9c88b GS |
414 | false. Here are a few examples: |
415 | ||
416 | $x = "Time to feed the cat!"; | |
417 | $x =~ s/cat/hacker/; # $x contains "Time to feed the hacker!" | |
418 | $y = "'quoted words'"; | |
419 | $y =~ s/^'(.*)'$/$1/; # strip single quotes, | |
420 | # $y contains "quoted words" | |
421 | ||
422 | With the C<s///> operator, the matched variables C<$1>, C<$2>, etc. | |
423 | are immediately available for use in the replacement expression. With | |
424 | the global modifier, C<s///g> will search and replace all occurrences | |
6425a278 | 425 | of the regex in the string: |
47f9c88b GS |
426 | |
427 | $x = "I batted 4 for 4"; | |
428 | $x =~ s/4/four/; # $x contains "I batted four for 4" | |
429 | $x = "I batted 4 for 4"; | |
430 | $x =~ s/4/four/g; # $x contains "I batted four for four" | |
431 | ||
4f4d7508 DC |
432 | The non-destructive modifier C<s///r> causes the result of the substitution |
433 | to be returned instead of modifying C<$_> (or whatever variable the | |
434 | substitute was bound to with C<=~>): | |
435 | ||
436 | $x = "I like dogs."; | |
437 | $y = $x =~ s/dogs/cats/r; | |
438 | print "$x $y\n"; # prints "I like dogs. I like cats." | |
439 | ||
440 | $x = "Cats are great."; | |
555bd962 BG |
441 | print $x =~ s/Cats/Dogs/r =~ s/Dogs/Frogs/r =~ |
442 | s/Frogs/Hedgehogs/r, "\n"; | |
4f4d7508 DC |
443 | # prints "Hedgehogs are great." |
444 | ||
445 | @foo = map { s/[a-z]/X/r } qw(a b c 1 2 3); | |
446 | # @foo is now qw(X X X 1 2 3) | |
447 | ||
47f9c88b GS |
448 | The evaluation modifier C<s///e> wraps an C<eval{...}> around the |
449 | replacement string and the evaluated result is substituted for the | |
6425a278 | 450 | matched substring. Some examples: |
47f9c88b | 451 | |
6425a278 GS |
452 | # reverse all the words in a string |
453 | $x = "the cat in the hat"; | |
454 | $x =~ s/(\w+)/reverse $1/ge; # $x contains "eht tac ni eht tah" | |
47f9c88b | 455 | |
6425a278 GS |
456 | # convert percentage to decimal |
457 | $x = "A 39% hit rate"; | |
458 | $x =~ s!(\d+)%!$1/100!e; # $x contains "A 0.39 hit rate" | |
47f9c88b | 459 | |
6425a278 GS |
460 | The last example shows that C<s///> can use other delimiters, such as |
461 | C<s!!!> and C<s{}{}>, and even C<s{}//>. If single quotes are used | |
caedc70b | 462 | C<s'''>, then the regex and replacement are treated as single-quoted |
6425a278 | 463 | strings. |
47f9c88b GS |
464 | |
465 | =head2 The split operator | |
466 | ||
6425a278 GS |
467 | C<split /regex/, string> splits C<string> into a list of substrings |
468 | and returns that list. The regex determines the character sequence | |
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469 | that C<string> is split with respect to. For example, to split a |
470 | string into words, use | |
471 | ||
472 | $x = "Calvin and Hobbes"; | |
6425a278 GS |
473 | @word = split /\s+/, $x; # $word[0] = 'Calvin' |
474 | # $word[1] = 'and' | |
475 | # $word[2] = 'Hobbes' | |
476 | ||
477 | To extract a comma-delimited list of numbers, use | |
47f9c88b | 478 | |
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479 | $x = "1.618,2.718, 3.142"; |
480 | @const = split /,\s*/, $x; # $const[0] = '1.618' | |
481 | # $const[1] = '2.718' | |
482 | # $const[2] = '3.142' | |
483 | ||
484 | If the empty regex C<//> is used, the string is split into individual | |
5d525260 | 485 | characters. If the regex has groupings, then the list produced contains |
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486 | the matched substrings from the groupings as well: |
487 | ||
488 | $x = "/usr/bin"; | |
489 | @parts = split m!(/)!, $x; # $parts[0] = '' | |
490 | # $parts[1] = '/' | |
491 | # $parts[2] = 'usr' | |
492 | # $parts[3] = '/' | |
493 | # $parts[4] = 'bin' | |
494 | ||
6425a278 | 495 | Since the first character of $x matched the regex, C<split> prepended |
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496 | an empty initial element to the list. |
497 | ||
498 | =head1 BUGS | |
499 | ||
500 | None. | |
501 | ||
502 | =head1 SEE ALSO | |
503 | ||
504 | This is just a quick start guide. For a more in-depth tutorial on | |
6425a278 | 505 | regexes, see L<perlretut> and for the reference page, see L<perlre>. |
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506 | |
507 | =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT | |
508 | ||
509 | Copyright (c) 2000 Mark Kvale | |
510 | All rights reserved. | |
511 | ||
512 | This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself. | |
513 | ||
6425a278 GS |
514 | =head2 Acknowledgments |
515 | ||
516 | The author would like to thank Mark-Jason Dominus, Tom Christiansen, | |
517 | Ilya Zakharevich, Brad Hughes, and Mike Giroux for all their helpful | |
518 | comments. | |
519 | ||
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520 | =cut |
521 |