X-Git-Url: https://perl5.git.perl.org/perl5.git/blobdiff_plain/da5d8dbb2a9d5e72cf3c00308eca40227bad480e..f1d34ca8c42df1cea97652592d84d9a587312c74:/handy.h diff --git a/handy.h b/handy.h index abfc2c2..c670398 100644 --- a/handy.h +++ b/handy.h @@ -12,11 +12,7 @@ #ifdef NULL #undef NULL #endif -#ifndef I286 # define NULL 0 -#else -# define NULL 0L -#endif #endif #ifndef PERL_CORE @@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ Null SV pointer. (No longer available when C is defined.) #endif /* NeXT || __NeXT__ */ #ifndef HAS_BOOL -# if defined(UTS) || defined(VMS) +# if defined(VMS) # define bool int # else # define bool char @@ -127,7 +123,7 @@ Null SV pointer. (No longer available when C is defined.) #if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || (defined(__SUNPRO_C)) /* C99 or close enough. */ # define FUNCTION__ __func__ #else -# if (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300) || /* Pre-MSVC 7.0 has neither __func__ nor __FUNCTION and no good workarounds, either. */ \ +# if (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300) || /* MSVC6 has neither __func__ nor __FUNCTION and no good workarounds, either. */ \ (defined(__DECC_VER)) /* Tru64 or VMS, and strict C89 being used, but not modern enough cc (in Tur64, -c99 not known, only -std1). */ # define FUNCTION__ "" # else @@ -191,25 +187,29 @@ typedef U64TYPE U64; #endif /* PERL_CORE */ #if defined(HAS_QUAD) && defined(USE_64_BIT_INT) -# ifndef UINT64_C /* usually from */ -# if defined(HAS_LONG_LONG) && QUADKIND == QUAD_IS_LONG_LONG -# define INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,LL) -# define UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,ULL) +# if defined(HAS_LONG_LONG) && QUADKIND == QUAD_IS_LONG_LONG +# define PeRl_INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,LL) +# define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,ULL) +# else +# if QUADKIND == QUAD_IS___INT64 +# define PeRl_INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,I64) +# define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,UI64) # else # if LONGSIZE == 8 && QUADKIND == QUAD_IS_LONG -# define INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,L) -# define UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,UL) +# define PeRl_INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,L) +# define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,UL) # else -# if defined(_WIN64) && defined(_MSC_VER) -# define INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,I64) -# define UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,UI64) -# else -# define INT64_C(c) ((I64TYPE)(c)) -# define UINT64_C(c) ((U64TYPE)(c)) -# endif +# define PeRl_INT64_C(c) ((I64TYPE)(c)) +# define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) ((U64TYPE)(c)) # endif # endif # endif +# ifndef UINT64_C +# define UINT64_C(c) PeRl_UINT64_C(c) +# endif +# ifndef INT64_C +# define INT64_C(c) PeRl_INT64_C(c) +# endif #endif #if defined(UINT8_MAX) && defined(INT16_MAX) && defined(INT32_MAX) @@ -595,59 +595,40 @@ patched there. The file as of this writing is cpan/Devel-PPPort/parts/inc/misc * digits */ #define isOCTAL_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (0xF8 & (c)) == '0') - /* ASCII range only */ #ifdef H_PERL /* If have access to perl.h, lookup in its table */ -/* Bits for PL_charclass[]. These use names used in l1_char_class_tab.h but - * their actual definitions are here. If that has a name not used here, it - * won't compile. */ -# define _CC_ALNUMC_A (1<<0) -# define _CC_ALNUMC_L1 (1<<1) -# define _CC_ALPHA_A (1<<2) -# define _CC_ALPHA_L1 (1<<3) -# define _CC_BLANK_A (1<<4) -# define _CC_BLANK_L1 (1<<5) -# define _CC_CHARNAME_CONT (1<<6) -# define _CC_CNTRL_A (1<<7) -# define _CC_CNTRL_L1 (1<<8) -# define _CC_DIGIT_A (1<<9) -# define _CC_GRAPH_A (1<<10) -# define _CC_GRAPH_L1 (1<<11) -# define _CC_IDFIRST_A (1<<12) -# define _CC_IDFIRST_L1 (1<<13) -# define _CC_LOWER_A (1<<14) -# define _CC_LOWER_L1 (1<<15) -# define _CC_PRINT_A (1<<17) -# define _CC_PRINT_L1 (1<<18) -# define _CC_PSXSPC_A (1<<19) -# define _CC_PSXSPC_L1 (1<<20) -# define _CC_PUNCT_A (1<<21) -# define _CC_PUNCT_L1 (1<<22) -# define _CC_SPACE_A (1<<23) -# define _CC_SPACE_L1 (1<<24) -# define _CC_UPPER_A (1<<25) -# define _CC_UPPER_L1 (1<<26) -# define _CC_WORDCHAR_A (1<<27) -# define _CC_WORDCHAR_L1 (1<<28) -# define _CC_XDIGIT_A (1<<29) -# define _CC_NONLATIN1_FOLD (1<<30) -# define _CC_QUOTEMETA (1U<<31) /* 1U keeps Solaris from griping */ -/* Unused: (1<<16) - * If more are needed, can give up some of the above. The first ones to go - * would be those that require just two tests to verify; either there are two - * code points, like BLANK_A, or it occupies a single range like DIGIT_A, - * UPPER_A, and LOWER_A. Also consider the ones that can be replaced with two - * tests and an additional mask, so - * - * #define isCNTRL_A cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \ - * && (( ! (~0x1F & NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)])) \ - * || UNLIKELY(NATIVE_TO_UNI(c) == 0x7f))) - * - * This takes advantage of the contiguous block of these with the first one's - * representation having the lower order bits all zero;, except the DELETE must - * be tested specially. A similar pattern can be used for for isCNTRL_L1, - * isPRINT_A, and isPRINT_L1 - */ + +/* Character class numbers. These are used in PL_charclass[] and the ones + * up through the one that corresponds to <_HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC> are + * used by regcomp.h. These use names used in l1_char_class_tab.h but their + * actual definitions are here. If that has a name not used here, it won't + * compile. */ +# define _CC_WORDCHAR 0 +# define _CC_SPACE 1 +# define _CC_DIGIT 2 +# define _CC_ALNUMC 3 +# define _CC_ALPHA 4 +# define _CC_ASCII 5 +# define _CC_CNTRL 6 +# define _CC_GRAPH 7 +# define _CC_LOWER 8 +# define _CC_PRINT 9 +# define _CC_PUNCT 10 +# define _CC_UPPER 11 +# define _CC_XDIGIT 12 +# define _CC_PSXSPC 13 +# define _CC_BLANK 14 +# define _HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC _CC_BLANK + +# define _CC_IDFIRST 15 +# define _CC_CHARNAME_CONT 16 +# define _CC_NONLATIN1_FOLD 17 +# define _CC_QUOTEMETA 18 +# define _CC_NON_FINAL_FOLD 19 +/* Unused: 20-31 + * If more bits are needed, one could add a second word for non-64bit + * QUAD_IS_INT systems, using some #ifdefs to distinguish between having a 2nd + * word or not. */ # ifdef DOINIT EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[] = { @@ -658,25 +639,44 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[] = { EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; # endif -# define isALNUMC_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_ALNUMC_A)) -# define isALPHA_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_ALPHA_A)) -# define isBLANK_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_BLANK_A)) -# define isCNTRL_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_CNTRL_A)) -# define isDIGIT_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_DIGIT_A)) -# define isGRAPH_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_GRAPH_A)) -# define isIDFIRST_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_IDFIRST_A)) -# define isLOWER_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_LOWER_A)) -# define isPRINT_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_PRINT_A)) -# define isPSXSPC_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_PSXSPC_A)) -# define isPUNCT_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_PUNCT_A)) -# define isSPACE_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_SPACE_A)) -# define isUPPER_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_UPPER_A)) -# define isWORDCHAR_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_WORDCHAR_A)) -# define isXDIGIT_A(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_XDIGIT_A)) + /* The 1U keeps Solaris from griping when shifting sets the uppermost bit */ +# define _CC_mask(classnum) (1U << (classnum)) +# define _generic_isCC(c, classnum) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \ + && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_mask(classnum))) + + /* The mask for the _A versions of the macros; it just adds in the bit for + * ASCII. */ +# define _CC_mask_A(classnum) (_CC_mask(classnum) | _CC_mask(_CC_ASCII)) + + /* The _A version makes sure that both the desired bit and the ASCII bit + * are present */ +# define _generic_isCC_A(c, classnum) (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \ + && ((PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_mask_A(classnum)) \ + == _CC_mask_A(classnum))) + +# define isALNUMC_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_ALNUMC) +# define isALPHA_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_ALPHA) +# define isBLANK_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_BLANK) +# define isCNTRL_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_CNTRL) +# define isDIGIT_A(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_DIGIT) +# define isGRAPH_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_GRAPH) +# define isLOWER_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_LOWER) +# define isPRINT_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_PRINT) +# define isPSXSPC_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_PSXSPC) +# define isPUNCT_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_PUNCT) +# define isSPACE_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_SPACE) +# define isUPPER_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_UPPER) +# define isWORDCHAR_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_WORDCHAR) +# define isXDIGIT_A(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_XDIGIT) +# define isIDFIRST_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, ( _CC_IDFIRST)) + /* Either participates in a fold with a character above 255, or is a * multi-char fold */ -# define _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(c) ((! cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c))) || (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_NONLATIN1_FOLD)) -# define _isQUOTEMETA(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_QUOTEMETA)) +# define _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(c) ((! cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c))) || (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_mask(_CC_NONLATIN1_FOLD))) + +# define _isQUOTEMETA(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_QUOTEMETA) +# define _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c) \ + _generic_isCC(c, _CC_NON_FINAL_FOLD) #else /* No perl.h. */ # ifdef EBCDIC # define isALNUMC_A(c) (isASCII(c) && isALNUMC(c)) @@ -715,21 +715,21 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; /* Latin1 definitions */ #ifdef H_PERL -# define isALNUMC_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_ALNUMC_L1)) -# define isALPHA_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_ALPHA_L1)) -# define isBLANK_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_BLANK_L1)) +# define isALNUMC_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_ALNUMC) +# define isALPHA_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_ALPHA) +# define isBLANK_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_BLANK) /* continuation character for legal NAME in \N{NAME} */ -# define isCHARNAME_CONT(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_CHARNAME_CONT)) -# define isCNTRL_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_CNTRL_L1)) -# define isGRAPH_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_GRAPH_L1)) -# define isIDFIRST_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_IDFIRST_L1)) -# define isLOWER_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_LOWER_L1)) -# define isPRINT_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_PRINT_L1)) -# define isPSXSPC_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_PSXSPC_L1)) -# define isPUNCT_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_PUNCT_L1)) -# define isSPACE_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_SPACE_L1)) -# define isUPPER_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_UPPER_L1)) -# define isWORDCHAR_L1(c) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (PL_charclass[(U8) NATIVE_TO_UNI(c)] & _CC_WORDCHAR_L1)) +# define isCHARNAME_CONT(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_CHARNAME_CONT) +# define isCNTRL_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_CNTRL) +# define isGRAPH_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_GRAPH) +# define isLOWER_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_LOWER) +# define isPRINT_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_PRINT) +# define isPSXSPC_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_PSXSPC) +# define isPUNCT_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_PUNCT) +# define isSPACE_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_SPACE) +# define isUPPER_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_UPPER) +# define isWORDCHAR_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_WORDCHAR) +# define isIDFIRST_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_IDFIRST) #else /* No access to perl.h. Only a few provided here, just in case needed * for backwards compatibility */ /* ALPHAU includes Unicode semantics for latin1 characters. It has an extra @@ -912,6 +912,7 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; /* Note that all ignore 'use bytes' */ #define isALNUM_uni(c) generic_uni(isWORDCHAR, is_uni_alnum, c) +#define isBLANK_uni(c) generic_uni(isBLANK, is_uni_blank, c) #define isIDFIRST_uni(c) generic_uni(isIDFIRST, is_uni_idfirst, c) #define isALPHA_uni(c) generic_uni(isALPHA, is_uni_alpha, c) #define isSPACE_uni(c) generic_uni(isSPACE, is_uni_space, c) @@ -920,20 +921,20 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; #define isLOWER_uni(c) generic_uni(isLOWER, is_uni_lower, c) #define isASCII_uni(c) isASCII(c) /* All controls are in Latin1 */ -#define isCNTRL_uni(c) ((c) < 256 && isCNTRL_L1(c)) +#define isCNTRL_uni(c) isCNTRL_L1(c) #define isGRAPH_uni(c) generic_uni(isGRAPH, is_uni_graph, c) #define isPRINT_uni(c) generic_uni(isPRINT, is_uni_print, c) #define isPUNCT_uni(c) generic_uni(isPUNCT, is_uni_punct, c) #define isXDIGIT_uni(c) generic_uni(isXDIGIT, is_uni_xdigit, c) + +/* Posix and regular space differ only in U+000B, which is in Latin1 */ +#define isPSXSPC_uni(c) ((c) < 256 ? isPSXSPC_L1(c) : isSPACE_uni(c)) + #define toUPPER_uni(c,s,l) to_uni_upper(c,s,l) #define toTITLE_uni(c,s,l) to_uni_title(c,s,l) #define toLOWER_uni(c,s,l) to_uni_lower(c,s,l) #define toFOLD_uni(c,s,l) to_uni_fold(c,s,l) -/* Posix and regular space differ only in U+000B, which is in Latin1 */ -#define isPSXSPC_uni(c) ((c) < 256 ? isPSXSPC_L1(c) : isSPACE_uni(c)) -#define isBLANK_uni(c) isBLANK(c) /* could be wrong */ - #define isALNUM_LC_uvchr(c) (c < 256 ? isALNUM_LC(c) : is_uni_alnum_lc(c)) #define isIDFIRST_LC_uvchr(c) (c < 256 ? isIDFIRST_LC(c) : is_uni_idfirst_lc(c)) #define isALPHA_LC_uvchr(c) (c < 256 ? isALPHA_LC(c) : is_uni_alpha_lc(c)) @@ -955,7 +956,7 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; * the function. This relies on the fact that ASCII characters have the same * representation whether utf8 or not */ #define generic_utf8(macro, function, p) (isASCII(*(p)) \ - ? CAT2(CAT2(macro,_),A)(*(p)) \ + ? CAT2(CAT2(macro,_),A)(*(p)) \ : (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*(p))) \ ? CAT2(macro, _L1) \ (TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*(p), \ @@ -981,12 +982,13 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; : Perl__is_utf8__perl_idstart(aTHX_ p)) #define isIDCONT_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isWORDCHAR, is_utf8_xidcont, p) #define isALPHA_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isALPHA, is_utf8_alpha, p) +#define isBLANK_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isBLANK, is_utf8_blank, p) #define isSPACE_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isSPACE, is_utf8_space, p) #define isDIGIT_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isDIGIT, is_utf8_digit, p) #define isUPPER_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isUPPER, is_utf8_upper, p) #define isLOWER_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isLOWER, is_utf8_lower, p) /* Because ASCII is invariant under utf8, the non-utf8 macro works */ -#define isASCII_utf8(p) isASCII(p) +#define isASCII_utf8(p) isASCII(*p) #define isCNTRL_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isCNTRL, is_utf8_cntrl, p) #define isGRAPH_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isGRAPH, is_utf8_graph, p) #define isPRINT_utf8(p) generic_utf8(isPRINT, is_utf8_print, p) @@ -1004,11 +1006,10 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; ? isPSXSPC_L1(TWO_BYTE_UTF8_TO_UNI(*(p), \ *((p)+1)))\ : isSPACE_utf8(p))) -#define isBLANK_utf8(c) isBLANK(c) /* could be wrong */ - #define isALNUM_LC_utf8(p) isALNUM_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) #define isIDFIRST_LC_utf8(p) isIDFIRST_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) #define isALPHA_LC_utf8(p) isALPHA_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) +#define isBLANK_LC_utf8(p) isBLANK_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) #define isSPACE_LC_utf8(p) isSPACE_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) #define isDIGIT_LC_utf8(p) isDIGIT_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) #define isUPPER_LC_utf8(p) isUPPER_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) @@ -1020,7 +1021,6 @@ EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[]; #define isPUNCT_LC_utf8(p) isPUNCT_LC_uvchr(valid_utf8_to_uvchr(p, 0)) #define isPSXSPC_LC_utf8(c) (isSPACE_LC_utf8(c) ||(c) == '\f') -#define isBLANK_LC_utf8(c) isBLANK(c) /* could be wrong */ /* This conversion works both ways, strangely enough. On EBCDIC platforms, * CTRL-@ is 0, CTRL-A is 1, etc, just like on ASCII */