X-Git-Url: https://perl5.git.perl.org/perl5.git/blobdiff_plain/bf38876a182e0df9dd73362f56cf0ab8b43aa789..ba4e42d92623c3bf7db4c55472684fb46bbe2b20:/doio.c

diff --git a/doio.c b/doio.c
index a2960ad..575427a 100644
--- a/doio.c
+++ b/doio.c
@@ -1,366 +1,620 @@
-/* $Header: doio.c,v 3.0.1.2 89/11/11 04:25:51 lwall Locked $
+/*    doio.c
  *
- *    Copyright (c) 1989, Larry Wall
+ *    Copyright (c) 1991-1994, Larry Wall
  *
- *    You may distribute under the terms of the GNU General Public License
- *    as specified in the README file that comes with the perl 3.0 kit.
+ *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
+ *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
  *
- * $Log:	doio.c,v $
- * Revision 3.0.1.2  89/11/11  04:25:51  lwall
- * patch2: orthogonalized the file modes some so we can have <& +<& etc.
- * patch2: do_open() now detects sockets passed to process from parent
- * patch2: fd's above 2 are now closed on exec
- * patch2: csh code can now use csh from other than /bin
- * patch2: getsockopt, get{sock,peer}name didn't define result properly
- * patch2: warn("shutdown") was replicated
- * patch2: gethostbyname was misdeclared
- * patch2: telldir() is sometimes a macro
- * 
- * Revision 3.0.1.1  89/10/26  23:10:05  lwall
- * patch1: Configure now checks for BSD shadow passwords
- * 
- * Revision 3.0  89/10/18  15:10:54  lwall
- * 3.0 baseline
- * 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * "Far below them they saw the white waters pour into a foaming bowl, and
+ * then swirl darkly about a deep oval basin in the rocks, until they found
+ * their way out again through a narrow gate, and flowed away, fuming and
+ * chattering, into calmer and more level reaches."
  */
 
 #include "EXTERN.h"
 #include "perl.h"
 
-#ifdef SOCKET
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
+#if defined(HAS_MSG) || defined(HAS_SEM) || defined(HAS_SHM)
+#include <sys/ipc.h>
+#ifdef HAS_MSG
+#include <sys/msg.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SEM
+#include <sys/sem.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SHM
+#include <sys/shm.h>
+# ifndef HAS_SHMAT_PROTOTYPE
+    extern Shmat_t shmat _((int, char *, int));
+# endif
+#endif
 #endif
 
-#include <errno.h>
-#ifdef I_PWD
-#include <pwd.h>
+#ifdef I_UTIME
+#include <utime.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef I_FCNTL
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #endif
-#ifdef I_GRP
-#include <grp.h>
+#ifdef I_SYS_FILE
+#include <sys/file.h>
 #endif
 
-extern int errno;
+#if defined(HAS_SOCKET) && !defined(VMS) /* VMS handles sockets via vmsish.h */
+# include <sys/socket.h>
+# include <netdb.h>
+# ifndef ENOTSOCK
+#  ifdef I_NET_ERRNO
+#   include <net/errno.h>
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif
 
 bool
-do_open(stab,name)
-STAB *stab;
+do_open(gv,name,len,as_raw,rawmode,rawperm,supplied_fp)
+GV *gv;
 register char *name;
+I32 len;
+int as_raw;
+int rawmode, rawperm;
+FILE *supplied_fp;
 {
+    register IO *io = GvIOn(gv);
+    FILE *saveifp = Nullfp;
+    FILE *saveofp = Nullfp;
+    char savetype = ' ';
+    int writing = 0;
     FILE *fp;
-    int len = strlen(name);
-    register STIO *stio = stab_io(stab);
-    char *myname = savestr(name);
-    int result;
     int fd;
-    int writing = 0;
-    char mode[3];		/* stdio file mode ("r\0" or "r+\0") */
+    int result;
 
-    name = myname;
     forkprocess = 1;		/* assume true if no fork */
-    while (len && isspace(name[len-1]))
-	name[--len] = '\0';
-    if (!stio)
-	stio = stab_io(stab) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio->ifp) {
-	fd = fileno(stio->ifp);
-	if (stio->type == '|')
-	    result = mypclose(stio->ifp);
-	else if (stio->ifp != stio->ofp) {
-	    if (stio->ofp)
-		fclose(stio->ofp);
-	    result = fclose(stio->ifp);
+
+    if (IoIFP(io)) {
+	fd = fileno(IoIFP(io));
+	if (IoTYPE(io) == '-')
+	    result = 0;
+	else if (fd <= maxsysfd) {
+	    saveifp = IoIFP(io);
+	    saveofp = IoOFP(io);
+	    savetype = IoTYPE(io);
+	    result = 0;
+	}
+	else if (IoTYPE(io) == '|')
+	    result = my_pclose(IoIFP(io));
+	else if (IoIFP(io) != IoOFP(io)) {
+	    if (IoOFP(io)) {
+		result = fclose(IoOFP(io));
+		fclose(IoIFP(io));	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
+	    }
+	    else
+		result = fclose(IoIFP(io));
 	}
-	else if (stio->type != '-')
-	    result = fclose(stio->ifp);
 	else
-	    result = 0;
-	if (result == EOF && fd > 2)
+	    result = fclose(IoIFP(io));
+	if (result == EOF && fd > maxsysfd)
 	    fprintf(stderr,"Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly.\n",
-	      stab_name(stab));
-	stio->ofp = stio->ifp = Nullfp;
-    }
-    if (*name == '+' && len > 1 && name[len-1] != '|') {	/* scary */
-	mode[1] = *name++;
-	mode[2] = '\0';
-	--len;
-	writing = 1;
+	      GvENAME(gv));
+	IoOFP(io) = IoIFP(io) = Nullfp;
     }
-    else  {
-	mode[1] = '\0';
-    }
-    stio->type = *name;
-    if (*name == '|') {
-	for (name++; isspace(*name); name++) ;
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintenv();
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in piped open");
-#endif
-	fp = mypopen(name,"w");
-	writing = 1;
+
+    if (as_raw) {
+	result = rawmode & 3;
+	IoTYPE(io) = "<>++"[result];
+	writing = (result > 0);
+	fd = open(name, rawmode, rawperm);
+	if (fd == -1)
+	    fp = NULL;
+	else {
+	    fp = fdopen(fd, ((result == 0) ? "r"
+			     : (result == 1) ? "w"
+			     : "r+"));
+	    if (!fp)
+		close(fd);
+	}
     }
-    else if (*name == '>') {
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in open");
-#endif
-	name++;
-	if (*name == '>') {
-	    mode[0] = stio->type = 'a';
-	    name++;
+    else {
+	char *myname;
+	char mode[3];		/* stdio file mode ("r\0" or "r+\0") */
+	int dodup;
+
+	myname = savepvn(name, len);
+	SAVEFREEPV(myname);
+	name = myname;
+	while (len && isSPACE(name[len-1]))
+	    name[--len] = '\0';
+
+	mode[0] = mode[1] = mode[2] = '\0';
+	IoTYPE(io) = *name;
+	if (*name == '+' && len > 1 && name[len-1] != '|') { /* scary */
+	    mode[1] = *name++;
+	    --len;
+	    writing = 1;
 	}
-	else
-	    mode[0] = 'w';
-	writing = 1;
-	if (*name == '&') {
-	  duplicity:
+
+	if (*name == '|') {
+	    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
+	    for (name++; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
+	    if (strNE(name,"-"))
+		TAINT_ENV();
+	    TAINT_PROPER("piped open");
+	    if (dowarn && name[strlen(name)-1] == '|')
+		warn("Can't do bidirectional pipe");
+	    fp = my_popen(name,"w");
+	    writing = 1;
+	}
+	else if (*name == '>') {
+	    TAINT_PROPER("open");
 	    name++;
-	    while (isspace(*name))
+	    if (*name == '>') {
+		mode[0] = IoTYPE(io) = 'a';
 		name++;
-	    if (isdigit(*name))
-		fd = atoi(name);
-	    else {
-		stab = stabent(name,FALSE);
-		if (!stab || !stab_io(stab))
-		    return FALSE;
-		if (stab_io(stab) && stab_io(stab)->ifp) {
-		    fd = fileno(stab_io(stab)->ifp);
-		    if (stab_io(stab)->type == 's')
-			stio->type = 's';
-		}
-		else
-		    fd = -1;
 	    }
-	    fp = fdopen(dup(fd),mode);
-	}
-	else {
-	    while (isspace(*name))
+	    else
+		mode[0] = 'w';
+	    writing = 1;
+
+	    if (*name == '&') {
+	      duplicity:
+		dodup = 1;
 		name++;
-	    if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
-		fp = stdout;
-		stio->type = '-';
+		if (*name == '=') {
+		    dodup = 0;
+		    name++;
+		}
+		if (!*name && supplied_fp)
+		    fp = supplied_fp;
+		else {
+		    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
+		    for (; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
+		    if (isDIGIT(*name))
+			fd = atoi(name);
+		    else {
+			IO* thatio;
+			gv = gv_fetchpv(name,FALSE,SVt_PVIO);
+			thatio = GvIO(gv);
+			if (!thatio) {
+#ifdef EINVAL
+			    SETERRNO(EINVAL,SS$_IVCHAN);
+#endif
+			    goto say_false;
+			}
+			if (IoIFP(thatio)) {
+			    fd = fileno(IoIFP(thatio));
+			    if (IoTYPE(thatio) == 's')
+				IoTYPE(io) = 's';
+			}
+			else
+			    fd = -1;
+		    }
+		    if (dodup)
+			fd = dup(fd);
+		    if (!(fp = fdopen(fd,mode))) {
+			if (dodup)
+			    close(fd);
+			}
+		}
 	    }
-	    else  {
-		fp = fopen(name,mode);
+	    else {
+		/*SUPPRESS 530*/
+		for (; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
+		if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
+		    fp = stdout;
+		    IoTYPE(io) = '-';
+		}
+		else  {
+		    fp = fopen(name,mode);
+		}
 	    }
 	}
-    }
-    else {
-	if (*name == '<') {
+	else if (*name == '<') {
+	    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
+	    for (name++; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
 	    mode[0] = 'r';
-	    name++;
-	    while (isspace(*name))
-		name++;
 	    if (*name == '&')
 		goto duplicity;
 	    if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
 		fp = stdin;
-		stio->type = '-';
+		IoTYPE(io) = '-';
 	    }
 	    else
 		fp = fopen(name,mode);
 	}
 	else if (name[len-1] == '|') {
-#ifdef TAINT
-	    taintenv();
-	    taintproper("Insecure dependency in piped open");
-#endif
 	    name[--len] = '\0';
-	    while (len && isspace(name[len-1]))
+	    while (len && isSPACE(name[len-1]))
 		name[--len] = '\0';
-	    for (; isspace(*name); name++) ;
-	    fp = mypopen(name,"r");
-	    stio->type = '|';
+	    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
+	    for (; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
+	    if (strNE(name,"-"))
+		TAINT_ENV();
+	    TAINT_PROPER("piped open");
+	    fp = my_popen(name,"r");
+	    IoTYPE(io) = '|';
 	}
 	else {
-	    stio->type = '<';
-	    for (; isspace(*name); name++) ;
+	    IoTYPE(io) = '<';
+	    /*SUPPRESS 530*/
+	    for (; isSPACE(*name); name++) ;
 	    if (strEQ(name,"-")) {
 		fp = stdin;
-		stio->type = '-';
+		IoTYPE(io) = '-';
 	    }
 	    else
 		fp = fopen(name,"r");
 	}
     }
-    Safefree(myname);
-    if (!fp)
-	return FALSE;
-    if (stio->type &&
-      stio->type != '|' && stio->type != '-') {
-	if (fstat(fileno(fp),&statbuf) < 0) {
+    if (!fp) {
+	if (dowarn && IoTYPE(io) == '<' && strchr(name, '\n'))
+	    warn(warn_nl, "open");
+	goto say_false;
+    }
+    if (IoTYPE(io) &&
+      IoTYPE(io) != '|' && IoTYPE(io) != '-') {
+	if (Fstat(fileno(fp),&statbuf) < 0) {
 	    (void)fclose(fp);
-	    return FALSE;
+	    goto say_false;
 	}
-	result = (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT);
-	if (result != S_IFREG &&
-#ifdef S_IFSOCK
-	    result != S_IFSOCK &&
-#endif
-#ifdef S_IFFIFO
-	    result != S_IFFIFO &&
-#endif
-#ifdef S_IFIFO
-	    result != S_IFIFO &&
+	if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode))
+	    IoTYPE(io) = 's';	/* in case a socket was passed in to us */
+#ifdef HAS_SOCKET
+	else if (
+#ifdef S_IFMT
+	    !(statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT)
+#else
+	    !statbuf.st_mode
 #endif
-	    result != 0 &&		/* socket? */
-	    result != S_IFCHR) {
-	    (void)fclose(fp);
-	    return FALSE;
+	) {
+	    int buflen = sizeof tokenbuf;
+	    if (getsockname(fileno(fp), (struct sockaddr *)tokenbuf, &buflen) >= 0
+		|| errno != ENOTSOCK)
+		IoTYPE(io) = 's'; /* some OS's return 0 on fstat()ed socket */
+				/* but some return 0 for streams too, sigh */
 	}
-#ifdef S_IFSOCK
-	if (result == S_IFSOCK || result == 0)
-	    stio->type = 's';	/* in case a socket was passed in to us */
 #endif
     }
-#if defined(FCNTL) && defined(F_SETFD)
+    if (saveifp) {		/* must use old fp? */
+	fd = fileno(saveifp);
+	if (saveofp) {
+	    Fflush(saveofp);		/* emulate fclose() */
+	    if (saveofp != saveifp) {	/* was a socket? */
+		fclose(saveofp);
+		if (fd > 2)
+		    Safefree(saveofp);
+	    }
+	}
+	if (fd != fileno(fp)) {
+	    int pid;
+	    SV *sv;
+
+	    dup2(fileno(fp), fd);
+	    sv = *av_fetch(fdpid,fileno(fp),TRUE);
+	    (void)SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_IV);
+	    pid = SvIVX(sv);
+	    SvIVX(sv) = 0;
+	    sv = *av_fetch(fdpid,fd,TRUE);
+	    (void)SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_IV);
+	    SvIVX(sv) = pid;
+	    fclose(fp);
+
+	}
+	fp = saveifp;
+	clearerr(fp);
+    }
+#if defined(HAS_FCNTL) && defined(F_SETFD)
     fd = fileno(fp);
-    if (fd >= 3)
-	fcntl(fd,F_SETFD,1);
+    fcntl(fd,F_SETFD,fd > maxsysfd);
 #endif
-    stio->ifp = fp;
+    IoIFP(io) = fp;
     if (writing) {
-	if (stio->type != 's')
-	    stio->ofp = fp;
+	if (IoTYPE(io) == 's'
+	  || (IoTYPE(io) == '>' && S_ISCHR(statbuf.st_mode)) ) {
+	    if (!(IoOFP(io) = fdopen(fileno(fp),"w"))) {
+		fclose(fp);
+		IoIFP(io) = Nullfp;
+		goto say_false;
+	    }
+	}
 	else
-	    stio->ofp = fdopen(fileno(fp),"w");
+	    IoOFP(io) = fp;
     }
     return TRUE;
+
+say_false:
+    IoIFP(io) = saveifp;
+    IoOFP(io) = saveofp;
+    IoTYPE(io) = savetype;
+    return FALSE;
 }
 
 FILE *
-nextargv(stab)
-register STAB *stab;
+nextargv(gv)
+register GV *gv;
 {
-    register STR *str;
-    char *oldname;
-    int filemode,fileuid,filegid;
-
-    while (alen(stab_xarray(stab)) >= 0) {
-	str = ashift(stab_xarray(stab));
-	str_sset(stab_val(stab),str);
-	STABSET(stab_val(stab));
-	oldname = str_get(stab_val(stab));
-	if (do_open(stab,oldname)) {
+    register SV *sv;
+#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
+    int filedev;
+    int fileino;
+#endif
+    int fileuid;
+    int filegid;
+
+    if (!argvoutgv)
+	argvoutgv = gv_fetchpv("ARGVOUT",TRUE,SVt_PVIO);
+    if (filemode & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID)) {
+	Fflush(IoIFP(GvIOn(argvoutgv)));  /* chmod must follow last write */
+#ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
+	(void)fchmod(lastfd,filemode);
+#else
+	(void)chmod(oldname,filemode);
+#endif
+    }
+    filemode = 0;
+    while (av_len(GvAV(gv)) >= 0) {
+	STRLEN len;
+	sv = av_shift(GvAV(gv));
+	SAVEFREESV(sv);
+	sv_setsv(GvSV(gv),sv);
+	SvSETMAGIC(GvSV(gv));
+	oldname = SvPVx(GvSV(gv), len);
+	if (do_open(gv,oldname,len,FALSE,0,0,Nullfp)) {
 	    if (inplace) {
-#ifdef TAINT
-		taintproper("Insecure dependency in inplace open");
+		TAINT_PROPER("inplace open");
+		if (strEQ(oldname,"-")) {
+		    setdefout(gv_fetchpv("STDOUT",TRUE,SVt_PVIO));
+		    return IoIFP(GvIOp(gv));
+		}
+#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
+		filedev = statbuf.st_dev;
+		fileino = statbuf.st_ino;
 #endif
 		filemode = statbuf.st_mode;
 		fileuid = statbuf.st_uid;
 		filegid = statbuf.st_gid;
+		if (!S_ISREG(filemode)) {
+		    warn("Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file",
+		      oldname );
+		    do_close(gv,FALSE);
+		    continue;
+		}
 		if (*inplace) {
-		    str_cat(str,inplace);
-#ifdef RENAME
-		    (void)rename(oldname,str->str_ptr);
+#ifdef SUFFIX
+		    add_suffix(sv,inplace);
+#else
+		    sv_catpv(sv,inplace);
+#endif
+#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
+		    if (Stat(SvPVX(sv),&statbuf) >= 0
+		      && statbuf.st_dev == filedev
+		      && statbuf.st_ino == fileino ) {
+			warn("Can't do inplace edit: %s > 14 characters",
+			  SvPVX(sv) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			continue;
+		    }
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_RENAME
+#ifndef DOSISH
+		    if (rename(oldname,SvPVX(sv)) < 0) {
+			warn("Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
+			  oldname, SvPVX(sv), Strerror(errno) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			continue;
+		    }
 #else
-		    (void)UNLINK(str->str_ptr);
-		    (void)link(oldname,str->str_ptr);
+		    do_close(gv,FALSE);
+		    (void)unlink(SvPVX(sv));
+		    (void)rename(oldname,SvPVX(sv));
+		    do_open(gv,SvPVX(sv),SvCUR(sv),FALSE,0,0,Nullfp);
+#endif /* MSDOS */
+#else
+		    (void)UNLINK(SvPVX(sv));
+		    if (link(oldname,SvPVX(sv)) < 0) {
+			warn("Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
+			  oldname, SvPVX(sv), Strerror(errno) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			continue;
+		    }
 		    (void)UNLINK(oldname);
 #endif
 		}
 		else {
-		    (void)UNLINK(oldname);
+#ifndef DOSISH
+		    if (UNLINK(oldname) < 0) {
+			warn("Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
+			  oldname, SvPVX(sv), Strerror(errno) );
+			do_close(gv,FALSE);
+			continue;
+		    }
+#else
+		    croak("Can't do inplace edit without backup");
+#endif
 		}
 
-		str_nset(str,">",1);
-		str_cat(str,oldname);
-		errno = 0;		/* in case sprintf set errno */
-		if (!do_open(argvoutstab,str->str_ptr))
-		    fatal("Can't do inplace edit");
-		defoutstab = argvoutstab;
-#ifdef FCHMOD
-		(void)fchmod(fileno(stab_io(argvoutstab)->ifp),filemode);
+		sv_setpvn(sv,">",1);
+		sv_catpv(sv,oldname);
+		SETERRNO(0,0);		/* in case sprintf set errno */
+		if (!do_open(argvoutgv,SvPVX(sv),SvCUR(sv),FALSE,0,0,Nullfp)) {
+		    warn("Can't do inplace edit on %s: %s",
+		      oldname, Strerror(errno) );
+		    do_close(gv,FALSE);
+		    continue;
+		}
+		setdefout(argvoutgv);
+		lastfd = fileno(IoIFP(GvIOp(argvoutgv)));
+		(void)Fstat(lastfd,&statbuf);
+#ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
+		(void)fchmod(lastfd,filemode);
 #else
 		(void)chmod(oldname,filemode);
 #endif
-#ifdef FCHOWN
-		(void)fchown(fileno(stab_io(argvoutstab)->ifp),fileuid,filegid);
+		if (fileuid != statbuf.st_uid || filegid != statbuf.st_gid) {
+#ifdef HAS_FCHOWN
+		    (void)fchown(lastfd,fileuid,filegid);
 #else
-		(void)chown(oldname,fileuid,filegid);
+#ifdef HAS_CHOWN
+		    (void)chown(oldname,fileuid,filegid);
+#endif
 #endif
+		}
 	    }
-	    str_free(str);
-	    return stab_io(stab)->ifp;
+	    return IoIFP(GvIOp(gv));
 	}
 	else
-	    fprintf(stderr,"Can't open %s\n",str_get(str));
-	str_free(str);
+	    fprintf(stderr,"Can't open %s: %s\n",SvPV(sv, na), Strerror(errno));
     }
     if (inplace) {
-	(void)do_close(argvoutstab,FALSE);
-	defoutstab = stabent("STDOUT",TRUE);
+	(void)do_close(argvoutgv,FALSE);
+	setdefout(gv_fetchpv("STDOUT",TRUE,SVt_PVIO));
     }
     return Nullfp;
 }
 
+#ifdef HAS_PIPE
+void
+do_pipe(sv, rgv, wgv)
+SV *sv;
+GV *rgv;
+GV *wgv;
+{
+    register IO *rstio;
+    register IO *wstio;
+    int fd[2];
+
+    if (!rgv)
+	goto badexit;
+    if (!wgv)
+	goto badexit;
+
+    rstio = GvIOn(rgv);
+    wstio = GvIOn(wgv);
+
+    if (IoIFP(rstio))
+	do_close(rgv,FALSE);
+    if (IoIFP(wstio))
+	do_close(wgv,FALSE);
+
+    if (pipe(fd) < 0)
+	goto badexit;
+    IoIFP(rstio) = fdopen(fd[0], "r");
+    IoOFP(wstio) = fdopen(fd[1], "w");
+    IoIFP(wstio) = IoOFP(wstio);
+    IoTYPE(rstio) = '<';
+    IoTYPE(wstio) = '>';
+    if (!IoIFP(rstio) || !IoOFP(wstio)) {
+	if (IoIFP(rstio)) fclose(IoIFP(rstio));
+	else close(fd[0]);
+	if (IoOFP(wstio)) fclose(IoOFP(wstio));
+	else close(fd[1]);
+	goto badexit;
+    }
+
+    sv_setsv(sv,&sv_yes);
+    return;
+
+badexit:
+    sv_setsv(sv,&sv_undef);
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* explicit renamed to avoid C++ conflict    -- kja */
 bool
-do_close(stab,explicit)
-STAB *stab;
-bool explicit;
+#ifndef CAN_PROTOTYPE
+do_close(gv,not_implicit)
+GV *gv;
+bool not_implicit;
+#else
+do_close(GV *gv, bool not_implicit)
+#endif /* CAN_PROTOTYPE */
 {
-    bool retval = FALSE;
-    register STIO *stio = stab_io(stab);
-    int status;
+    bool retval;
+    IO *io;
 
-    if (!stio) {		/* never opened */
-	if (dowarn && explicit)
-	    warn("Close on unopened file <%s>",stab_name(stab));
+    if (!gv)
+	gv = argvgv;
+    if (!gv || SvTYPE(gv) != SVt_PVGV) {
+	SETERRNO(EBADF,SS$_IVCHAN);
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+    io = GvIO(gv);
+    if (!io) {		/* never opened */
+	if (dowarn && not_implicit)
+	    warn("Close on unopened file <%s>",GvENAME(gv));
 	return FALSE;
     }
-    if (stio->ifp) {
-	if (stio->type == '|') {
-	    status = mypclose(stio->ifp);
-	    retval = (status >= 0);
-	    statusvalue = (unsigned)status & 0xffff;
+    retval = io_close(io);
+    if (not_implicit) {
+	IoLINES(io) = 0;
+	IoPAGE(io) = 0;
+	IoLINES_LEFT(io) = IoPAGE_LEN(io);
+    }
+    IoTYPE(io) = ' ';
+    return retval;
+}
+
+bool
+io_close(io)
+IO* io;
+{
+    bool retval = FALSE;
+    int status;
+
+    if (IoIFP(io)) {
+	if (IoTYPE(io) == '|') {
+	    status = my_pclose(IoIFP(io));
+	    retval = (status == 0);
+	    statusvalue = FIXSTATUS(status);
 	}
-	else if (stio->type == '-')
+	else if (IoTYPE(io) == '-')
 	    retval = TRUE;
 	else {
-	    if (stio->ofp && stio->ofp != stio->ifp)		/* a socket */
-		fclose(stio->ofp);
-	    retval = (fclose(stio->ifp) != EOF);
+	    if (IoOFP(io) && IoOFP(io) != IoIFP(io)) {		/* a socket */
+		retval = (fclose(IoOFP(io)) != EOF);
+		fclose(IoIFP(io));	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
+	    }
+	    else
+		retval = (fclose(IoIFP(io)) != EOF);
 	}
-	stio->ofp = stio->ifp = Nullfp;
+	IoOFP(io) = IoIFP(io) = Nullfp;
     }
-    if (explicit)
-	stio->lines = 0;
-    stio->type = ' ';
+
     return retval;
 }
 
 bool
-do_eof(stab)
-STAB *stab;
+do_eof(gv)
+GV *gv;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
     int ch;
 
-    if (!stab) {			/* eof() */
-	if (argvstab)
-	    stio = stab_io(argvstab);
-	else
-	    return TRUE;
-    }
-    else
-	stio = stab_io(stab);
+    io = GvIO(gv);
 
-    if (!stio)
+    if (!io)
 	return TRUE;
 
-    while (stio->ifp) {
+    while (IoIFP(io)) {
 
-#ifdef STDSTDIO			/* (the code works without this) */
-	if (stio->ifp->_cnt > 0)	/* cheat a little, since */
+#ifdef USE_STDIO_PTR			/* (the code works without this) */
+	if (FILE_cnt(IoIFP(io)) > 0)	/* cheat a little, since */
 	    return FALSE;		/* this is the most usual case */
 #endif
 
-	ch = getc(stio->ifp);
+	ch = getc(IoIFP(io));
 	if (ch != EOF) {
-	    (void)ungetc(ch, stio->ifp);
+	    (void)ungetc(ch, IoIFP(io));
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
-	if (!stab) {			/* not necessarily a real EOF yet? */
-	    if (!nextargv(argvstab))	/* get another fp handy */
+#if defined(USE_STDIO_PTR) && defined(STDIO_CNT_LVALUE)
+	if (FILE_cnt(IoIFP(io)) < -1)
+	    FILE_cnt(IoIFP(io)) = -1;
+#endif
+	if (op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) { /* not necessarily a real EOF yet? */
+	    if (!nextargv(argvgv))	/* get another fp handy */
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 	else
@@ -370,234 +624,146 @@ STAB *stab;
 }
 
 long
-do_tell(stab)
-STAB *stab;
+do_tell(gv)
+GV *gv;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
 
-    if (!stab)
+    if (!gv)
 	goto phooey;
 
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
+    io = GvIO(gv);
+    if (!io || !IoIFP(io))
 	goto phooey;
 
-    if (feof(stio->ifp))
-	(void)fseek (stio->ifp, 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
+#ifdef ULTRIX_STDIO_BOTCH
+    if (feof(IoIFP(io)))
+	(void)fseek (IoIFP(io), 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
+#endif
 
-    return ftell(stio->ifp);
+    return ftell(IoIFP(io));
 
 phooey:
     if (dowarn)
 	warn("tell() on unopened file");
+    SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS$_IFI);
     return -1L;
 }
 
 bool
-do_seek(stab, pos, whence)
-STAB *stab;
+do_seek(gv, pos, whence)
+GV *gv;
 long pos;
 int whence;
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
+    register IO *io;
 
-    if (!stab)
+    if (!gv)
 	goto nuts;
 
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
+    io = GvIO(gv);
+    if (!io || !IoIFP(io))
 	goto nuts;
 
-    if (feof(stio->ifp))
-	(void)fseek (stio->ifp, 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
+#ifdef ULTRIX_STDIO_BOTCH
+    if (feof(IoIFP(io)))
+	(void)fseek (IoIFP(io), 0L, 2);		/* ultrix 1.2 workaround */
+#endif
 
-    return fseek(stio->ifp, pos, whence) >= 0;
+    return fseek(IoIFP(io), pos, whence) >= 0;
 
 nuts:
     if (dowarn)
 	warn("seek() on unopened file");
+    SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS$_IFI);
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-int
-do_ctl(optype,stab,func,argstr)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int func;
-STR *argstr;
+#if !defined(HAS_TRUNCATE) && !defined(HAS_CHSIZE) && defined(F_FREESP)
+	/* code courtesy of William Kucharski */
+#define HAS_CHSIZE
+
+I32 my_chsize(fd, length)
+I32 fd;			/* file descriptor */
+Off_t length;		/* length to set file to */
 {
-    register STIO *stio;
-    register char *s;
-    int retval;
+    extern long lseek();
+    struct flock fl;
+    struct stat filebuf;
 
-    if (!stab || !argstr)
-	return -1;
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio)
+    if (Fstat(fd, &filebuf) < 0)
 	return -1;
 
-    if (argstr->str_pok || !argstr->str_nok) {
-	if (!argstr->str_pok)
-	    s = str_get(argstr);
+    if (filebuf.st_size < length) {
 
-#ifdef IOCPARM_MASK
-#ifndef IOCPARM_LEN
-#define IOCPARM_LEN(x)  (((x) >> 16) & IOCPARM_MASK)
-#endif
-#endif
-#ifdef IOCPARM_LEN
-	retval = IOCPARM_LEN(func);	/* on BSDish systes we're safe */
-#else
-	retval = 256;			/* otherwise guess at what's safe */
-#endif
-	if (argstr->str_cur < retval) {
-	    str_grow(argstr,retval+1);
-	    argstr->str_cur = retval;
-	}
+	/* extend file length */
 
-	s = argstr->str_ptr;
-	s[argstr->str_cur] = 17;	/* a little sanity check here */
-    }
-    else {
-	retval = (int)str_gnum(argstr);
-	s = (char*)retval;		/* ouch */
-    }
+	if ((lseek(fd, (length - 1), 0)) < 0)
+	    return -1;
 
-#ifndef lint
-    if (optype == O_IOCTL)
-	retval = ioctl(fileno(stio->ifp), func, s);
-    else
-#ifdef I_FCNTL
-	retval = fcntl(fileno(stio->ifp), func, s);
-#else
-	fatal("fcntl is not implemented");
-#endif
-#else /* lint */
-    retval = 0;
-#endif /* lint */
-
-    if (argstr->str_pok) {
-	if (s[argstr->str_cur] != 17)
-	    fatal("Return value overflowed string");
-	s[argstr->str_cur] = 0;		/* put our null back */
-    }
-    return retval;
-}
+	/* write a "0" byte */
 
-int
-do_stat(str,arg,gimme,arglast)
-STR *str;
-register ARG *arg;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0] + 1;
-    int max = 13;
-    register int i;
-
-    if ((arg[1].arg_type & A_MASK) == A_WORD) {
-	tmpstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	if (tmpstab != defstab) {
-	    statstab = tmpstab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    if (!stab_io(tmpstab) ||
-	      fstat(fileno(stab_io(tmpstab)->ifp),&statcache) < 0) {
-		max = 0;
-	    }
-	}
+	if ((write(fd, "", 1)) != 1)
+	    return -1;
     }
     else {
-	str_sset(statname,ary->ary_array[sp]);
-	statstab = Nullstab;
-#ifdef SYMLINK
-	if (arg->arg_type == O_LSTAT)
-	    i = lstat(str_get(statname),&statcache);
-	else
-#endif
-	    i = stat(str_get(statname),&statcache);
-	if (i < 0)
-	    max = 0;
-    }
+	/* truncate length */
+
+	fl.l_whence = 0;
+	fl.l_len = 0;
+	fl.l_start = length;
+	fl.l_type = F_WRLCK;    /* write lock on file space */
+
+	/*
+	* This relies on the UNDOCUMENTED F_FREESP argument to
+	* fcntl(2), which truncates the file so that it ends at the
+	* position indicated by fl.l_start.
+	*
+	* Will minor miracles never cease?
+	*/
+
+	if (fcntl(fd, F_FREESP, &fl) < 0)
+	    return -1;
 
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	if (max)
-	    str_sset(str,&str_yes);
-	else
-	    str_sset(str,&str_undef);
-	STABSET(str);
-	ary->ary_array[sp] = str;
-	return sp;
-    }
-    sp--;
-    if (max) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_dev)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_ino)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_mode)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_nlink)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_uid)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_gid)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_rdev)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_size)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_atime)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_mtime)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_ctime)));
-#ifdef STATBLOCKS
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_blksize)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_nmake((double)statcache.st_blocks)));
-#else
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_make("",0)));
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-	  str_2static(str_make("",0)));
-#endif
-#else /* lint */
-	(void)astore(ary,++sp,str_nmake(0.0));
-#endif /* lint */
     }
-    return sp;
+
+    return 0;
 }
+#endif /* F_FREESP */
 
-int
-looks_like_number(str)
-STR *str;
+I32
+looks_like_number(sv)
+SV *sv;
 {
     register char *s;
     register char *send;
 
-    if (!str->str_pok)
-	return TRUE;
-    s = str->str_ptr; 
-    send = s + str->str_cur;
-    while (isspace(*s))
+    if (!SvPOK(sv)) {
+	STRLEN len;
+	if (!SvPOKp(sv))
+	    return TRUE;
+	s = SvPV(sv, len);
+	send = s + len;
+    }
+    else {
+	s = SvPVX(sv); 
+	send = s + SvCUR(sv);
+    }
+    while (isSPACE(*s))
 	s++;
     if (s >= send)
 	return FALSE;
     if (*s == '+' || *s == '-')
 	s++;
-    while (isdigit(*s))
+    while (isDIGIT(*s))
 	s++;
     if (s == send)
 	return TRUE;
     if (*s == '.') 
 	s++;
-    else if (s == str->str_ptr)
+    else if (s == SvPVX(sv))
 	return FALSE;
-    while (isdigit(*s))
+    while (isDIGIT(*s))
 	s++;
     if (s == send)
 	return TRUE;
@@ -605,10 +771,10 @@ STR *str;
 	s++;
 	if (*s == '+' || *s == '-')
 	    s++;
-	while (isdigit(*s))
+	while (isDIGIT(*s))
 	    s++;
     }
-    while (isspace(*s))
+    while (isSPACE(*s))
 	s++;
     if (s >= send)
 	return TRUE;
@@ -616,242 +782,189 @@ STR *str;
 }
 
 bool
-do_print(str,fp)
-register STR *str;
+do_print(sv,fp)
+register SV *sv;
 FILE *fp;
 {
     register char *tmps;
+    STRLEN len;
 
-    if (!fp) {
-	if (dowarn)
-	    warn("print to unopened file");
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-    if (!str)
-	return FALSE;
-    if (ofmt &&
-      ((str->str_nok && str->str_u.str_nval != 0.0)
-       || (looks_like_number(str) && str_gnum(str) != 0.0) ) )
-	fprintf(fp, ofmt, str->str_u.str_nval);
-    else {
-	tmps = str_get(str);
-	if (*tmps == 'S' && tmps[1] == 't' && tmps[2] == 'a' && tmps[3] == 'b'
-	  && str->str_cur == sizeof(STBP) && strlen(tmps) < str->str_cur) {
-	    tmps = stab_name(((STAB*)str));	/* a stab value, be nice */
-	    str = ((STAB*)str)->str_magic;
-	    putc('*',fp);
+    /* assuming fp is checked earlier */
+    if (!sv)
+	return TRUE;
+    if (ofmt) {
+	if (SvGMAGICAL(sv))
+	    mg_get(sv);
+        if (SvIOK(sv) && SvIVX(sv) != 0) {
+	    fprintf(fp, ofmt, (double)SvIVX(sv));
+	    return !ferror(fp);
+	}
+	if (  (SvNOK(sv) && SvNVX(sv) != 0.0)
+	   || (looks_like_number(sv) && sv_2nv(sv) != 0.0) ) {
+	    fprintf(fp, ofmt, SvNVX(sv));
+	    return !ferror(fp);
 	}
-	if (str->str_cur && fwrite(tmps,1,str->str_cur,fp) == 0)
-	    return FALSE;
     }
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-bool
-do_aprint(arg,fp,arglast)
-register ARG *arg;
-register FILE *fp;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register int retval;
-    register int items = arglast[2] - sp;
-
-    if (!fp) {
+    switch (SvTYPE(sv)) {
+    case SVt_NULL:
 	if (dowarn)
-	    warn("print to unopened file");
-	return FALSE;
-    }
-    st += ++sp;
-    if (arg->arg_type == O_PRTF) {
-	do_sprintf(arg->arg_ptr.arg_str,items,st);
-	retval = do_print(arg->arg_ptr.arg_str,fp);
-    }
-    else {
-	retval = (items <= 0);
-	for (; items > 0; items--,st++) {
-	    if (retval && ofslen) {
-		if (fwrite(ofs, 1, ofslen, fp) == 0) {
-		    retval = FALSE;
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	    if (!(retval = do_print(*st, fp)))
-		break;
+	    warn(warn_uninit);
+	return TRUE;
+    case SVt_IV:
+	if (SvIOK(sv)) {
+	    if (SvGMAGICAL(sv))
+		mg_get(sv);
+	    fprintf(fp, "%ld", (long)SvIVX(sv));
+	    return !ferror(fp);
 	}
-	if (retval && orslen)
-	    if (fwrite(ors, 1, orslen, fp) == 0)
-		retval = FALSE;
+	/* FALL THROUGH */
+    default:
+	tmps = SvPV(sv, len);
+	break;
     }
-    return retval;
+    if (len && (fwrite1(tmps,1,len,fp) == 0 || ferror(fp)))
+	return FALSE;
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
-int
-mystat(arg,str)
-ARG *arg;
-STR *str;
+I32
+my_stat(ARGS)
+dARGS
 {
-    STIO *stio;
-
-    if (arg[1].arg_type & A_DONT) {
-	stio = stab_io(arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab);
-	if (stio && stio->ifp) {
-	    statstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    return fstat(fileno(stio->ifp), &statcache);
+    dSP;
+    IO *io;
+    GV* tmpgv;
+
+    if (op->op_flags & OPf_REF) {
+	EXTEND(sp,1);
+	tmpgv = cGVOP->op_gv;
+      do_fstat:
+	io = GvIO(tmpgv);
+	if (io && IoIFP(io)) {
+	    statgv = tmpgv;
+	    sv_setpv(statname,"");
+	    laststype = OP_STAT;
+	    return (laststatval = Fstat(fileno(IoIFP(io)), &statcache));
 	}
 	else {
-	    if (arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab == defstab)
-		return 0;
+	    if (tmpgv == defgv)
+		return laststatval;
 	    if (dowarn)
 		warn("Stat on unopened file <%s>",
-		  stab_name(arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab));
-	    statstab = Nullstab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    return -1;
+		  GvENAME(tmpgv));
+	    statgv = Nullgv;
+	    sv_setpv(statname,"");
+	    return (laststatval = -1);
 	}
     }
     else {
-	statstab = Nullstab;
-	str_sset(statname,str);
-	return stat(str_get(str),&statcache);
-    }
-}
-
-STR *
-do_fttext(arg,str)
-register ARG *arg;
-STR *str;
-{
-    int i;
-    int len;
-    int odd = 0;
-    STDCHAR tbuf[512];
-    register STDCHAR *s;
-    register STIO *stio;
-
-    if (arg[1].arg_type & A_DONT) {
-	if (arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab == defstab) {
-	    if (statstab)
-		stio = stab_io(statstab);
-	    else {
-		str = statname;
-		goto really_filename;
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    statstab = arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab;
-	    str_set(statname,"");
-	    stio = stab_io(statstab);
-	}
-	if (stio && stio->ifp) {
-#ifdef STDSTDIO
-	    fstat(fileno(stio->ifp),&statcache);
-	    if (stio->ifp->_cnt <= 0) {
-		i = getc(stio->ifp);
-		if (i != EOF)
-		    (void)ungetc(i,stio->ifp);
-	    }
-	    if (stio->ifp->_cnt <= 0)	/* null file is anything */
-		return &str_yes;
-	    len = stio->ifp->_cnt + (stio->ifp->_ptr - stio->ifp->_base);
-	    s = stio->ifp->_base;
-#else
-	    fatal("-T and -B not implemented on filehandles\n");
-#endif
+	SV* sv = POPs;
+	PUTBACK;
+	if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_PVGV) {
+	    tmpgv = (GV*)sv;
+	    goto do_fstat;
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (dowarn)
-		warn("Test on unopened file <%s>",
-		  stab_name(arg[1].arg_ptr.arg_stab));
-	    return &str_undef;
+	else if (SvROK(sv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVGV) {
+	    tmpgv = (GV*)SvRV(sv);
+	    goto do_fstat;
 	}
-    }
-    else {
-	statstab = Nullstab;
-	str_sset(statname,str);
-      really_filename:
-	i = open(str_get(str),0);
-	if (i < 0)
-	    return &str_undef;
-	fstat(i,&statcache);
-	len = read(i,tbuf,512);
-	if (len <= 0)		/* null file is anything */
-	    return &str_yes;
-	(void)close(i);
-	s = tbuf;
-    }
 
-    /* now scan s to look for textiness */
+	statgv = Nullgv;
+	sv_setpv(statname,SvPV(sv, na));
+	laststype = OP_STAT;
+	laststatval = Stat(SvPV(sv, na),&statcache);
+	if (laststatval < 0 && dowarn && strchr(SvPV(sv, na), '\n'))
+	    warn(warn_nl, "stat");
+	return laststatval;
+    }
+}
 
-    for (i = 0; i < len; i++,s++) {
-	if (!*s) {			/* null never allowed in text */
-	    odd += len;
-	    break;
+I32
+my_lstat(ARGS)
+dARGS
+{
+    dSP;
+    SV *sv;
+    if (op->op_flags & OPf_REF) {
+	EXTEND(sp,1);
+	if (cGVOP->op_gv == defgv) {
+	    if (laststype != OP_LSTAT)
+		croak("The stat preceding -l _ wasn't an lstat");
+	    return laststatval;
 	}
-	else if (*s & 128)
-	    odd++;
-	else if (*s < 32 &&
-	  *s != '\n' && *s != '\r' && *s != '\b' &&
-	  *s != '\t' && *s != '\f' && *s != 27)
-	    odd++;
+	croak("You can't use -l on a filehandle");
     }
 
-    if ((odd * 10 > len) == (arg->arg_type == O_FTTEXT)) /* allow 10% odd */
-	return &str_no;
-    else
-	return &str_yes;
+    laststype = OP_LSTAT;
+    statgv = Nullgv;
+    sv = POPs;
+    PUTBACK;
+    sv_setpv(statname,SvPV(sv, na));
+#ifdef HAS_LSTAT
+    laststatval = lstat(SvPV(sv, na),&statcache);
+#else
+    laststatval = Stat(SvPV(sv, na),&statcache);
+#endif
+    if (laststatval < 0 && dowarn && strchr(SvPV(sv, na), '\n'))
+	warn(warn_nl, "lstat");
+    return laststatval;
 }
 
 bool
-do_aexec(really,arglast)
-STR *really;
-int *arglast;
+do_aexec(really,mark,sp)
+SV *really;
+register SV **mark;
+register SV **sp;
 {
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register int items = arglast[2] - sp;
     register char **a;
-    char **argv;
     char *tmps;
 
-    if (items) {
-	New(401,argv, items+1, char*);
-	a = argv;
-	for (st += ++sp; items > 0; items--,st++) {
-	    if (*st)
-		*a++ = str_get(*st);
+    if (sp > mark) {
+	New(401,Argv, sp - mark + 1, char*);
+	a = Argv;
+	while (++mark <= sp) {
+	    if (*mark)
+		*a++ = SvPVx(*mark, na);
 	    else
 		*a++ = "";
 	}
 	*a = Nullch;
-#ifdef TAINT
-	if (*argv[0] != '/')	/* will execvp use PATH? */
-	    taintenv();		/* testing IFS here is overkill, probably */
-#endif
-	if (really && *(tmps = str_get(really)))
-	    execvp(tmps,argv);
+	if (*Argv[0] != '/')	/* will execvp use PATH? */
+	    TAINT_ENV();		/* testing IFS here is overkill, probably */
+	if (really && *(tmps = SvPV(really, na)))
+	    execvp(tmps,Argv);
 	else
-	    execvp(argv[0],argv);
-	Safefree(argv);
+	    execvp(Argv[0],Argv);
+	if (dowarn)
+	    warn("Can't exec \"%s\": %s", Argv[0], Strerror(errno));
     }
+    do_execfree();
     return FALSE;
 }
 
+void
+do_execfree()
+{
+    if (Argv) {
+	Safefree(Argv);
+	Argv = Null(char **);
+    }
+    if (Cmd) {
+	Safefree(Cmd);
+	Cmd = Nullch;
+    }
+}
+
 bool
 do_exec(cmd)
 char *cmd;
 {
     register char **a;
     register char *s;
-    char **argv;
     char flags[10];
 
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintenv();
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in exec");
-#endif
+    while (*cmd && isSPACE(*cmd))
+	cmd++;
 
     /* save an extra exec if possible */
 
@@ -884,1020 +997,177 @@ char *cmd;
 
     /* see if there are shell metacharacters in it */
 
+    if (*cmd == '.' && isSPACE(cmd[1]))
+	goto doshell;
+
+    if (strnEQ(cmd,"exec",4) && isSPACE(cmd[4]))
+	goto doshell;
+
+    for (s = cmd; *s && isALPHA(*s); s++) ;	/* catch VAR=val gizmo */
+    if (*s == '=')
+	goto doshell;
+
     for (s = cmd; *s; s++) {
-	if (*s != ' ' && !isalpha(*s) && index("$&*(){}[]'\";\\|?<>~`\n",*s)) {
+	if (*s != ' ' && !isALPHA(*s) && strchr("$&*(){}[]'\";\\|?<>~`\n",*s)) {
 	    if (*s == '\n' && !s[1]) {
 		*s = '\0';
 		break;
 	    }
 	  doshell:
-	    execl("/bin/sh","sh","-c",cmd,(char*)0);
+	    execl(SH_PATH, "sh", "-c", cmd, (char*)0);
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
     }
-    New(402,argv, (s - cmd) / 2 + 2, char*);
 
-    a = argv;
-    for (s = cmd; *s;) {
-	while (*s && isspace(*s)) s++;
+    New(402,Argv, (s - cmd) / 2 + 2, char*);
+    Cmd = savepvn(cmd, s-cmd);
+    a = Argv;
+    for (s = Cmd; *s;) {
+	while (*s && isSPACE(*s)) s++;
 	if (*s)
 	    *(a++) = s;
-	while (*s && !isspace(*s)) s++;
+	while (*s && !isSPACE(*s)) s++;
 	if (*s)
 	    *s++ = '\0';
     }
     *a = Nullch;
-    if (argv[0]) {
-	execvp(argv[0],argv);
-	if (errno == ENOEXEC)		/* for system V NIH syndrome */
+    if (Argv[0]) {
+	execvp(Argv[0],Argv);
+	if (errno == ENOEXEC) {		/* for system V NIH syndrome */
+	    do_execfree();
 	    goto doshell;
+	}
+	if (dowarn)
+	    warn("Can't exec \"%s\": %s", Argv[0], Strerror(errno));
     }
-    Safefree(argv);
+    do_execfree();
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-#ifdef SOCKET
-int
-do_socket(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
+I32
+apply(type,mark,sp)
+I32 type;
+register SV **mark;
+register SV **sp;
 {
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int domain, type, protocol, fd;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	return FALSE;
+    register I32 val;
+    register I32 val2;
+    register I32 tot = 0;
+    char *s;
+    SV **oldmark = mark;
 
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio)
-	stio = stab_io(stab) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio->ifp)
-	do_close(stab,FALSE);
-
-    domain = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    type = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    protocol = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in socket");
+    if (tainting) {
+	while (++mark <= sp) {
+	    MAGIC *mg;
+	    if (SvMAGICAL(*mark) && (mg = mg_find(*mark, 't')) && mg->mg_len & 1)
+		tainted = TRUE;
+	}
+	mark = oldmark;
+    }
+    switch (type) {
+    case OP_CHMOD:
+	TAINT_PROPER("chmod");
+	if (++mark <= sp) {
+	    tot = sp - mark;
+	    val = SvIVx(*mark);
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (chmod(SvPVx(*mark, na),val))
+		    tot--;
+	    }
+	}
+	break;
+#ifdef HAS_CHOWN
+    case OP_CHOWN:
+	TAINT_PROPER("chown");
+	if (sp - mark > 2) {
+	    val = SvIVx(*++mark);
+	    val2 = SvIVx(*++mark);
+	    tot = sp - mark;
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (chown(SvPVx(*mark, na),val,val2))
+		    tot--;
+	    }
+	}
+	break;
 #endif
-    fd = socket(domain,type,protocol);
-    if (fd < 0)
-	return FALSE;
-    stio->ifp = fdopen(fd, "r");	/* stdio gets confused about sockets */
-    stio->ofp = fdopen(fd, "w");
-    stio->type = 's';
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-int
-do_bind(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    char *addr;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    addr = str_get(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in bind");
-#endif
-    return bind(fileno(stio->ifp), addr, st[sp]->str_cur) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("bind() on closed fd");
-    return FALSE;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_connect(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    char *addr;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    addr = str_get(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in connect");
-#endif
-    return connect(fileno(stio->ifp), addr, st[sp]->str_cur) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("connect() on closed fd");
-    return FALSE;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_listen(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int backlog;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    backlog = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    return listen(fileno(stio->ifp), backlog) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("listen() on closed fd");
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-void
-do_accept(str, nstab, gstab)
-STR *str;
-STAB *nstab;
-STAB *gstab;
-{
-    register STIO *nstio;
-    register STIO *gstio;
-    int len = sizeof buf;
-    int fd;
-
-    if (!nstab)
-	goto badexit;
-    if (!gstab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    gstio = stab_io(gstab);
-    nstio = stab_io(nstab);
-
-    if (!gstio || !gstio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-    if (!nstio)
-	nstio = stab_io(nstab) = stio_new();
-    else if (nstio->ifp)
-	do_close(nstab,FALSE);
-
-    fd = accept(fileno(gstio->ifp),buf,&len);
-    if (fd < 0)
-	goto badexit;
-    nstio->ifp = fdopen(fd, "r");
-    nstio->ofp = fdopen(fd, "w");
-    nstio->type = 's';
-
-    str_nset(str, buf, len);
-    return;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("accept() on closed fd");
-badexit:
-    str_sset(str,&str_undef);
-    return;
-}
-
-int
-do_shutdown(stab, arglast)
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int how;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    how = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    return shutdown(fileno(stio->ifp), how) >= 0;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("shutdown() on closed fd");
-    return FALSE;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_sopt(optype, stab, arglast)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int fd;
-    int lvl;
-    int optname;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    fd = fileno(stio->ifp);
-    lvl = (int)str_gnum(st[sp+1]);
-    optname = (int)str_gnum(st[sp+2]);
-    switch (optype) {
-    case O_GSOCKOPT:
-	st[sp] = str_2static(str_new(257));
-	st[sp]->str_cur = 256;
-	st[sp]->str_pok = 1;
-	if (getsockopt(fd, lvl, optname, st[sp]->str_ptr, &st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts;
-	break;
-    case O_SSOCKOPT:
-	st[sp] = st[sp+3];
-	if (setsockopt(fd, lvl, optname, st[sp]->str_ptr, st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts;
-	st[sp] = &str_yes;
-	break;
-    }
-    
-    return sp;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("[gs]etsockopt() on closed fd");
-    st[sp] = &str_undef;
-    return sp;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_getsockname(optype, stab, arglast)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    int fd;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    stio = stab_io(stab);
-    if (!stio || !stio->ifp)
-	goto nuts;
-
-    st[sp] = str_2static(str_new(257));
-    st[sp]->str_cur = 256;
-    st[sp]->str_pok = 1;
-    fd = fileno(stio->ifp);
-    switch (optype) {
-    case O_GETSOCKNAME:
-	if (getsockname(fd, st[sp]->str_ptr, &st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts;
-	break;
-    case O_GETPEERNAME:
-	if (getpeername(fd, st[sp]->str_ptr, &st[sp]->str_cur) < 0)
-	    goto nuts;
-	break;
-    }
-    
-    return sp;
-
-nuts:
-    if (dowarn)
-	warn("get{sock,peer}name() on closed fd");
-    st[sp] = &str_undef;
-    return sp;
-
-}
-
-int
-do_ghent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct hostent *gethostbyname();
-    struct hostent *gethostbyaddr();
-#ifdef GETHOSTENT
-    struct hostent *gethostent();
-#endif
-    struct hostent *hent;
-    unsigned long len;
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_undef));
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (which == O_GHBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	hent = gethostbyname(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GHBYADDR) {
-	STR *addrstr = ary->ary_array[sp+1];
-	int addrtype = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-	char *addr = str_get(addrstr);
-
-	hent = gethostbyaddr(addr,addrstr->str_cur,addrtype);
-    }
-    else
-#ifdef GETHOSTENT
-	hent = gethostent();
-#else
-	fatal("gethostent not implemented");
-#endif
-    if (hent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, hent->h_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	for (elem = hent->h_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)hent->h_addrtype);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	len = hent->h_length;
-	str_numset(str, (double)len);
-#ifdef h_addr
-	for (elem = hent->h_addr_list; *elem; elem++) {
-	    (void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	    str_nset(str, *elem, len);
-	}
-#else
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_nset(str, hent->h_addr, len);
-#endif /* h_addr */
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_gnent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct netent *getnetbyname();
-    struct netent *getnetbyaddr();
-    struct netent *getnetent();
-    struct netent *nent;
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_undef));
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (which == O_GNBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	nent = getnetbyname(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GNBYADDR) {
-	STR *addrstr = ary->ary_array[sp+1];
-	int addrtype = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-	char *addr = str_get(addrstr);
-
-	nent = getnetbyaddr(addr,addrtype);
-    }
-    else
-	nent = getnetent();
-
-    if (nent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, nent->n_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	for (elem = nent->n_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)nent->n_addrtype);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)nent->n_net);
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_gpent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct protoent *getprotobyname();
-    struct protoent *getprotobynumber();
-    struct protoent *getprotoent();
-    struct protoent *pent;
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_undef));
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (which == O_GPBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pent = getprotobyname(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GPBYNUMBER) {
-	int proto = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pent = getprotobynumber(proto);
-    }
-    else
-	pent = getprotoent();
-
-    if (pent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pent->p_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	for (elem = pent->p_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pent->p_proto);
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_gsent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct servent *getservbyname();
-    struct servent *getservbynumber();
-    struct servent *getservent();
-    struct servent *sent;
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_undef));
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (which == O_GSBYNAME) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-	char *proto = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-
-	if (proto && !*proto)
-	    proto = Nullch;
-
-	sent = getservbyname(name,proto);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GSBYPORT) {
-	int port = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-	char *proto = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+2]);
-
-	sent = getservbyport(port,proto);
-    }
-    else
-	sent = getservent();
-    if (sent) {
-#ifndef lint
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, sent->s_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	for (elem = sent->s_aliases; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
+#ifdef HAS_KILL
+    case OP_KILL:
+	TAINT_PROPER("kill");
+	s = SvPVx(*++mark, na);
+	tot = sp - mark;
+	if (isUPPER(*s)) {
+	    if (*s == 'S' && s[1] == 'I' && s[2] == 'G')
+		s += 3;
+	    if (!(val = whichsig(s)))
+		croak("Unrecognized signal name \"%s\"",s);
 	}
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-#ifdef NTOHS
-	str_numset(str, (double)ntohs(sent->s_port));
-#else
-	str_numset(str, (double)(sent->s_port));
-#endif
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, sent->s_proto);
-#else /* lint */
-	elem = Nullch;
-	elem = elem;
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_no));
-#endif /* lint */
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_select(gimme,arglast)
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register int i;
-    register int j;
-    register char *s;
-    register STR *str;
-    double value;
-    int maxlen = 0;
-    int nfound;
-    struct timeval timebuf;
-    struct timeval *tbuf = &timebuf;
-
-    for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
-	j = st[sp+i]->str_len;
-	if (maxlen < j)
-	    maxlen = j;
-    }
-    for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
-	str = st[sp+i];
-	j = str->str_len;
-	if (j < maxlen) {
-	    if (str->str_pok) {
-		str_grow(str,maxlen);
-		s = str_get(str) + j;
-		while (++j <= maxlen) {
-		    *s++ = '\0';
+	else
+	    val = SvIVx(*mark);
+#ifdef VMS
+	/* kill() doesn't do process groups (job trees?) under VMS */
+	if (val < 0) val = -val;
+	if (val == SIGKILL) {
+#	    include <starlet.h>
+	    /* Use native sys$delprc() to insure that target process is
+	     * deleted; supervisor-mode images don't pay attention to
+	     * CRTL's emulation of Unix-style signals and kill()
+	     */
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		I32 proc = SvIVx(*mark);
+		register unsigned long int __vmssts;
+		if (!((__vmssts = sys$delprc(&proc,0)) & 1)) {
+		    tot--;
+		    switch (__vmssts) {
+			case SS$_NONEXPR:
+			case SS$_NOSUCHNODE:
+			    SETERRNO(ESRCH,__vmssts);
+			    break;
+			case SS$_NOPRIV:
+			    SETERRNO(EPERM,__vmssts);
+			    break;
+			default:
+			    SETERRNO(EVMSERR,__vmssts);
+		    }
 		}
 	    }
-	    else if (str->str_ptr) {
-		Safefree(str->str_ptr);
-		str->str_ptr = Nullch;
-	    }
-	}
-    }
-    str = st[sp+4];
-    if (str->str_nok || str->str_pok) {
-	value = str_gnum(str);
-	if (value < 0.0)
-	    value = 0.0;
-	timebuf.tv_sec = (long)value;
-	value -= (double)timebuf.tv_sec;
-	timebuf.tv_usec = (long)(value * 1000000.0);
-    }
-    else
-	tbuf = Null(struct timeval*);
-
-    nfound = select(
-	maxlen * 8,
-	st[sp+1]->str_ptr,
-	st[sp+2]->str_ptr,
-	st[sp+3]->str_ptr,
-	tbuf);
-
-    st[++sp] = str_static(&str_no);
-    str_numset(st[sp], (double)nfound);
-    if (gimme == G_ARRAY && tbuf) {
-	value = (double)(timebuf.tv_sec) +
-		(double)(timebuf.tv_usec) / 1000000.0;
-	st[++sp] = str_static(&str_no);
-	str_numset(st[sp], value);
-    }
-    return sp;
-}
-
-int
-do_spair(stab1, stab2, arglast)
-STAB *stab1;
-STAB *stab2;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[2];
-    register STIO *stio1;
-    register STIO *stio2;
-    int domain, type, protocol, fd[2];
-
-    if (!stab1 || !stab2)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    stio1 = stab_io(stab1);
-    stio2 = stab_io(stab2);
-    if (!stio1)
-	stio1 = stab_io(stab1) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio1->ifp)
-	do_close(stab1,FALSE);
-    if (!stio2)
-	stio2 = stab_io(stab2) = stio_new();
-    else if (stio2->ifp)
-	do_close(stab2,FALSE);
-
-    domain = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    type = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-    protocol = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef TAINT
-    taintproper("Insecure dependency in socketpair");
-#endif
-#ifdef SOCKETPAIR
-    if (socketpair(domain,type,protocol,fd) < 0)
-	return FALSE;
-#else
-    fatal("Socketpair unimplemented");
-#endif
-    stio1->ifp = fdopen(fd[0], "r");
-    stio1->ofp = fdopen(fd[0], "w");
-    stio1->type = 's';
-    stio2->ifp = fdopen(fd[1], "r");
-    stio2->ofp = fdopen(fd[1], "w");
-    stio2->type = 's';
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-#endif /* SOCKET */
-
-int
-do_gpwent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-#ifdef I_PWD
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct passwd *getpwnam();
-    struct passwd *getpwuid();
-    struct passwd *getpwent();
-    struct passwd *pwent;
-    unsigned long len;
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_undef));
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (which == O_GPWNAM) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pwent = getpwnam(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GPWUID) {
-	int uid = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	pwent = getpwuid(uid);
-    }
-    else
-	pwent = getpwent();
-
-    if (pwent) {
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_passwd);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_uid);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_gid);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-#ifdef PWCHANGE
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_change);
-#else
-#ifdef PWQUOTA
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_quota);
-#else
-#ifdef PWAGE
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_age);
-#endif
-#endif
-#endif
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-#ifdef PWCLASS
-	str_set(str,pwent->pw_class);
-#else
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_comment);
-#endif
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_gecos);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_dir);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, pwent->pw_shell);
-#ifdef PWEXPIRE
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)pwent->pw_expire);
-#endif
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-#else
-    fatal("password routines not implemented");
-#endif
-}
-
-int
-do_ggrent(which,gimme,arglast)
-int which;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-#ifdef I_GRP
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register int sp = arglast[0];
-    register char **elem;
-    register STR *str;
-    struct group *getgrnam();
-    struct group *getgrgid();
-    struct group *getgrent();
-    struct group *grent;
-    unsigned long len;
-
-    if (gimme != G_ARRAY) {
-	astore(ary, ++sp, str_static(&str_undef));
-	return sp;
-    }
-
-    if (which == O_GGRNAM) {
-	char *name = str_get(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	grent = getgrnam(name);
-    }
-    else if (which == O_GGRGID) {
-	int gid = (int)str_gnum(ary->ary_array[sp+1]);
-
-	grent = getgrgid(gid);
-    }
-    else
-	grent = getgrent();
-
-    if (grent) {
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, grent->gr_name);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_set(str, grent->gr_passwd);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	str_numset(str, (double)grent->gr_gid);
-	(void)astore(ary, ++sp, str = str_static(&str_no));
-	for (elem = grent->gr_mem; *elem; elem++) {
-	    str_cat(str, *elem);
-	    if (elem[1])
-		str_ncat(str," ",1);
-	}
-    }
-
-    return sp;
-#else
-    fatal("group routines not implemented");
-#endif
-}
-
-int
-do_dirop(optype,stab,gimme,arglast)
-int optype;
-STAB *stab;
-int gimme;
-int *arglast;
-{
-#ifdef DIRENT
-    register ARRAY *ary = stack;
-    register STR **st = ary->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register STIO *stio;
-    long along;
-#ifndef telldir
-    long telldir();
-#endif
-    struct DIRENT *readdir();
-    register struct DIRENT *dp;
-
-    if (!stab)
-	goto nope;
-    if (!(stio = stab_io(stab)))
-	stio = stab_io(stab) = stio_new();
-    if (!stio->dirp && optype != O_OPENDIR)
-	goto nope;
-    st[sp] = &str_yes;
-    switch (optype) {
-    case O_OPENDIR:
-	if (stio->dirp)
-	    closedir(stio->dirp);
-	if (!(stio->dirp = opendir(str_get(st[sp+1]))))
-	    goto nope;
-	break;
-    case O_READDIR:
-	if (gimme == G_ARRAY) {
-	    --sp;
-	    while (dp = readdir(stio->dirp)) {
-#ifdef DIRNAMLEN
-		(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-		  str_2static(str_make(dp->d_name,dp->d_namlen)));
-#else
-		(void)astore(ary,++sp,
-		  str_2static(str_make(dp->d_name,0)));
-#endif
-	    }
+	    break;
 	}
-	else {
-	    if (!(dp = readdir(stio->dirp)))
-		goto nope;
-	    st[sp] = str_static(&str_undef);
-#ifdef DIRNAMLEN
-	    str_nset(st[sp], dp->d_name, dp->d_namlen);
-#else
-	    str_set(st[sp], dp->d_name);
 #endif
-	}
-	break;
-    case O_TELLDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_static(&str_undef);
-	str_numset(st[sp], (double)telldir(stio->dirp));
-	break;
-    case O_SEEKDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_static(&str_undef);
-	along = (long)str_gnum(st[sp+1]);
-	(void)seekdir(stio->dirp,along);
-	break;
-    case O_REWINDDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_static(&str_undef);
-	(void)rewinddir(stio->dirp);
-	break;
-    case O_CLOSEDIR:
-	st[sp] = str_static(&str_undef);
-	(void)closedir(stio->dirp);
-	stio->dirp = 0;
-	break;
-    }
-    return sp;
-
-nope:
-    st[sp] = &str_undef;
-    return sp;
-
+	if (val < 0) {
+	    val = -val;
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		I32 proc = SvIVx(*mark);
+#ifdef HAS_KILLPG
+		if (killpg(proc,val))	/* BSD */
 #else
-    fatal("Unimplemented directory operation");
+		if (kill(-proc,val))	/* SYSV */
 #endif
-}
-
-apply(type,arglast)
-int type;
-int *arglast;
-{
-    register STR **st = stack->ary_array;
-    register int sp = arglast[1];
-    register int items = arglast[2] - sp;
-    register int val;
-    register int val2;
-    register int tot = 0;
-    char *s;
-
-#ifdef TAINT
-    for (st += ++sp; items--; st++)
-	tainted |= (*st)->str_tainted;
-    st = stack->ary_array;
-    sp = arglast[1];
-    items = arglast[2] - sp;
-#endif
-    switch (type) {
-    case O_CHMOD:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in chmod");
-#endif
-	if (--items > 0) {
-	    tot = items;
-	    val = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-	    while (items--) {
-		if (chmod(str_get(st[++sp]),val))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
 	}
-	break;
-    case O_CHOWN:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in chown");
-#endif
-	if (items > 2) {
-	    items -= 2;
-	    tot = items;
-	    val = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-	    val2 = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-	    while (items--) {
-		if (chown(str_get(st[++sp]),val,val2))
+	else {
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (kill(SvIVx(*mark),val))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
-    case O_KILL:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in kill");
-#endif
-	if (--items > 0) {
-	    tot = items;
-	    s = str_get(st[++sp]);
-	    if (isupper(*s)) {
-		if (*s == 'S' && s[1] == 'I' && s[2] == 'G')
-		    s += 3;
-		if (!(val = whichsig(s)))
-		    fatal("Unrecognized signal name \"%s\"",s);
-	    }
-	    else
-		val = (int)str_gnum(st[sp]);
-	    if (val < 0) {
-		val = -val;
-		while (items--) {
-		    int proc = (int)str_gnum(st[++sp]);
-#ifdef KILLPG
-		    if (killpg(proc,val))	/* BSD */
-#else
-		    if (kill(-proc,val))	/* SYSV */
-#endif
-			tot--;
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		while (items--) {
-		    if (kill((int)(str_gnum(st[++sp])),val))
-			tot--;
-		}
-	    }
-	}
-	break;
-    case O_UNLINK:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in unlink");
 #endif
-	tot = items;
-	while (items--) {
-	    s = str_get(st[++sp]);
+    case OP_UNLINK:
+	TAINT_PROPER("unlink");
+	tot = sp - mark;
+	while (++mark <= sp) {
+	    s = SvPVx(*mark, na);
 	    if (euid || unsafe) {
 		if (UNLINK(s))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
 	    else {	/* don't let root wipe out directories without -U */
-#ifdef SYMLINK
-		if (lstat(s,&statbuf) < 0 ||
+#ifdef HAS_LSTAT
+		if (lstat(s,&statbuf) < 0 || S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode))
 #else
-		if (stat(s,&statbuf) < 0 ||
+		if (Stat(s,&statbuf) < 0 || S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode))
 #endif
-		  (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR )
 		    tot--;
 		else {
 		    if (UNLINK(s))
@@ -1906,46 +1176,77 @@ int *arglast;
 	    }
 	}
 	break;
-    case O_UTIME:
-#ifdef TAINT
-	taintproper("Insecure dependency in utime");
-#endif
-	if (items > 2) {
+#ifdef HAS_UTIME
+    case OP_UTIME:
+	TAINT_PROPER("utime");
+	if (sp - mark > 2) {
+#if defined(I_UTIME) || defined(VMS)
+	    struct utimbuf utbuf;
+#else
 	    struct {
-		long    atime,
-			mtime;
+		long    actime;
+		long	modtime;
 	    } utbuf;
+#endif
 
-	    utbuf.atime = (long)str_gnum(st[++sp]);    /* time accessed */
-	    utbuf.mtime = (long)str_gnum(st[++sp]);    /* time modified */
-	    items -= 2;
-#ifndef lint
-	    tot = items;
-	    while (items--) {
-		if (utime(str_get(st[++sp]),&utbuf))
+	    Zero(&utbuf, sizeof utbuf, char);
+#ifdef BIG_TIME
+	    utbuf.actime = (Time_t)SvNVx(*++mark);    /* time accessed */
+	    utbuf.modtime = (Time_t)SvNVx(*++mark);    /* time modified */
+#else
+	    utbuf.actime = SvIVx(*++mark);    /* time accessed */
+	    utbuf.modtime = SvIVx(*++mark);    /* time modified */
+#endif
+	    tot = sp - mark;
+	    while (++mark <= sp) {
+		if (utime(SvPVx(*mark, na),&utbuf))
 		    tot--;
 	    }
-#endif
 	}
 	else
-	    items = 0;
+	    tot = 0;
 	break;
+#endif
     }
     return tot;
 }
 
 /* Do the permissions allow some operation?  Assumes statcache already set. */
-
-int
+#ifndef VMS /* VMS' cando is in vms.c */
+I32
 cando(bit, effective, statbufp)
-int bit;
-int effective;
+I32 bit;
+I32 effective;
 register struct stat *statbufp;
 {
+#ifdef DOSISH
+    /* [Comments and code from Len Reed]
+     * MS-DOS "user" is similar to UNIX's "superuser," but can't write
+     * to write-protected files.  The execute permission bit is set
+     * by the Miscrosoft C library stat() function for the following:
+     *		.exe files
+     *		.com files
+     *		.bat files
+     *		directories
+     * All files and directories are readable.
+     * Directories and special files, e.g. "CON", cannot be
+     * write-protected.
+     * [Comment by Tom Dinger -- a directory can have the write-protect
+     *		bit set in the file system, but DOS permits changes to
+     *		the directory anyway.  In addition, all bets are off
+     *		here for networked software, such as Novell and
+     *		Sun's PC-NFS.]
+     */
+
+     /* Atari stat() does pretty much the same thing. we set x_bit_set_in_stat
+      * too so it will actually look into the files for magic numbers
+      */
+     return (bit & statbufp->st_mode) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+
+#else /* ! MSDOS */
     if ((effective ? euid : uid) == 0) {	/* root is special */
-	if (bit == S_IEXEC) {
-	    if (statbufp->st_mode & 0111 ||
-	      (statbufp->st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR )
+	if (bit == S_IXUSR) {
+	    if (statbufp->st_mode & 0111 || S_ISDIR(statbufp->st_mode))
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 	else
@@ -1956,29 +1257,31 @@ register struct stat *statbufp;
 	if (statbufp->st_mode & bit)
 	    return TRUE;	/* ok as "user" */
     }
-    else if (ingroup((int)statbufp->st_gid,effective)) {
+    else if (ingroup((I32)statbufp->st_gid,effective)) {
 	if (statbufp->st_mode & bit >> 3)
 	    return TRUE;	/* ok as "group" */
     }
     else if (statbufp->st_mode & bit >> 6)
 	return TRUE;	/* ok as "other" */
     return FALSE;
+#endif /* ! MSDOS */
 }
+#endif /* ! VMS */
 
-int
+I32
 ingroup(testgid,effective)
-int testgid;
-int effective;
+I32 testgid;
+I32 effective;
 {
     if (testgid == (effective ? egid : gid))
 	return TRUE;
-#ifdef GETGROUPS
+#ifdef HAS_GETGROUPS
 #ifndef NGROUPS
 #define NGROUPS 32
 #endif
     {
-	GIDTYPE gary[NGROUPS];
-	int anum;
+	Groups_t gary[NGROUPS];
+	I32 anum;
 
 	anum = getgroups(NGROUPS,gary);
 	while (--anum >= 0)
@@ -1988,3 +1291,284 @@ int effective;
 #endif
     return FALSE;
 }
+
+#if defined(HAS_MSG) || defined(HAS_SEM) || defined(HAS_SHM)
+
+I32
+do_ipcget(optype, mark, sp)
+I32 optype;
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
+{
+    key_t key;
+    I32 n, flags;
+
+    key = (key_t)SvNVx(*++mark);
+    n = (optype == OP_MSGGET) ? 0 : SvIVx(*++mark);
+    flags = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    SETERRNO(0,0);
+    switch (optype)
+    {
+#ifdef HAS_MSG
+    case OP_MSGGET:
+	return msgget(key, flags);
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SEM
+    case OP_SEMGET:
+	return semget(key, n, flags);
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SHM
+    case OP_SHMGET:
+	return shmget(key, n, flags);
+#endif
+#if !defined(HAS_MSG) || !defined(HAS_SEM) || !defined(HAS_SHM)
+    default:
+	croak("%s not implemented", op_desc[optype]);
+#endif
+    }
+    return -1;			/* should never happen */
+}
+
+I32
+do_ipcctl(optype, mark, sp)
+I32 optype;
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
+{
+    SV *astr;
+    char *a;
+    I32 id, n, cmd, infosize, getinfo;
+    I32 ret = -1;
+
+    id = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    n = (optype == OP_SEMCTL) ? SvIVx(*++mark) : 0;
+    cmd = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    astr = *++mark;
+    infosize = 0;
+    getinfo = (cmd == IPC_STAT);
+
+    switch (optype)
+    {
+#ifdef HAS_MSG
+    case OP_MSGCTL:
+	if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
+	    infosize = sizeof(struct msqid_ds);
+	break;
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SHM
+    case OP_SHMCTL:
+	if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
+	    infosize = sizeof(struct shmid_ds);
+	break;
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SEM
+    case OP_SEMCTL:
+	if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
+	    infosize = sizeof(struct semid_ds);
+	else if (cmd == GETALL || cmd == SETALL)
+	{
+	    struct semid_ds semds;
+	    if (semctl(id, 0, IPC_STAT, &semds) == -1)
+		return -1;
+	    getinfo = (cmd == GETALL);
+	    infosize = semds.sem_nsems * sizeof(short);
+		/* "short" is technically wrong but much more portable
+		   than guessing about u_?short(_t)? */
+	}
+	break;
+#endif
+#if !defined(HAS_MSG) || !defined(HAS_SEM) || !defined(HAS_SHM)
+    default:
+	croak("%s not implemented", op_desc[optype]);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (infosize)
+    {
+	STRLEN len;
+	if (getinfo)
+	{
+	    SvPV_force(astr, len);
+	    a = SvGROW(astr, infosize+1);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    a = SvPV(astr, len);
+	    if (len != infosize)
+		croak("Bad arg length for %s, is %d, should be %d",
+			op_desc[optype], len, infosize);
+	}
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	I32 i = SvIV(astr);
+	a = (char *)i;		/* ouch */
+    }
+    SETERRNO(0,0);
+    switch (optype)
+    {
+#ifdef HAS_MSG
+    case OP_MSGCTL:
+	ret = msgctl(id, cmd, (struct msqid_ds *)a);
+	break;
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SEM
+    case OP_SEMCTL:
+	ret = semctl(id, n, cmd, (struct semid_ds *)a);
+	break;
+#endif
+#ifdef HAS_SHM
+    case OP_SHMCTL:
+	ret = shmctl(id, cmd, (struct shmid_ds *)a);
+	break;
+#endif
+    }
+    if (getinfo && ret >= 0) {
+	SvCUR_set(astr, infosize);
+	*SvEND(astr) = '\0';
+	SvSETMAGIC(astr);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+I32
+do_msgsnd(mark, sp)
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
+{
+#ifdef HAS_MSG
+    SV *mstr;
+    char *mbuf;
+    I32 id, msize, flags;
+    STRLEN len;
+
+    id = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    mstr = *++mark;
+    flags = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    mbuf = SvPV(mstr, len);
+    if ((msize = len - sizeof(long)) < 0)
+	croak("Arg too short for msgsnd");
+    SETERRNO(0,0);
+    return msgsnd(id, (struct msgbuf *)mbuf, msize, flags);
+#else
+    croak("msgsnd not implemented");
+#endif
+}
+
+I32
+do_msgrcv(mark, sp)
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
+{
+#ifdef HAS_MSG
+    SV *mstr;
+    char *mbuf;
+    long mtype;
+    I32 id, msize, flags, ret;
+    STRLEN len;
+
+    id = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    mstr = *++mark;
+    msize = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    mtype = (long)SvIVx(*++mark);
+    flags = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    if (SvTHINKFIRST(mstr)) {
+	if (SvREADONLY(mstr))
+	    croak("Can't msgrcv to readonly var");
+	if (SvROK(mstr))
+	    sv_unref(mstr);
+    }
+    SvPV_force(mstr, len);
+    mbuf = SvGROW(mstr, sizeof(long)+msize+1);
+    
+    SETERRNO(0,0);
+    ret = msgrcv(id, (struct msgbuf *)mbuf, msize, mtype, flags);
+    if (ret >= 0) {
+	SvCUR_set(mstr, sizeof(long)+ret);
+	*SvEND(mstr) = '\0';
+    }
+    return ret;
+#else
+    croak("msgrcv not implemented");
+#endif
+}
+
+I32
+do_semop(mark, sp)
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
+{
+#ifdef HAS_SEM
+    SV *opstr;
+    char *opbuf;
+    I32 id;
+    STRLEN opsize;
+
+    id = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    opstr = *++mark;
+    opbuf = SvPV(opstr, opsize);
+    if (opsize < sizeof(struct sembuf)
+	|| (opsize % sizeof(struct sembuf)) != 0) {
+	SETERRNO(EINVAL,LIB$_INVARG);
+	return -1;
+    }
+    SETERRNO(0,0);
+    return semop(id, (struct sembuf *)opbuf, opsize/sizeof(struct sembuf));
+#else
+    croak("semop not implemented");
+#endif
+}
+
+I32
+do_shmio(optype, mark, sp)
+I32 optype;
+SV **mark;
+SV **sp;
+{
+#ifdef HAS_SHM
+    SV *mstr;
+    char *mbuf, *shm;
+    I32 id, mpos, msize;
+    STRLEN len;
+    struct shmid_ds shmds;
+
+    id = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    mstr = *++mark;
+    mpos = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    msize = SvIVx(*++mark);
+    SETERRNO(0,0);
+    if (shmctl(id, IPC_STAT, &shmds) == -1)
+	return -1;
+    if (mpos < 0 || msize < 0 || mpos + msize > shmds.shm_segsz) {
+	SETERRNO(EFAULT,SS$_ACCVIO);		/* can't do as caller requested */
+	return -1;
+    }
+    shm = (Shmat_t)shmat(id, (char*)NULL, (optype == OP_SHMREAD) ? SHM_RDONLY : 0);
+    if (shm == (char *)-1)	/* I hate System V IPC, I really do */
+	return -1;
+    if (optype == OP_SHMREAD) {
+	SvPV_force(mstr, len);
+	mbuf = SvGROW(mstr, msize+1);
+
+	Copy(shm + mpos, mbuf, msize, char);
+	SvCUR_set(mstr, msize);
+	*SvEND(mstr) = '\0';
+	SvSETMAGIC(mstr);
+    }
+    else {
+	I32 n;
+
+	mbuf = SvPV(mstr, len);
+	if ((n = len) > msize)
+	    n = msize;
+	Copy(mbuf, shm + mpos, n, char);
+	if (n < msize)
+	    memzero(shm + mpos + n, msize - n);
+    }
+    return shmdt(shm);
+#else
+    croak("shm I/O not implemented");
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* SYSV IPC */