X-Git-Url: https://perl5.git.perl.org/perl5.git/blobdiff_plain/2d7a92375815264badaef23c612657cbd4799f31..90bb42f605df24caae1ee265ecee5eec297ba256:/pod/perlfaq2.pod diff --git a/pod/perlfaq2.pod b/pod/perlfaq2.pod index bbc361a..5a04da3 100644 --- a/pod/perlfaq2.pod +++ b/pod/perlfaq2.pod @@ -1,50 +1,56 @@ =head1 NAME -perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.16 $, $Date: 1997/04/23 18:04:09 $) +perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $, $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $) =head1 DESCRIPTION This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find -source and documentation for Perl, support and training, and +source and documentation for Perl, support, and related matters. =head2 What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? The standard release of Perl (the one maintained by the perl -development team) is distributed only in source code form. You can -find this at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz, which is a -gzipped archive in POSIX tar format. This source builds with no -porting whatsoever on most Unix systems (Perl's native environment), -as well as Windows NT, Plan 9, VMS, QNX, OS/2, and the Amiga. - -Binary distributions for various platforms can be found -http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ directory. Some of these ports (especially -the ones that are not part of the standard sources) may behave differently -than what is documented in the standard source documentation. These -differences can be either positive (e.g. extensions for the features of the -particular platform that are not supported in the source release of perl) -or negative (e.g. might be based upon a less current source release of perl). - -A useful FAQ for Win32 Perl users is: -http://www.endcontsw.com/people/evangelo/Perl_for_Win32_FAQ.html -[This FAQ is seriously outdated as of Jan 1998--it is only relevant to -the perl that ActiveState distributes, especially where it describes -various inadequacies and differences with the standard perl extension -build support.] +development team) is distributed only in source code form. You +can find this at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz , which +in standard Internet format (a gzipped archive in POSIX tar format). + +Perl builds and runs on a bewildering number of platforms. Virtually +all known and current Unix derivatives are supported (Perl's native +platform), as are other systems like VMS, DOS, OS/2, Windows, +QNX, BeOS, and the Amiga. There are also the beginnings of support +for MPE/iX. + +Binary distributions for some proprietary platforms, including +Apple systems, can be found http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ directory. +Because these are not part of the standard distribution, they may +and in fact do differ from the base Perl port in a variety of ways. +You'll have to check their respective release notes to see just +what the differences are. These differences can be either positive +(e.g. extensions for the features of the particular platform that +are not supported in the source release of perl) or negative (e.g. +might be based upon a less current source release of perl). =head2 How can I get a binary version of Perl? -If you don't have a C compiler because for whatever reasons your -vendor did not include one with your system, the best thing to do is +If you don't have a C compiler because your vendor for whatever +reasons did not include one with your system, the best thing to do is grab a binary version of gcc from the net and use that to compile perl with. CPAN only has binaries for systems that are terribly hard to get free compilers for, not for Unix systems. -Your first stop should be http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports to see what -information is already available. A simple installation guide for -MS-DOS is available at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/perl5dos.html , and -similarly for Windows 3.1 at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/perlwin3.html -. +Some URLs that might help you are: + + http://language.perl.com/info/software.html + http://www.perl.com/latest/ + http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ + +Someone looking for a Perl for Win16 might look to Laszlo Molnar's djgpp +port in http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/msdos/ , which comes with clear +installation instructions. A simple installation guide for MS-DOS using +Ilya Zakharevich's OS/2 port is available at +http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perl5dos.html +and similarly for Windows 3.1 at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perlwin3.html . =head2 I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl? @@ -65,11 +71,14 @@ approaches are doomed to failure. One simple way to check that things are in the right place is to print out the hard-coded @INC which perl is looking for. - perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC)' + % perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC)' If this command lists any paths which don't exist on your system, then you may need to move the appropriate libraries to these locations, or create -symlinks, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately. +symbolic links, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately. @INC is also printed as +part of the output of + + % perl -V You might also want to check out L. @@ -77,7 +86,7 @@ module/library directory?">. =head2 I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work? Read the F file, which is part of the source distribution. -It describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncracies that the +It describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncrasies that the Configure script can't work around for any given system or architecture. @@ -103,7 +112,7 @@ ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/misc/japh . Considering that there are hundreds of existing modules in the archive, one probably exists to do nearly anything you can think of. -Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include perl core +Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include Perl core modules; development support; operating system interfaces; networking, devices, and interprocess communication; data type utilities; database interfaces; user interfaces; interfaces to other languages; filenames, @@ -119,13 +128,13 @@ Certainly not. Larry expects that he'll be certified before Perl is. =head2 Where can I get information on Perl? -The complete Perl documentation is available with the perl -distribution. If you have perl installed locally, you probably have -the documentation installed as well: type C if you're on a -system resembling Unix. This will lead you to other important man -pages. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation -will be different; for example, it might be only in HTML format. But -all proper perl installations have fully-accessible documentation. +The complete Perl documentation is available with the Perl distribution. +If you have Perl installed locally, you probably have the documentation +installed as well: type C if you're on a system resembling Unix. +This will lead you to other important man pages, including how to set your +$MANPATH. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation +will be different; for example, it might be only in HTML format. But all +proper Perl installations have fully-accessible documentation. You might also try C in case your system doesn't have a proper man command, or it's been misinstalled. If that doesn't @@ -136,201 +145,218 @@ complete documentation in various formats, including native pod, troff, html, and plain text. There's also a web page at http://www.perl.com/perl/info/documentation.html that might help. -It's also worth noting that there's a PDF version of the complete -documentation for perl available in the CPAN/authors/id/BMIDD -directory. - Many good books have been written about Perl -- see the section below for more details. -=head2 What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions? +Tutorial documents are included in current or upcoming Perl releases +include L for objects, L for file opening +semantics, L for managing references, and L +for linking C and Perl together. There may be more by the +time you read this. The following URLs might also be of +assistance: + + http://language.perl.com/info/documentation.html + http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?tutorials + +=head2 What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions? The now defunct comp.lang.perl newsgroup has been superseded by the following groups: comp.lang.perl.announce Moderated announcement group comp.lang.perl.misc Very busy group about Perl in general + comp.lang.perl.moderated Moderated discussion group comp.lang.perl.modules Use and development of Perl modules comp.lang.perl.tk Using Tk (and X) from Perl comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Writing CGI scripts for the Web. -There is also USENET gateway to the mailing list used by the crack +There is also Usenet gateway to the mailing list used by the crack Perl development team (perl5-porters) at -news://genetics.upenn.edu/perl.porters-gw/ . +news://news.perl.com/perl.porters-gw/ . =head2 Where should I post source code? -You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, -but feel free to cross-post to comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to -cross-post to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their posting -standards, including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT -include alt.sources; see their FAQ for details. +You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, but +feel free to cross-post to comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to cross-post +to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their posting standards, +including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT include alt.sources; +see their FAQ (http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-sources-intro/) for details. + +If you're just looking for software, first use AltaVista +(http://www.altavista.com), Deja (http://www.deja.com), and +search CPAN. This is faster and more productive than just posting +a request. =head2 Perl Books -A number books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of -these are good, some are ok, but many aren't worth your money. Tom +A number of books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of +these are good, some are OK, but many aren't worth your money. Tom Christiansen maintains a list of these books, some with extensive reviews, at http://www.perl.com/perl/critiques/index.html. -The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by the -creator of Perl and his apostles, is now in its second edition and -fourth printing. +The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by +the creator of Perl, is now in its second edition: Programming Perl (the "Camel Book"): - Authors: Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz + by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz ISBN 1-56592-149-6 (English) ISBN 4-89052-384-7 (Japanese) - (French and German translations in progress) + URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl2/ + (French, German, Italian, and Hungarian translations also + available) -Note that O'Reilly books are color-coded: turquoise (some would call -it teal) covers indicate perl5 coverage, while magenta (some would -call it pink) covers indicate perl4 only. Check the cover color -before you buy! +The companion volume to the Camel containing thousands +of real-world examples, mini-tutorials, and complete programs +(first premiering at the 1998 Perl Conference), is: -What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally -useful. Your mileage may (but, we hope, probably won't) vary. + The Perl Cookbook (the "Ram Book"): + by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington, + with Foreword by Larry Wall + ISBN: 1-56592-243-3 + URL: http://perl.oreilly.com/cookbook/ If you're already a hard-core systems programmer, then the Camel Book -just might suffice for you to learn Perl from. But if you're not, -check out the "Llama Book". It currently doesn't cover perl5, but the -2nd edition is nearly done and should be out by summer 97: - - Learning Perl (the Llama Book): - Author: Randal Schwartz, with intro by Larry Wall - ISBN 1-56592-042-2 (English) - ISBN 4-89502-678-1 (Japanese) - ISBN 2-84177-005-2 (French) - ISBN 3-930673-08-8 (German) +might suffice for you to learn Perl from. But if you're not, check +out: + + Learning Perl (the "Llama Book"): + by Randal Schwartz and Tom Christiansen + with Foreword by Larry Wall + ISBN: 1-56592-284-0 + URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lperl2/ + +Despite the picture at the URL above, the second edition of "Llama +Book" really has a blue cover, and is updated for the 5.004 release +of Perl. Various foreign language editions are available, including +I (the Gecko Book). + +If you're not an accidental programmer, but a more serious and possibly +even degreed computer scientist who doesn't need as much hand-holding as +we try to provide in the Llama or its defurred cousin the Gecko, please +check out the delightful book, I, +written by Nigel Chapman. + +You can order O'Reilly books directly from O'Reilly & Associates, +1-800-998-9938. Local/overseas is 1-707-829-0515. If you can +locate an O'Reilly order form, you can also fax to 1-707-829-0104. +See http://www.ora.com/ on the Web. -Another stand-out book in the turquoise O'Reilly Perl line is the "Hip -Owls" book. It covers regular expressions inside and out, with quite a -bit devoted exclusively to Perl: - - Mastering Regular Expressions (the Cute Owls Book): - Author: Jeffrey Friedl - ISBN 1-56592-257-3 - -You can order any of these books from O'Reilly & Associates, -1-800-998-9938. Local/overseas is 1-707-829-0515. If you can locate -an O'Reilly order form, you can also fax to 1-707-829-0104. See -http://www.ora.com/ on the Web. +What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally +useful. Your mileage may (but, we hope, probably won't) vary. -Recommended Perl books that are not from O'Reilly are the following: +Recommended books on (or mostly on) Perl follow; those marked with +a star may be ordered from O'Reilly. - Cross-Platform Perl, (for Unix and Windows NT) - Author: Eric F. Johnson - ISBN: 1-55851-483-X +=over - How to Set up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site, (2nd edition) - Author: Lincoln Stein, M.D., Ph.D. - ISBN: 0-201-63462-7 +=item References - CGI Programming in C & Perl, - Author: Thomas Boutell - ISBN: 0-201-42219-0 + *Programming Perl + by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal L. Schwartz -Note that some of these address specific application areas (e.g. the -Web) and are not general-purpose programming books. + *Perl 5 Desktop Reference + by Johan Vromans -=head2 Perl in Magazines + *Perl in a Nutshell + by Ellen Siever, Stephan Spainhour, and Nathan Patwardhan -The Perl Journal is the first and only magazine dedicated to Perl. -It is published (on paper, not online) quarterly by Jon Orwant -(orwant@tpj.com), editor. Subscription information is at http://tpj.com -or via email to subscriptions@tpj.com. +=item Tutorials + + *Learning Perl [2nd edition] + by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen + with foreword by Larry Wall -Beyond this, two other magazines that frequently carry high-quality -articles on Perl are Web Techniques (see -http://www.webtechniques.com/) and Unix Review -(http://www.unixreview.com/). Randal Schwartz's Web Technique's -columns are available on the web at -http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/WebTechniques/ . + *Learning Perl on Win32 Systems + by Randal L. Schwartz, Erik Olson, and Tom Christiansen, + with foreword by Larry Wall -=head2 Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access + Perl: The Programmer's Companion + by Nigel Chapman -To get the best (and possibly cheapest) performance, pick a site from -the list below and use it to grab the complete list of mirror sites. -From there you can find the quickest site for you. Remember, the -following list is I the complete list of CPAN mirrors. + Cross-Platform Perl + by Eric F. Johnson - http://www.perl.com/CPAN (redirects to another mirror) - http://www.perl.org/CPAN - ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ - http://www.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/ - ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ + MacPerl: Power and Ease + by Vicki Brown and Chris Nandor, foreword by Matthias Neeracher -http:/www.oasis.leo.org/perl/ has, amongst other things, source to -versions 1 through 5 of Perl. +=item Task-Oriented -=head2 What mailing lists are there for perl? + *The Perl Cookbook + by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington + with foreword by Larry Wall -Most of the major modules (tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own -mailing lists. Consult the documentation that came with the module for -subscription information. The following are a list of mailing lists -related to perl itself. + Perl5 Interactive Course [2nd edition] + by Jon Orwant -If you subscribe to a mailing list, it behooves you to know how to -unsubscribe from it. Strident pleas to the list itself to get you off -will not be favorably received. + *Advanced Perl Programming + by Sriram Srinivasan -=over 4 + Effective Perl Programming + by Joseph Hall -=item MacPerl +=item Special Topics -There is a mailing list for discussing Macintosh Perl. Contact -"mac-perl-request@iis.ee.ethz.ch". + *Mastering Regular Expressions + by Jeffrey Friedl -Also see Matthias Neeracher's (the creator and maintainer of MacPerl) -webpage at http://www.iis.ee.ethz.ch/~neeri/macintosh/perl.html for -many links to interesting MacPerl sites, and the applications/MPW -tools, precompiled. + How to Set up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site [2nd edition] + by Lincoln Stein -=item Perl5-Porters + *Learning Perl/Tk + by Nancy Walsh -The core development team have a mailing list for discussing fixes and -changes to the language. Send mail to -"perl5-porters-request@perl.org" with help in the body of the message -for information on subscribing. - -=item NTPerl - -This list is used to discuss issues involving Win32 Perl 5 (Windows NT -and Win95). Subscribe by emailing ListManager@ActiveWare.com with the -message body: +=back - subscribe Perl-Win32-Users +=head2 Perl in Magazines -The list software, also written in perl, will automatically determine -your address, and subscribe you automatically. To unsubscribe, email -the following in the message body to the same address like so: +The first and only periodical devoted to All Things Perl, I contains tutorials, demonstrations, case studies, +announcements, contests, and much more. TPJ has columns on web +development, databases, Win32 Perl, graphical programming, regular +expressions, and networking, and sponsors the Obfuscated Perl +Contest. It is published quarterly under the gentle hand of its +editor, Jon Orwant. See http://www.tpj.com/ or send mail to +subscriptions@tpj.com . + +Beyond this, magazines that frequently carry high-quality articles +on Perl are I (see http://www.webtechniques.com/), +I (http://www.performance-computing.com/), and Usenix's +newsletter/magazine to its members, I, at http://www.usenix.org/. +Randal's Web Technique's columns are available on the web at +http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/WebTechniques/. - unsubscribe Perl-Win32-Users +=head2 Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access -You can also check http://www.activeware.com/ and select "Mailing Lists" -to join or leave this list. +To get the best (and possibly cheapest) performance, pick a site from +the list below and use it to grab the complete list of mirror sites. +From there you can find the quickest site for you. Remember, the +following list is I the complete list of CPAN mirrors. -=item Perl-Packrats + http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local + http://www.perl.com/CPAN (redirects to an ftp mirror) + http://www.perl.org/CPAN + ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ + http://www.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/ + ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ -Discussion related to archiving of perl materials, particularly the -Comprehensive PerlArchive Network (CPAN). Subscribe by emailing -majordomo@cis.ufl.edu: +=head2 What mailing lists are there for Perl? - subscribe perl-packrats +Most of the major modules (Tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own +mailing lists. Consult the documentation that came with the module for +subscription information. The Perl Institute attempts to maintain a +list of mailing lists at: -The list software, also written in perl, will automatically determine -your address, and subscribe you automatically. To unsubscribe, simple -prepend the same command with an "un", and mail to the same address -like so: + http://www.perl.org/maillist.html - unsubscribe perl-packrats +=head2 Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc -=back +Have you tried Deja or AltaVista? Those are the +best archives. Just look up "*perl*" as a newsgroup. -=head2 Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc + http://www.deja.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=&DBS=2&ST=PS&defaultOp=AND&LNG=ALL&format=terse&showsort=date&maxhits=25&subjects=&groups=*perl*&authors=&fromdate=&todate= -Have you tried Deja News or Alta Vista? +You'll probably want to trim that down a bit, though. ftp.cis.ufl.edu:/pub/perl/comp.lang.perl.*/monthly has an almost complete collection dating back to 12/89 (missing 08/91 through @@ -346,35 +372,26 @@ very slow to select on 18000 articles. If you have, or know where can be found, the missing sections, please let perlfaq-suggestions@perl.com know. -=head2 Perl Training - -While some large training companies offer their own courses on Perl, -you may prefer to contact individuals near and dear to the heart of -Perl development. Two well-known members of the Perl development team -who offer such things are Tom Christiansen -and Randal Schwartz , plus their -respective minions, who offer a variety of professional tutorials -and seminars on Perl. These courses include large public seminars, -private corporate training, and fly-ins to Colorado and Oregon. -See http://www.perl.com/perl/info/training.html for more details. - =head2 Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl? -In a sense, Perl already I commercial software: It has a licence -that you can grab and carefully read to your manager. It is -distributed in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There is a -very large user community and an extensive literature. The -comp.lang.perl.* newsgroups and several of the mailing lists provide -free answers to your questions in near real-time. Perl has -traditionally been supported by Larry, dozens of software designers -and developers, and thousands of programmers, all working for free -to create a useful thing to make life better for everyone. +In a real sense, Perl already I commercial software: It has a license +that you can grab and carefully read to your manager. It is distributed +in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There is a very large +user community and an extensive literature. The comp.lang.perl.* +newsgroups and several of the mailing lists provide free answers to your +questions in near real-time. Perl has traditionally been supported by +Larry, scores of software designers and developers, and myriads of +programmers, all working for free to create a useful thing to make life +better for everyone. However, these answers may not suffice for managers who require a -purchase order from a company whom they can sue should anything go -wrong. Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual -obligations. Shrink-wrapped CDs with perl on them are available from -several sources if that will help. +purchase order from a company whom they can sue should anything go awry. +Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual obligations. +Shrink-wrapped CDs with Perl on them are available from several sources if +that will help. For example, many Perl books carry a Perl distribution +on them, as do the O'Reilly Perl Resource Kits (in both the Unix flavor +and in the proprietary Microsoft flavor); the free Unix distributions +also all come with Perl. Or you can purchase a real support contract. Although Cygnus historically provided this service, they no longer sell support contracts for Perl. @@ -396,18 +413,20 @@ Oraperl and related modules (which Oracle is planning to ship as part of Oracle Web Server 3). 20% of the profit from our Perl support work will be donated to The Perl Institute." -For more information, contact the The Perl Clinic: +For more information, contact The Perl Clinic: Tel: +44 1483 424424 Fax: +44 1483 419419 Web: http://www.perl.co.uk/ Email: perl-support-info@perl.co.uk or Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk +See also www.perl.com for updates on tutorials, training, and support. + =head2 Where do I send bug reports? If you are reporting a bug in the perl interpreter or the modules -shipped with perl, use the perlbug program in the perl distribution or -email your report to perlbug@perl.com. +shipped with Perl, use the I program in the Perl distribution or +mail your report to perlbug@perl.com . If you are posting a bug with a non-standard port (see the answer to "What platforms is Perl available for?"), a binary distribution, or a @@ -415,30 +434,53 @@ non-standard module (such as Tk, CGI, etc), then please see the documentation that came with it to determine the correct place to post bugs. -Read the perlbug man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information. +Read the perlbug(1) man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information. + +=head2 What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? -=head2 What is perl.com? perl.org? The Perl Institute? +The perl.com domain is owned by Tom Christiansen, who created it as a +public service long before perl.org came about. Despite the name, it's a +pretty non-commercial site meant to be a clearinghouse for information +about all things Perlian, accepting no paid advertisements, bouncy +happy GIFs, or silly Java applets on its pages. The Perl Home Page at +http://www.perl.com/ is currently hosted on a T3 line courtesy of Songline +Systems, a software-oriented subsidiary of O'Reilly and Associates. +Other starting points include -perl.org is the official vehicle for The Perl Institute. The motto of -TPI is "helping people help Perl help people" (or something like -that). It's a non-profit organization supporting development, -documentation, and dissemination of perl. Current directors of TPI -include Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz, whom you -may have heard of somewhere else around here. + http://language.perl.com/ + http://conference.perl.com/ + http://reference.perl.com/ -The perl.com domain is Tom Christiansen's domain. He created it as a -public service long before perl.org came about. It's the original PBS -of the Perl world, a clearinghouse for information about all things -Perlian, accepting no paid advertisements, glossy gifs, or (gasp!) -java applets on its pages. +Perl Mongers is an advocacy organization for the Perl language. For +details, see the Perl Mongers web site at http://www.perlmongers.org/. -=head2 How do I learn about object-oriented Perl programming? +Perl Mongers uses the pm.org domain for services related to Perl user +groups. See the Perl user group web site at http://www.pm.org/ for more +information about joining, starting, or requesting services for a Perl +user group. -L (distributed with 5.004 or later) is a good place to start. -Also, L, L, and L are useful references, -while L has some excellent tips and tricks. +Perl Mongers also maintains the perl.org domain to provide general +support services to the Perl community, including the hosting of mailing +lists, web sites, and other services. The web site +http://www.perl.org/ is a general advocacy site for the Perl language, +and there are many other sub-domains for special topics, such as + + http://history.perl.org/ + http://bugs.perl.org/ + http://www.news.perl.org/ =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT -Copyright (c) 1997 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington. -All rights reserved. See L for distribution information. +Copyright (c) 1997-1999 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington. +All rights reserved. + +When included as an integrated part of the Standard Distribution +of Perl or of its documentation (printed or otherwise), this works is +covered under Perl's Artistic License. For separate distributions of +all or part of this FAQ outside of that, see L. + +Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public +domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any +derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you +see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would +be courteous but is not required.