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[perl #22395] regexp /(.*)[bc]/ 10000 times slower in 5.8.0 vs 5.6.1
[perl5.git] / regcomp.c
index e98fcf9..f8052a1 100644 (file)
--- a/regcomp.c
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -113,15 +113,30 @@ typedef struct RExC_state_t {
     I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
     U32                seen;
     I32                size;                   /* Code size. */
-    I32                npar;                   /* () count. */
+    I32                npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN). */
+    I32                cpar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (CLOSE). */
+    I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by accept */
     I32                extralen;
     I32                seen_zerolen;
     I32                seen_evals;
+    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
+    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
+    regnode    *opend;                 /* END node in program */
     I32                utf8;
+    HV         *charnames;             /* cache of named sequences */
+    HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
+    regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
+    I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
 #if ADD_TO_REGEXEC
     char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
 #define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
 #endif
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    const char  *lastparse;
+    I32         lastnum;
+#define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
+#define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
+#endif
 } RExC_state_t;
 
 #define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
@@ -139,10 +154,19 @@ typedef struct RExC_state_t {
 #define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
 #define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
 #define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
+#define RExC_cpar      (pRExC_state->cpar)
+#define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
 #define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
 #define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
 #define RExC_seen_evals        (pRExC_state->seen_evals)
 #define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
+#define RExC_charnames  (pRExC_state->charnames)
+#define RExC_open_parens       (pRExC_state->open_parens)
+#define RExC_close_parens      (pRExC_state->close_parens)
+#define RExC_opend     (pRExC_state->opend)
+#define RExC_paren_names       (pRExC_state->paren_names)
+#define RExC_recurse   (pRExC_state->recurse)
+#define RExC_recurse_count     (pRExC_state->recurse_count)
 
 #define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
 #define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
@@ -160,23 +184,118 @@ typedef struct RExC_state_t {
 #define        SPSTART         0x4     /* Starts with * or +. */
 #define TRYAGAIN       0x8     /* Weeded out a declaration. */
 
-/* Length of a variant. */
+#define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
+
+/* whether trie related optimizations are enabled */
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXTENDED_TRIE_OPTIMISATION
+#define TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+#define TRIE_STCLASS
+#endif
+
+
+
+#define PBYTE(u8str,paren) ((U8*)(u8str))[(paren) >> 3]
+#define PBITVAL(paren) (1 << ((paren) & 7))
+#define PAREN_TEST(u8str,paren) ( PBYTE(u8str,paren) & PBITVAL(paren))
+#define PAREN_SET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) |= PBITVAL(paren)
+#define PAREN_UNSET(u8str,paren) PBYTE(u8str,paren) &= (~PBITVAL(paren))
+
+
+/* About scan_data_t.
+
+  During optimisation we recurse through the regexp program performing
+  various inplace (keyhole style) optimisations. In addition study_chunk
+  and scan_commit populate this data structure with information about
+  what strings MUST appear in the pattern. We look for the longest 
+  string that must appear for at a fixed location, and we look for the
+  longest string that may appear at a floating location. So for instance
+  in the pattern:
+  
+    /FOO[xX]A.*B[xX]BAR/
+    
+  Both 'FOO' and 'A' are fixed strings. Both 'B' and 'BAR' are floating
+  strings (because they follow a .* construct). study_chunk will identify
+  both FOO and BAR as being the longest fixed and floating strings respectively.
+  
+  The strings can be composites, for instance
+  
+     /(f)(o)(o)/
+     
+  will result in a composite fixed substring 'foo'.
+  
+  For each string some basic information is maintained:
+  
+  - offset or min_offset
+    This is the position the string must appear at, or not before.
+    It also implicitly (when combined with minlenp) tells us how many
+    character must match before the string we are searching.
+    Likewise when combined with minlenp and the length of the string
+    tells us how many characters must appear after the string we have 
+    found.
+  
+  - max_offset
+    Only used for floating strings. This is the rightmost point that
+    the string can appear at. Ifset to I32 max it indicates that the
+    string can occur infinitely far to the right.
+  
+  - minlenp
+    A pointer to the minimum length of the pattern that the string 
+    was found inside. This is important as in the case of positive 
+    lookahead or positive lookbehind we can have multiple patterns 
+    involved. Consider
+    
+    /(?=FOO).*F/
+    
+    The minimum length of the pattern overall is 3, the minimum length
+    of the lookahead part is 3, but the minimum length of the part that
+    will actually match is 1. So 'FOO's minimum length is 3, but the 
+    minimum length for the F is 1. This is important as the minimum length
+    is used to determine offsets in front of and behind the string being 
+    looked for.  Since strings can be composites this is the length of the
+    pattern at the time it was commited with a scan_commit. Note that
+    the length is calculated by study_chunk, so that the minimum lengths
+    are not known until the full pattern has been compiled, thus the 
+    pointer to the value.
+  
+  - lookbehind
+  
+    In the case of lookbehind the string being searched for can be
+    offset past the start point of the final matching string. 
+    If this value was just blithely removed from the min_offset it would
+    invalidate some of the calculations for how many chars must match
+    before or after (as they are derived from min_offset and minlen and
+    the length of the string being searched for). 
+    When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the
+    scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information
+    about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would 
+    have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the 
+    associated string.
+
+  The fields pos_min and pos_delta are used to store the minimum offset
+  and the delta to the maximum offset at the current point in the pattern.    
+
+*/
 
 typedef struct scan_data_t {
-    I32 len_min;
-    I32 len_delta;
+    /*I32 len_min;      unused */
+    /*I32 len_delta;    unused */
     I32 pos_min;
     I32 pos_delta;
     SV *last_found;
-    I32 last_end;                      /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
+    I32 last_end;          /* min value, <0 unless valid. */
     I32 last_start_min;
     I32 last_start_max;
-    SV **longest;                      /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
-    SV *longest_fixed;
-    I32 offset_fixed;
-    SV *longest_float;
-    I32 offset_float_min;
-    I32 offset_float_max;
+    SV **longest;          /* Either &l_fixed, or &l_float. */
+    SV *longest_fixed;      /* longest fixed string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_fixed;       /* offset where it starts */
+    I32 *minlen_fixed;      /* pointer to the minlen relevent to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_fixed;   /* is the position of the string modfied by LB */
+    SV *longest_float;      /* longest floating string found in pattern */
+    I32 offset_float_min;   /* earliest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 offset_float_max;   /* latest point in string it can appear */
+    I32 *minlen_float;      /* pointer to the minlen relevent to the string */
+    I32 lookbehind_float;   /* is the position of the string modified by LB */
     I32 flags;
     I32 whilem_c;
     I32 *last_closep;
@@ -188,11 +307,11 @@ typedef struct scan_data_t {
  */
 
 static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
-  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0};
 
 #define SF_BEFORE_EOL          (SF_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_BEFORE_MEOL)
-#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x1
-#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x2
+#define SF_BEFORE_SEOL         0x0001
+#define SF_BEFORE_MEOL         0x0002
 #define SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL      (SF_FIX_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
 #define SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL       (SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL|SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
 
@@ -209,16 +328,19 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
 
 #define SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL      (SF_BEFORE_SEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL)
 #define SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL      (SF_BEFORE_MEOL << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL) /* 0x20 */
-#define SF_IS_INF              0x40
-#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x80
-#define SF_IN_PAR              0x100
-#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x200
-#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x400
+#define SF_IS_INF              0x0040
+#define SF_HAS_PAR             0x0080
+#define SF_IN_PAR              0x0100
+#define SF_HAS_EVAL            0x0200
+#define SCF_DO_SUBSTR          0x0400
 #define SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND     0x0800
 #define SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR      0x1000
 #define SCF_DO_STCLASS         (SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
 #define SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS 0x2000
 
+#define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
+#define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000 
+
 #define UTF (RExC_utf8 != 0)
 #define LOC ((RExC_flags & PMf_LOCALE) != 0)
 #define FOLD ((RExC_flags & PMf_FOLD) != 0)
@@ -375,16 +497,13 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
  * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
  * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
  * Element 0 holds the number n.
+ * Position is 1 indexed.
  */
 
-#define MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(x)
-/* #define MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(x) DEBUG_r(Perl_warn_nocontext x) */
-
-
 #define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
     if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
        MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
-               __LINE__, (node), (byte)));                             \
+                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
        if((node) < 0) {                                                \
            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro", (int)(node)); \
        } else {                                                        \
@@ -419,17 +538,61 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
 #define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
 #define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
 
+#define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+#if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
+#define EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+#endif
+
+#define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(data,depth)                                  \
+DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                           \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
+        "%*s"/* Len:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" */"Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf           \
+        " Flags: %"IVdf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" ",           \
+        (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
+        (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
+        (IV)((data)->flags),                                         \
+        (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
+        (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1)      \
+    );                                                               \
+    if ((data)->last_found)                                          \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                \
+            "Last:'%s' %"IVdf":%"IVdf"/%"IVdf" %sFixed:'%s' @ %"IVdf \
+            " %sFloat: '%s' @ %"IVdf"/%"IVdf"",                      \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->last_found),                         \
+            (IV)((data)->last_end),                                  \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_min),                            \
+            (IV)((data)->last_start_max),                            \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_fixed)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_fixed),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_fixed),                              \
+            ((data)->longest &&                                      \
+             (data)->longest==&((data)->longest_float)) ? "*" : "",  \
+            SvPVX_const((data)->longest_float),                      \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_min),                          \
+            (IV)((data)->offset_float_max)                           \
+        );                                                           \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
+});
+
 static void clear_re(pTHX_ void *r);
 
 /* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
-   Updata the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
+   Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
    floating substrings if needed. */
 
 STATIC void
-S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data)
+S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data, I32 *minlenp)
 {
     const STRLEN l = CHR_SVLEN(data->last_found);
     const STRLEN old_l = CHR_SVLEN(*data->longest);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     if ((l >= old_l) && ((l > old_l) || (data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL))) {
        SvSetMagicSV(*data->longest, data->last_found);
@@ -440,6 +603,8 @@ S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data)
                    |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FIX_SHIFT_EOL);
            else
                data->flags &= ~SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL;
+           data->minlen_fixed=minlenp; 
+           data->lookbehind_fixed=0;
        }
        else {
            data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
@@ -453,6 +618,8 @@ S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data)
                    |= ((data->flags & SF_BEFORE_EOL) << SF_FL_SHIFT_EOL);
            else
                data->flags &= ~SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL;
+            data->minlen_float=minlenp;
+            data->lookbehind_float=0;
        }
     }
     SvCUR_set(data->last_found, 0);
@@ -466,6 +633,7 @@ S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data)
     }
     data->last_end = -1;
     data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA(data,0);
 }
 
 /* Can match anything (initialization) */
@@ -490,7 +658,7 @@ S_cl_is_anything(const struct regnode_charclass_class *cl)
            return 1;
     if (!(cl->flags & ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL))
        return 0;
-    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET(cl))
+    if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TESTALLSET((const void*)cl))
        return 0;
     return 1;
 }
@@ -520,6 +688,8 @@ STATIC void
 S_cl_and(struct regnode_charclass_class *cl,
        const struct regnode_charclass_class *and_with)
 {
+
+    assert(and_with->type == ANYOF);
     if (!(and_with->flags & ANYOF_CLASS)
        && !(cl->flags & ANYOF_CLASS)
        && (and_with->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) == (cl->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
@@ -611,16 +781,241 @@ S_cl_or(const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, struct regnode_charclass_class *cl, con
     }
 }
 
+#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
+#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
+#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
+#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
+
+
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+/*
+   dump_trie(trie)
+   dump_trie_interim_list(trie,next_alloc)
+   dump_trie_interim_table(trie,next_alloc)
+
+   These routines dump out a trie in a somewhat readable format.
+   The _interim_ variants are used for debugging the interim
+   tables that are used to generate the final compressed
+   representation which is what dump_trie expects.
+
+   Part of the reason for their existance is to provide a form
+   of documentation as to how the different representations function.
+
+*/
+
+/*
+  dump_trie(trie)
+  Dumps the final compressed table form of the trie to Perl_debug_log.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= trie->widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "Match","Base","Ofs" );
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie->revcharmap, state, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState|-----------------------",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"");
+
+    for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth, "--------");
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+
+    for( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount ; state++ ) {
+       const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s#%4"UVXf"|", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state);
+
+        if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%4X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
+        }
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%4"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
+
+        if ( base ) {
+            U32 ofs = 0;
+
+            while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
+                   ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
+                     && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
+                    ofs++;
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%2"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
+
+            for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
+                if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
+                     ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
+                     trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
+                {
+                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf,
+                    colwidth,
+                    (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
+                }
+            }
+
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
+
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+    }
+}    
+/*
+  dump_trie_interim_list(trie,next_alloc)
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in list form.
+  List tries normally only are used for construction when the number of 
+  possible chars (trie->uniquecharcount) is very high.
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, U32 next_alloc,U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= trie->widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    /* print out the table precompression.  */
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sState :Word | Transition Data\n%*s%s",
+        (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+        "------:-----+-----------------\n" );
+    
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
+        U16 charid;
+    
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s %4"UVXf" :",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", (UV)state  );
+        if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%4x| ",
+                trie->states[ state ].wordnum
+            );
+        }
+        for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
+           SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie->revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
+           if ( tmp ) {
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s:%3X=%4"UVXf" | ",
+                    colwidth,
+                    pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                    ) ,
+                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
+                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
+                );
+                if (!(charid % 10)) 
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n%*s| ",
+                        (int)((depth * 2) + 14), "");
+            }
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    }
+}    
+
 /*
+  dump_trie_interim_table(trie,next_alloc)
+  Dumps a fully constructed but uncompressed trie in table form.
+  This is the normal DFA style state transition table, with a few 
+  twists to facilitate compression later. 
+  Used for debugging make_trie().
+*/
+STATIC void
+S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, U32 next_alloc, U32 depth)
+{
+    U32 state;
+    U16 charid;
+    SV *sv=sv_newmortal();
+    int colwidth= trie->widecharmap ? 6 : 4;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    
+    /*
+       print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
+       that they are identical.
+     */
+    
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sChar : ",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( trie->revcharmap, charid, 0);
+        if ( tmp ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", 
+                colwidth,
+                pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*tmp), SvCUR(*tmp), colwidth, 
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR 
+                ) 
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n%*sState+-",(int)depth * 2 + 2,"" );
+
+    for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%.*s", colwidth,"--------");
+    }
+
+    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
+
+    for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
+
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%4"UVXf" : ", 
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+            (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
+
+        for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
+            UV v=(UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next );
+            if (v)
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*"UVXf, colwidth, v );
+            else
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s", colwidth, "." );
+        }
+        if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
+        } else {
+            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%4"UVXf") W%4X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
+            trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
 
- make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,flags)
+/* make_trie(startbranch,first,last,tail,word_count,flags,depth)
   startbranch: the first branch in the whole branch sequence
   first      : start branch of sequence of branch-exact nodes.
               May be the same as startbranch
   last       : Thing following the last branch.
               May be the same as tail.
   tail       : item following the branch sequence
+  count      : words in the sequence
   flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|Fl)/
+  depth      : indent depth
 
 Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
 
@@ -721,21 +1116,23 @@ and would end up looking like:
    8: EXACT <baz>(10)
   10: END(0)
 
+    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
+
+is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
+
+    *(d++) = uv;
 */
 
-#define TRIE_DEBUG_CHAR                                                    \
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({                                                 \
-       SV *tmp;                                                           \
-       if ( UTF ) {                                                       \
-           tmp = newSVpvs( "" );                                          \
-           pv_uni_display( tmp, uc, len, 60, UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX );         \
-       } else {                                                           \
-           tmp = Perl_newSVpvf_nocontext( "%c", (int)uvc );               \
-       }                                                                  \
-       av_push( trie->revcharmap, tmp );                                  \
-    })
+#define TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR                                                 \
+    STMT_START {                                                           \
+       SV *tmp = newSVpvs("");                                            \
+       if (UTF) SvUTF8_on(tmp);                                           \
+       Perl_sv_catpvf( aTHX_ tmp, "%c", (int)uvc );                       \
+       av_push( TRIE_REVCHARMAP(trie), tmp );                             \
+    } STMT_END
 
 #define TRIE_READ_CHAR STMT_START {                                           \
+    wordlen++;                                                                \
     if ( UTF ) {                                                              \
        if ( folder ) {                                                       \
            if ( foldlen > 0 ) {                                              \
@@ -759,16 +1156,11 @@ and would end up looking like:
 } STMT_END
 
 
-#define TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,idx) (trie->states[state].trans.list)[ idx ]
-#define TRIE_LIST_CUR(state)  ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).forid )
-#define TRIE_LIST_LEN(state) ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, 0 ).newstate )
-#define TRIE_LIST_USED(idx)  ( trie->states[state].trans.list ? (TRIE_LIST_CUR( idx ) - 1) : 0 )
 
 #define TRIE_LIST_PUSH(state,fid,ns) STMT_START {               \
     if ( TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) >=TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) ) {    \
-       TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                            \
-       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list,                \
-              TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ), reg_trie_trans_le );     \
+       U32 ging = TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) *= 2;                 \
+       Renew( trie->states[ state ].trans.list, ging, reg_trie_trans_le ); \
     }                                                           \
     TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).forid = fid;     \
     TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, TRIE_LIST_CUR( state ) ).newstate = ns;   \
@@ -782,8 +1174,67 @@ and would end up looking like:
      TRIE_LIST_LEN( state ) = 4;                                \
 } STMT_END
 
+#define TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state) STMT_START {                    \
+    U16 dupe= trie->states[ state ].wordnum;                    \
+    regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );              \
+                                                                \
+    if (trie->wordlen)                                          \
+        trie->wordlen[ curword ] = wordlen;                     \
+    DEBUG_r({                                                   \
+        /* store the word for dumping */                        \
+        SV* tmp;                                                \
+        if (OP(noper) != NOTHING)                               \
+            tmp = newSVpvn(STRING(noper), STR_LEN(noper));      \
+        else                                                    \
+            tmp = newSVpvn( "", 0 );                            \
+        if ( UTF ) SvUTF8_on( tmp );                            \
+        av_push( trie->words, tmp );                            \
+    });                                                         \
+                                                                \
+    curword++;                                                  \
+                                                                \
+    if ( noper_next < tail ) {                                  \
+        if (!trie->jump)                                        \
+            Newxz( trie->jump, word_count + 1, U16);            \
+        trie->jump[curword] = (U16)(noper_next - convert);      \
+        if (!jumper)                                            \
+            jumper = noper_next;                                \
+        if (!nextbranch)                                        \
+            nextbranch= regnext(cur);                           \
+    }                                                           \
+                                                                \
+    if ( dupe ) {                                               \
+        /* So it's a dupe. This means we need to maintain a   */\
+        /* linked-list from the first to the next.            */\
+        /* we only allocate the nextword buffer when there    */\
+        /* a dupe, so first time we have to do the allocation */\
+        if (!trie->nextword)                                    \
+            Newxz( trie->nextword, word_count + 1, U16);        \
+        while ( trie->nextword[dupe] )                          \
+            dupe= trie->nextword[dupe];                         \
+        trie->nextword[dupe]= curword;                          \
+    } else {                                                    \
+        /* we haven't inserted this word yet.                */ \
+        trie->states[ state ].wordnum = curword;                \
+    }                                                           \
+} STMT_END
+
+
+#define TRIE_TRANS_STATE(state,base,ucharcount,charid,special)         \
+     ( ( base + charid >=  ucharcount                                  \
+         && base + charid < ubound                                     \
+         && state == trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].check   \
+         && trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next )           \
+           ? trie->trans[ base - ucharcount + charid ].next            \
+           : ( state==1 ? special : 0 )                                        \
+      )
+
+#define MADE_TRIE       1
+#define MADE_JUMP_TRIE  2
+#define MADE_EXACT_TRIE 4
+
 STATIC I32
-S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 flags)
+S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *first, regnode *last, regnode *tail, U32 word_count, U32 flags, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
     /* first pass, loop through and scan words */
@@ -794,6 +1245,9 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
     UV uvc = 0;
     U16 curword = 0;
     U32 next_alloc = 0;
+    regnode *jumper = NULL;
+    regnode *nextbranch = NULL;
+    regnode *convert = NULL;
     /* we just use folder as a flag in utf8 */
     const U8 * const folder = ( flags == EXACTF
                        ? PL_fold
@@ -805,24 +1259,53 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
 
     const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "t" );
     SV *re_trie_maxbuff;
-
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    /* these are only used during construction but are useful during
+     * debugging so we store them in the struct when debugging.
+     */
+    STRLEN trie_charcount=0;
+    AV *trie_revcharmap;
+#endif
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
 
     Newxz( trie, 1, reg_trie_data );
     trie->refcount = 1;
+    trie->startstate = 1;
+    trie->wordcount = word_count;
     RExC_rx->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
     Newxz( trie->charmap, 256, U16 );
+    if (!(UTF && folder))
+        Newxz( trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char );
     DEBUG_r({
         trie->words = newAV();
-        trie->revcharmap = newAV();
     });
-
+    TRIE_REVCHARMAP(trie) = newAV();
 
     re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
     if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff)) {
         sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
     }
-
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                  "%*smake_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
+                  (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first), 
+                  REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail),
+                  (int)depth);
+    });
+   
+   /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+    if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
+        /* whole branch chain */
+        convert = first;
+    } else {
+        /* branch sub-chain */
+        convert = NEXTOPER( first );
+    }
+        
     /*  -- First loop and Setup --
 
        We first traverse the branches and scan each word to determine if it
@@ -846,7 +1329,6 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
 
      */
 
-
     for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
         regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
         const U8 *uc = (U8*)STRING( noper );
@@ -854,16 +1336,27 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
         STRLEN foldlen = 0;
         U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
         const U8 *scan = (U8*)NULL;
+        U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
+        STRLEN chars=0;
 
+        if (OP(noper) == NOTHING) {
+            trie->minlen= 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (trie->bitmap) {
+            TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*uc);
+            if ( folder ) TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *uc ]);            
+        }
         for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
-            trie->charcount++;
+            TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie)++;
             TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+            chars++;
             if ( uvc < 256 ) {
                 if ( !trie->charmap[ uvc ] ) {
                     trie->charmap[ uvc ]=( ++trie->uniquecharcount );
                     if ( folder )
                         trie->charmap[ folder[ uvc ] ] = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
-                    TRIE_DEBUG_CHAR;
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR;
                 }
             } else {
                 SV** svpp;
@@ -877,18 +1370,28 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
 
                 if ( !SvTRUE( *svpp ) ) {
                     sv_setiv( *svpp, ++trie->uniquecharcount );
-                    TRIE_DEBUG_CHAR;
+                    TRIE_STORE_REVCHAR;
                 }
             }
         }
-        trie->wordcount++;
+        if( cur == first ) {
+            trie->minlen=chars;
+            trie->maxlen=chars;
+        } else if (chars < trie->minlen) {
+            trie->minlen=chars;
+        } else if (chars > trie->maxlen) {
+            trie->maxlen=chars;
+        }
+
     } /* end first pass */
     DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "TRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d \n",
-                ( trie->widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), trie->wordcount,
-                (int)trie->charcount, trie->uniquecharcount )
+        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*sTRIE(%s): W:%d C:%d Uq:%d Min:%d Max:%d\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                ( trie->widecharmap ? "UTF8" : "NATIVE" ), (int)word_count,
+               (int)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie), trie->uniquecharcount,
+               (int)trie->minlen, (int)trie->maxlen )
     );
-
+    Newxz( trie->wordlen, word_count, U32 );
 
     /*
         We now know what we are dealing with in terms of unique chars and
@@ -912,7 +1415,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
     */
 
 
-    if ( (IV)( ( trie->charcount + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
+    if ( (IV)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1) > SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff) ) {
         /*
             Second Pass -- Array Of Lists Representation
 
@@ -923,14 +1426,15 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
             We build the initial structure using the lists, and then convert
             it into the compressed table form which allows faster lookups
             (but cant be modified once converted).
-
-
         */
 
-
         STRLEN transcount = 1;
 
-        Newxz( trie->states, trie->charcount + 2, reg_trie_state );
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using list compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
+
+        Newxz( trie->states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, reg_trie_state );
         TRIE_LIST_NEW(1);
         next_alloc = 2;
 
@@ -943,100 +1447,63 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
            U16 charid       = 0;         /* sanity init */
            U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
            STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
            U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
 
-           for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+            if (OP(noper) != NOTHING) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
 
-               TRIE_READ_CHAR;
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
 
-               if ( uvc < 256 ) {
-                   charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
-               } else {
-                   SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( trie->widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
-                   if ( !svpp ) {
-                       charid = 0;
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
                    } else {
-                       charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
+                        SV** const svpp = hv_fetch( trie->widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        if ( !svpp ) {
+                            charid = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            charid=(U16)SvIV( *svpp );
+                        }
                    }
-               }
-               if ( charid ) {
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
+                    if ( charid ) {
 
-                   U16 check;
-                   U32 newstate = 0;
+                        U16 check;
+                        U32 newstate = 0;
 
-                   charid--;
-                   if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
-                       TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
-                   }
-                   for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
-                       if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
-                           newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
-                           break;
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->states[ state ].trans.list ) {
+                            TRIE_LIST_NEW( state );
                        }
+                        for ( check = 1; check <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ); check++ ) {
+                            if ( TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).forid == charid ) {
+                                newstate = TRIE_LIST_ITEM( state, check ).newstate;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if ( ! newstate ) {
+                            newstate = next_alloc++;
+                            TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
+                            transcount++;
+                        }
+                        state = newstate;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
                    }
-                   if ( ! newstate ) {
-                       newstate = next_alloc++;
-                       TRIE_LIST_PUSH( state, charid, newstate );
-                       transcount++;
-                   }
-                   state = newstate;
-               } else {
-                   Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
                }
-               /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
-           }
-
-           if ( !trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
-               /* we havent inserted this word into the structure yet. */
-               trie->states[ state ].wordnum = ++curword;
-
-               DEBUG_r({
-                   /* store the word for dumping */
-                   SV* tmp = newSVpvn( STRING( noper ), STR_LEN( noper ) );
-                   if ( UTF ) SvUTF8_on( tmp );
-                   av_push( trie->words, tmp );
-               });
-
-           } else {
-               NOOP;   /* It's a dupe. So ignore it. */
            }
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(state);
 
         } /* end second pass */
 
-        trie->laststate = next_alloc;
+        /* next alloc is the NEXT state to be allocated */
+        trie->statecount = next_alloc; 
         Renew( trie->states, next_alloc, reg_trie_state );
 
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r({
-            U32 state;
-
-            /* print out the table precompression.  */
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\nState :Word | Transition Data\n" );
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,   "------:-----+-----------------" );
-
-            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state ++ ) {
-               U16 charid;
-
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n %04"UVXf" :", (UV)state  );
-                if ( ! trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%5s| ","");
-                } else {
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "W%04x| ",
-                        trie->states[ state ].wordnum
-                    );
-                }
-                for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
-                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( trie->revcharmap, TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%s:%3X=%04"UVXf" | ",
-                        SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp ),
-                        TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
-                        (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
-                    );
-                }
-
-            }
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n\n" );
-        });
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            dump_trie_interim_list(trie,next_alloc,depth+1)
+        );
 
         Newxz( trie->trans, transcount ,reg_trie_trans );
         {
@@ -1145,12 +1612,16 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
            use TRIE_NODENUM() to convert.
 
         */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r( PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, 
+            "%*sCompiling trie using table compiler\n",
+            (int)depth * 2 + 2, ""));
 
-        Newxz( trie->trans, ( trie->charcount + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
+        Newxz( trie->trans, ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1,
               reg_trie_trans );
-        Newxz( trie->states, trie->charcount + 2, reg_trie_state );
+        Newxz( trie->states, TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 2, reg_trie_state );
         next_alloc = trie->uniquecharcount + 1;
 
+
         for ( cur = first ; cur < last ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
 
            regnode * const noper   = NEXTOPER( cur );
@@ -1164,92 +1635,44 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
             U8 *scan         = (U8*)NULL; /* sanity init */
 
             STRLEN foldlen   = 0;         /* required init */
+            U32 wordlen      = 0;         /* required init */
             U8 foldbuf[ UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1 ];
 
+            if ( OP(noper) != NOTHING ) {
+                for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
 
-            for ( ; uc < e ; uc += len ) {
+                    TRIE_READ_CHAR;
 
-                TRIE_READ_CHAR;
-
-                if ( uvc < 256 ) {
-                    charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
-                } else {
-                   SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( trie->widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
-                   charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
-                }
-                if ( charid ) {
-                    charid--;
-                    if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
-                        trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
-                        trie->trans[ state ].check++;
-                        next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
+                    if ( uvc < 256 ) {
+                        charid = trie->charmap[ uvc ];
+                    } else {
+                        SV* const * const svpp = hv_fetch( trie->widecharmap, (char*)&uvc, sizeof( UV ), 0);
+                        charid = svpp ? (U16)SvIV(*svpp) : 0;
                     }
-                    state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
-                } else {
-                    Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                    if ( charid ) {
+                        charid--;
+                        if ( !trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) {
+                            trie->trans[ state + charid ].next = next_alloc;
+                            trie->trans[ state ].check++;
+                            next_alloc += trie->uniquecharcount;
+                        }
+                        state = trie->trans[ state + charid ].next;
+                    } else {
+                        Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, no char mapping for %"IVdf, uvc );
+                    }
+                    /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
                 }
-                /* charid is now 0 if we dont know the char read, or nonzero if we do */
             }
-
             accept_state = TRIE_NODENUM( state );
-            if ( !trie->states[ accept_state ].wordnum ) {
-                /* we havent inserted this word into the structure yet. */
-                trie->states[ accept_state ].wordnum = ++curword;
-
-                DEBUG_r({
-                    /* store the word for dumping */
-                    SV* tmp = newSVpvn( STRING( noper ), STR_LEN( noper ) );
-                    if ( UTF ) SvUTF8_on( tmp );
-                    av_push( trie->words, tmp );
-                });
-
-            } else {
-               NOOP;  /* Its a dupe. So ignore it. */
-            }
+            TRIE_HANDLE_WORD(accept_state);
 
         } /* end second pass */
 
-        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r({
-            /*
-               print out the table precompression so that we can do a visual check
-               that they are identical.
-             */
-            U32 state;
-            U16 charid;
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\nChar : " );
-
-            for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-                SV **tmp = av_fetch( trie->revcharmap, charid, 0);
-                if ( tmp ) {
-                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%4.4s ", SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp ) );
-                }
-            }
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\nState+-" );
-
-            for( charid=0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%4s-", "----" );
-            }
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
-
-            for( state=1 ; state < next_alloc ; state += trie->uniquecharcount ) {
-
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%04"UVXf" : ", (UV)TRIE_NODENUM( state ) );
+        /* and now dump it out before we compress it */
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            dump_trie_interim_table(trie,next_alloc,depth+1)
+        );
 
-                for( charid = 0 ; charid < trie->uniquecharcount ; charid++ ) {
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%04"UVXf" ",
-                        (UV)SAFE_TRIE_NODENUM( trie->trans[ state + charid ].next ) );
-                }
-                if ( ! trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum ) {
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%04"UVXf")\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check );
-                } else {
-                    PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " (%04"UVXf") W%04X\n", (UV)trie->trans[ state ].check,
-                    trie->states[ TRIE_NODENUM( state ) ].wordnum );
-                }
-            }
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n\n" );
-        });
         {
         /*
            * Inplace compress the table.*
@@ -1276,6 +1699,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
            even earlier), but the .check field determines if the transition is
            valid.
 
+           XXX - wrong maybe?
            The following process inplace converts the table to the compressed
            table: We first do not compress the root node 1,and mark its all its
            .check pointers as 1 and set its .base pointer as 1 as well. This
@@ -1301,7 +1725,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
            This pointer is independent of the main pointer and scans forward
            looking for null transitions that are allocated to a state. When it
            finds one it writes the single transition into the "hole".  If the
-           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appeneded as normal.
+           pointer doesnt find one the single transition is appended as normal.
 
            - Once compressed we can Renew/realloc the structures to release the
            excess space.
@@ -1314,7 +1738,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
         const U32 laststate = TRIE_NODENUM( next_alloc );
        U32 state, charid;
         U32 pos = 0, zp=0;
-        trie->laststate = laststate;
+        trie->statecount = laststate;
 
         for ( state = 1 ; state < laststate ; state++ ) {
             U8 flag = 0;
@@ -1351,11 +1775,12 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
             }
         }
         trie->lasttrans = pos + 1;
-        Renew( trie->states, laststate + 1, reg_trie_state);
+        Renew( trie->states, laststate, reg_trie_state);
         DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
                 PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                   " Alloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
-                   (int)( ( trie->charcount + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
+                   "%*sAlloc: %d Orig: %"IVdf" elements, Final:%"IVdf". Savings of %%%5.2f\n",
+                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"",
+                    (int)( ( TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie) + 1 ) * trie->uniquecharcount + 1 ),
                    (IV)next_alloc,
                    (IV)pos,
                     ( ( next_alloc - pos ) * 100 ) / (double)next_alloc );
@@ -1363,118 +1788,323 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
 
         } /* end table compress */
     }
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_MORE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sStatecount:%"UVxf" Lasttrans:%"UVxf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)trie->statecount,
+                (UV)trie->lasttrans)
+    );
     /* resize the trans array to remove unused space */
     Renew( trie->trans, trie->lasttrans, reg_trie_trans);
 
-    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-        U32 state;
+    /* and now dump out the compressed format */
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+        dump_trie(trie,depth+1)
+    );
+
+    {   /* Modify the program and insert the new TRIE node*/ 
+        U8 nodetype =(U8)(flags & 0xFF);
+        char *str=NULL;
+        
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+        regnode *optimize = NULL;
+        U32 mjd_offset = 0;
+        U32 mjd_nodelen = 0;
+#endif
         /*
-           Now we print it out again, in a slightly different form as there is additional
-           info we want to be able to see when its compressed. They are close enough for
-           visual comparison though.
+           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
+           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
+           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
+           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
+           Assuming its a sub part we conver the EXACT otherwise we convert
+           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
          */
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\nChar : %-6s%-6s%-4s ","Match","Base","Ofs" );
-
-        for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ ) {
-            SV **tmp = av_fetch( trie->revcharmap, state, 0);
-            if ( tmp ) {
-              PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%4.4s ", SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp ) );
-            }
+        /* Find the node we are going to overwrite */
+        if ( first != startbranch || OP( last ) == BRANCH ) {
+            /* branch sub-chain */
+            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
+            DEBUG_r({
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((convert));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((convert));
+            });
+            /* whole branch chain */
+        } else {
+            DEBUG_r({
+                const  regnode *nop = NEXTOPER( convert );
+                mjd_offset= Node_Offset((nop));
+                mjd_nodelen= Node_Length((nop));
+            });
         }
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n-----:-----------------------");
-
-        for( state = 0 ; state < trie->uniquecharcount ; state++ )
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "-----");
-        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-
-        for( state = 1 ; state < trie->laststate ; state++ ) {
-           const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "#%04"UVXf" ", (UV)state);
-
-            if ( trie->states[ state ].wordnum ) {
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " W%04X", trie->states[ state ].wordnum );
-            } else {
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%6s", "" );
-            }
-
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " @%04"UVXf" ", (UV)base );
-
-            if ( base ) {
+        
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*sMJD offset:%"UVuf" MJD length:%"UVuf"\n",
+                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                (UV)mjd_offset, (UV)mjd_nodelen)
+        );
+
+        /* But first we check to see if there is a common prefix we can 
+           split out as an EXACT and put in front of the TRIE node.  */
+        trie->startstate= 1;
+        if ( trie->bitmap && !trie->widecharmap && !trie->jump  ) {
+            U32 state;
+            for ( state = 1 ; state < trie->statecount-1 ; state++ ) {
                 U32 ofs = 0;
+                I32 idx = -1;
+                U32 count = 0;
+                const U32 base = trie->states[ state ].trans.base;
 
-                while( ( base + ofs  < trie->uniquecharcount ) ||
-                       ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans
-                         && trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check != state))
-                        ofs++;
-
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "+%02"UVXf"[ ", (UV)ofs);
+                if ( trie->states[state].wordnum )
+                        count = 1;
 
                 for ( ofs = 0 ; ofs < trie->uniquecharcount ; ofs++ ) {
                     if ( ( base + ofs >= trie->uniquecharcount ) &&
                          ( base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount < trie->lasttrans ) &&
                          trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].check == state )
                     {
-                       PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%04"UVXf" ",
-                        (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next );
-                    } else {
-                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%4s ","   0" );
-                    }
+                        if ( ++count > 1 ) {
+                            SV **tmp = av_fetch( TRIE_REVCHARMAP(trie), ofs, 0);
+                           const U8 *ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+                            if ( state == 1 ) break;
+                            if ( count == 2 ) {
+                                Zero(trie->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                                       "%*sNew Start State=%"UVuf" Class: [",
+                                        (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                                        (UV)state));
+                               if (idx >= 0) {
+                                   SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( TRIE_REVCHARMAP(trie), idx, 0);
+                                   const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+
+                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                                    if ( folder )
+                                        TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie, folder[ *ch ]);
+                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, (char*)ch)
+                                    );
+                               }
+                           }
+                           TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,*ch);
+                           if ( folder )
+                               TRIE_BITMAP_SET(trie,folder[ *ch ]);
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"%s", ch));
+                       }
+                        idx = ofs;
+                   }
                 }
+                if ( count == 1 ) {
+                    SV **tmp = av_fetch( TRIE_REVCHARMAP(trie), idx, 0);
+                    const char *ch = SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
+                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
+                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                           "%*sPrefix State: %"UVuf" Idx:%"UVuf" Char='%s'\n",
+                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
+                            (UV)state, (UV)idx, ch)
+                    );
+                    if ( state==1 ) {
+                        OP( convert ) = nodetype;
+                        str=STRING(convert);
+                        STR_LEN(convert)=0;
+                    }
+                    *str++=*ch;
+                    STR_LEN(convert)++;
 
-                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "]");
-
+               } else {
+#ifdef DEBUGGING           
+                   if (state>1)
+                       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"]\n"));
+#endif
+                   break;
+               }
+           }
+            if (str) {
+                regnode *n = convert+NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                NEXT_OFF(convert) = NODE_SZ_STR(convert);
+                trie->startstate = state;
+                trie->minlen -= (state - 1);
+                trie->maxlen -= (state - 1);
+                DEBUG_r({
+                    regnode *fix = convert;
+                    mjd_nodelen++;
+                    Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
+                    while( ++fix < n ) {
+                        Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
+                    }
+                });
+                if (trie->maxlen) {
+                    convert = n;
+               } else {
+                    NEXT_OFF(convert) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+                    DEBUG_r(optimize= n);
+                }
             }
-            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "\n" );
         }
-    });
-
-    {
-        /* now finally we "stitch in" the new TRIE node
-           This means we convert either the first branch or the first Exact,
-           depending on whether the thing following (in 'last') is a branch
-           or not and whther first is the startbranch (ie is it a sub part of
-           the alternation or is it the whole thing.)
-           Assuming its a sub part we conver the EXACT otherwise we convert
-           the whole branch sequence, including the first.
-        */
-        regnode *convert;
-
-
-
-
-        if ( first == startbranch && OP( last ) != BRANCH ) {
-            convert = first;
-        } else {
-            convert = NEXTOPER( first );
-            NEXT_OFF( first ) = (U16)(last - first);
+        if (!jumper) 
+            jumper = last; 
+        if ( trie->maxlen ) {
+           NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
+           ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
+           /* Store the offset to the first unabsorbed branch in 
+              jump[0], which is otherwise unused by the jump logic. 
+              We use this when dumping a trie and during optimisation. */
+           if (trie->jump) 
+               trie->jump[0] = (U16)(nextbranch - convert);
+            
+            /* XXXX */
+            if ( !trie->states[trie->startstate].wordnum && trie->bitmap && 
+                 ( (char *)jumper - (char *)convert) >= (int)sizeof(struct regnode_charclass) )
+            {
+                OP( convert ) = TRIEC;
+                Copy(trie->bitmap, ((struct regnode_charclass *)convert)->bitmap, ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, char);
+                Safefree(trie->bitmap);
+                trie->bitmap= NULL;
+            } else 
+                OP( convert ) = TRIE;
+
+            /* store the type in the flags */
+            convert->flags = nodetype;
+            DEBUG_r({
+            optimize = convert 
+                      + NODE_STEP_REGNODE 
+                      + regarglen[ OP( convert ) ];
+            });
+            /* XXX We really should free up the resource in trie now, 
+                   as we won't use them - (which resources?) dmq */
         }
-
-        OP( convert ) = TRIE + (U8)( flags - EXACT );
-        NEXT_OFF( convert ) = (U16)(tail - convert);
-        ARG_SET( convert, data_slot );
-
-        /* tells us if we need to handle accept buffers specially */
-        convert->flags = ( RExC_seen_evals ? 1 : 0 );
-
-
         /* needed for dumping*/
-        DEBUG_r({
-            regnode *optimize = convert + NODE_STEP_REGNODE + regarglen[ TRIE ];
-            /* We now need to mark all of the space originally used by the
-               branches as optimized away. This keeps the dumpuntil from
-               throwing a wobbly as it doesnt use regnext() to traverse the
-               opcodes.
+        DEBUG_r(if (optimize) {
+            regnode *opt = convert;
+            while ( ++opt < optimize) {
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
+            }
+            /* 
+                Try to clean up some of the debris left after the 
+                optimisation.
              */
-            while( optimize < last ) {
+            while( optimize < jumper ) {
+                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
                 OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
                 optimize++;
             }
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
         });
     } /* end node insert */
-    return 1;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    SvREFCNT_dec(TRIE_REVCHARMAP(trie));
+#endif
+    return trie->jump 
+           ? MADE_JUMP_TRIE 
+           : trie->startstate>1 
+             ? MADE_EXACT_TRIE 
+             : MADE_TRIE;
 }
 
+STATIC void
+S_make_trie_failtable(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *source,  regnode *stclass, U32 depth)
+{
+/* The Trie is constructed and compressed now so we can build a fail array now if its needed
+
+   This is basically the Aho-Corasick algorithm. Its from exercise 3.31 and 3.32 in the
+   "Red Dragon" -- Compilers, principles, techniques, and tools. Aho, Sethi, Ullman 1985/88
+   ISBN 0-201-10088-6
+
+   We find the fail state for each state in the trie, this state is the longest proper
+   suffix of the current states 'word' that is also a proper prefix of another word in our
+   trie. State 1 represents the word '' and is the thus the default fail state. This allows
+   the DFA not to have to restart after its tried and failed a word at a given point, it
+   simply continues as though it had been matching the other word in the first place.
+   Consider
+      'abcdgu'=~/abcdefg|cdgu/
+   When we get to 'd' we are still matching the first word, we would encounter 'g' which would
+   fail, which would bring use to the state representing 'd' in the second word where we would
+   try 'g' and succeed, prodceding to match 'cdgu'.
+ */
+ /* add a fail transition */
+    reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data *)RExC_rx->data->data[ARG(source)];
+    U32 *q;
+    const U32 ucharcount = trie->uniquecharcount;
+    const U32 numstates = trie->statecount;
+    const U32 ubound = trie->lasttrans + ucharcount;
+    U32 q_read = 0;
+    U32 q_write = 0;
+    U32 charid;
+    U32 base = trie->states[ 1 ].trans.base;
+    U32 *fail;
+    reg_ac_data *aho;
+    const U32 data_slot = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "T" );
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+
+    ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
+    Newxz( aho, 1, reg_ac_data );
+    RExC_rx->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)aho;
+    aho->trie=trie;
+    aho->states=(reg_trie_state *)savepvn((const char*)trie->states,
+        numstates * sizeof(reg_trie_state));
+    Newxz( q, numstates, U32);
+    Newxz( aho->fail, numstates, U32 );
+    aho->refcount = 1;
+    fail = aho->fail;
+    /* initialize fail[0..1] to be 1 so that we always have
+       a valid final fail state */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 1;
+
+    for ( charid = 0; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+       const U32 newstate = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( 1, base, ucharcount, charid, 0 );
+       if ( newstate ) {
+            q[ q_write ] = newstate;
+            /* set to point at the root */
+            fail[ q[ q_write++ ] ]=1;
+        }
+    }
+    while ( q_read < q_write) {
+       const U32 cur = q[ q_read++ % numstates ];
+        base = trie->states[ cur ].trans.base;
+
+        for ( charid = 0 ; charid < ucharcount ; charid++ ) {
+           const U32 ch_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( cur, base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+           if (ch_state) {
+                U32 fail_state = cur;
+                U32 fail_base;
+                do {
+                    fail_state = fail[ fail_state ];
+                    fail_base = aho->states[ fail_state ].trans.base;
+                } while ( !TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 ) );
+
+                fail_state = TRIE_TRANS_STATE( fail_state, fail_base, ucharcount, charid, 1 );
+                fail[ ch_state ] = fail_state;
+                if ( !aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum && aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum )
+                {
+                        aho->states[ ch_state ].wordnum =  aho->states[ fail_state ].wordnum;
+                }
+                q[ q_write++ % numstates] = ch_state;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* restore fail[0..1] to 0 so that we "fall out" of the AC loop
+       when we fail in state 1, this allows us to use the
+       charclass scan to find a valid start char. This is based on the principle
+       that theres a good chance the string being searched contains lots of stuff
+       that cant be a start char.
+     */
+    fail[ 0 ] = fail[ 1 ] = 0;
+    DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                     "%*sStclass Failtable (%"UVuf" states): 0", 
+                     (int)(depth * 2), "", (UV)numstates
+        );
+        for( q_read=1; q_read<numstates; q_read++ ) {
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ", %"UVuf, (UV)fail[q_read]);
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
+    Safefree(q);
+    /*RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_TRIEDFA;*/
+}
 
 
 /*
@@ -1488,19 +2118,204 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch, regnode *firs
 #   endif
 #endif
 
+#define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
+       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
+       regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
+       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan); \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
+       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
+       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+   }});
+
+
+
+
+
+#define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min,flags) \
+    if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
+        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min),(flags),NULL,depth+1)
+
+STATIC U32
+S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan, I32 *min, U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth) {
+    /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
+    regnode *n = regnext(scan);
+    U32 stringok = 1;
+    regnode *next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    U32 merged = 0;
+    U32 stopnow = 0;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    regnode *stop = scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#else
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+#ifndef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(flags);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(val);
+#endif
+    DEBUG_PEEP("join",scan,depth);
+    
+    /* Skip NOTHING, merge EXACT*. */
+    while (n &&
+           ( PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING ||
+             (stringok && (OP(n) == OP(scan))))
+           && NEXT_OFF(n)
+           && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX) {
+        
+        if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
+            stringok = 0;
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
+            DEBUG_PEEP("skip:",n,depth);
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            if (stringok)
+                stop = n;
+#endif
+            n = regnext(n);
+        }
+        else if (stringok) {
+            const unsigned int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
+            regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
+            
+            DEBUG_PEEP("merg",n,depth);
+            
+            merged++;
+            if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
+                break;
+            NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
+            STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
+            next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
+            /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
+            Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+            stop = next - 1;
+#endif
+            n = nnext;
+            if (stopnow) break;
+        }
+
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+       if (flags && !NEXT_OFF(n)) {
+           DEBUG_PEEP("atch", val, depth);
+           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(n)]) {
+               ARG_SET(n, val - n);
+           }
+           else {
+               NEXT_OFF(n) = val - n;
+           }
+           stopnow = 1;
+       }
+#endif
+    }
+    
+    if (UTF && ( OP(scan) == EXACTF ) && ( STR_LEN(scan) >= 6 ) ) {
+    /*
+    Two problematic code points in Unicode casefolding of EXACT nodes:
+    
+    U+0390 - GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
+    U+03B0 - GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
+    
+    which casefold to
+    
+    Unicode                      UTF-8
+    
+    U+03B9 U+0308 U+0301         0xCE 0xB9 0xCC 0x88 0xCC 0x81
+    U+03C5 U+0308 U+0301         0xCF 0x85 0xCC 0x88 0xCC 0x81
+    
+    This means that in case-insensitive matching (or "loose matching",
+    as Unicode calls it), an EXACTF of length six (the UTF-8 encoded byte
+    length of the above casefolded versions) can match a target string
+    of length two (the byte length of UTF-8 encoded U+0390 or U+03B0).
+    This would rather mess up the minimum length computation.
+    
+    What we'll do is to look for the tail four bytes, and then peek
+    at the preceding two bytes to see whether we need to decrease
+    the minimum length by four (six minus two).
+    
+    Thanks to the design of UTF-8, there cannot be false matches:
+    A sequence of valid UTF-8 bytes cannot be a subsequence of
+    another valid sequence of UTF-8 bytes.
+    
+    */
+         char * const s0 = STRING(scan), *s, *t;
+         char * const s1 = s0 + STR_LEN(scan) - 1;
+         char * const s2 = s1 - 4;
+#ifdef EBCDIC /* RD tunifold greek 0390 and 03B0 */
+        const char t0[] = "\xaf\x49\xaf\x42";
+#else
+         const char t0[] = "\xcc\x88\xcc\x81";
+#endif
+         const char * const t1 = t0 + 3;
+    
+         for (s = s0 + 2;
+              s < s2 && (t = ninstr(s, s1, t0, t1));
+              s = t + 4) {
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+             if (((U8)t[-1] == 0x68 && (U8)t[-2] == 0xB4) ||
+                 ((U8)t[-1] == 0x46 && (U8)t[-2] == 0xB5))
+#else
+              if (((U8)t[-1] == 0xB9 && (U8)t[-2] == 0xCE) ||
+                  ((U8)t[-1] == 0x85 && (U8)t[-2] == 0xCF))
+#endif
+                   *min -= 4;
+         }
+    }
+    
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* Allow dumping */
+    n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
+    while (n <= stop) {
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(n)] != NOTHING || OP(n) == NOTHING) {
+            OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
+            NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
+        }
+        n++;
+    }
+#endif
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(if (merged){DEBUG_PEEP("finl",scan,depth)});
+    return stopnow;
+}
+
 /* REx optimizer.  Converts nodes into quickier variants "in place".
    Finds fixed substrings.  */
 
 /* Stops at toplevel WHILEM as well as at "last". At end *scanp is set
    to the position after last scanned or to NULL. */
 
+#define INIT_AND_WITHP \
+    assert(!and_withp); \
+    Newx(and_withp,1,struct regnode_charclass_class); \
+    SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
+
+/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
+   need to be handled seperately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
+   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
+struct scan_frame;
+typedef struct scan_frame {
+    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
+    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
+    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
+    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
+} scan_frame;
 
 STATIC I32
-S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp, I32 *deltap,
-                       regnode *last, scan_data_t *data, U32 flags, U32 depth)
+S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
+                        I32 *minlenp, I32 *deltap,
+                       regnode *last,
+                       scan_data_t *data,
+                       I32 stopparen,
+                       U8* recursed,
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class *and_withp,
+                       U32 flags, U32 depth)
                        /* scanp: Start here (read-write). */
                        /* deltap: Write maxlen-minlen here. */
                        /* last: Stop before this one. */
+                       /* data: string data about the pattern */
+                       /* stopparen: treat close N as END */
+                       /* recursed: which subroutines have we recursed into */
+                       /* and_withp: Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
 {
     dVAR;
     I32 min = 0, pars = 0, code;
@@ -1510,1189 +2325,1463 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp, I32 *deltap,
     int is_inf_internal = 0;           /* The studied chunk is infinite */
     I32 is_par = OP(scan) == OPEN ? ARG(scan) : 0;
     scan_data_t data_fake;
-    struct regnode_charclass_class and_with; /* Valid if flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
     SV *re_trie_maxbuff = NULL;
-
+    regnode *first_non_open = scan;
+    I32 stopmin = I32_MAX;
+    scan_frame last_frame= { last, NULL, NULL, stopparen };
+    scan_frame *frame=&last_frame;
+    
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
-    while (scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last) {
-       /* Peephole optimizer: */
-       DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-         SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
-         regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
-         PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*speep: %s (0x%08"UVXf")\n",
-           (int)depth*2, "", SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), PTR2UV(scan));
-       });
-
-       if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
-           /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
-           regnode *n = regnext(scan);
-           U32 stringok = 1;
+    
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
-           regnode *stop = scan;
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
 #endif
 
-           next = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
-           /* Skip NOTHING, merge EXACT*. */
-           while (n &&
-                  ( PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] == NOTHING ||
-                    (stringok && (OP(n) == OP(scan))))
-                  && NEXT_OFF(n)
-                  && NEXT_OFF(scan) + NEXT_OFF(n) < I16_MAX) {
-               if (OP(n) == TAIL || n > next)
-                   stringok = 0;
-               if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] == NOTHING) {
-                   NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
-                   next = n + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   if (stringok)
-                       stop = n;
-#endif
-                   n = regnext(n);
-               }
-               else if (stringok) {
-                   const int oldl = STR_LEN(scan);
-                   regnode * const nnext = regnext(n);
+    if ( depth == 0 ) {
+        while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
+            first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
+    }
 
-                   if (oldl + STR_LEN(n) > U8_MAX)
-                       break;
-                   NEXT_OFF(scan) += NEXT_OFF(n);
-                   STR_LEN(scan) += STR_LEN(n);
-                   next = n + NODE_SZ_STR(n);
-                   /* Now we can overwrite *n : */
-                   Move(STRING(n), STRING(scan) + oldl, STR_LEN(n), char);
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   stop = next - 1;
-#endif
-                   n = nnext;
-               }
+    while (frame) {
+
+       DEBUG_PEEP("FBEG",scan,depth);
+       while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < frame->last ) {
+           /* Peephole optimizer: */
+           DEBUG_STUDYDATA(data,depth);
+           DEBUG_PEEP("Peep",scan,depth);
+           JOIN_EXACT(scan,&min,0);
+
+           /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
+              away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
+           if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
+               const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
+                       ? I32_MAX
+                       /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
+                       : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
+               int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
+               int noff;
+               regnode *n = scan;
+
+               /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
+               while ((n = regnext(n))
+                       && ((PL_regkind[OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
+                           || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
+                       && off + noff < max)
+                   off += noff;
+               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
+                   ARG(scan) = off;
+               else
+                   NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
            }
 
-           if (UTF && ( OP(scan) == EXACTF ) && ( STR_LEN(scan) >= 6 ) ) {
-/*
-  Two problematic code points in Unicode casefolding of EXACT nodes:
+           /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
+              look into several different things.  */
+           if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
+                   || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
+               next = regnext(scan);
+               code = OP(scan);
+               /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
+
+               if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
+                   /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for handling
+                      TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here check there
+                      too. */
+                   I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
+                   regnode * const startbranch=scan;
+
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                       scan_commit(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                       cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
 
-   U+0390 - GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
-   U+03B0 - GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
+                   while (OP(scan) == code) {
+                       I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
 
-   which casefold to
+                       num++;
+                       data_fake.flags = 0;
+                       if (data) {
+                           data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                           data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
+                       }
+                       else
+                           data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                       next = regnext(scan);
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       if (code != BRANCH)
+                           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                           cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                           data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                           f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       }
+                       if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                           f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                       /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
+                       minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext,
+                               next, &data_fake,
+                               stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                       if (min1 > minnext)
+                           min1 = minnext;
+                       if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
+                           max1 = minnext + deltanext;
+                       if (deltanext == I32_MAX)
+                           is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       scan = next;
+                       if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                           pars++;
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                           if ( stopmin > minnext)
+                               stopmin = min + min1;
+                           flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                           if (data)
+                               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                       }
+                       if (data) {
+                           if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                               data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                           data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                       }
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                           cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
+                   }
+                   if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
+                       min1 = 0;
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                       data->pos_min += min1;
+                       data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                       if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                           data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                   }
+                   min += min1;
+                   delta += max1 - min1;
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                       if (min1) {
+                           cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       if (min1) {
+                           cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                       }
+                       else {
+                           /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                            * data->start_class */
+                           INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                           StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                   struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                           StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                                   struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                           flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                           data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
+                       }
+                   }
 
-   Unicode                     UTF-8
+                   if (PERL_ENABLE_TRIE_OPTIMISATION && OP( startbranch ) == BRANCH ) {
+                       /* demq.
 
-   U+03B9 U+0308 U+0301                0xCE 0xB9 0xCC 0x88 0xCC 0x81
-   U+03C5 U+0308 U+0301                0xCF 0x85 0xCC 0x88 0xCC 0x81
+                          Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
+                          points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
+                          it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
+                          for subsequences of
 
-   This means that in case-insensitive matching (or "loose matching",
-   as Unicode calls it), an EXACTF of length six (the UTF-8 encoded byte
-   length of the above casefolded versions) can match a target string
-   of length two (the byte length of UTF-8 encoded U+0390 or U+03B0).
-   This would rather mess up the minimum length computation.
+                          BRANCH->EXACT=>x1
+                          BRANCH->EXACT=>x2
+                          tail
 
-   What we'll do is to look for the tail four bytes, and then peek
-   at the preceding two bytes to see whether we need to decrease
-   the minimum length by four (six minus two).
+                          which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
 
-   Thanks to the design of UTF-8, there cannot be false matches:
-   A sequence of valid UTF-8 bytes cannot be a subsequence of
-   another valid sequence of UTF-8 bytes.
+                          If we can find such a subseqence we need to turn the first
+                          element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
+                          strings to the trie.
 
-*/
-                char * const s0 = STRING(scan), *s, *t;
-                char * const s1 = s0 + STR_LEN(scan) - 1;
-                char * const s2 = s1 - 4;
-                const char t0[] = "\xcc\x88\xcc\x81";
-                const char * const t1 = t0 + 3;
-
-                for (s = s0 + 2;
-                     s < s2 && (t = ninstr(s, s1, t0, t1));
-                     s = t + 4) {
-                     if (((U8)t[-1] == 0xB9 && (U8)t[-2] == 0xCE) ||
-                         ((U8)t[-1] == 0x85 && (U8)t[-2] == 0xCF))
-                          min -= 4;
-                }
-           }
+                          We have two cases
+
+                          1. patterns where the whole set of branch can be converted. 
+
+                          2. patterns where only a subset can be converted.
+
+                          In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
+                          for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
+                          branchs so
+
+                          'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
+                          becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
+
+                          There is an additional case, that being where there is a 
+                          common prefix, which gets split out into an EXACT like node
+                          preceding the TRIE node.
+
+                          If x(1..n)==tail then we can do a simple trie, if not we make
+                          a "jump" trie, such that when we match the appropriate word
+                          we "jump" to the appopriate tail node. Essentailly we turn
+                          a nested if into a case structure of sorts.
+
+                       */
+
+                       int made=0;
+                       if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
+                           re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
+                           if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
+                               sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
+                       }
+                       if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0  ) {
+                           regnode *cur;
+                           regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
+                           regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
+                           regnode *tail = scan;
+                           U8 optype = 0;
+                           U32 count=0;
 
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
-           /* Allow dumping */
-           n = scan + NODE_SZ_STR(scan);
-           while (n <= stop) {
-               if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] != NOTHING || OP(n) == NOTHING) {
-                   OP(n) = OPTIMIZED;
-                   NEXT_OFF(n) = 0;
-               }
-               n++;
-           }
+                           SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
 #endif
-       }
+                           /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
+                              regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
+                              thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
+                              point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
+                              have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
+                              tails.
+                              */
+
+                           while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
+                               /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
+                               tail = regnext( tail );
+                           }
 
 
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                                   regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
+                                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
+                                       (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", 
+                                       "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ", 
+                                       SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
+                                       );
+                                   });
+
+                           /*
+
+                              step through the branches, cur represents each
+                              branch, noper is the first thing to be matched
+                              as part of that branch and noper_next is the
+                              regnext() of that node. if noper is an EXACT
+                              and noper_next is the same as scan (our current
+                              position in the regex) then the EXACT branch is
+                              a possible optimization target. Once we have
+                              two or more consequetive such branches we can
+                              create a trie of the EXACT's contents and stich
+                              it in place. If the sequence represents all of
+                              the branches we eliminate the whole thing and
+                              replace it with a single TRIE. If it is a
+                              subsequence then we need to stitch it in. This
+                              means the first branch has to remain, and needs
+                              to be repointed at the item on the branch chain
+                              following the last branch optimized. This could
+                              be either a BRANCH, in which case the
+                              subsequence is internal, or it could be the
+                              item following the branch sequence in which
+                              case the subsequence is at the end.
 
-       /* Follow the next-chain of the current node and optimize
-          away all the NOTHINGs from it.  */
-       if (OP(scan) != CURLYX) {
-           const int max = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]
-                      ? I32_MAX
-                      /* I32 may be smaller than U16 on CRAYs! */
-                      : (I32_MAX < U16_MAX ? I32_MAX : U16_MAX));
-           int off = (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)] ? ARG(scan) : NEXT_OFF(scan));
-           int noff;
-           regnode *n = scan;
-       
-           /* Skip NOTHING and LONGJMP. */
-           while ((n = regnext(n))
-                  && ((PL_regkind[(U8)OP(n)] == NOTHING && (noff = NEXT_OFF(n)))
-                      || ((OP(n) == LONGJMP) && (noff = ARG(n))))
-                  && off + noff < max)
-               off += noff;
-           if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)])
-               ARG(scan) = off;
-           else
-               NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
-       }
+*/
 
-       /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
-          look into several different things.  */
-       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
-                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN || OP(scan) == SUSPEND) {
-           next = regnext(scan);
-           code = OP(scan);
-           /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have "branch-branch" AFAICT */
-       
-           if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN || code == SUSPEND) {
-               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX, num = 0;
-               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
-               regnode * const startbranch=scan;
-               
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
-                   scan_commit(pRExC_state, data); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+                           /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
+                           for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
+                               regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
+#if defined(DEBUGGING) || defined(NOJUMPTRIE)
+                               regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
+#endif
 
-               while (OP(scan) == code) {
-                   I32 deltanext, minnext, f = 0, fake;
-                   struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+                               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                                   regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
+                                       (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+
+                                   regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
+                                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
+                                       SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+
+                                   if ( noper_next ) {
+                                       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
+                                       PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
+                                           SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                   }
+                                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d)\n",
+                                       REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+                               });
+                               if ( (((first && optype!=NOTHING) ? OP( noper ) == optype
+                                               : PL_regkind[ OP( noper ) ] == EXACT )
+                                           || OP(noper) == NOTHING )
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                       && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                       && count < U16_MAX)
+                               {
+                                   count++;
+                                   if ( !first || optype == NOTHING ) {
+                                       if (!first) first = cur;
+                                       optype = OP( noper );
+                                   } else {
+                                       last = cur;
+                                   }
+                               } else {
+                                   if ( last ) {
+                                       make_trie( pRExC_state,
+                                               startbranch, first, cur, tail, count,
+                                               optype, depth+1 );
+                                   }
+                                   if ( PL_regkind[ OP( noper ) ] == EXACT
+#ifdef NOJUMPTRIE
+                                           && noper_next == tail
+#endif
+                                       ) {
+                                       count = 1;
+                                       first = cur;
+                                       optype = OP( noper );
+                                   } else {
+                                       count = 0;
+                                       first = NULL;
+                                       optype = 0;
+                                   }
+                                   last = NULL;
+                               }
+                           }
+                           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+                                   regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
+                                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
+                                       "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
+                                       "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+
+                                   });
+                           if ( last ) {
+                               made= make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, count, optype, depth+1 );
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT  
+                               if ( ((made == MADE_EXACT_TRIE &&
+                                               startbranch == first)
+                                           || ( first_non_open == first )) &&
+                                       depth==0 ) {
+                                   flags |= SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+                                   if ( startbranch == first
+                                           && scan == tail )
+                                   {
+                                       RExC_seen &=~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+                                   }
+                               }
+#endif
+                           }
+                       }
 
-                   num++;
-                   data_fake.flags = 0;
-                   if (data) {         
-                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
-                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
-                   }
-                   else
-                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
-                   next = regnext(scan);
-                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (code != BRANCH)
-                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
-                       data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
-                       f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                   }           
-                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                   } /* do trie */
 
-                   /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...*/
-                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &deltanext,
-                                         next, &data_fake, f,depth+1);
-                   if (min1 > minnext)
-                       min1 = minnext;
-                   if (max1 < minnext + deltanext)
-                       max1 = minnext + deltanext;
-                   if (deltanext == I32_MAX)
-                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-                   scan = next;
-                   if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                       pars++;
-                   if (data && (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL))
-                       data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-                   if (data)
-                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
-                   if (code == SUSPEND)
-                       break;
-               }
-               if (code == IFTHEN && num < 2) /* Empty ELSE branch */
-                   min1 = 0;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   data->pos_min += min1;
-                   data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
-                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
-                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
                }
-               min += min1;
-               delta += max1 - min1;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
-                   if (min1) {
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
+               else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+               } else                  /* single branch is optimized. */
+                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+               continue;
+           } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
+               scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
+               I32 paren;
+               regnode *start;
+               regnode *end;
+
+               if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) {
+                   /* set the pointer */
+                   if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
+                       paren = ARG(scan);
+                       RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
+                       start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
+                       end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
+                   } else {
+                       paren = 0;
+                       start = RExC_rx->program + 1;
+                       end   = RExC_opend;
+                   }
+                   if (!recursed) {
+                       Newxz(recursed, (((RExC_npar)>>3) +1), U8);
+                       SAVEFREEPV(recursed);
+                   }
+                   if (!PAREN_TEST(recursed,paren+1)) {
+                       PAREN_SET(recursed,paren+1);
+                       Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                   } else {
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                           scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                           data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                       }
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                           cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
                        flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
                    }
+               } else {             
+                   Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                   paren = stopparen;
+                   start = scan+2;
+                   end = regnext(scan);
                }
-               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                   if (min1) {
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               if (newframe) {
+                   assert(start);
+                   assert(end);
+                   SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
+                   newframe->next = regnext(scan);
+                   newframe->last = end;
+                   newframe->stop = stopparen;
+                   newframe->prev = frame;
+                   frame = newframe;
+                   scan =  start;
+                   stopparen = paren;
+                   continue;
+               } 
+           }
+           else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
+               I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+               UV uc;
+               if (UTF) {
+                   const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
+                   l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+                   uc = utf8_to_uvchr(s, NULL);
+               } else {
+                   uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
+               }
+               min += l;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
+                   /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
+                      offset, later match for variable offset.  */
+                   if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
+                       data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
+                       data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                           ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
                    }
-                   else {
-                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
-                        * data->start_class */
-                       StructCopy(data->start_class, &and_with,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
+                   sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
+                   if (UTF)
+                       SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
+                   {
+                       SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                       MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                           mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                       if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                           mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
+                                   (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
                    }
+                   data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
+                   data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
+                   data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
                }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+                   int compat = 1;
+
+                   if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                           (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
+                            && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                            && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)
+                                || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold[uc])))
+                      )
+                       compat = 0;
+                   ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+                   if (compat)
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
+                   if (uc < 0x100)
+                       data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
+                   if (uc < 0x100)
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                   else
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
+                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               }
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+           }
+           else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
+               I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
+               UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
 
-               /* demq.
-
-                  Assuming this was/is a branch we are dealing with: 'scan' now
-                  points at the item that follows the branch sequence, whatever
-                  it is. We now start at the beginning of the sequence and look
-                  for subsequences of
-
-                  BRANCH->EXACT=>X
-                  BRANCH->EXACT=>X
-
-                  which would be constructed from a pattern like /A|LIST|OF|WORDS/
-
-                  If we can find such a subseqence we need to turn the first
-                  element into a trie and then add the subsequent branch exact
-                  strings to the trie.
+               /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   assert(data);
+                   scan_commit(pRExC_state, data, minlenp);
+               }
+               if (UTF) {
+                   const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
+                   l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
+                   uc = utf8_to_uvchr(s, NULL);
+               }
+               min += l;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                   data->pos_min += l;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
+                   int compat = 1;
+
+                   if (uc >= 0x100 ||
+                           (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
+                            && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
+                            && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold[uc])))
+                       compat = 0;
+                   ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
+                   ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
+                   if (compat) {
+                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                       data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_FOLD;
+                       if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL)
+                           data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+                   }
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_FOLD) {
+                       /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
+                          Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
+                       if (uc < 0x100)
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
+                       data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
+                   }
+                   cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+               }
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+           }
+           else if (strchr((const char*)PL_varies,OP(scan))) {
+               I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
+               I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
+               regnode * const oscan = scan;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
+               I32 next_is_eval = 0;
+
+               switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+                   case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                       goto finish;
+                   case PLUS:
+                       if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                           next = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                           if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                               mincount = 1;
+                               maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                               next = regnext(scan);
+                               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                               goto do_curly;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
+                           data->pos_min++;
+                       min++;
+                       /* Fall through. */
+                   case STAR:
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                           mincount = 0;
+                           maxcount = REG_INFTY;
+                           next = regnext(scan);
+                           scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+                           goto do_curly;
+                       }
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       scan = regnext(scan);
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                           scan_commit(pRExC_state, data, minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                           data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                       }
+                       goto optimize_curly_tail;
+                   case CURLY:
+                       if (stopparen>0 && (OP(scan)==CURLYN || OP(scan)==CURLYM)
+                               && (scan->flags == stopparen))
+                       {
+                           mincount = 1;
+                           maxcount = 1;
+                       } else {
+                           mincount = ARG1(scan);
+                           maxcount = ARG2(scan);
+                       }
+                       next = regnext(scan);
+                       if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
+                           I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
+                           scan->flags = ((lp <= (I32)U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
+                       }
+                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+                       next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
+do_curly:
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                           if (mincount == 0) scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
+                           pos_before = data->pos_min;
+                       }
+                       if (data) {
+                           fl = data->flags;
+                           data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
+                           if (is_inf)
+                               data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+                       }
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                           cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                           oclass = data->start_class;
+                           data->start_class = &this_class;
+                           f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                           f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                       }
+                       /* These are the cases when once a subexpression
+                          fails at a particular position, it cannot succeed
+                          even after backtracking at the enclosing scope.
+
+                          XXXX what if minimal match and we are at the
+                          initial run of {n,m}? */
+                       if ((mincount != maxcount - 1) && (maxcount != REG_INFTY))
+                           f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                       /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
+                       minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                               last, data, stopparen, recursed, NULL,
+                               (mincount == 0
+                                ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
+
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                           data->start_class = oclass;
+                       if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                               cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                           }
+                           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                                * data->start_class */
+                               INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                               StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                                       struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                               StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
+                                       struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                               flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                               data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
+                           }
+                       } else {                /* Non-zero len */
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                               cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                               cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                           }
+                           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                               cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
+                           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                       }
+                       if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
+                           scan = next;
+                       if ( /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
+                               (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
+                               && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
+                               && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                               && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3 /* Complement check for big count */
+                               && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                       {
+                           vWARN(RExC_parse,
+                                   "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
+                       }
 
-                  We have two cases
+                       min += minnext * mincount;
+                       is_inf_internal |= ((maxcount == REG_INFTY
+                                   && (minnext + deltanext) > 0)
+                               || deltanext == I32_MAX);
+                       is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
+                       delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+
+                       /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
+                       if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                               && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
+                               && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                               && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
+                           /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
+                           regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+                           regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                           regnode *nxt2;
+#endif
 
-                    1. patterns where the whole set of branch can be converted to a trie,
+                           /* Skip open. */
+                           nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                           if (!strchr((const char*)PL_simple,OP(nxt))
+                                   && !(PL_regkind[OP(nxt)] == EXACT
+                                       && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
+                               goto nogo;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                           nxt2 = nxt;
+#endif
+                           nxt = regnext(nxt);
+                           if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
+                               goto nogo;
+                           if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                               RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                               RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
+                           }
+                           /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
+                           oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                           OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
+                           OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
 
-                    2. patterns where only a subset of the alternations can be
-                    converted to a trie.
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                           OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                           NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
+                           NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistancy with CURLY. */
+                           OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
+                           OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                           NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
+#endif
+                       }
+nogo:
+
+                       /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
+                       if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
+                               && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
+                               && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                               && !deltanext   /* atom is fixed width */
+                               && minnext != 0 /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
+                          ) {
+                           /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
+                           /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
+                           regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
+                           regnode *nxt2;
+
+                           OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
+                           while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
+                                   && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
+                               nxt = nxt2;
+                           OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
+                           /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
+                           if (data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) {
+                               /* Set the parenth number.  */
+                               regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
+
+                               if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
+                                   FAIL("Panic opt close");
+                               oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
+                               if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                                   RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
+                                   RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)-1]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
+                               }
+                               OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
+                               OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
 
-                  In case 1 we can replace the whole set with a single regop
-                  for the trie. In case 2 we need to keep the start and end
-                  branchs so
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+                               OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                               OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
+                               NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
+                               NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
+#endif
+#if 0
+                               while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
+                                   regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
+
+                                   if (nnxt == nxt) {
+                                       if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
+                                           ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
+                                       else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
+                                           NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
+                                       else
+                                           OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
+                                   }
+                                   nxt1 = nnxt;
+                               }
+#endif
+                               /* Optimize again: */
+                               study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
+                                       NULL, stopparen, recursed, NULL, 0,depth+1);
+                           }
+                           else
+                               oscan->flags = 0;
+                       }
+                       else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
+                               && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                               /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
+                                  However, this time it not a subexpression
+                                  we care about, but the expression itself. */
+                               && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
+                               && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
+                           /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
+                           /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
+                           regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
+
+                           if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
+                               nxt += ARG(nxt);
+                           PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
+                                   | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
+                       }
+                       if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                           pars++;
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                           SV *last_str = NULL;
+                           int counted = mincount != 0;
 
-                    'BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH EXACT; BRANCH X'
-                    becomes BRANCH TRIE; BRANCH X;
+                           if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
+#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
+                               I32 b = 0;
+                               STRLEN l = 0;
+                               const char *s = NULL;
+                               I32 old = 0;
 
-                  Hypthetically when we know the regex isnt anchored we can
-                  turn a case 1 into a DFA and let it rip... Every time it finds a match
-                  it would just call its tail, no WHILEM/CURLY needed.
+                               if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
+                                   b = pos_before;
+                               else
+                                   b = data->last_start_min;
 
-               */
-               if (DO_TRIE) {
-                   if (!re_trie_maxbuff) {
-                       re_trie_maxbuff = get_sv(RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_NAME, 1);
-                       if (!SvIOK(re_trie_maxbuff))
-                           sv_setiv(re_trie_maxbuff, RE_TRIE_MAXBUF_INIT);
-                   }
-                    if ( SvIV(re_trie_maxbuff)>=0 && OP( startbranch )==BRANCH ) {
-                        regnode *cur;
-                        regnode *first = (regnode *)NULL;
-                        regnode *last = (regnode *)NULL;
-                        regnode *tail = scan;
-                        U8 optype = 0;
-                        U32 count=0;
+                               l = 0;
+                               s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                               old = b - data->last_start_min;
 
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();       /* for dumping */
+#else
+                               I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
+                                   ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
+                               STRLEN l;
+                               const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
+                               I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
 #endif
-                        /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
-                           regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
-                           thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
-                           point at the TAIL. So we advance tail. If we
-                           have nested (?:) we may have to move through several
-                           tails.
-                         */
-
-                        while ( OP( tail ) == TAIL ) {
-                            /* this is the TAIL generated by (?:) */
-                            tail = regnext( tail );
-                        }
 
-                        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail );
-                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s%s\n",
-                                (int)depth * 2 + 2, "", "Tail node is:", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),
-                                (RExC_seen_evals) ? "[EVAL]" : ""
-                            );
-                        });
-                        /*
-
-                           step through the branches, cur represents each
-                           branch, noper is the first thing to be matched
-                           as part of that branch and noper_next is the
-                           regnext() of that node. if noper is an EXACT
-                           and noper_next is the same as scan (our current
-                           position in the regex) then the EXACT branch is
-                           a possible optimization target. Once we have
-                           two or more consequetive such branches we can
-                           create a trie of the EXACT's contents and stich
-                           it in place. If the sequence represents all of
-                           the branches we eliminate the whole thing and
-                           replace it with a single TRIE. If it is a
-                           subsequence then we need to stitch it in. This
-                           means the first branch has to remain, and needs
-                           to be repointed at the item on the branch chain
-                           following the last branch optimized. This could
-                           be either a BRANCH, in which case the
-                           subsequence is internal, or it could be the
-                           item following the branch sequence in which
-                           case the subsequence is at the end.
-
-                        */
-
-                        /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
-                        for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
-                            regnode * const noper = NEXTOPER( cur );
-                            regnode * const noper_next = regnext( noper );
-
-                            DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s",
-                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"  ", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ) );
-
-                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper);
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
-                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
-
-                                if ( noper_next ) {
-                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next );
-                                  PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
-                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
-                                }
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "0x%p,0x%p,0x%p)\n",
-                                   (void*)first, (void*)last, (void*)cur );
-                            });
-                            if ( ( first ? OP( noper ) == optype
-                                         : PL_regkind[ (U8)OP( noper ) ] == EXACT )
-                                  && noper_next == tail && count<U16_MAX)
-                            {
-                                count++;
-                                if ( !first ) {
-                                    first = cur;
-                                    optype = OP( noper );
-                                } else {
-                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
-                                        if (!last ) {
-                                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, first);
-                                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s",
-                                              (int)depth * 2 + 2, "F:", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ) );
-                                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, NEXTOPER(first) );
-                                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s\n",
-                                              SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ) );
-                                        }
-                                    );
-                                    last = cur;
-                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
-                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s",
-                                          (int)depth * 2 + 2, "N:", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ) );
-                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper );
-                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s\n",
-                                          SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ) );
-                                    });
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                if ( last ) {
-                                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
-                                        PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s\n",
-                                            (int)depth * 2 + 2, "E:", "**END**" );
-                                    );
-                                    make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, cur, tail, optype );
-                                }
-                                if ( PL_regkind[ (U8)OP( noper ) ] == EXACT
-                                     && noper_next == tail )
-                                {
-                                    count = 1;
-                                    first = cur;
-                                    optype = OP( noper );
-                                } else {
-                                    count = 0;
-                                    first = NULL;
-                                    optype = 0;
-                                }
-                                last = NULL;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur);
-                            PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
-                              "%*s%s\t(0x%p,0x%p,0x%p)\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
-                              "  ", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), (void*)first, (void*)last, (void*)cur);
-
-                        });
-                        if ( last ) {
-                            DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
-                                PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s\n",
-                                    (int)depth * 2 + 2, "E:", "==END==" );
-                            );
-                            make_trie( pRExC_state, startbranch, first, scan, tail, optype );
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-           }
-           else if ( code == BRANCHJ ) {  /* single branch is optimized. */
-               scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
-           } else                      /* single branch is optimized. */
-               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-           continue;
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
-           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
-           UV uc;
-           if (UTF) {
-               const U8 * const s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
-               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
-               uc = utf8_to_uvchr(s, NULL);
-           } else {
-               uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
-           }
-           min += l;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) { /* Update longest substr. */
-               /* The code below prefers earlier match for fixed
-                  offset, later match for variable offset.  */
-               if (data->last_end == -1) { /* Update the start info. */
-                   data->last_start_min = data->pos_min;
-                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
-                       ? I32_MAX : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta;
-               }
-               sv_catpvn(data->last_found, STRING(scan), STR_LEN(scan));
-               if (UTF)
-                   SvUTF8_on(data->last_found);
-               {
-                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
-                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
-                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
-                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
-                       mg->mg_len += utf8_length((U8*)STRING(scan),
-                                                 (U8*)STRING(scan)+STR_LEN(scan));
-               }
-               data->last_end = data->pos_min + l;
-               data->pos_min += l; /* As in the first entry. */
-               data->flags &= ~SF_BEFORE_EOL;
-           }
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
-               int compat = 1;
-
-               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
-                   (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
-                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
-                   && (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_FOLD)
-                       || !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold[uc])))
-                    )
-                   compat = 0;
-               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               if (compat)
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-               if (uc < 0x100)
-                 data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-           }
-           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-               /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded */
-               if (uc < 0x100)
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-               else
-                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-               cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
-           }
-           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT! */
-           I32 l = STR_LEN(scan);
-           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
-
-           /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               assert(data);
-               scan_commit(pRExC_state, data);
-           }
-           if (UTF) {
-               const U8 * const s = (U8 *)STRING(scan);
-               l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
-               uc = utf8_to_uvchr(s, NULL);
-           }
-           min += l;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
-               data->pos_min += l;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-               /* Check whether it is compatible with what we know already! */
-               int compat = 1;
-
-               if (uc >= 0x100 ||
-                   (!(data->start_class->flags & (ANYOF_CLASS | ANYOF_LOCALE))
-                   && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, uc)
-                    && !ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class, PL_fold[uc])))
-                   compat = 0;
-               ANYOF_CLASS_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               ANYOF_BITMAP_ZERO(data->start_class);
-               if (compat) {
-                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
-                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_FOLD;
-                   if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL)
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+                               if (UTF)
+                                   old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
+
+                               l -= old;
+                               /* Get the added string: */
+                               last_str = newSVpvn(s  + old, l);
+                               if (UTF)
+                                   SvUTF8_on(last_str);
+                               if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
+                                   /* What was added is a constant string */
+                                   if (mincount > 1) {
+                                       SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
+                                       repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
+                                               SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
+                                       SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
+                                       /* Add additional parts. */
+                                       SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
+                                               SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
+                                       sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
+                                       {
+                                           SV * sv = data->last_found;
+                                           MAGIC *mg =
+                                               SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+                                           if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
+                                               mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                                       }
+                                       data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
+                                   }
+                               } else {
+                                   /* start offset must point into the last copy */
+                                   data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
+                                   data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
+                                       : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           /* It is counted once already... */
+                           data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
+                           data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
+                               (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
+                           if (mincount != maxcount) {
+                               /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
+                                  the group.  */
+                               scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                               if (mincount && last_str) {
+                                   SV * const sv = data->last_found;
+                                   MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
+                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
+
+                                   if (mg)
+                                       mg->mg_len = -1;
+                                   sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
+                                   data->last_end = data->pos_min;
+                                   data->last_start_min =
+                                       data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                                   data->last_start_max = is_inf
+                                       ? I32_MAX
+                                       : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
+                                       - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                               }
+                               data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                           }
+                           SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
+                       }
+                       if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+optimize_curly_tail:
+                       if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
+                           while (PL_regkind[OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
+                                   && NEXT_OFF(next))
+                               NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
+                       }
+                       continue;
+                   default:                    /* REF and CLUMP only? */
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                           scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                           data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                       }
+                       is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                           cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                       break;
                }
            }
-           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_FOLD) {
-                   /* false positive possible if the class is case-folded.
-                      Assume that the locale settings are the same... */
-                   if (uc < 0x100)
-                       ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, uc);
-                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;
+           else if (strchr((const char*)PL_simple,OP(scan))) {
+               int value = 0;
+
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                   data->pos_min++;
                }
-               cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
-           }
-           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-       }
-       else if (strchr((const char*)PL_varies,OP(scan))) {
-           I32 mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, fl = 0;
-           I32 f = flags, pos_before = 0;
-           regnode * const oscan = scan;
-           struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
-           struct regnode_charclass_class *oclass = NULL;
-           I32 next_is_eval = 0;
-
-           switch (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)]) {
-           case WHILEM:                /* End of (?:...)* . */
-               scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-               goto finish;
-           case PLUS:
-               if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
-                   next = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
-                       mincount = 1;
-                       maxcount = REG_INFTY;
-                       next = regnext(scan);
-                       scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                       goto do_curly;
+               min++;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                   data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS;     /* No match on empty */
+
+                   /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
+                      locale on will only add false positives. */
+                   switch (PL_regkind[OP(scan)]) {
+                       case SANY:
+                       default:
+do_default:
+                           /* Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan)); */
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
+                               cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                           break;
+                       case REG_ANY:
+                           if (OP(scan) == SANY)
+                               goto do_default;
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
+                               value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
+                                       || (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_CLASS));
+                               cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
+                           }
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
+                               ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
+                           break;
+                       case ANYOF:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
+                               cl_and(data->start_class,
+                                       (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                           else
+                               cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
+                                       (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
+                           break;
+                       case ALNUM:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (!isALNUM(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
+                               else {
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (isALNUM(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case ALNUML:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
+                               data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case NALNUM:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (isALNUM(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
+                               else {
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (!isALNUM(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case NALNUML:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+                               ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case SPACE:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (!isSPACE(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
+                               else {
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (isSPACE(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case SPACEL:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+                               ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case NSPACE:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (isSPACE(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
+                               else {
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (!isSPACE(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case NSPACEL:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (!isSPACE(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                               }
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
+                               ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case DIGIT:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
+                               for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                   if (!isDIGIT(value))
+                                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
+                               else {
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (isDIGIT(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
+                               }
+                           }
+                           break;
+                       case NDIGIT:
+                           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                               ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
+                               for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                   if (isDIGIT(value))
+                                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                           }
+                           else {
+                               if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
+                                   ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
+                               else {
+                                   for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
+                                       if (!isDIGIT(value))
+                                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
+                               }
+                           }
+                           break;
                    }
+                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
                }
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR)
-                   data->pos_min++;
-               min++;
-               /* Fall through. */
-           case STAR:
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                   mincount = 0;
-                   maxcount = REG_INFTY;
-                   next = regnext(scan);
-                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   goto do_curly;
-               }
-               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-               scan = regnext(scan);
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   scan_commit(pRExC_state, data); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
-               }
-               goto optimize_curly_tail;
-           case CURLY:
-               mincount = ARG1(scan);
-               maxcount = ARG2(scan);
-               next = regnext(scan);
-               if (OP(scan) == CURLYX) {
-                   I32 lp = (data ? *(data->last_closep) : 0);
-                   scan->flags = ((lp <= U8_MAX) ? (U8)lp : U8_MAX);
-               }
-               scan = NEXTOPER(scan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
-               next_is_eval = (OP(scan) == EVAL);
-             do_curly:
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   if (mincount == 0) scan_commit(pRExC_state,data); /* Cannot extend fixed substrings */
-                   pos_before = data->pos_min;
-               }
-               if (data) {
-                   fl = data->flags;
-                   data->flags &= ~(SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR|SF_HAS_EVAL);
-                   if (is_inf)
-                       data->flags |= SF_IS_INF;
-               }
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-                   cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
-                   oclass = data->start_class;
-                   data->start_class = &this_class;
-                   f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                   f &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-               }
-               /* These are the cases when once a subexpression
-                  fails at a particular position, it cannot succeed
-                  even after backtracking at the enclosing scope.
-               
-                  XXXX what if minimal match and we are at the
-                       initial run of {n,m}? */
-               if ((mincount != maxcount - 1) && (maxcount != REG_INFTY))
-                   f &= ~SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+           }
+           else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+               data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
+                       ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
+                       : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
+           }
+           else if (  PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
+                   /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
+                   && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
+                   && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
+               if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY 
+                       || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
+               {
+                   /* Negative Lookahead/lookbehind
+                      In this case we can't do fixed string optimisation.
+                      */
 
-               /* This will finish on WHILEM, setting scan, or on NULL: */
-               minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &deltanext, last, data,
-                                     (mincount == 0
-                                       ? (f & ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR) : f),depth+1);
+                   I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
+                   regnode *nscan;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                   int f = 0;
 
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
-                   data->start_class = oclass;
-               if (mincount == 0 || minnext == 0) {
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
+                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                   if (data) {
+                       data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                       data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
                    }
-                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
-                        * data->start_class */
-                       StructCopy(data->start_class, &and_with,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-                       StructCopy(&this_class, data->start_class,
-                                  struct regnode_charclass_class);
-                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
+                   else
+                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                   if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                           && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                       data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                       f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
                    }
-               } else {                /* Non-zero len */
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &this_class);
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
+                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+                   minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minlenp, &deltanext, 
+                           last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f, depth+1);
+                   if (scan->flags) {
+                       if (deltanext) {
+                           vFAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                       }
+                       else if (minnext > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                           vFAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                       }
+                       scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
                    }
-                   else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
-                       cl_and(data->start_class, &this_class);
-                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-               }
-               if (!scan)              /* It was not CURLYX, but CURLY. */
-                   scan = next;
-               if ( /* ? quantifier ok, except for (?{ ... }) */
-                   (next_is_eval || !(mincount == 0 && maxcount == 1))
-                   && (minnext == 0) && (deltanext == 0)
-                   && data && !(data->flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                   && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3 /* Complement check for big count */
-                   && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
-               {
-                   vWARN(RExC_parse,
-                         "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
-               }
-
-               min += minnext * mincount;
-               is_inf_internal |= ((maxcount == REG_INFTY
-                                    && (minnext + deltanext) > 0)
-                                   || deltanext == I32_MAX);
-               is_inf |= is_inf_internal;
-               delta += (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
-
-               /* Try powerful optimization CURLYX => CURLYN. */
-               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
-                     && data->flags & SF_IN_PAR
-                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                     && !deltanext && minnext == 1 ) {
-                   /* Try to optimize to CURLYN.  */
-                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
-                   regnode * const nxt1 = nxt;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   regnode *nxt2;
-#endif
+                   if (data) {
+                       if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                           pars++;
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                   }
+                   if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       const int was = (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS);
 
-                   /* Skip open. */
-                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
-                   if (!strchr((const char*)PL_simple,OP(nxt))
-                       && !(PL_regkind[(U8)OP(nxt)] == EXACT
-                            && STR_LEN(nxt) == 1))
-                       goto nogo;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   nxt2 = nxt;
-#endif
-                   nxt = regnext(nxt);
-                   if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
-                       goto nogo;
-                   /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
-                   oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
-                   OP(oscan) = CURLYN;
-                   OP(nxt1) = NOTHING; /* was OPEN. */
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                   OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
-                   NEXT_OFF(nxt2) = 0; /* just for consistancy with CURLY. */
-                   OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;        /* was CLOSE. */
-                   OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                   NEXT_OFF(nxt+ 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
-#endif
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                       if (was)
+                           data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
+                   }
                }
-             nogo:
-
-               /* Try optimization CURLYX => CURLYM. */
-               if (  OP(oscan) == CURLYX && data
-                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_PAR)
-                     && !(data->flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
-                     && !deltanext     /* atom is fixed width */
-                     && minnext != 0   /* CURLYM can't handle zero width */
-               ) {
-                   /* XXXX How to optimize if data == 0? */
-                   /* Optimize to a simpler form.  */
-                   regnode *nxt = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN */
-                   regnode *nxt2;
-
-                   OP(oscan) = CURLYM;
-                   while ( (nxt2 = regnext(nxt)) /* skip over embedded stuff*/
-                           && (OP(nxt2) != WHILEM))
-                       nxt = nxt2;
-                   OP(nxt2)  = SUCCEED; /* Whas WHILEM */
-                   /* Need to optimize away parenths. */
-                   if (data->flags & SF_IN_PAR) {
-                       /* Set the parenth number.  */
-                       regnode *nxt1 = NEXTOPER(oscan) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS; /* OPEN*/
-
-                       if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
-                           FAIL("Panic opt close");
-                       oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
-                       OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
-                       OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                       OP(nxt1 + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                       OP(nxt + 1) = OPTIMIZED; /* was count. */
-                       NEXT_OFF(nxt1 + 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
-                       NEXT_OFF(nxt + 1) = 0; /* just for consistancy. */
-#endif
-#if 0
-                       while ( nxt1 && (OP(nxt1) != WHILEM)) {
-                           regnode *nnxt = regnext(nxt1);
-                       
-                           if (nnxt == nxt) {
-                               if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(nxt1)])
-                                   ARG_SET(nxt1, nxt2 - nxt1);
-                               else if (nxt2 - nxt1 < U16_MAX)
-                                   NEXT_OFF(nxt1) = nxt2 - nxt1;
-                               else
-                                   OP(nxt) = NOTHING;  /* Cannot beautify */
-                           }
-                           nxt1 = nnxt;
+#if PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
+               else {
+                   /* Positive Lookahead/lookbehind
+                      In this case we can do fixed string optimisation,
+                      but we must be careful about it. Note in the case of
+                      lookbehind the positions will be offset by the minimum
+                      length of the pattern, something we won't know about
+                      until after the recurse.
+                      */
+                   I32 deltanext, fake = 0;
+                   regnode *nscan;
+                   struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
+                   int f = 0;
+                   /* We use SAVEFREEPV so that when the full compile 
+                      is finished perl will clean up the allocated 
+                      minlens when its all done. This was we don't
+                      have to worry about freeing them when we know
+                      they wont be used, which would be a pain.
+                      */
+                   I32 *minnextp;
+                   Newx( minnextp, 1, I32 );
+                   SAVEFREEPV(minnextp);
+
+                   if (data) {
+                       StructCopy(data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+                       if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data->last_found) {
+                           f |= SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                           if (scan->flags) 
+                               scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data_fake,minlenp);
+                           data_fake.last_found=newSVsv(data->last_found);
                        }
-#endif
-                       /* Optimize again: */
-                       study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, &deltanext, nxt,
-                                   NULL, 0,depth+1);
                    }
                    else
-                       oscan->flags = 0;
-               }
-               else if ((OP(oscan) == CURLYX)
-                        && (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-                        /* See the comment on a similar expression above.
-                           However, this time it not a subexpression
-                           we care about, but the expression itself. */
-                        && (maxcount == REG_INFTY)
-                        && data && ++data->whilem_c < 16) {
-                   /* This stays as CURLYX, we can put the count/of pair. */
-                   /* Find WHILEM (as in regexec.c) */
-                   regnode *nxt = oscan + NEXT_OFF(oscan);
-
-                   if (OP(PREVOPER(nxt)) == NOTHING) /* LONGJMP */
-                       nxt += ARG(nxt);
-                   PREVOPER(nxt)->flags = (U8)(data->whilem_c
-                       | (RExC_whilem_seen << 4)); /* On WHILEM */
-               }
-               if (data && fl & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-                   pars++;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   SV *last_str = NULL;
-                   int counted = mincount != 0;
-
-                   if (data->last_end > 0 && mincount != 0) { /* Ends with a string. */
-#if defined(SPARC64_GCC_WORKAROUND)
-                       I32 b = 0;
-                       STRLEN l = 0;
-                       const char *s = NULL;
-                       I32 old = 0;
+                       data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                   if (is_inf)
+                       data_fake.flags |= SF_IS_INF;
+                   if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
+                           && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
+                       cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
+                       data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
+                       f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                   }
+                   if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                       f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+                   nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
 
-                       if (pos_before >= data->last_start_min)
-                           b = pos_before;
-                       else
-                           b = data->last_start_min;
+                   *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp, &deltanext, 
+                           last, &data_fake, stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                   if (scan->flags) {
+                       if (deltanext) {
+                           vFAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
+                       }
+                       else if (*minnextp > (I32)U8_MAX) {
+                           vFAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
+                       }
+                       scan->flags = (U8)*minnextp;
+                   }
 
-                       l = 0;
-                       s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
-                       old = b - data->last_start_min;
+                   *minnextp += min;
 
-#else
-                       I32 b = pos_before >= data->last_start_min
-                           ? pos_before : data->last_start_min;
-                       STRLEN l;
-                       const char * const s = SvPV_const(data->last_found, l);
-                       I32 old = b - data->last_start_min;
-#endif
+                   if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                       const int was = (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS);
 
-                       if (UTF)
-                           old = utf8_hop((U8*)s, old) - (U8*)s;
-                       
-                       l -= old;
-                       /* Get the added string: */
-                       last_str = newSVpvn(s  + old, l);
-                       if (UTF)
-                           SvUTF8_on(last_str);
-                       if (deltanext == 0 && pos_before == b) {
-                           /* What was added is a constant string */
-                           if (mincount > 1) {
-                               SvGROW(last_str, (mincount * l) + 1);
-                               repeatcpy(SvPVX(last_str) + l,
-                                         SvPVX_const(last_str), l, mincount - 1);
-                               SvCUR_set(last_str, SvCUR(last_str) * mincount);
-                               /* Add additional parts. */
-                               SvCUR_set(data->last_found,
-                                         SvCUR(data->last_found) - l);
-                               sv_catsv(data->last_found, last_str);
-                               {
-                                   SV * sv = data->last_found;
-                                   MAGIC *mg =
-                                       SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
-                                       mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
-                                   if (mg && mg->mg_len >= 0)
-                                       mg->mg_len += CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
-                               }
-                               data->last_end += l * (mincount - 1);
-                           }
-                       } else {
-                           /* start offset must point into the last copy */
-                           data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
-                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? I32_MAX
-                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
-                       }
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
+                       if (was)
+                           data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
                    }
-                   /* It is counted once already... */
-                   data->pos_min += minnext * (mincount - counted);
-                   data->pos_delta += - counted * deltanext +
-                       (minnext + deltanext) * maxcount - minnext * mincount;
-                   if (mincount != maxcount) {
-                        /* Cannot extend fixed substrings found inside
-                           the group.  */
-                       scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);
-                       if (mincount && last_str) {
-                           SV * const sv = data->last_found;
-                           MAGIC * const mg = SvUTF8(sv) && SvMAGICAL(sv) ?
-                               mg_find(sv, PERL_MAGIC_utf8) : NULL;
-
-                           if (mg)
-                               mg->mg_len = -1;
-                           sv_setsv(sv, last_str);
-                           data->last_end = data->pos_min;
-                           data->last_start_min =
-                               data->pos_min - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
-                           data->last_start_max = is_inf
-                               ? I32_MAX
-                               : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta
-                               - CHR_SVLEN(last_str);
+                   if (data) {
+                       if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                           pars++;
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                           data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                       data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
+                       if ((flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) && data_fake.last_found) {
+                           if (RExC_rx->minlen<*minnextp)
+                               RExC_rx->minlen=*minnextp;
+                           scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data_fake, minnextp);
+                           SvREFCNT_dec(data_fake.last_found);
+
+                           if ( data_fake.minlen_fixed != minlenp ) 
+                           {
+                               data->offset_fixed= data_fake.offset_fixed;
+                               data->minlen_fixed= data_fake.minlen_fixed;
+                               data->lookbehind_fixed+= scan->flags;
+                           }
+                           if ( data_fake.minlen_float != minlenp )
+                           {
+                               data->minlen_float= data_fake.minlen_float;
+                               data->offset_float_min=data_fake.offset_float_min;
+                               data->offset_float_max=data_fake.offset_float_max;
+                               data->lookbehind_float+= scan->flags;
+                           }
                        }
-                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
                    }
-                   SvREFCNT_dec(last_str);
+
+
+               }
+#endif
+           }
+           else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
+               if (stopparen != (I32)ARG(scan))
+                   pars++;
+           }
+           else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
+               if (stopparen == (I32)ARG(scan)) {
+                   break;
+               }
+               if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
+                   next = regnext(scan);
+
+                   if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
+                       is_par = 0;             /* Disable optimization */
                }
-               if (data && (fl & SF_HAS_EVAL))
+               if (data)
+                   *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
+           }
+           else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
+               if (data)
                    data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-             optimize_curly_tail:
-               if (OP(oscan) != CURLYX) {
-                   while (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(next = regnext(oscan))] == NOTHING
-                          && NEXT_OFF(next))
-                       NEXT_OFF(oscan) += NEXT_OFF(next);
+           }
+           else if ( PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == ENDLIKE ) {
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
                }
-               continue;
-           default:                    /* REF and CLUMP only? */
+               if (data && OP(scan)==ACCEPT) {
+                   data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
+                   if (stopmin > min)
+                       stopmin = min;
+               }
+           }
+           else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) /* Embedded follows */
+           {
                if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                   scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);
                    data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
                }
                is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
                    cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
                flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-               break;
            }
-       }
-       else if (strchr((const char*)PL_simple,OP(scan))) {
-           int value = 0;
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#ifdef FULL_TRIE_STUDY
+           else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+               /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block above for handling
+                  BRANCH nodes on the initial study.  If you change stuff here
+                  check there too. */
+               regnode *trie_node= scan;
+               regnode *tail= regnext(scan);
+               reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rx->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+               I32 max1 = 0, min1 = I32_MAX;
+               struct regnode_charclass_class accum;
 
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-               scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);
-               data->pos_min++;
-           }
-           min++;
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
-               data->start_class->flags &= ~ANYOF_EOS; /* No match on empty */
-
-               /* Some of the logic below assumes that switching
-                  locale on will only add false positives. */
-               switch (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)]) {
-               case SANY:
-               default:
-                 do_default:
-                   /* Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: unexpected simple REx opcode %d", OP(scan)); */
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
-                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-                   break;
-               case REG_ANY:
-                   if (OP(scan) == SANY)
-                       goto do_default;
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) { /* Everything but \n */
-                       value = (ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(data->start_class,'\n')
-                                || (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_CLASS));
-                       cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-                   }
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND || !value)
-                       ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class,'\n');
-                   break;
-               case ANYOF:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
-                       cl_and(data->start_class,
-                              (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
-                   else
-                       cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
-                             (struct regnode_charclass_class*)scan);
-                   break;
-               case ALNUM:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isALNUM(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
-                       else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (isALNUM(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
-                       }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case ALNUML:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NALNUM:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (isALNUM(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                       }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
-                       else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isALNUM(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
-                       }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NALNUML:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_ALNUM);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NALNUM);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case SPACE:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isSPACE(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) /* XXXX Add !SUSPEND? */
+                   scan_commit(pRExC_state, data,minlenp); /* Cannot merge strings after this. */
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                   cl_init_zero(pRExC_state, &accum);
+
+               if (!trie->jump) {
+                   min1= trie->minlen;
+                   max1= trie->maxlen;
+               } else {
+                   const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
+                   U32 word;
+
+                   for ( word=1 ; word <= trie->wordcount ; word++) 
+                   {
+                       I32 deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
+                       struct regnode_charclass_class this_class;
+
+                       data_fake.flags = 0;
+                       if (data) {
+                           data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
+                           data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
                        }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
-                       else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (isSPACE(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
+                       else
+                           data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
+
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                           cl_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
+                           data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
+                           f = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
                        }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case SPACEL:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NSPACE:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (!(data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (isSPACE(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                       if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
+                           f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
+
+                       if (trie->jump[word]) {
+                           if (!nextbranch)
+                               nextbranch = trie_node + trie->jump[0];
+                           scan= trie_node + trie->jump[word];
+                           /* We go from the jump point to the branch that follows
+                              it. Note this means we need the vestigal unused branches
+                              even though they arent otherwise used.
+                              */
+                           minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp, 
+                                   &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake, 
+                                   stopparen, recursed, NULL, f,depth+1);
                        }
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
-                       else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isSPACE(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
+                       if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                           nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
+
+                       if (min1 > (I32)(minnext + trie->minlen))
+                           min1 = minnext + trie->minlen;
+                       if (max1 < (I32)(minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen))
+                           max1 = minnext + deltanext + trie->maxlen;
+                       if (deltanext == I32_MAX)
+                           is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
+
+                       if (data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
+                           pars++;
+                       if (data_fake.flags & SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT) {
+                           if ( stopmin > min + min1) 
+                               stopmin = min + min1;
+                           flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+                           if (data)
+                               data->flags |= SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT;
                        }
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case NSPACEL:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE) {
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_SPACE);
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isSPACE(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+                       if (data) {
+                           if (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL)
+                               data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
+                           data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
                        }
+                       if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)
+                           cl_or(pRExC_state, &accum, &this_class);
                    }
-                   else {
-                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_LOCALE;
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NSPACE);
-                   }
-                   break;
-               case DIGIT:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
-                       for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                           if (!isDIGIT(value))
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
-                       else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (isDIGIT(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
-                       }
+               }
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                   data->pos_min += min1;
+                   data->pos_delta += max1 - min1;
+                   if (max1 != min1 || is_inf)
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+               }
+               min += min1;
+               delta += max1 - min1;
+               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
+                   cl_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, &accum);
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
                    }
-                   break;
-               case NDIGIT:
-                   if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                       ANYOF_CLASS_CLEAR(data->start_class,ANYOF_DIGIT);
-                       for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                           if (isDIGIT(value))
-                               ANYOF_BITMAP_CLEAR(data->start_class, value);
+               }
+               else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                   if (min1) {
+                       cl_and(data->start_class, &accum);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
                    }
                    else {
-                       if (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_LOCALE)
-                           ANYOF_CLASS_SET(data->start_class,ANYOF_NDIGIT);
-                       else {
-                           for (value = 0; value < 256; value++)
-                               if (!isDIGIT(value))
-                                   ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(data->start_class, value);                 
-                       }
+                       /* Switch to OR mode: cache the old value of
+                        * data->start_class */
+                       INIT_AND_WITHP;
+                       StructCopy(data->start_class, and_withp,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
+                       StructCopy(&accum, data->start_class,
+                               struct regnode_charclass_class);
+                       flags |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR;
+                       data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
                    }
-                   break;
-               }
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-                   cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-           }
-       }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == EOL && flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-           data->flags |= (OP(scan) == MEOL
-                           ? SF_BEFORE_MEOL
-                           : SF_BEFORE_SEOL);
-       }
-       else if (  PL_regkind[(U8)OP(scan)] == BRANCHJ
-                /* Lookbehind, or need to calculate parens/evals/stclass: */
-                  && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
-                  && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM)) {
-           /* Lookahead/lookbehind */
-           I32 deltanext, minnext, fake = 0;
-           regnode *nscan;
-           struct regnode_charclass_class intrnl;
-           int f = 0;
-
-           data_fake.flags = 0;
-           if (data) {         
-               data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
-               data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
-           }
-           else
-               data_fake.last_closep = &fake;
-           if ( flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS && !scan->flags
-                && OP(scan) == IFMATCH ) { /* Lookahead */
-               cl_init(pRExC_state, &intrnl);
-               data_fake.start_class = &intrnl;
-               f |= SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
-           }
-           if (flags & SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS)
-               f |= SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS;
-           next = regnext(scan);
-           nscan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
-           minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, &deltanext, last, &data_fake, f,depth+1);
-           if (scan->flags) {
-               if (deltanext) {
-                   vFAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
-               }
-               else if (minnext > U8_MAX) {
-                   vFAIL2("Lookbehind longer than %"UVuf" not implemented", (UV)U8_MAX);
                }
-               scan->flags = (U8)minnext;
-           }
-           if (data && data_fake.flags & (SF_HAS_PAR|SF_IN_PAR))
-               pars++;
-           if (data && (data_fake.flags & SF_HAS_EVAL))
-               data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-           if (data)
-               data->whilem_c = data_fake.whilem_c;
-           if (f & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-               const int was = (data->start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS);
-
-               cl_and(data->start_class, &intrnl);
-               if (was)
-                   data->start_class->flags |= ANYOF_EOS;
+               scan= tail;
+               continue;
            }
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == OPEN) {
-           pars++;
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == CLOSE) {
-           if ((I32)ARG(scan) == is_par) {
-               next = regnext(scan);
+#else
+           else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == TRIE) {
+               reg_trie_data *trie = (reg_trie_data*)RExC_rx->data->data[ ARG(scan) ];
+               U8*bang=NULL;
 
-               if ( next && (OP(next) != WHILEM) && next < last)
-                   is_par = 0;         /* Disable optimization */
-           }
-           if (data)
-               *(data->last_closep) = ARG(scan);
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == EVAL) {
-               if (data)
-                   data->flags |= SF_HAS_EVAL;
-       }
-       else if (OP(scan) == LOGICAL && scan->flags == 2) { /* Embedded follows */
+               min += trie->minlen;
+               delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS; /* xxx */
                if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
-                   scan_commit(pRExC_state,data);
-                   data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
+                   scan_commit(pRExC_state,data,minlenp);      /* Cannot expect anything... */
+                   data->pos_min += trie->minlen;
+                   data->pos_delta += (trie->maxlen - trie->minlen);
+                   if (trie->maxlen != trie->minlen)
+                       data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
                }
-               is_inf = is_inf_internal = 1;
-               if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
-                   cl_anything(pRExC_state, data->start_class);
-               flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+               if (trie->jump) /* no more substrings -- for now /grr*/
+                   flags &= ~SCF_DO_SUBSTR;
+           }
+#endif /* old or new */
+#endif /* TRIE_STUDY_OPT */
+           /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
+           scan = regnext(scan);
        }
-       /* Else: zero-length, ignore. */
-       scan = regnext(scan);
+       DEBUG_PEEP("FEND",scan,depth);
+       scan = frame->next;
+       stopparen = frame->stop;
+       frame = frame->prev;
+
     }
 
   finish:
@@ -2700,7 +3789,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp, I32 *deltap,
     *deltap = is_inf_internal ? I32_MAX : delta;
     if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR && is_inf)
        data->pos_delta = I32_MAX - data->pos_min;
-    if (is_par > U8_MAX)
+    if (is_par > (I32)U8_MAX)
        is_par = 0;
     if (is_par && pars==1 && data) {
        data->flags |= SF_IN_PAR;
@@ -2711,18 +3800,24 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp, I32 *deltap,
        data->flags &= ~SF_IN_PAR;
     }
     if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
-       cl_and(data->start_class, &and_with);
-    return min;
+       cl_and(data->start_class, and_withp);
+    if (flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)
+        data->flags |=         SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY;
+    
+    DEBUG_STUDYDATA(data,depth);
+    
+    return min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
 }
 
 STATIC I32
 S_add_data(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 n, const char *s)
 {
     if (RExC_rx->data) {
+       const U32 count = RExC_rx->data->count;
        Renewc(RExC_rx->data,
-              sizeof(*RExC_rx->data) + sizeof(void*) * (RExC_rx->data->count + n - 1),
+              sizeof(*RExC_rx->data) + sizeof(void*) * (count + n - 1),
               char, struct reg_data);
-       Renew(RExC_rx->data->what, RExC_rx->data->count + n, U8);
+       Renew(RExC_rx->data->what, count + n, U8);
        RExC_rx->data->count += n;
     }
     else {
@@ -2763,6 +3858,17 @@ Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
 }
 #endif
 
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO                                  \
+        if (                                                \
+              (data.flags & SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY)               \
+              && ! restudied++                              \
+        )     goto reStudy
+#else
+#define CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO
+#endif        
+
 /*
  - pregcomp - compile a regular expression into internal code
  *
@@ -2778,10 +3884,44 @@ Perl_reginitcolors(pTHX)
  * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
  * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
  */
+
+
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+#define RE_ENGINE_PTR &PL_core_reg_engine
+#else
+extern const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
+#define RE_ENGINE_PTR &my_reg_engine
+#endif
+/* these make a few things look better, to avoid indentation */
+#define BEGIN_BLOCK {
+#define END_BLOCK }
 regexp *
 Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
 {
     dVAR;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+    BEGIN_BLOCK
+    /* Dispatch a request to compile a regexp to correct 
+       regexp engine. */
+    HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
+    if (table) {
+        SV **ptr= hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
+        if (ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)) {
+            const regexp_engine *eng=INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
+            DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Using engine %"UVxf"\n",
+                    SvIV(*ptr));
+            });            
+            return CALLREGCOMP_ENG(eng, exp, xend, pm);
+        } 
+    }
+    END_BLOCK
+#endif
+    BEGIN_BLOCK    
     register regexp *r;
     regnode *scan;
     regnode *first;
@@ -2791,21 +3931,23 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
     I32 sawopen = 0;
     scan_data_t data;
     RExC_state_t RExC_state;
-    RExC_state_t *pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
-
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-
+    RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state = &RExC_state;
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT    
+    int restudied= 0;
+    RExC_state_t copyRExC_state;
+#endif    
     if (exp == NULL)
        FAIL("NULL regexp argument");
 
     RExC_utf8 = pm->op_pmdynflags & PMdf_CMP_UTF8;
 
     RExC_precomp = exp;
-    DEBUG_r(if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors());
     DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s \"%s%*s%s\"\n",
-                      PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
-                      (int)(xend - exp), RExC_precomp, PL_colors[1]);
+        SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+        RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8,
+            dsv, RExC_precomp, (xend - exp), 60);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
+                      PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
     });
     RExC_flags = pm->op_pmflags;
     RExC_sawback = 0;
@@ -2821,19 +3963,36 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
     RExC_end = xend;
     RExC_naughty = 0;
     RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_cpar = 1;
+    RExC_nestroot = 0;
     RExC_size = 0L;
     RExC_emit = &PL_regdummy;
     RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
+    RExC_charnames = NULL;
+    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_opend = NULL;
+    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
+    RExC_recurse = NULL;
+    RExC_recurse_count = 0;
+
 #if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
        * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
     REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
 #endif
-    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags) == NULL) {
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n"));
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
        RExC_precomp = NULL;
        return(NULL);
     }
-    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "size %"IVdf" ", (IV)RExC_size));
-
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, 
+            "Required size %"IVdf" nodes\n"
+            "Starting second pass (creation)\n", 
+            (IV)RExC_size);
+        RExC_lastnum=0; 
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL; 
+    });
     /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
        If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
     if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
@@ -2843,16 +4002,24 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
     if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
        RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
 
-    /* Allocate space and initialize. */
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* Make room for a sentinel value at the end of the program */
+    RExC_size++;
+#endif
+
+    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process 
+       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to 
+       happen after that */
     Newxc(r, sizeof(regexp) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
         char, regexp);
     if (r == NULL)
        FAIL("Regexp out of space");
-
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
     /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
     Zero(r, sizeof(regexp) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode), char);
 #endif
+    /* initialization begins here */
+    r->engine= RE_ENGINE_PTR;
     r->refcnt = 1;
     r->prelen = xend - exp;
     r->precomp = savepvn(RExC_precomp, r->prelen);
@@ -2866,8 +4033,18 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
 
     r->substrs = 0;                    /* Useful during FAIL. */
     r->startp = 0;                     /* Useful during FAIL. */
-    r->endp = 0;                       /* Useful during FAIL. */
+    r->endp = 0;                       
+    r->swap = NULL; 
+    r->paren_names = 0;
+    
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
+        Newxz(RExC_close_parens,RExC_npar,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
+    }
 
+    /* Useful during FAIL. */
     Newxz(r->offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
     if (r->offsets) {
        r->offsets[0] = RExC_size;
@@ -2885,15 +4062,56 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
     RExC_end = xend;
     RExC_naughty = 0;
     RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_cpar = 1;
     RExC_emit_start = r->program;
     RExC_emit = r->program;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    /* put a sentinal on the end of the program so we can check for
+       overwrites */
+    r->program[RExC_size].type = 255;
+#endif
     /* Store the count of eval-groups for security checks: */
-    RExC_emit->next_off = (U16)((RExC_seen_evals > U16_MAX) ? U16_MAX : RExC_seen_evals);
+    RExC_emit->next_off = (RExC_seen_evals > (I32)U16_MAX) ? U16_MAX : (U16)RExC_seen_evals;
     REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
     r->data = 0;
-    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags) == NULL)
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL)
        return(NULL);
 
+    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
+       3-units-long substrs field. */
+    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        Newxz(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
+    }
+
+reStudy:
+    r->minlen = minlen = sawplus = sawopen = 0;
+    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+    if ( restudied ) {
+        U32 seen=RExC_seen;
+        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Restudying\n"));
+        
+        RExC_state = copyRExC_state;
+        if (seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES) 
+            RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+        else
+            RExC_seen &= ~REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
+        if (data.last_found) {
+            SvREFCNT_dec(data.longest_fixed);
+           SvREFCNT_dec(data.longest_float);
+           SvREFCNT_dec(data.last_found);
+       }
+       StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+    } else {
+        StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+        copyRExC_state = RExC_state;
+    }
+#else
+    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
+#endif    
 
     /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
     r->reganch = pm->op_pmflags & PMf_COMPILETIME; /* Again? */
@@ -2905,49 +4123,77 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
        r->reganch |= ROPT_NAUGHTY;
     scan = r->program + 1;             /* First BRANCH. */
 
-    /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
-       3-units-long substrs field. */
-    Newxz(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
-
-    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data, scan_data_t);
-    /* XXXX Should not we check for something else?  Usually it is OPEN1... */
-    if (OP(scan) != BRANCH) {  /* Only one top-level choice. */
+    /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
+       data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
+    if (!(RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES)) { /*  Only one top-level choice. */
        I32 fake;
        STRLEN longest_float_length, longest_fixed_length;
-       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
+       struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class; /* pointed to by data */
        int stclass_flag;
-       I32 last_close = 0;
+       I32 last_close = 0; /* pointed to by data */
 
        first = scan;
        /* Skip introductions and multiplicators >= 1. */
        while ((OP(first) == OPEN && (sawopen = 1)) ||
               /* An OR of *one* alternative - should not happen now. */
            (OP(first) == BRANCH && OP(regnext(first)) != BRANCH) ||
+           /* for now we can't handle lookbehind IFMATCH*/
+           (OP(first) == IFMATCH && !first->flags) || 
            (OP(first) == PLUS) ||
            (OP(first) == MINMOD) ||
               /* An {n,m} with n>0 */
-           (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ) {
+           (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == CURLY && ARG1(first) > 0) ) 
+       {
+               
                if (OP(first) == PLUS)
                    sawplus = 1;
                else
-                   first += regarglen[(U8)OP(first)];
-               first = NEXTOPER(first);
+                   first += regarglen[OP(first)];
+               if (OP(first) == IFMATCH) {
+                   first = NEXTOPER(first);
+                   first += EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS;
+               } else  /* XXX possible optimisation for /(?=)/  */
+                   first = NEXTOPER(first);
        }
 
        /* Starting-point info. */
       again:
-       if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == EXACT) {
+        DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
+        /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
+       if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
            if (OP(first) == EXACT)
                NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
            else if ((OP(first) == EXACTF || OP(first) == EXACTFL))
                r->regstclass = first;
        }
+#ifdef TRIE_STCLASS    
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
+               ((reg_trie_data *)r->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0) 
+       {
+           regnode *trie_op;
+           /* this can happen only on restudy */
+           if ( OP(first) == TRIE ) {
+                struct regnode_1 *trieop;
+                Newxz(trieop,1,struct regnode_1);
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_1);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            } else {
+                struct regnode_charclass *trieop;
+                Newxz(trieop,1,struct regnode_charclass);
+                StructCopy(first,trieop,struct regnode_charclass);
+                trie_op=(regnode *)trieop;
+            }
+            OP(trie_op)+=2;
+            make_trie_failtable(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, trie_op, 0);
+           r->regstclass = trie_op;
+       }
+#endif 
        else if (strchr((const char*)PL_simple,OP(first)))
            r->regstclass = first;
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == BOUND ||
-                PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == NBOUND)
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
+                PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
            r->regstclass = first;
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(first)] == BOL) {
+       else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
            r->reganch |= (OP(first) == MBOL
                           ? ROPT_ANCH_MBOL
                           : (OP(first) == SBOL
@@ -2961,8 +4207,9 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
            first = NEXTOPER(first);
            goto again;
        }
-       else if (!sawopen && (OP(first) == STAR &&
-           PL_regkind[(U8)OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
+       else if ((!sawopen || !RExC_sawback) &&
+           (OP(first) == STAR &&
+           PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
            !(r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH) )
        {
            /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
@@ -2980,8 +4227,20 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
            r->reganch |= ROPT_SKIP;
 
        /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
-       DEBUG_COMPILE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
-                             (IV)(first - scan + 1)));
+#ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           if (!restudied)
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+                             (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#else
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(
+           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "first at %"IVdf"\n",
+               (IV)(first - scan + 1))
+        );
+#endif
+
+
        /*
        * If there's something expensive in the r.e., find the
        * longest literal string that must appear and make it the
@@ -2993,8 +4252,7 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
        * it happens that c_offset_min has been invalidated, since the
        * earlier string may buy us something the later one won't.]
        */
-       minlen = 0;
-
+       
        data.longest_fixed = newSVpvs("");
        data.longest_float = newSVpvs("");
        data.last_found = newSVpvs("");
@@ -3007,29 +4265,42 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
        } else                          /* XXXX Check for BOUND? */
            stclass_flag = 0;
        data.last_closep = &last_close;
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
+            &data, -1, NULL, NULL,
+            SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag,0);
+
+       
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO;
+
 
-       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &first, &fake, scan + RExC_size, /* Up to end */
-                            &data, SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS | stclass_flag,0);
        if ( RExC_npar == 1 && data.longest == &(data.longest_fixed)
             && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
             && !RExC_seen_zerolen
             && (!(RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS) || (r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH_GPOS)))
            r->reganch |= ROPT_CHECK_ALL;
-       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data);
+       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen);
        SvREFCNT_dec(data.last_found);
 
+        /* Note that code very similar to this but for anchored string 
+           follows immediately below, changes may need to be made to both. 
+           Be careful. 
+         */
        longest_float_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_float);
        if (longest_float_length
            || (data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL
                && (!(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
-                   || (RExC_flags & PMf_MULTILINE)))) {
-           int t;
+                   || (RExC_flags & PMf_MULTILINE)))) 
+        {
+            I32 t,ml;
 
-           if (SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)                       /* ok to leave SvCUR */
+           if (SvCUR(data.longest_fixed)  /* ok to leave SvCUR */
                && data.offset_fixed == data.offset_float_min
                && SvCUR(data.longest_fixed) == SvCUR(data.longest_float))
                    goto remove_float;          /* As in (a)+. */
 
+            /* copy the information about the longest float from the reg_scan_data
+               over to the program. */
            if (SvUTF8(data.longest_float)) {
                r->float_utf8 = data.longest_float;
                r->float_substr = NULL;
@@ -3037,8 +4308,20 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
                r->float_substr = data.longest_float;
                r->float_utf8 = NULL;
            }
-           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min;
+           /* float_end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that 
+              follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
+              lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
+              calculate it.*/
+           ml = data.minlen_float ? *(data.minlen_float) 
+                                  : (I32)longest_float_length;
+           r->float_end_shift = ml - data.offset_float_min
+               - longest_float_length + (SvTAIL(data.longest_float) != 0)
+               + data.lookbehind_float;
+           r->float_min_offset = data.offset_float_min - data.lookbehind_float;
            r->float_max_offset = data.offset_float_max;
+           if (data.offset_float_max < I32_MAX) /* Don't offset infinity */
+               r->float_max_offset -= data.lookbehind_float;
+           
            t = (data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_EOL /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
                       && (!(data.flags & SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL)
                           || (RExC_flags & PMf_MULTILINE)));
@@ -3051,13 +4334,20 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
            longest_float_length = 0;
        }
 
+        /* Note that code very similar to this but for floating string 
+           is immediately above, changes may need to be made to both. 
+           Be careful. 
+         */
        longest_fixed_length = CHR_SVLEN(data.longest_fixed);
        if (longest_fixed_length
            || (data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL /* Cannot have SEOL and MULTI */
                && (!(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
-                   || (RExC_flags & PMf_MULTILINE)))) {
-           int t;
+                   || (RExC_flags & PMf_MULTILINE)))) 
+        {
+            I32 t,ml;
 
+            /* copy the information about the longest fixed 
+               from the reg_scan_data over to the program. */
            if (SvUTF8(data.longest_fixed)) {
                r->anchored_utf8 = data.longest_fixed;
                r->anchored_substr = NULL;
@@ -3065,7 +4355,17 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
                r->anchored_substr = data.longest_fixed;
                r->anchored_utf8 = NULL;
            }
-           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed;
+           /* fixed_end_shift is how many chars that must be matched that 
+              follow this item. We calculate it ahead of time as once the
+              lookbehind offset is added in we lose the ability to correctly
+              calculate it.*/
+            ml = data.minlen_fixed ? *(data.minlen_fixed) 
+                                   : (I32)longest_fixed_length;
+            r->anchored_end_shift = ml - data.offset_fixed
+               - longest_fixed_length + (SvTAIL(data.longest_fixed) != 0)
+               + data.lookbehind_fixed;
+           r->anchored_offset = data.offset_fixed - data.lookbehind_fixed;
+
            t = (data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_EOL /* Can't have SEOL and MULTI */
                 && (!(data.flags & SF_FIX_BEFORE_MEOL)
                     || (RExC_flags & PMf_MULTILINE)));
@@ -3102,6 +4402,7 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
 
        /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one to dig more info. */
        if (longest_fixed_length > longest_float_length) {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->anchored_end_shift;
            r->check_substr = r->anchored_substr;
            r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_utf8;
            r->check_offset_min = r->check_offset_max = r->anchored_offset;
@@ -3109,10 +4410,11 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
                r->reganch |= ROPT_NOSCAN;
        }
        else {
+           r->check_end_shift = r->float_end_shift;
            r->check_substr = r->float_substr;
            r->check_utf8 = r->float_utf8;
-           r->check_offset_min = data.offset_float_min;
-           r->check_offset_max = data.offset_float_max;
+           r->check_offset_min = r->float_min_offset;
+           r->check_offset_max = r->float_max_offset;
        }
        /* XXXX Currently intuiting is not compatible with ANCH_GPOS.
           This should be changed ASAP!  */
@@ -3121,6 +4423,12 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
            if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
                r->reganch |= RE_INTUIT_TAIL;
        }
+       /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
+       if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_float_length )
+            minlen= longest_float_length;
+        if ( (STRLEN)minlen < longest_fixed_length )
+            minlen= longest_fixed_length;     
+        */
     }
     else {
        /* Several toplevels. Best we can is to set minlen. */
@@ -3128,12 +4436,19 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
        struct regnode_charclass_class ch_class;
        I32 last_close = 0;
        
-       DEBUG_COMPILE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n"));
+       DEBUG_PARSE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
+
        scan = r->program + 1;
        cl_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
        data.start_class = &ch_class;
        data.last_closep = &last_close;
-       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &fake, scan + RExC_size, &data, SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS,0);
+
+        
+       minlen = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen, &fake, scan + RExC_size,
+           &data, -1, NULL, NULL, SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND|SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS,0);
+        
+        CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO;
+
        r->check_substr = r->check_utf8 = r->anchored_substr = r->anchored_utf8
                = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
        if (!(data.start_class->flags & ANYOF_EOS)
@@ -3156,7 +4471,16 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
        }
     }
 
-    r->minlen = minlen;
+    /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
+       the "real" pattern. */
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"minlen: %"IVdf" r->minlen:%"IVdf"\n",
+           minlen, r->minlen);
+    });
+    r->minlenret = minlen;
+    if (r->minlen < minlen) 
+        r->minlen = minlen;
+    
     if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_GPOS)
        r->reganch |= ROPT_GPOS_SEEN;
     if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND)
@@ -3165,12 +4489,184 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
        r->reganch |= ROPT_EVAL_SEEN;
     if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CANY)
        r->reganch |= ROPT_CANY_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_VERBARG)
+       r->reganch |= ROPT_VERBARG_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP)
+       r->reganch |= ROPT_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
+    if (RExC_paren_names)
+        r->paren_names = (HV*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names);
+    else
+        r->paren_names = NULL;
+               
+    if (RExC_recurse_count) {
+        for ( ; RExC_recurse_count ; RExC_recurse_count-- ) {
+            const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[RExC_recurse_count-1];
+            ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)-1] - scan );
+        }
+    }
     Newxz(r->startp, RExC_npar, I32);
     Newxz(r->endp, RExC_npar, I32);
-    DEBUG_COMPILE_r(regdump(r));
+    /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
+
+    DEBUG_DUMP_r({
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"Final program:\n");
+        regdump(r);
+    });
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (r->offsets) {
+        const U32 len = r->offsets[0];
+        U32 i;
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)r->offsets[0]);
+        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+            if (r->offsets[i*2-1] || r->offsets[i*2])
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf":%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ",
+                (UV)i, (UV)r->offsets[i*2-1], (UV)r->offsets[i*2]);
+            }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
+    });
     return(r);
+    END_BLOCK    
+}
+
+#undef CORE_ONLY_BLOCK
+#undef END_BLOCK
+#undef RE_ENGINE_PTR
+
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+SV*
+Perl_reg_named_buff_sv(pTHX_ SV* namesv)
+{
+    I32 parno = 0; /* no match */
+    if (PL_curpm) {
+        const REGEXP * const rx = PM_GETRE(PL_curpm);
+        if (rx && rx->paren_names) {            
+            HE *he_str = hv_fetch_ent( rx->paren_names, namesv, 0, 0 );
+            if (he_str) {
+                IV i;
+                SV* sv_dat=HeVAL(he_str);
+                I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
+                for ( i=0; i<SvIVX(sv_dat); i++ ) {
+                    if ((I32)(rx->lastparen) >= nums[i] &&
+                        rx->endp[nums[i]] != -1) 
+                    {
+                        parno = nums[i];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if ( !parno ) {
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        GV *gv_paren;
+        SV *sv= sv_newmortal();
+        Perl_sv_setpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%"IVdf,(IV)parno);
+        gv_paren= Perl_gv_fetchsv(aTHX_ sv, GV_ADD, SVt_PVGV);
+        return GvSVn(gv_paren);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Scans the name of a named buffer from the pattern.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL returns null.
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME returns an SV* containing the name
+ * If flags is REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA returns the data SV* corresponding
+ * to the parsed name as looked up in the RExC_paren_names hash.
+ * If there is an error throws a vFAIL().. type exception.
+ */
+
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL    0
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME    1
+#define REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA    2
+
+STATIC SV*
+S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags) {
+    char *name_start = RExC_parse;
+    if ( UTF ) {
+       STRLEN numlen;
+        while( isIDFIRST_uni(utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
+            RExC_end - RExC_parse, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)))
+        {
+                RExC_parse += numlen;
+        }
+    } else {
+        while( isIDFIRST(*RExC_parse) )
+           RExC_parse++;
+    }
+    if ( flags ) {
+        SV* sv_name = sv_2mortal(Perl_newSVpvn(aTHX_ name_start,
+            (int)(RExC_parse - name_start)));
+       if (UTF)
+            SvUTF8_on(sv_name);
+        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
+            return sv_name;
+        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
+            HE *he_str = NULL;
+            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
+                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
+            if (RExC_paren_names)
+                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+            if ( he_str )
+                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+            if ( ! sv_dat )
+                vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
+            return sv_dat;
+        }
+        else {
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag in reg_scan_name");
+        }
+        /* NOT REACHED */
+    }
+    return NULL;
 }
 
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
+    int cut;                                                    \
+    int num;                                                    \
+    int iscut=0;                                                \
+    if (rem>10) {                                               \
+        rem=10;                                                 \
+        iscut=1;                                                \
+    }                                                           \
+    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
+    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
+            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
+            cut + 4,                                            \
+            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
+        );                                                      \
+    else                                                        \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
+                                                                \
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
+       num=RExC_size;                                           \
+    else                                                        \
+       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
+    if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4d",num);                \
+    else                                                        \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%4s","");                 \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"|%*s%-4s",                    \
+        (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
+        (funcname)                                              \
+    );                                                          \
+    RExC_lastnum=num;                                           \
+    RExC_lastparse=RExC_parse;                                  \
+})
+
+
+
+#define DEBUG_PARSE(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%4s","\n");               \
+})
+#define DEBUG_PARSE_FMT(funcname,fmt,args)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
+    DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((funcname));                            \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,fmt "\n",args);               \
+})
 /*
  - reg - regular expression, i.e. main body or parenthesized thing
  *
@@ -3180,8 +4676,19 @@ Perl_pregcomp(pTHX_ char *exp, char *xend, PMOP *pm)
  * is a trifle forced, but the need to tie the tails of the branches to what
  * follows makes it hard to avoid.
  */
+#define REGTAIL(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail_study((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#else
+#define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
+#endif
+
+/* this idea is borrowed from STR_WITH_LEN in handy.h */
+#define CHECK_WORD(s,v,l)  \
+    (((sizeof(s)-1)==(l)) && (strnEQ(start_verb, (s ""), (sizeof(s)-1))))
+
 STATIC regnode *
-S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
+S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
     /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top, 1=(, inside: changed to letter. */
 {
     dVAR;
@@ -3207,11 +4714,120 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
     char * parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
     char * const oregcomp_parse = RExC_parse;
 
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("reg ");
+
+
     *flagp = 0;                                /* Tentatively. */
 
 
     /* Make an OPEN node, if parenthesized. */
     if (paren) {
+        if ( *RExC_parse == '*') { /* (*VERB:ARG) */
+           char *start_verb = RExC_parse;
+           STRLEN verb_len = 0;
+           char *start_arg = NULL;
+           unsigned char op = 0;
+           int argok = 1;
+           int internal_argval = 0; /* internal_argval is only useful if !argok */
+           while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) {
+               if ( *RExC_parse == ':' ) {
+                   start_arg = RExC_parse + 1;
+                   break;
+               }
+               RExC_parse++;
+           }
+           ++start_verb;
+           verb_len = RExC_parse - start_verb;
+           if ( start_arg ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               while ( *RExC_parse && *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' ) 
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern argument");
+               if ( RExC_parse == start_arg )
+                   start_arg = NULL;
+           } else {
+               if ( *RExC_parse != ')' )
+                   vFAIL("Unterminated verb pattern");
+           }
+           
+           switch ( *start_verb ) {
+            case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
+                if ( CHECK_WORD("ACCEPT",start_verb,verb_len) ) {
+                   op = ACCEPT;
+                   internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
+               }
+               break;
+            case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
+                if ( CHECK_WORD("COMMIT",start_verb,verb_len) )
+                    op = COMMIT;
+                break;
+            case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
+                if ( verb_len==1 || CHECK_WORD("FAIL",start_verb,verb_len) ) {
+                   op = OPFAIL;
+                   argok = 0;
+               }
+               break;
+            case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
+           case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
+               if ( verb_len==0 || CHECK_WORD("MARK",start_verb,verb_len) ) {
+                    op = MARKPOINT;
+                    argok = -1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
+                if ( CHECK_WORD("PRUNE",start_verb,verb_len) )
+                    op = PRUNE;
+                break;
+            case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */  
+                if ( CHECK_WORD("SKIP",start_verb,verb_len) ) 
+                    op = SKIP;
+                break;
+            case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
+                /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
+                if ( CHECK_WORD("THEN",start_verb,verb_len) ) {
+                    op = CUTGROUP;
+                    RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_CUTGROUP;
+                }
+                break;
+           }
+           if ( ! op ) {
+               RExC_parse++;
+               vFAIL3("Unknown verb pattern '%.*s'",
+                   verb_len, start_verb);
+           }
+           if ( argok ) {
+                if ( start_arg && internal_argval ) {
+                   vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb); 
+               } else if ( argok < 0 && !start_arg ) {
+                    vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' has a mandatory argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+               } else {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, internal_argval);
+                   if ( ! internal_argval && ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
+                        if (start_arg) {
+                            SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg, RExC_parse - start_arg);
+                            ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                            RExC_rx->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
+                            ret->flags = 0;
+                        } else {
+                            ret->flags = 1; 
+                        }
+                    }              
+               }
+               if (!internal_argval)
+                   RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_VERBARG;
+           } else if ( start_arg ) {
+               vFAIL3("Verb pattern '%.*s' may not have an argument",
+                       verb_len, start_verb);    
+           } else {
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
+           }
+           nextchar(pRExC_state);
+           return ret;
+        } else 
        if (*RExC_parse == '?') { /* (?...) */
            U32 posflags = 0, negflags = 0;
            U32 *flagsp = &posflags;
@@ -3222,16 +4838,72 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
            paren = *RExC_parse++;
            ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
            switch (paren) {
+
            case '<':           /* (?<...) */
-               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
                if (*RExC_parse == '!')
                    paren = ',';
-               if (*RExC_parse != '=' && *RExC_parse != '!')
-                   goto unknown;
+               else if (*RExC_parse != '=') 
+               {               /* (?<...>) */
+                   char *name_start;
+                   SV *svname;
+                   paren= '>';
+            case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
+                   name_start= RExC_parse;
+                   svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ?  /* reverse test from the others */
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME : 
+                       REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start)
+                       goto unknown;
+                   if (*RExC_parse != paren)
+                       vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
+                           paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
+                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       HE *he_str;
+                       SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+                        if (!svname) /* shouldnt happen */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: reg_scan_name returned NULL");
+                        if (!RExC_paren_names) {
+                            RExC_paren_names= newHV();
+                            sv_2mortal((SV*)RExC_paren_names);
+                        }
+                        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, svname, 1, 0 );
+                        if ( he_str )
+                            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+                        if ( ! sv_dat ) {
+                            /* croak baby croak */
+                            Perl_croak(aTHX_
+                                "panic: paren_name hash element allocation failed");
+                        } else if ( SvPOK(sv_dat) ) {
+                            IV count=SvIV(sv_dat);
+                            I32 *pv=(I32*)SvGROW(sv_dat,SvCUR(sv_dat)+sizeof(I32)+1);
+                            SvCUR_set(sv_dat,SvCUR(sv_dat)+sizeof(I32));
+                            pv[count]=RExC_npar;
+                            SvIVX(sv_dat)++;
+                        } else {
+                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
+                            sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar), sizeof(I32));
+                            SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
+                            SvIVX(sv_dat)= 1;
+                        }
+
+                        /*sv_dump(sv_dat);*/
+                    }
+                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   paren = 1;
+                   goto capturing_parens;
+               }
+                RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_LOOKBEHIND;
                RExC_parse++;
            case '=':           /* (?=...) */
            case '!':           /* (?!...) */
                RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+               if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
+                   ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
+                   nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                   return ret;
+               }
            case ':':           /* (?:...) */
            case '>':           /* (?>...) */
                break;
@@ -3247,6 +4919,96 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
                nextchar(pRExC_state);
                *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
                return NULL;
+           case '0' :           /* (?0) */
+           case 'R' :           /* (?R) */
+               if (*RExC_parse != ')')
+                   FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
+               ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, GOSTART);
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
+               return ret;
+               /*notreached*/
+            { /* named and numeric backreferences */
+                I32 num;
+                char * parse_start;
+            case '&':            /* (?&NAME) */
+                parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
+                {
+                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                }
+                goto gen_recurse_regop;
+                /* NOT REACHED */
+            case '+':
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                    vFAIL("Illegal pattern");
+                }
+                goto parse_recursion;
+                /* NOT REACHED*/
+            case '-': /* (?-1) */
+                if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
+                    RExC_parse--; /* rewind to let it be handled later */
+                    goto parse_flags;
+                } 
+                /*FALLTHROUGH */
+            case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': /* (?1) */
+           case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+               RExC_parse--;
+              parse_recursion:
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+               parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+               if (*RExC_parse == '-')
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                       RExC_parse++;
+               if (*RExC_parse!=')') 
+                   vFAIL("Expecting close bracket");
+                       
+              gen_recurse_regop:
+                if ( paren == '-' ) {
+                    /*
+                    Diagram of capture buffer numbering.
+                    Top line is the normal capture buffer numbers
+                    Botton line is the negative indexing as from
+                    the X (the (?-2))
+
+                    +   1 2    3 4 5 X          6 7
+                       /(a(x)y)(a(b(c(?-2)d)e)f)(g(h))/
+                    -   5 4    3 2 1 X          x x
+
+                    */
+                    num = RExC_npar + num;
+                    if (num < 1)  {
+                        RExC_parse++;
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                    }
+                } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
+                    num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
+                }
+
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num);
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   }
+                   ARG2L_SET( ret, RExC_recurse_count++);
+                    RExC_emit++;
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n", (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
+               } else {
+                   RExC_size++;
+               }
+               RExC_seen |= REG_SEEN_RECURSE;
+                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
+               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
+
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                return ret;
+            } /* named and numeric backreferences */
+            /* NOT REACHED */
+
            case 'p':           /* (?p...) */
                if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP))
                    vWARNdep(RExC_parse, "(?p{}) is deprecated - use (??{})");
@@ -3318,7 +5080,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
                    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
                    if (!SIZE_ONLY)
                        ret->flags = 2;
-                   regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n));
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n));
                     /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
                    return ret;
                }
@@ -3329,6 +5091,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
            }
            case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
            {
+               int is_define= 0;
                if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
                        || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
@@ -3338,10 +5101,59 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
                        ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
                        if (!SIZE_ONLY)
                            ret->flags = 1;
-                       regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag));
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag,depth+1));
                        goto insert_if;
                    }
                }
+               else if ( RExC_parse[0] == '<'     /* (?(<NAME>)...) */
+                        || RExC_parse[0] == '\'' ) /* (?('NAME')...) */
+               {
+                   char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
+                   char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
+                   I32 num = 0;
+                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?(%c... not terminated",
+                            (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
+                    RExC_parse++;
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                        RExC_rx->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                        SvREFCNT_inc(sv_dat);
+                    }
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
+                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
+                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
+                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
+                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
+                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
+                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
+               {
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
+                   RExC_parse +=6 ;
+                   is_define = 1;
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
+               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'R') {
+                   RExC_parse++;
+                   parno = 0;
+                   if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
+                       parno = atoi(RExC_parse++);
+                       while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
+                           RExC_parse++;
+                   } else if (RExC_parse[0] == '&') {
+                       SV *sv_dat;
+                       RExC_parse++;
+                       sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                           SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                       parno = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                   }
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno); 
+                   goto insert_if_check_paren;
+               }
                else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
                     /* (?(1)...) */
                    char c;
@@ -3351,22 +5163,25 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
                        RExC_parse++;
                     ret = reganode(pRExC_state, GROUPP, parno);
 
+                 insert_if_check_paren:
                    if ((c = *nextchar(pRExC_state)) != ')')
                        vFAIL("Switch condition not recognized");
                  insert_if:
-                   regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
-                   br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1);
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
+                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
                    if (br == NULL)
                        br = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0);
                    else
-                       regtail(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0));
                    c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
                    if (flags&HASWIDTH)
                        *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
                    if (c == '|') {
+                       if (is_define) 
+                           vFAIL("(?(DEFINE)....) does not allow branches");
                        lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0); /* Fake one for optimizer. */
-                       regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1);
-                       regtail(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
+                        regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
                        if (flags&HASWIDTH)
                            *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
                        c = *nextchar(pRExC_state);
@@ -3376,13 +5191,13 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
                    if (c != ')')
                        vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... contains too many branches");
                    ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
-                   regtail(pRExC_state, br, ender);
+                    REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
                    if (lastbr) {
-                       regtail(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
-                       regtail(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
                    }
                    else
-                       regtail(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
                    return ret;
                }
                else {
@@ -3457,9 +5272,21 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
            }
        }
        else {                  /* (...) */
+         capturing_parens:
            parno = RExC_npar;
            RExC_npar++;
+           
            ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
+               if (!RExC_nestroot) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
+               if (RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+                   DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
+                   RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
+               }
+           }
             Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
             Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
            is_open = 1;
@@ -3470,17 +5297,17 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
 
     /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
     parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
-    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1);
+    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
     /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
 
     if (br == NULL)
        return(NULL);
     if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
        if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br);
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
        }
        else {                  /* MJD */
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br);
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
             Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
             Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
         }
@@ -3492,7 +5319,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
        *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
     }
     if (is_open) {                             /* Starts with OPEN. */
-       regtail(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, br);          /* OPEN -> first. */
     }
     else if (paren != '?')             /* Not Conditional */
        ret = br;
@@ -3501,16 +5328,16 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
     while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
        if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
            ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
-           regtail(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender); /* Append to the previous. */
        }
        if (SIZE_ONLY)
            RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0);
+        br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
 
        if (br == NULL)
            return(NULL);
-       regtail(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
        lastbr = br;
        if (flags&HASWIDTH)
            *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
@@ -3524,7 +5351,16 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
            ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
            break;
        case 1:
+           RExC_cpar++;
            ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_SEEN_RECURSE) {
+               DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n", 
+                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+               RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
+               if (RExC_nestroot == parno) 
+                   RExC_nestroot = 0;
+           }       
             Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
             Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
            break;
@@ -3539,14 +5375,27 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
            break;
        case 0:
            ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
+           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                assert(!RExC_opend); /* there can only be one! */
+                RExC_opend = ender;
+            }
            break;
        }
-       regtail(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
+
+       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
+           if (depth==1)
+               RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES;
 
-       if (have_branch) {
            /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
-           for (br = ret; br != NULL; br = regnext(br)) {
-               regoptail(pRExC_state, br, ender);
+           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
+               const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
+               if (op == BRANCH) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
+               }
+               else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
+               }
            }
        }
     }
@@ -3561,11 +5410,11 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
 
            if (paren == '>')
                node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret);
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret);
            Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
            ret->flags = flag;
-           regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
+            REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
        }
     }
 
@@ -3596,14 +5445,15 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp)
  * Implements the concatenation operator.
  */
 STATIC regnode *
-S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first)
+S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
     register regnode *ret;
     register regnode *chain = NULL;
     register regnode *latest;
     I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
-
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
     if (first)
        ret = NULL;
     else {
@@ -3624,7 +5474,7 @@ S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first)
     nextchar(pRExC_state);
     while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
        flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
-       latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags);
+        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
        if (latest == NULL) {
            if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
                continue;
@@ -3637,7 +5487,7 @@ S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first)
            *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
        else {
            RExC_naughty++;
-           regtail(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
        }
        chain = latest;
        c++;
@@ -3664,7 +5514,7 @@ S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first)
  * endmarker role is not redundant.
  */
 STATIC regnode *
-S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
+S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
     register regnode *ret;
@@ -3672,12 +5522,14 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
     register char *next;
     I32 flags;
     const char * const origparse = RExC_parse;
-    char *maxpos;
     I32 min;
     I32 max = REG_INFTY;
     char *parse_start;
+    const char *maxpos = NULL;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
 
-    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags);
+    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
     if (ret == NULL) {
        if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
            *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
@@ -3687,9 +5539,9 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
     op = *RExC_parse;
 
     if (op == '{' && regcurly(RExC_parse)) {
+       maxpos = NULL;
         parse_start = RExC_parse; /* MJD */
        next = RExC_parse + 1;
-       maxpos = NULL;
        while (isDIGIT(*next) || *next == ',') {
            if (*next == ',') {
                if (maxpos)
@@ -3719,21 +5571,21 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
        do_curly:
            if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
                RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
-               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret);
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
                 Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
                 Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret);
            }
            else {
-               regnode *w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
+               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
 
                w->flags = 0;
-               regtail(pRExC_state, ret, w);
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
                if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret);
-                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
                    NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
                }
-               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret);
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
                                 /* MJD hk */
                 Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
                 Set_Node_Length(ret,
@@ -3741,7 +5593,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
 
                if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
                    NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
-               regtail(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
+                REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
                if (SIZE_ONLY)
                    RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
                RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
@@ -3790,7 +5642,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
     *flagp = (op != '+') ? (WORST|SPSTART|HASWIDTH) : (WORST|HASWIDTH);
 
     if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
-       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
        ret->flags = 0;
        RExC_naughty += 4;
     }
@@ -3799,7 +5651,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
        goto do_curly;
     }
     else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
-       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
        ret->flags = 0;
        RExC_naughty += 3;
     }
@@ -3819,12 +5671,27 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
               origparse);
     }
 
-    if (*RExC_parse == '?') {
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '?') {
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret);
-       regtail(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+       reginsert(pRExC_state, MINMOD, ret, depth+1);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
+    }
+#ifndef REG_ALLOW_MINMOD_SUSPEND
+    else
+#endif
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse == '+') {
+        regnode *ender;
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+        reginsert(pRExC_state, SUSPEND, ret, depth+1);
+        ret->flags = 0;
+        ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL);
+        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+        /*ret= ender;*/
     }
-    if (ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
+
+    if (RExC_parse < RExC_end && ISMULT2(RExC_parse)) {
        RExC_parse++;
        vFAIL("Nested quantifiers");
     }
@@ -3832,6 +5699,308 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
     return(ret);
 }
 
+
+/* reg_namedseq(pRExC_state,UVp)
+   
+   This is expected to be called by a parser routine that has 
+   recognized'\N' and needs to handle the rest. RExC_parse is 
+   expected to point at the first char following the N at the time
+   of the call.
+   
+   If valuep is non-null then it is assumed that we are parsing inside 
+   of a charclass definition and the first codepoint in the resolved
+   string is returned via *valuep and the routine will return NULL. 
+   In this mode if a multichar string is returned from the charnames 
+   handler a warning will be issued, and only the first char in the 
+   sequence will be examined. If the string returned is zero length
+   then the value of *valuep is undefined and NON-NULL will 
+   be returned to indicate failure. (This will NOT be a valid pointer 
+   to a regnode.)
+   
+   If value is null then it is assumed that we are parsing normal text
+   and inserts a new EXACT node into the program containing the resolved
+   string and returns a pointer to the new node. If the string is 
+   zerolength a NOTHING node is emitted.
+   
+   On success RExC_parse is set to the char following the endbrace.
+   Parsing failures will generate a fatal errorvia vFAIL(...)
+   
+   NOTE: We cache all results from the charnames handler locally in 
+   the RExC_charnames hash (created on first use) to prevent a charnames 
+   handler from playing silly-buggers and returning a short string and 
+   then a long string for a given pattern. Since the regexp program 
+   size is calculated during an initial parse this would result
+   in a buffer overrun so we cache to prevent the charname result from
+   changing during the course of the parse.
+   
+ */
+STATIC regnode *
+S_reg_namedseq(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV *valuep) 
+{
+    char * name;        /* start of the content of the name */
+    char * endbrace;    /* endbrace following the name */
+    SV *sv_str = NULL;  
+    SV *sv_name = NULL;
+    STRLEN len; /* this has various purposes throughout the code */
+    bool cached = 0; /* if this is true then we shouldn't refcount dev sv_str */
+    regnode *ret = NULL;
+    
+    if (*RExC_parse != '{') {
+        vFAIL("Missing braces on \\N{}");
+    }
+    name = RExC_parse+1;
+    endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}');
+    if ( ! endbrace ) {
+        RExC_parse++;
+        vFAIL("Missing right brace on \\N{}");
+    } 
+    RExC_parse = endbrace + 1;  
+    
+    
+    /* RExC_parse points at the beginning brace, 
+       endbrace points at the last */
+    if ( name[0]=='U' && name[1]=='+' ) {
+        /* its a "unicode hex" notation {U+89AB} */
+        I32 fl = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
+            | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX
+            | (SIZE_ONLY ? PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT : 0);
+        UV cp;
+        len = (STRLEN)(endbrace - name - 2);
+        cp = grok_hex(name + 2, &len, &fl, NULL);
+        if ( len != (STRLEN)(endbrace - name - 2) ) {
+            cp = 0xFFFD;
+        }    
+        if (cp > 0xff)
+            RExC_utf8 = 1;
+        if ( valuep ) {
+            *valuep = cp;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        sv_str= Perl_newSVpvf_nocontext("%c",(int)cp);
+    } else {
+        /* fetch the charnames handler for this scope */
+        HV * const table = GvHV(PL_hintgv);
+        SV **cvp= table ? 
+            hv_fetchs(table, "charnames", FALSE) :
+            NULL;
+        SV *cv= cvp ? *cvp : NULL;
+        HE *he_str;
+        int count;
+        /* create an SV with the name as argument */
+        sv_name = newSVpvn(name, endbrace - name);
+        
+        if (!table || !(PL_hints & HINT_LOCALIZE_HH)) {
+            vFAIL2("Constant(\\N{%s}) unknown: "
+                  "(possibly a missing \"use charnames ...\")",
+                  SvPVX(sv_name));
+        }
+        if (!cvp || !SvOK(*cvp)) { /* when $^H{charnames} = undef; */
+            vFAIL2("Constant(\\N{%s}): "
+                  "$^H{charnames} is not defined",SvPVX(sv_name));
+        }
+        
+        
+        
+        if (!RExC_charnames) {
+            /* make sure our cache is allocated */
+            RExC_charnames = newHV();
+            sv_2mortal((SV*)RExC_charnames);
+        } 
+            /* see if we have looked this one up before */
+        he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_charnames, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+        if ( he_str ) {
+            sv_str = HeVAL(he_str);
+            cached = 1;
+        } else {
+            dSP ;
+
+            ENTER ;
+            SAVETMPS ;
+            PUSHMARK(SP) ;
+            
+            XPUSHs(sv_name);
+            
+            PUTBACK ;
+            
+            count= call_sv(cv, G_SCALAR);
+            
+            if (count == 1) { /* XXXX is this right? dmq */
+                sv_str = POPs;
+                SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_str);
+            } 
+            
+            SPAGAIN ;
+            PUTBACK ;
+            FREETMPS ;
+            LEAVE ;
+            
+            if ( !sv_str || !SvOK(sv_str) ) {
+                vFAIL2("Constant(\\N{%s}): Call to &{$^H{charnames}} "
+                      "did not return a defined value",SvPVX(sv_name));
+            }
+            if (hv_store_ent( RExC_charnames, sv_name, sv_str, 0))
+                cached = 1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (valuep) {
+        char *p = SvPV(sv_str, len);
+        if (len) {
+            STRLEN numlen = 1;
+            if ( SvUTF8(sv_str) ) {
+                *valuep = utf8_to_uvchr((U8*)p, &numlen);
+                if (*valuep > 0x7F)
+                    RExC_utf8 = 1; 
+                /* XXXX
+                  We have to turn on utf8 for high bit chars otherwise
+                  we get failures with
+                  
+                   "ss" =~ /[\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S}]/i
+                   "SS" =~ /[\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S}]/i
+                
+                  This is different from what \x{} would do with the same
+                  codepoint, where the condition is > 0xFF.
+                  - dmq
+                */
+                
+                
+            } else {
+                *valuep = (UV)*p;
+                /* warn if we havent used the whole string? */
+            }
+            if (numlen<len && SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                vWARN2(RExC_parse,
+                    "Ignoring excess chars from \\N{%s} in character class",
+                    SvPVX(sv_name)
+                );
+            }        
+        } else if (SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+            vWARN2(RExC_parse,
+                    "Ignoring zero length \\N{%s} in character class",
+                    SvPVX(sv_name)
+                );
+        }
+        if (sv_name)    
+            SvREFCNT_dec(sv_name);    
+        if (!cached)
+            SvREFCNT_dec(sv_str);    
+        return len ? NULL : (regnode *)&len;
+    } else if(SvCUR(sv_str)) {     
+        
+        char *s; 
+        char *p, *pend;        
+        STRLEN charlen = 1;
+        char * parse_start = name-3; /* needed for the offsets */
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;     /* needed for the offsets */
+        
+        ret = reg_node(pRExC_state,
+            (U8)(FOLD ? (LOC ? EXACTFL : EXACTF) : EXACT));
+        s= STRING(ret);
+        
+        if ( RExC_utf8 && !SvUTF8(sv_str) ) {
+            sv_utf8_upgrade(sv_str);
+        } else if ( !RExC_utf8 && SvUTF8(sv_str) ) {
+            RExC_utf8= 1;
+        }
+        
+        p = SvPV(sv_str, len);
+        pend = p + len;
+        /* len is the length written, charlen is the size the char read */
+        for ( len = 0; p < pend; p += charlen ) {
+            if (UTF) {
+                UV uvc = utf8_to_uvchr((U8*)p, &charlen);
+                if (FOLD) {
+                    STRLEN foldlen,numlen;
+                    U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1], *foldbuf;
+                    uvc = toFOLD_uni(uvc, tmpbuf, &foldlen);
+                    /* Emit all the Unicode characters. */
+                    
+                    for (foldbuf = tmpbuf;
+                        foldlen;
+                        foldlen -= numlen) 
+                    {
+                        uvc = utf8_to_uvchr(foldbuf, &numlen);
+                        if (numlen > 0) {
+                            const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, uvc, s);
+                            s       += unilen;
+                            len     += unilen;
+                            /* In EBCDIC the numlen
+                            * and unilen can differ. */
+                            foldbuf += numlen;
+                            if (numlen >= foldlen)
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        else
+                            break; /* "Can't happen." */
+                    }                          
+                } else {
+                    const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, uvc, s);
+                   if (unilen > 0) {
+                      s   += unilen;
+                      len += unilen;
+                   }
+               }
+           } else {
+                len++;
+                REGC(*p, s++);
+            }
+        }
+        if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+            RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
+        } else {
+            STR_LEN(ret) = len;
+            RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+        }
+        Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
+        RExC_parse--; 
+        nextchar(pRExC_state);
+    } else {
+        ret = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
+    }
+    if (!cached) {
+        SvREFCNT_dec(sv_str);
+    }
+    if (sv_name) {
+        SvREFCNT_dec(sv_name); 
+    }
+    return ret;
+
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * reg_recode
+ *
+ * It returns the code point in utf8 for the value in *encp.
+ *    value: a code value in the source encoding
+ *    encp:  a pointer to an Encode object
+ *
+ * If the result from Encode is not a single character,
+ * it returns U+FFFD (Replacement character) and sets *encp to NULL.
+ */
+STATIC UV
+S_reg_recode(pTHX_ const char value, SV **encp)
+{
+    STRLEN numlen = 1;
+    SV * const sv = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(&value, numlen));
+    const char * const s = encp && *encp ? sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, *encp)
+                                        : SvPVX(sv);
+    const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
+    UV uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+
+    if (newlen)
+       uv = SvUTF8(sv)
+            ? utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)s, newlen, &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT)
+            : *(U8*)s;
+
+    if (!newlen || numlen != newlen) {
+       uv = UNICODE_REPLACEMENT;
+       if (encp)
+           *encp = NULL;
+    }
+    return uv;
+}
+
+
 /*
  - regatom - the lowest level
  *
@@ -3840,15 +6009,18 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
  * faster to run.  Backslashed characters are exceptions, each becoming a
  * separate node; the code is simpler that way and it's not worth fixing.
  *
- * [Yes, it is worth fixing, some scripts can run twice the speed.] */
+ * [Yes, it is worth fixing, some scripts can run twice the speed.]
+ * [It looks like its ok, as in S_study_chunk we merge adjacent EXACT nodes]
+ */
 STATIC regnode *
-S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp)
+S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
     register regnode *ret = NULL;
     I32 flags;
     char *parse_start = RExC_parse;
-
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    DEBUG_PARSE("atom");
     *flagp = WORST;            /* Tentatively. */
 
 tryagain:
@@ -3888,8 +6060,8 @@ tryagain:
        break;
     case '[':
     {
-       char *oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
-       ret = regclass(pRExC_state);
+       char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
+        ret = regclass(pRExC_state,depth+1);
        if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
            RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
            vFAIL("Unmatched [");
@@ -3901,7 +6073,7 @@ tryagain:
     }
     case '(':
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-       ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags);
+        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags,depth+1);
        if (ret == NULL) {
                if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
                    if (RExC_parse == RExC_end) {
@@ -4033,14 +6205,14 @@ tryagain:
        case 'p':
        case 'P':
            {   
-               char* oldregxend = RExC_end;
+               char* const oldregxend = RExC_end;
                char* parse_start = RExC_parse - 2;
 
                if (RExC_parse[1] == '{') {
                  /* a lovely hack--pretend we saw [\pX] instead */
                    RExC_end = strchr(RExC_parse, '}');
                    if (!RExC_end) {
-                       U8 c = (U8)*RExC_parse;
+                       const U8 c = (U8)*RExC_parse;
                        RExC_parse += 2;
                        RExC_end = oldregxend;
                        vFAIL2("Missing right brace on \\%c{}", c);
@@ -4054,7 +6226,7 @@ tryagain:
                }
                RExC_parse--;
 
-               ret = regclass(pRExC_state);
+                ret = regclass(pRExC_state,depth+1);
 
                RExC_end = oldregxend;
                RExC_parse--;
@@ -4065,6 +6237,55 @@ tryagain:
                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
            }
            break;
+        case 'N': 
+            /* Handle \N{NAME} here and not below because it can be 
+            multicharacter. join_exact() will join them up later on. 
+            Also this makes sure that things like /\N{BLAH}+/ and 
+            \N{BLAH} being multi char Just Happen. dmq*/
+            ++RExC_parse;
+            ret= reg_namedseq(pRExC_state, NULL); 
+            break;
+       case 'k':    /* Handle \k<NAME> and \k'NAME' */
+        {   
+            char ch= RExC_parse[1];        
+           if (ch != '<' && ch != '\'') {
+               if (SIZE_ONLY)
+                   vWARN( RExC_parse + 1, 
+                       "Possible broken named back reference treated as literal k");
+               parse_start--;
+               goto defchar;
+           } else {
+               char* name_start = (RExC_parse += 2);
+               I32 num = 0;
+                SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                    SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                ch= (ch == '<') ? '>' : '\'';
+                    
+                if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch)
+                    vFAIL2("Sequence \\k%c... not terminated",
+                        (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
+                
+                RExC_sawback = 1;
+                ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                          (U8)(FOLD ? (LOC ? NREFFL : NREFF) : NREF),
+                          num);
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
+                
+               
+                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    num = add_data( pRExC_state, 1, "S" );
+                    ARG_SET(ret,num);
+                    RExC_rx->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
+                    SvREFCNT_inc(sv_dat);
+                }    
+                /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
+                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret); /* MJD */
+                nextchar(pRExC_state);
+                              
+            }
+            break;
+        }            
        case 'n':
        case 'r':
        case 't':
@@ -4075,20 +6296,37 @@ tryagain:
        case 'c':
        case '0':
            goto defchar;
+       case 'R': 
        case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
        case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
            {
-               const I32 num = atoi(RExC_parse);
-
+               I32 num;
+               bool isrel=(*RExC_parse=='R');
+               if (isrel)
+                   RExC_parse++;
+               num = atoi(RExC_parse);
+                if (isrel) {
+                    num = RExC_cpar - num;
+                    if (num < 1)
+                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent or unclosed group");
+                }
                if (num > 9 && num >= RExC_npar)
                    goto defchar;
                else {
-                    char * parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
+                   char * const parse_start = RExC_parse - 1; /* MJD */
                    while (isDIGIT(*RExC_parse))
                        RExC_parse++;
 
-                   if (!SIZE_ONLY && num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
-                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                       if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
+                           vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                       /* People make this error all the time apparently.
+                          So we cant fail on it, even though we should 
+                       
+                       else if (num >= RExC_cpar)
+                           vFAIL("Reference to unclosed group will always match");
+                       */
+                   }
                    RExC_sawback = 1;
                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
                                   (U8)(FOLD ? (LOC ? REFFL : REFF) : REF),
@@ -4117,7 +6355,8 @@ tryagain:
 
     case '#':
        if (RExC_flags & PMf_EXTENDED) {
-           while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '\n') RExC_parse++;
+           while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '\n')
+               RExC_parse++;
            if (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
                goto tryagain;
        }
@@ -4127,7 +6366,7 @@ tryagain:
            register STRLEN len;
            register UV ender;
            register char *p;
-           char *oldp, *s;
+           char *s;
            STRLEN foldlen;
            U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1], *foldbuf;
 
@@ -4144,7 +6383,7 @@ tryagain:
              len < 127 && p < RExC_end;
              len++)
            {
-               oldp = p;
+               char * const oldp = p;
 
                if (RExC_flags & PMf_EXTENDED)
                    p = regwhite(p, RExC_end);
@@ -4175,6 +6414,8 @@ tryagain:
                    case 'D':
                    case 'p':
                    case 'P':
+                    case 'N':
+                    case 'R':
                        --p;
                        goto loopdone;
                    case 'n':
@@ -4225,6 +6466,8 @@ tryagain:
                            ender = grok_hex(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
                            p += numlen;
                        }
+                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                           goto recode_encoding;
                        break;
                    case 'c':
                        p++;
@@ -4244,6 +6487,17 @@ tryagain:
                            --p;
                            goto loopdone;
                        }
+                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                           goto recode_encoding;
+                       break;
+                   recode_encoding:
+                       {
+                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                           ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
+                           if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                               vWARN(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                           RExC_utf8 = 1;
+                       }
                        break;
                    case '\0':
                        if (p >= RExC_end)
@@ -4277,8 +6531,6 @@ tryagain:
                    if (len)
                        p = oldp;
                    else if (UTF) {
-                        STRLEN unilen;
-
                         if (FOLD) {
                              /* Emit all the Unicode characters. */
                              STRLEN numlen;
@@ -4287,7 +6539,7 @@ tryagain:
                                   foldlen -= numlen) {
                                   ender = utf8_to_uvchr(foldbuf, &numlen);
                                   if (numlen > 0) {
-                                       reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s, &unilen);
+                                       const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
                                        s       += unilen;
                                        len     += unilen;
                                        /* In EBCDIC the numlen
@@ -4301,7 +6553,7 @@ tryagain:
                              }
                         }
                         else {
-                             reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s, &unilen);
+                             const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
                              if (unilen > 0) {
                                   s   += unilen;
                                   len += unilen;
@@ -4315,8 +6567,6 @@ tryagain:
                    break;
                }
                if (UTF) {
-                    STRLEN unilen;
-
                     if (FOLD) {
                          /* Emit all the Unicode characters. */
                          STRLEN numlen;
@@ -4325,7 +6575,7 @@ tryagain:
                               foldlen -= numlen) {
                               ender = utf8_to_uvchr(foldbuf, &numlen);
                               if (numlen > 0) {
-                                   reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s, &unilen);
+                                   const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
                                    len     += unilen;
                                    s       += unilen;
                                    /* In EBCDIC the numlen
@@ -4339,7 +6589,7 @@ tryagain:
                          }
                     }
                     else {
-                         reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s, &unilen);
+                         const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
                          if (unilen > 0) {
                               s   += unilen;
                               len += unilen;
@@ -4364,43 +6614,17 @@ tryagain:
                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
            if (len == 1 && UNI_IS_INVARIANT(ender))
                *flagp |= SIMPLE;
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY)
-               STR_LEN(ret) = len;
+               
            if (SIZE_ONLY)
                RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
-           else
+           else {
+               STR_LEN(ret) = len;
                RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+            }
        }
        break;
     }
 
-    /* If the encoding pragma is in effect recode the text of
-     * any EXACT-kind nodes. */
-    if (PL_encoding && PL_regkind[(U8)OP(ret)] == EXACT) {
-       STRLEN oldlen = STR_LEN(ret);
-       SV *sv        = sv_2mortal(newSVpvn(STRING(ret), oldlen));
-
-       if (RExC_utf8)
-           SvUTF8_on(sv);
-       if (sv_utf8_downgrade(sv, TRUE)) {
-           const char * const s = sv_recode_to_utf8(sv, PL_encoding);
-           const STRLEN newlen = SvCUR(sv);
-
-           if (SvUTF8(sv))
-               RExC_utf8 = 1;
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-               GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-               DEBUG_COMPILE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "recode %*s to %*s\n",
-                                     (int)oldlen, STRING(ret),
-                                     (int)newlen, s));
-               Copy(s, STRING(ret), newlen, char);
-               STR_LEN(ret) += newlen - oldlen;
-               RExC_emit += STR_SZ(newlen) - STR_SZ(oldlen);
-           } else
-               RExC_size += STR_SZ(newlen) - STR_SZ(oldlen);
-       }
-    }
-
     return(ret);
 }
 
@@ -4449,14 +6673,13 @@ S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value)
            /* Grandfather lone [:, [=, [. */
            RExC_parse = s;
        else {
-           const char* t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
-           const char *posixcc;
-
+           const char* const t = RExC_parse++; /* skip over the c */
            assert(*t == c);
 
            if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']') {
+               const char *posixcc = s + 1;
                RExC_parse++; /* skip over the ending ] */
-               posixcc = s + 1;
+
                if (*s == ':') {
                    const I32 complement = *posixcc == '^' ? *posixcc++ : 0;
                    const I32 skip = t - posixcc;
@@ -4464,11 +6687,8 @@ S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value)
                    /* Initially switch on the length of the name.  */
                    switch (skip) {
                    case 4:
-                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) {
-                           /* this is not POSIX, this is the Perl \w */;
-                           namedclass
-                               = complement ? ANYOF_NALNUM : ANYOF_ALNUM;
-                       }
+                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "word", 4)) /* this is not POSIX, this is the Perl \w */
+                           namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NALNUM : ANYOF_ALNUM;
                        break;
                    case 5:
                        /* Names all of length 5.  */
@@ -4477,98 +6697,58 @@ S_regpposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 value)
                        /* Offset 4 gives the best switch position.  */
                        switch (posixcc[4]) {
                        case 'a':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) {
-                               /*                  a     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NALPHA : ANYOF_ALPHA;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alph", 4)) /* alpha */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NALPHA : ANYOF_ALPHA;
                            break;
                        case 'e':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) {
-                               /*                  e     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NPSXSPC : ANYOF_PSXSPC;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "spac", 4)) /* space */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NPSXSPC : ANYOF_PSXSPC;
                            break;
                        case 'h':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) {
-                               /*                  h     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NGRAPH : ANYOF_GRAPH;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "grap", 4)) /* graph */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NGRAPH : ANYOF_GRAPH;
                            break;
                        case 'i':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) {
-                               /*                  i     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NASCII : ANYOF_ASCII;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "asci", 4)) /* ascii */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NASCII : ANYOF_ASCII;
                            break;
                        case 'k':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) {
-                               /*                  k     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NBLANK : ANYOF_BLANK;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "blan", 4)) /* blank */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NBLANK : ANYOF_BLANK;
                            break;
                        case 'l':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) {
-                               /*                  l     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NCNTRL : ANYOF_CNTRL;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "cntr", 4)) /* cntrl */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NCNTRL : ANYOF_CNTRL;
                            break;
                        case 'm':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) {
-                               /*                  m     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NALNUMC : ANYOF_ALNUMC;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "alnu", 4)) /* alnum */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NALNUMC : ANYOF_ALNUMC;
                            break;
                        case 'r':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) {
-                               /*                  r     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NLOWER : ANYOF_LOWER;
-                           }
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) {
-                               /*                  r     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NUPPER : ANYOF_UPPER;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "lowe", 4)) /* lower */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NLOWER : ANYOF_LOWER;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "uppe", 4)) /* upper */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NUPPER : ANYOF_UPPER;
                            break;
                        case 't':
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) {
-                               /*                  t     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NDIGIT : ANYOF_DIGIT;
-                           }
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) {
-                               /*                  t     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NPRINT : ANYOF_PRINT;
-                           }
-                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) {
-                               /*                  t     */
-                               namedclass
-                                   = complement ? ANYOF_NPUNCT : ANYOF_PUNCT;
-                           }
+                           if (memEQ(posixcc, "digi", 4)) /* digit */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NDIGIT : ANYOF_DIGIT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "prin", 4)) /* print */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NPRINT : ANYOF_PRINT;
+                           else if (memEQ(posixcc, "punc", 4)) /* punct */
+                               namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NPUNCT : ANYOF_PUNCT;
                            break;
                        }
                        break;
                    case 6:
-                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6)) {
-                           namedclass
-                               = complement ? ANYOF_NXDIGIT : ANYOF_XDIGIT;
-                       }
+                       if (memEQ(posixcc, "xdigit", 6))
+                           namedclass = complement ? ANYOF_NXDIGIT : ANYOF_XDIGIT;
                        break;
                    }
 
                    if (namedclass == OOB_NAMEDCLASS)
-                   {
                        Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX class [:%.*s:] unknown",
                                      t - s - 1, s + 1);
-                   }
                    assert (posixcc[skip] == ':');
                    assert (posixcc[skip+1] == ']');
                } else if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
@@ -4595,11 +6775,11 @@ STATIC void
 S_checkposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
 {
     dVAR;
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY && POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
+    if (POSIXCC(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
        const char *s = RExC_parse;
        const char  c = *s++;
 
-       while(*s && isALNUM(*s))
+       while (isALNUM(*s))
            s++;
        if (*s && c == *s && s[1] == ']') {
            if (ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
@@ -4612,18 +6792,24 @@ S_checkposixcc(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                /* adjust RExC_parse so the error shows after
                   the class closes */
                while (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) && UCHARAT(RExC_parse++) != ']')
-                   ;
+                   NOOP;
                Simple_vFAIL3("POSIX syntax [%c %c] is reserved for future extensions", c, c);
            }
        }
     }
 }
 
+
+/*
+   parse a class specification and produce either an ANYOF node that
+   matches the pattern. If the pattern matches a single char only and
+   that char is < 256 then we produce an EXACT node instead.
+*/
 STATIC regnode *
-S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
+S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
-    register UV value;
+    register UV value = 0;
     register UV nextvalue;
     register IV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
     register IV range = 0;
@@ -4633,14 +6819,25 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
     char *rangebegin = NULL;
     bool need_class = 0;
     SV *listsv = NULL;
-    register char *e;
     UV n;
     bool optimize_invert   = TRUE;
     AV* unicode_alternate  = NULL;
 #ifdef EBCDIC
     UV literal_endpoint = 0;
 #endif
+    UV stored = 0;  /* number of chars stored in the class */
 
+    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
+        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
+    const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
+
+    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
     ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
 
     if (!SIZE_ONLY)
@@ -4676,6 +6873,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
     if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) == ']')
        goto charclassloop;
 
+parseit:
     while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ']') {
 
     charclassloop:
@@ -4692,6 +6890,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
        }
        else
            value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
+
        nextvalue = RExC_parse < RExC_end ? UCHARAT(RExC_parse) : 0;
        if (value == '[' && POSIXCC(nextvalue))
            namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value);
@@ -4716,8 +6915,24 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
            case 'S':   namedclass = ANYOF_NSPACE;      break;
            case 'd':   namedclass = ANYOF_DIGIT;       break;
            case 'D':   namedclass = ANYOF_NDIGIT;      break;
+            case 'N':  /* Handle \N{NAME} in class */
+                {
+                    /* We only pay attention to the first char of 
+                    multichar strings being returned. I kinda wonder
+                    if this makes sense as it does change the behaviour
+                    from earlier versions, OTOH that behaviour was broken
+                    as well. */
+                    UV v; /* value is register so we cant & it /grrr */
+                    if (reg_namedseq(pRExC_state, &v)) {
+                        goto parseit;
+                    }
+                    value= v; 
+                }
+                break;
            case 'p':
            case 'P':
+               {
+               char *e;
                if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
                    vFAIL2("Empty \\%c{}", (U8)value);
                if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
@@ -4753,6 +6968,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                RExC_parse = e + 1;
                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE;
                namedclass = ANYOF_MAX;  /* no official name, but it's named */
+               }
                break;
            case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
            case 'r':   value = '\r';                   break;
@@ -4765,7 +6981,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
                     I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
                         | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
-                   e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
+                   char * const e = strchr(RExC_parse++, '}');
                     if (!e)
                         vFAIL("Missing right brace on \\x{}");
 
@@ -4779,6 +6995,8 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                    value = grok_hex(RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
                    RExC_parse += numlen;
                }
+               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                   goto recode_encoding;
                break;
            case 'c':
                value = UCHARAT(RExC_parse++);
@@ -4786,13 +7004,24 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                break;
            case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
            case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
-            {
-                I32 flags = 0;
-               numlen = 3;
-               value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
-               RExC_parse += numlen;
-               break;
-            }
+               {
+                   I32 flags = 0;
+                   numlen = 3;
+                   value = grok_oct(--RExC_parse, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
+                   RExC_parse += numlen;
+                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                       goto recode_encoding;
+                   break;
+               }
+           recode_encoding:
+               {
+                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                   value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
+                   if (!enc && SIZE_ONLY && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                       vWARN(RExC_parse,
+                             "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
+                   break;
+               }
            default:
                if (!SIZE_ONLY && isALPHA(value) && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
                    vWARN2(RExC_parse,
@@ -5242,12 +7471,11 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
        }
 
        /* now is the next time */
+        /*stored += (value - prevvalue + 1);*/
        if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-           IV i;
-
            if (prevvalue < 256) {
                const IV ceilvalue = value < 256 ? value : 255;
-
+               IV i;
 #ifdef EBCDIC
                /* In EBCDIC [\x89-\x91] should include
                 * the \x8e but [i-j] should not. */
@@ -5267,13 +7495,17 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                }
                else
 #endif
-                     for (i = prevvalue; i <= ceilvalue; i++)
-                         ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
+                     for (i = prevvalue; i <= ceilvalue; i++) {
+                       if (!ANYOF_BITMAP_TEST(ret,i)) {
+                           stored++;  
+                           ANYOF_BITMAP_SET(ret, i);
+                       }
+                     }
          }
          if (value > 255 || UTF) {
                const UV prevnatvalue  = NATIVE_TO_UNI(prevvalue);
                const UV natvalue      = NATIVE_TO_UNI(value);
-
+                stored+=2; /* can't optimize this class */
                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_UNICODE;
                if (prevnatvalue < natvalue) { /* what about > ? */
                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%04"UVxf"\t%04"UVxf"\n",
@@ -5286,11 +7518,27 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                         STRLEN foldlen;
                         const UV f = to_uni_fold(natvalue, foldbuf, &foldlen);
 
+#ifdef EBCDIC /* RD t/uni/fold ff and 6b */
+                        if (RExC_precomp[0] == ':' &&
+                            RExC_precomp[1] == '[' &&
+                            (f == 0xDF || f == 0x92)) {
+                            f = NATIVE_TO_UNI(f);
+                        }
+#endif
                         /* If folding and foldable and a single
                          * character, insert also the folded version
                          * to the charclass. */
                         if (f != value) {
+#ifdef EBCDIC /* RD tunifold ligatures s,t fb05, fb06 */
+                            if ((RExC_precomp[0] == ':' &&
+                                 RExC_precomp[1] == '[' &&
+                                 (f == 0xA2 &&
+                                  (value == 0xFB05 || value == 0xFB06))) ?
+                                foldlen == ((STRLEN)UNISKIP(f) - 1) :
+                                foldlen == (STRLEN)UNISKIP(f) )
+#else
                              if (foldlen == (STRLEN)UNISKIP(f))
+#endif
                                  Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv,
                                                 "%04"UVxf"\n", f);
                              else {
@@ -5349,9 +7597,29 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
            RExC_emit += ANYOF_CLASS_ADD_SKIP;
     }
 
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return ret;
+    /****** !SIZE_ONLY AFTER HERE *********/
+
+    if( stored == 1 && value < 256
+        && !( ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ( ANYOF_FLAGS_ALL ^ ANYOF_FOLD ) )
+    ) {
+        /* optimize single char class to an EXACT node
+           but *only* when its not a UTF/high char  */
+        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
+        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
+        RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
+        ret = reg_node(pRExC_state,
+                       (U8)((ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_FOLD) ? EXACTF : EXACT));
+        RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
+        *STRING(ret)= (char)value;
+        STR_LEN(ret)= 1;
+        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(1);
+        return ret;
+    }
     /* optimize case-insensitive simple patterns (e.g. /[a-z]/i) */
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY &&
-        /* If the only flag is folding (plus possibly inversion). */
+    if ( /* If the only flag is folding (plus possibly inversion). */
        ((ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & (ANYOF_FLAGS_ALL ^ ANYOF_INVERT)) == ANYOF_FOLD)
        ) {
        for (value = 0; value < 256; ++value) {
@@ -5366,18 +7634,16 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
     }
 
     /* optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) */
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY && optimize_invert &&
+    if (optimize_invert &&
        /* If the only flag is inversion. */
        (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_FLAGS_ALL) == ANYOF_INVERT) {
        for (value = 0; value < ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE; ++value)
            ANYOF_BITMAP(ret)[value] ^= ANYOF_FLAGS_ALL;
        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = ANYOF_UNICODE_ALL;
     }
-
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+    {
        AV * const av = newAV();
        SV *rv;
-
        /* The 0th element stores the character class description
         * in its textual form: used later (regexec.c:Perl_regclass_swash())
         * to initialize the appropriate swash (which gets stored in
@@ -5392,7 +7658,6 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
        RExC_rx->data->data[n] = (void*)rv;
        ARG_SET(ret, n);
     }
-
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -5436,30 +7701,34 @@ S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
     dVAR;
     register regnode *ptr;
     regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     if (SIZE_ONLY) {
        SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
        RExC_size += 1;
        return(ret);
     }
-
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    if (OP(RExC_emit) == 255)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %s: %d ",
+            reg_name[op], OP(RExC_emit));
+#endif  
     NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
     ptr = ret;
     FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
     if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%u: (op %s) %s %u <- %u (len %u) (max %u).\n", 
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %"UVuf" (len %"UVuf") (max %"UVuf").\n", 
               "reg_node", __LINE__, 
               reg_name[op],
-              RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start > RExC_offsets[0] 
-              ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start,
-              RExC_parse - RExC_start,
-              RExC_offsets[0])); 
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
        Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
     }
-            
-    RExC_emit = ptr;
 
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
     return(ret);
 }
 
@@ -5472,42 +7741,59 @@ S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
     dVAR;
     register regnode *ptr;
     regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     if (SIZE_ONLY) {
        SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
        RExC_size += 2;
+       /* 
+          We can't do this:
+          
+          assert(2==regarglen[op]+1); 
+       
+          Anything larger than this has to allocate the extra amount.
+          If we changed this to be:
+          
+          RExC_size += (1 + regarglen[op]);
+          
+          then it wouldn't matter. Its not clear what side effect
+          might come from that so its not done so far.
+          -- dmq
+       */
        return(ret);
     }
-
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    if (OP(RExC_emit) == 255)
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reganode overwriting end of allocated program space");
+#endif 
     NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
     ptr = ret;
     FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
     if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %u <- %u (max %u).\n", 
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
               "reganode",
              __LINE__,
              reg_name[op],
-              RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] ? 
               "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start,
-              RExC_parse - RExC_start,
-              RExC_offsets[0])); 
+              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
        Set_Cur_Node_Offset;
     }
             
     RExC_emit = ptr;
-
     return(ret);
 }
 
 /*
 - reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
 */
-STATIC void
-S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s, STRLEN* lenp)
+STATIC STRLEN
+S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
 {
     dVAR;
-    *lenp = SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
+    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -5516,36 +7802,56 @@ S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s, STRLEN* lenp)
 * Means relocating the operand.
 */
 STATIC void
-S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd)
+S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
     register regnode *src;
     register regnode *dst;
     register regnode *place;
     const int offset = regarglen[(U8)op];
-
+    const int size = NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 /* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
-
+    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",reg_name[op]);
     if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       RExC_size += NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+       RExC_size += size;
        return;
     }
 
     src = RExC_emit;
-    RExC_emit += NODE_STEP_REGNODE + offset;
+    RExC_emit += size;
     dst = RExC_emit;
+    if (RExC_open_parens) {
+        int paren;
+        DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %"IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);
+        for ( paren=0 ; paren < RExC_npar ; paren++ ) {
+            if ( RExC_open_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);
+                RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");
+            }
+            if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= opnd ) {
+                DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);
+                RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
+            } else {
+                DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     while (src > opnd) {
        StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
         if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
-           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %u -> %u (max %u).\n",
+           MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %"UVuf" -> %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n",
                   "reg_insert",
                  __LINE__,
                  reg_name[op],
-                  dst - RExC_emit_start > RExC_offsets[0] 
-                  ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-                  src - RExC_emit_start,
-                  dst - RExC_emit_start,
-                  RExC_offsets[0])); 
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
+                   ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
+                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)RExC_offsets[0])); 
            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
            Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
         }
@@ -5554,15 +7860,15 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd)
 
     place = opnd;              /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
     if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
-       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %u <- %u (max %u).\n", 
+       MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("%s(%d): (op %s) %s %"UVuf" <- %"UVuf" (max %"UVuf").\n", 
               "reginsert",
              __LINE__,
              reg_name[op],
-              place - RExC_emit_start > RExC_offsets[0] 
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0] 
               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              place - RExC_emit_start,
-              RExC_parse - RExC_start,
-              RExC_offsets[0])); 
+              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
+              (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
        Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
        Set_Node_Length(place, 1);
     }
@@ -5573,13 +7879,18 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *opnd)
 
 /*
 - regtail - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- SEE ALSO: regtail_study
 */
 /* TODO: All three parms should be const */
 STATIC void
-S_regtail(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val)
+S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
     register regnode *scan;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+#ifndef DEBUGGING
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
+#endif
 
     if (SIZE_ONLY)
        return;
@@ -5588,39 +7899,120 @@ S_regtail(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val)
     scan = p;
     for (;;) {
        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
-       if (temp == NULL)
-           break;
-       scan = temp;
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                    (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
+                    (temp == NULL ? reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
+            );
+        });
+        if (temp == NULL)
+            break;
+        scan = temp;
     }
 
     if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
-       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
     }
     else {
-       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
     }
 }
 
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
 /*
-- regoptail - regtail on operand of first argument; nop if operandless
+- regtail_study - set the next-pointer at the end of a node chain of p to val.
+- Look for optimizable sequences at the same time.
+- currently only looks for EXACT chains.
+
+This is expermental code. The idea is to use this routine to perform 
+in place optimizations on branches and groups as they are constructed,
+with the long term intention of removing optimization from study_chunk so
+that it is purely analytical.
+
+Currently only used when in DEBUG mode. The macro REGTAIL_STUDY() is used
+to control which is which.
+
 */
-/* TODO: All three parms should be const */
-STATIC void
-S_regoptail(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val)
+/* TODO: All four parms should be const */
+
+STATIC U8
+S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p, const regnode *val,U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
-    /* "Operandless" and "op != BRANCH" are synonymous in practice. */
-    if (p == NULL || SIZE_ONLY)
-       return;
-    if (PL_regkind[(U8)OP(p)] == BRANCH) {
-       regtail(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(p), val);
+    register regnode *scan;
+    U8 exact = PSEUDO;
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+    I32 min = 0;
+#endif
+
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+
+    if (SIZE_ONLY)
+        return exact;
+
+    /* Find last node. */
+
+    scan = p;
+    for (;;) {
+        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+#ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT)
+            if (join_exact(pRExC_state,scan,&min,1,val,depth+1))
+                return EXACT;
+#endif
+        if ( exact ) {
+            switch (OP(scan)) {
+                case EXACT:
+                case EXACTF:
+                case EXACTFL:
+                        if( exact == PSEUDO )
+                            exact= OP(scan);
+                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
+                            exact= 0;
+                case NOTHING:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    exact= 0;
+            }
+        }
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
+            DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
+            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
+                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
+                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                reg_name[exact]);
+        });
+       if (temp == NULL)
+           break;
+       scan = temp;
     }
-    else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)OP(p)] == BRANCHJ) {
-       regtail(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(p)), val);
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
+        DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
+        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val);
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ attach to %s (%d) offset to %d\n",
+            SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+            REG_NODE_NUM(val),
+            val - scan
+        );
+    });
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
+       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
     }
-    else
-       return;
+    else {
+       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+    }
+
+    return exact;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
  - regcurly - a little FSA that accepts {\d+,?\d*}
@@ -5653,51 +8045,47 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
     dVAR;
     SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
+    SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
 
-    (void)dumpuntil(r, r->program, r->program + 1, NULL, sv, 0);
+    (void)dumpuntil(r, r->program, r->program + 1, NULL, NULL, sv, 0, 0);
 
     /* Header fields of interest. */
-    if (r->anchored_substr)
+    if (r->anchored_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_substr), 30);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "anchored \"%s%.*s%s\"%s at %"IVdf" ",
-                     PL_colors[0],
-                     (int)(SvCUR(r->anchored_substr) - (SvTAIL(r->anchored_substr)!=0)),
-                     SvPVX_const(r->anchored_substr),
-                     PL_colors[1],
-                     SvTAIL(r->anchored_substr) ? "$" : "",
+                     "anchored %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_substr),
                      (IV)r->anchored_offset);
-    else if (r->anchored_utf8)
+    } else if (r->anchored_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->anchored_utf8), 30);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "anchored utf8 \"%s%.*s%s\"%s at %"IVdf" ",
-                     PL_colors[0],
-                     (int)(SvCUR(r->anchored_utf8) - (SvTAIL(r->anchored_utf8)!=0)),
-                     SvPVX_const(r->anchored_utf8),
-                     PL_colors[1],
-                     SvTAIL(r->anchored_utf8) ? "$" : "",
+                     "anchored utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->anchored_utf8),
                      (IV)r->anchored_offset);
-    if (r->float_substr)
+    }                
+    if (r->float_substr) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 0, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_substr), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_substr), 30);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "floating \"%s%.*s%s\"%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
-                     PL_colors[0],
-                     (int)(SvCUR(r->float_substr) - (SvTAIL(r->float_substr)!=0)),
-                     SvPVX_const(r->float_substr),
-                     PL_colors[1],
-                     SvTAIL(r->float_substr) ? "$" : "",
+                     "floating %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_substr),
                      (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
-    else if (r->float_utf8)
+    } else if (r->float_utf8) {
+       RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, 1, dsv, SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8), 
+           RE_SV_DUMPLEN(r->float_utf8), 30);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     "floating utf8 \"%s%.*s%s\"%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
-                     PL_colors[0],
-                     (int)(SvCUR(r->float_utf8) - (SvTAIL(r->float_utf8)!=0)),
-                     SvPVX_const(r->float_utf8),
-                     PL_colors[1],
-                     SvTAIL(r->float_utf8) ? "$" : "",
+                     "floating utf8 %s%s at %"IVdf"..%"UVuf" ",
+                     s, RE_SV_TAIL(r->float_utf8),
                      (IV)r->float_min_offset, (UV)r->float_max_offset);
+    }
     if (r->check_substr || r->check_utf8)
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                     r->check_substr == r->float_substr
-                     && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
-                     ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored");
+                     (const char *)
+                     (r->check_substr == r->float_substr
+                      && r->check_utf8 == r->float_utf8
+                      ? "(checking floating" : "(checking anchored"));
     if (r->reganch & ROPT_NOSCAN)
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " noscan");
     if (r->reganch & ROPT_CHECK_ALL)
@@ -5707,7 +8095,7 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
 
     if (r->regstclass) {
        regprop(r, sv, r->regstclass);
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass \"%s\" ", SvPVX_const(sv));
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
     }
     if (r->reganch & ROPT_ANCH) {
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "anchored");
@@ -5731,18 +8119,6 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
     if (r->reganch & ROPT_EVAL_SEEN)
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "with eval ");
     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-    if (r->offsets) {
-        const U32 len = r->offsets[0];
-        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-        DEBUG_OFFSETS_r({
-           U32 i;
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Offsets: [%"UVuf"]\n\t", (UV)r->offsets[0]);
-           for (i = 1; i <= len; i++)
-               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%"UVuf"[%"UVuf"] ", 
-                   (UV)r->offsets[i*2-1], (UV)r->offsets[i*2]);
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
-        });
-    }
 #else
     PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(r);
@@ -5758,37 +8134,81 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
     dVAR;
     register int k;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     sv_setpvn(sv, "", 0);
-    if (OP(o) >= reg_num)              /* regnode.type is unsigned */
+    
+    if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
        /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
           regexec.c, and it would be hard to supply pRExC_state. */
-       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode");
+       Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Corrupted regexp opcode %d > %d", (int)OP(o), (int)REGNODE_MAX);
     sv_catpv(sv, reg_name[OP(o)]); /* Take off const! */
 
-    k = PL_regkind[(U8)OP(o)];
+    k = PL_regkind[OP(o)];
 
     if (k == EXACT) {
        SV * const dsv = sv_2mortal(newSVpvs(""));
-       /* Using is_utf8_string() is a crude hack but it may
-        * be the best for now since we have no flag "this EXACTish
-        * node was UTF-8" --jhi */
-       const bool do_utf8 = is_utf8_string((U8*)STRING(o), STR_LEN(o));
-       const char * const s = do_utf8 ?
-         pv_uni_display(dsv, (U8*)STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60,
-                        UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) :
-         STRING(o);
-       const int len = do_utf8 ?
-         strlen(s) :
-         STR_LEN(o);
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " <%s%.*s%s>",
-                      PL_colors[0],
-                      len, s,
-                      PL_colors[1]);
+       /* Using is_utf8_string() (via PERL_PV_UNI_DETECT) 
+        * is a crude hack but it may be the best for now since 
+        * we have no flag "this EXACTish node was UTF-8" 
+        * --jhi */
+       const char * const s = 
+           pv_pretty(dsv, STRING(o), STR_LEN(o), 60, 
+               PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+               PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |
+               PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELIPSES    |
+               PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT    
+            ); 
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " %s", s );
     } else if (k == TRIE) {
-       NOOP;
-       /* print the details od the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
+       /* print the details of the trie in dumpuntil instead, as
         * prog->data isn't available here */
+        const char op = OP(o);
+        const I32 n = ARG(o);
+        const reg_ac_data * const ac = IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)prog->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+        const reg_trie_data * const trie = !IS_TRIE_AC(op) ?
+            (reg_trie_data*)prog->data->data[n] :
+            ac->trie;
+        
+        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",reg_name[o->flags]);
+        DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r(
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,
+                "<S:%"UVuf"/%"IVdf" W:%"UVuf" L:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf" C:%"UVuf"/%"UVuf">",
+                (UV)trie->startstate,
+                (IV)trie->statecount-1, /* -1 because of the unused 0 element */
+                (UV)trie->wordcount,
+                (UV)trie->minlen,
+                (UV)trie->maxlen,
+                (UV)TRIE_CHARCOUNT(trie),
+                (UV)trie->uniquecharcount
+            )
+        );
+        if ( IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) || trie->bitmap ) {
+            int i;
+            int rangestart = -1;
+            U8* bitmap = IS_ANYOF_TRIE(op) ? (U8*)ANYOF_BITMAP(o) : (U8*)TRIE_BITMAP(trie);
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[");
+            for (i = 0; i <= 256; i++) {
+                if (i < 256 && BITMAP_TEST(bitmap,i)) {
+                    if (rangestart == -1)
+                        rangestart = i;
+                } else if (rangestart != -1) {
+                    if (i <= rangestart + 3)
+                        for (; rangestart < i; rangestart++)
+                            put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                    else {
+                        put_byte(sv, rangestart);
+                        sv_catpvs(sv, "-");
+                        put_byte(sv, i - 1);
+                    }
+                    rangestart = -1;
+                }
+            }
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "]");
+        } 
+        
     } else if (k == CURLY) {
        if (OP(o) == CURLYM || OP(o) == CURLYN || OP(o) == CURLYX)
            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags); /* Parenth number */
@@ -5796,9 +8216,15 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
     }
     else if (k == WHILEM && o->flags)                  /* Ordinal/of */
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d/%d]", o->flags & 0xf, o->flags>>4);
-    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP )
+    else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT) 
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
-    else if (k == LOGICAL)
+    else if (k == GOSUB) 
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o)); /* Paren and offset */
+    else if (k == VERB) {
+        if (!o->flags) 
+            Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf, 
+                (SV*)prog->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
+    } else if (k == LOGICAL)
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", o->flags);     /* 2: embedded, otherwise 1 */
     else if (k == ANYOF) {
        int i, rangestart = -1;
@@ -5915,7 +8341,8 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
                    char *s = savesvpv(lv);
                    char * const origs = s;
                
-                   while(*s && *s != '\n') s++;
+                   while (*s && *s != '\n')
+                       s++;
                
                    if (*s == '\n') {
                        const char * const t = ++s;
@@ -5939,11 +8366,12 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o)
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
     }
     else if (k == BRANCHJ && (OP(o) == UNLESSM || OP(o) == IFMATCH))
-       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[-%d]", o->flags);
+       Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%d]", -(o->flags));
 #else
     PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sv);
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
 #endif /* DEBUGGING */
 }
 
@@ -5973,30 +8401,31 @@ Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ regexp *prog)
     return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
 }
 
+/* 
+   pregfree - free a regexp
+   
+   See regdupe below if you change anything here. 
+*/
+
 void
 Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ struct regexp *r)
 {
     dVAR;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    SV * const dsv = PERL_DEBUG_PAD_ZERO(0);
-#endif
+
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     if (!r || (--r->refcnt > 0))
        return;
-    DEBUG_r(if (re_debug_flags && (SvIV(re_debug_flags) & RE_DEBUG_COMPILE)) {
-        const char * const s = (r->reganch & ROPT_UTF8)
-            ? pv_uni_display(dsv, (U8*)r->precomp, r->prelen, 60, UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX)
-            : pv_display(dsv, r->precomp, r->prelen, 0, 60);
-        const int len = SvCUR(dsv);
-        if (!PL_colorset)
-             reginitcolors();
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                      "%sFreeing REx:%s %s%*.*s%s%s\n",
-                      PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
-                      len, len, s,
-                      PL_colors[1],
-                      len > 60 ? "..." : "");
+    DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
+       if (!PL_colorset)
+           reginitcolors();
+       {
+           SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
+            RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, (r->reganch & ROPT_UTF8),
+                dsv, r->precomp, r->prelen, 60);
+            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n", 
+                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+        }
     });
 
     /* gcov results gave these as non-null 100% of the time, so there's no
@@ -6019,6 +8448,8 @@ Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ struct regexp *r)
            SvREFCNT_dec(r->float_utf8);
        Safefree(r->substrs);
     }
+    if (r->paren_names)
+            SvREFCNT_dec(r->paren_names);
     if (r->data) {
        int n = r->data->count;
        PAD* new_comppad = NULL;
@@ -6029,6 +8460,7 @@ Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ struct regexp *r)
           /* If you add a ->what type here, update the comment in regcomp.h */
            switch (r->data->what[n]) {
            case 's':
+           case 'S':
                SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)r->data->data[n]);
                break;
            case 'f':
@@ -6056,29 +8488,56 @@ Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ struct regexp *r)
                break;
            case 'n':
                break;
+            case 'T':          
+                { /* Aho Corasick add-on structure for a trie node.
+                     Used in stclass optimization only */
+                    U32 refcount;
+                    reg_ac_data *aho=(reg_ac_data*)r->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --aho->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        Safefree(aho->states);
+                        Safefree(aho->fail);
+                        aho->trie=NULL; /* not necessary to free this as it is 
+                                           handled by the 't' case */
+                        Safefree(r->data->data[n]); /* do this last!!!! */
+                        Safefree(r->regstclass);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
            case 't':
-                   {
-                       reg_trie_data * const trie=(reg_trie_data*)r->data->data[n];
-                       U32 refcount;
-                       OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
-                       refcount = --trie->refcount;
-                       OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
-                       if ( !refcount ) {
-                           Safefree(trie->charmap);
-                           if (trie->widecharmap)
-                               SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)trie->widecharmap);
-                           Safefree(trie->states);
-                           Safefree(trie->trans);
+               {
+                   /* trie structure. */
+                   U32 refcount;
+                   reg_trie_data *trie=(reg_trie_data*)r->data->data[n];
+                    OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+                    refcount = --trie->refcount;
+                    OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+                    if ( !refcount ) {
+                        Safefree(trie->charmap);
+                        if (trie->widecharmap)
+                            SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)trie->widecharmap);
+                        Safefree(trie->states);
+                        Safefree(trie->trans);
+                        if (trie->bitmap)
+                            Safefree(trie->bitmap);
+                        if (trie->wordlen)
+                            Safefree(trie->wordlen);
+                        if (trie->jump)
+                            Safefree(trie->jump);
+                        if (trie->nextword)
+                            Safefree(trie->nextword);
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
-                           if (trie->words)
-                               SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)trie->words);
-                           if (trie->revcharmap)
-                               SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)trie->revcharmap);
+                        if (trie->words)
+                            SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)trie->words);
+                        if (trie->revcharmap)
+                            SvREFCNT_dec((SV*)trie->revcharmap);
 #endif
-                           Safefree(r->data->data[n]); /* do this last!!!! */
-                       }
-                       break;
+                        Safefree(r->data->data[n]); /* do this last!!!! */
                    }
+               }
+               break;
            default:
                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: regfree data code '%c'", r->data->what[n]);
            }
@@ -6088,9 +8547,275 @@ Perl_pregfree(pTHX_ struct regexp *r)
     }
     Safefree(r->startp);
     Safefree(r->endp);
+    if (r->swap) {
+        Safefree(r->swap->startp);
+        Safefree(r->swap->endp);
+        Safefree(r->swap);
+    }
     Safefree(r);
 }
 
+#define sv_dup_inc(s,t)        SvREFCNT_inc(sv_dup(s,t))
+#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc(sv_dup((SV*)s,t))
+#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        (HV*)SvREFCNT_inc(sv_dup((SV*)s,t))
+#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
+
+/* 
+   regdupe - duplicate a regexp. 
+   
+   This routine is called by sv.c's re_dup and is expected to clone a 
+   given regexp structure. It is a no-op when not under USE_ITHREADS. 
+   (Originally this *was* re_dup() for change history see sv.c)
+   
+   See pregfree() above if you change anything here. 
+*/
+#if defined(USE_ITHREADS)
+regexp *
+Perl_regdupe(pTHX_ const regexp *r, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
+{
+    dVAR;
+    REGEXP *ret;
+    int i, len, npar;
+    struct reg_substr_datum *s;
+
+    if (!r)
+       return (REGEXP *)NULL;
+
+    if ((ret = (REGEXP *)ptr_table_fetch(PL_ptr_table, r)))
+       return ret;
+
+    len = r->offsets[0];
+    npar = r->nparens+1;
+
+    Newxc(ret, sizeof(regexp) + (len+1)*sizeof(regnode), char, regexp);
+    Copy(r->program, ret->program, len+1, regnode);
+
+    Newx(ret->startp, npar, I32);
+    Copy(r->startp, ret->startp, npar, I32);
+    Newx(ret->endp, npar, I32);
+    Copy(r->startp, ret->startp, npar, I32);
+    if(r->swap) {
+        Newx(ret->swap, 1, regexp_paren_ofs);
+        /* no need to copy these */
+        Newx(ret->swap->startp, npar, I32);
+        Newx(ret->swap->endp, npar, I32);
+    } else {
+        ret->swap = NULL;
+    }
+
+    Newx(ret->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    for (s = ret->substrs->data, i = 0; i < 3; i++, s++) {
+       s->min_offset = r->substrs->data[i].min_offset;
+       s->max_offset = r->substrs->data[i].max_offset;
+       s->end_shift  = r->substrs->data[i].end_shift;
+       s->substr     = sv_dup_inc(r->substrs->data[i].substr, param);
+       s->utf8_substr = sv_dup_inc(r->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr, param);
+    }
+
+    ret->regstclass = NULL;
+    if (r->data) {
+       struct reg_data *d;
+        const int count = r->data->count;
+       int i;
+
+       Newxc(d, sizeof(struct reg_data) + count*sizeof(void *),
+               char, struct reg_data);
+       Newx(d->what, count, U8);
+
+       d->count = count;
+       for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+           d->what[i] = r->data->what[i];
+           switch (d->what[i]) {
+               /* legal options are one of: sSfpont
+                  see also regcomp.h and pregfree() */
+           case 's':
+           case 'S':
+               d->data[i] = sv_dup_inc((SV *)r->data->data[i], param);
+               break;
+           case 'p':
+               d->data[i] = av_dup_inc((AV *)r->data->data[i], param);
+               break;
+           case 'f':
+               /* This is cheating. */
+               Newx(d->data[i], 1, struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               StructCopy(r->data->data[i], d->data[i],
+                           struct regnode_charclass_class);
+               ret->regstclass = (regnode*)d->data[i];
+               break;
+           case 'o':
+               /* Compiled op trees are readonly, and can thus be
+                  shared without duplication. */
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               d->data[i] = (void*)OpREFCNT_inc((OP*)r->data->data[i]);
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               break;
+           case 'n':
+               d->data[i] = r->data->data[i];
+               break;
+           case 't':
+               d->data[i] = r->data->data[i];
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               ((reg_trie_data*)d->data[i])->refcount++;
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               break;
+           case 'T':
+               d->data[i] = r->data->data[i];
+               OP_REFCNT_LOCK;
+               ((reg_ac_data*)d->data[i])->refcount++;
+               OP_REFCNT_UNLOCK;
+               /* Trie stclasses are readonly and can thus be shared
+                * without duplication. We free the stclass in pregfree
+                * when the corresponding reg_ac_data struct is freed.
+                */
+               ret->regstclass= r->regstclass;
+               break;
+            default:
+               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: re_dup unknown data code '%c'", r->data->what[i]);
+           }
+       }
+
+       ret->data = d;
+    }
+    else
+       ret->data = NULL;
+
+    Newx(ret->offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+    Copy(r->offsets, ret->offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
+
+    ret->precomp        = SAVEPVN(r->precomp, r->prelen);
+    ret->refcnt         = r->refcnt;
+    ret->minlen         = r->minlen;
+    ret->minlenret      = r->minlenret;
+    ret->prelen         = r->prelen;
+    ret->nparens        = r->nparens;
+    ret->lastparen      = r->lastparen;
+    ret->lastcloseparen = r->lastcloseparen;
+    ret->reganch        = r->reganch;
+
+    ret->sublen         = r->sublen;
+
+    ret->engine         = r->engine;
+    
+    ret->paren_names    = hv_dup_inc(r->paren_names, param);
+
+    if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(ret))
+       ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(r->subbeg, r->sublen);
+    else
+       ret->subbeg = NULL;
+#ifdef PERL_OLD_COPY_ON_WRITE
+    ret->saved_copy = NULL;
+#endif
+
+    ptr_table_store(PL_ptr_table, r, ret);
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif    
+
+/* 
+   reg_stringify() 
+   
+   converts a regexp embedded in a MAGIC struct to its stringified form, 
+   caching the converted form in the struct and returns the cached 
+   string. 
+
+   If lp is nonnull then it is used to return the length of the 
+   resulting string
+   
+   If flags is nonnull and the returned string contains UTF8 then 
+   (flags & 1) will be true.
+   
+   If haseval is nonnull then it is used to return whether the pattern 
+   contains evals.
+   
+   Normally called via macro: 
+   
+        CALLREG_STRINGIFY(mg,0,0);
+        
+   And internally with
+   
+        CALLREG_AS_STR(mg,lp,flags,haseval)        
+    
+   See sv_2pv_flags() in sv.c for an example of internal usage.
+    
+ */
+
+char *
+Perl_reg_stringify(pTHX_ MAGIC *mg, STRLEN *lp, U32 *flags, I32 *haseval ) {
+    dVAR;
+    const regexp * const re = (regexp *)mg->mg_obj;
+
+    if (!mg->mg_ptr) {
+       const char *fptr = "msix";
+       char reflags[6];
+       char ch;
+       int left = 0;
+       int right = 4;
+       bool need_newline = 0;
+       U16 reganch = (U16)((re->reganch & PMf_COMPILETIME) >> 12);
+
+       while((ch = *fptr++)) {
+           if(reganch & 1) {
+               reflags[left++] = ch;
+           }
+           else {
+               reflags[right--] = ch;
+           }
+           reganch >>= 1;
+       }
+       if(left != 4) {
+           reflags[left] = '-';
+           left = 5;
+       }
+
+       mg->mg_len = re->prelen + 4 + left;
+       /*
+        * If /x was used, we have to worry about a regex ending with a
+        * comment later being embedded within another regex. If so, we don't
+        * want this regex's "commentization" to leak out to the right part of
+        * the enclosing regex, we must cap it with a newline.
+        *
+        * So, if /x was used, we scan backwards from the end of the regex. If
+        * we find a '#' before we find a newline, we need to add a newline
+        * ourself. If we find a '\n' first (or if we don't find '#' or '\n'),
+        * we don't need to add anything.  -jfriedl
+        */
+       if (PMf_EXTENDED & re->reganch) {
+           const char *endptr = re->precomp + re->prelen;
+           while (endptr >= re->precomp) {
+               const char c = *(endptr--);
+               if (c == '\n')
+                   break; /* don't need another */
+               if (c == '#') {
+                   /* we end while in a comment, so we need a newline */
+                   mg->mg_len++; /* save space for it */
+                   need_newline = 1; /* note to add it */
+                   break;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+
+       Newx(mg->mg_ptr, mg->mg_len + 1 + left, char);
+       mg->mg_ptr[0] = '(';
+       mg->mg_ptr[1] = '?';
+       Copy(reflags, mg->mg_ptr+2, left, char);
+       *(mg->mg_ptr+left+2) = ':';
+       Copy(re->precomp, mg->mg_ptr+3+left, re->prelen, char);
+       if (need_newline)
+           mg->mg_ptr[mg->mg_len - 2] = '\n';
+       mg->mg_ptr[mg->mg_len - 1] = ')';
+       mg->mg_ptr[mg->mg_len] = 0;
+    }
+    if (haseval) 
+        *haseval = re->program[0].next_off;
+    if (flags)    
+       *flags = ((re->reganch & ROPT_UTF8) ? 1 : 0);
+    
+    if (lp)
+       *lp = mg->mg_len;
+    return mg->mg_ptr;
+}
+
+
 #ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
 /*
  - regnext - dig the "next" pointer out of a node
@@ -6220,93 +8945,139 @@ S_put_byte(pTHX_ SV *sv, int c)
 }
 
 
+#define CLEAR_OPTSTART \
+    if (optstart) STMT_START { \
+           DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, " (%d nodes)\n", node - optstart)); \
+           optstart=NULL; \
+    } STMT_END
+
+#define DUMPUNTIL(b,e) CLEAR_OPTSTART; node=dumpuntil(r,start,(b),(e),last,sv,indent+1,depth+1);
+
 STATIC const regnode *
 S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
-           const regnode *last, SV* sv, I32 l)
+           const regnode *last, const regnode *plast, 
+           SV* sv, I32 indent, U32 depth)
 {
     dVAR;
-    register U8 op = EXACT;    /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
+    register U8 op = PSEUDO;   /* Arbitrary non-END op. */
     register const regnode *next;
+    const regnode *optstart= NULL;
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
+        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
+#endif
+            
+    if (plast && plast < last) 
+        last= plast;
 
-    while (op != END && (!last || node < last)) {
+    while (PL_regkind[op] != END && (!last || node < last)) {
        /* While that wasn't END last time... */
 
        NODE_ALIGN(node);
        op = OP(node);
        if (op == CLOSE)
-           l--;        
+           indent--;
        next = regnext((regnode *)node);
+       
        /* Where, what. */
-       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED)
-           goto after_print;
+       if (OP(node) == OPTIMIZED) {
+           if (!optstart && RE_DEBUG_FLAG(RE_DEBUG_COMPILE_OPTIMISE))
+               optstart = node;
+           else
+               goto after_print;
+       } else
+           CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+           
        regprop(r, sv, node);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
-                     (int)(2*l + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
-       if (next == NULL)               /* Next ptr. */
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(0)");
-       else
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
-       (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n');
+                     (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));
+
+       if (OP(node) != OPTIMIZED) {
+           if (next == NULL)           /* Next ptr. */
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(0)");
+           else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH && PL_regkind[OP(next)] != BRANCH )
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(FAIL)");
+           else
+               PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"IVdf")", (IV)(next - start));
+               
+           /*if (PL_regkind[(U8)op]  != TRIE)*/
+               (void)PerlIO_putc(Perl_debug_log, '\n');
+       }
+
       after_print:
        if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCHJ) {
-           register const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
+           assert(next);
+           {
+                register const regnode *nnode = (OP(next) == LONGJMP
                                             ? regnext((regnode *)next)
                                             : next);
-           if (last && nnode > last)
-               nnode = last;
-           node = dumpuntil(r, start, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode, sv, l + 1);
+                if (last && nnode > last)
+                    nnode = last;
+                DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(node)), nnode);
+           }
        }
        else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == BRANCH) {
-           node = dumpuntil(r, start, NEXTOPER(node), next, sv, l + 1);
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), next);
        }
        else if ( PL_regkind[(U8)op]  == TRIE ) {
+           const regnode *this_trie = node;
+           const char op = OP(node);
             const I32 n = ARG(node);
-           const reg_trie_data * const trie = (reg_trie_data*)r->data->data[n];
-            const I32 arry_len = av_len(trie->words)+1;
+           const reg_ac_data * const ac = op>=AHOCORASICK ?
+               (reg_ac_data *)r->data->data[n] :
+               NULL;
+           const reg_trie_data * const trie = op<AHOCORASICK ?
+               (reg_trie_data*)r->data->data[n] :
+               ac->trie;
+           const regnode *nextbranch= NULL;
            I32 word_idx;
-           PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                      "%*s[Words:%d Chars Stored:%d Unique Chars:%d States:%"IVdf"%s]\n",
-                      (int)(2*(l+3)),
-                      "",
-                      trie->wordcount,
-                      (int)trie->charcount,
-                      trie->uniquecharcount,
-                      (IV)trie->laststate-1,
-                      node->flags ? " EVAL mode" : "");
-
-           for (word_idx=0; word_idx < arry_len; word_idx++) {
+            sv_setpvn(sv, "", 0);
+           for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
                SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie->words,word_idx,0);
-               if (elem_ptr) {
-                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s<%s%s%s>\n",
-                      (int)(2*(l+4)), "",
-                      PL_colors[0],
-                      SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr),
-                      PL_colors[1]
-                   );
-                   /*
-                   if (next == NULL)
-                       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(0)\n");
-                   else
-                       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%"IVdf")\n", (IV)(next - start));
-                   */
+               
+                PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s ",
+                   (int)(2*(indent+3)), "",
+                    elem_ptr ? pv_pretty(sv, SvPV_nolen_const(*elem_ptr), SvCUR(*elem_ptr), 60,
+                           PL_colors[0], PL_colors[1],
+                           (SvUTF8(*elem_ptr) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0) |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELIPSES    |
+                           PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT
+                            )
+                            : "???"
+                );
+                if (trie->jump) {
+                    U16 dist= trie->jump[word_idx+1];
+                   PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "(%u)\n",
+                        (dist ? this_trie + dist : next) - start);
+                    if (dist) {
+                        if (!nextbranch)
+                            nextbranch= this_trie + trie->jump[0];    
+                       DUMPUNTIL(this_trie + dist, nextbranch);
+                    }
+                    if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
+                        nextbranch= regnext((regnode *)nextbranch);
+                } else {
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n");
                }
-
            }
-
-           node = NEXTOPER(node);
-           node += regarglen[(U8)op];
-
+           if (last && next > last)
+               node= last;
+           else
+               node= next;
        }
-       else if ( op == CURLY) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
-           node = dumpuntil(r, start, NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
-                            NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1, sv, l + 1);
+       else if ( op == CURLY ) {   /* "next" might be very big: optimizer */
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
+                    NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS + 1);
        }
        else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY && op != CURLYX) {
-           node = dumpuntil(r, start, NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS,
-                            next, sv, l + 1);
+           assert(next);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node) + EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS, next);
        }
        else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
-           node = dumpuntil(r, start, NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1, sv, l + 1);
+           DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
        }
        else if (op == ANYOF) {
            /* arglen 1 + class block */
@@ -6324,10 +9095,14 @@ S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
            node += regarglen[(U8)op];
        }
        if (op == CURLYX || op == OPEN)
-           l++;
+           indent++;
        else if (op == WHILEM)
-           l--;
+           indent--;
     }
+    CLEAR_OPTSTART;
+#ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL    
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "--- %d\n",indent);
+#endif
     return node;
 }