This is a live mirror of the Perl 5 development currently hosted at https://github.com/perl/perl5
regcomp.c: Reorder two switch cases
[perl5.git] / regcomp.c
index a425810..f38ed9c 100644 (file)
--- a/regcomp.c
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -102,6 +102,31 @@ EXTERN_C const struct regexp_engine my_reg_engine;
 #define        STATIC  static
 #endif
 
+#ifndef MIN
+#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#endif
+
+/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
+   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
+   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
+struct scan_frame;
+typedef struct scan_frame {
+    regnode *last_regnode;      /* last node to process in this frame */
+    regnode *next_regnode;      /* next node to process when last is reached */
+    U32 prev_recursed_depth;
+    I32 stopparen;              /* what stopparen do we use */
+    U32 is_top_frame;           /* what flags do we use? */
+
+    struct scan_frame *this_prev_frame; /* this previous frame */
+    struct scan_frame *prev_frame;      /* previous frame */
+    struct scan_frame *next_frame;      /* next frame */
+} scan_frame;
+
+/* Certain characters are output as a sequence with the first being a
+ * backslash. */
+#define isBACKSLASHED_PUNCT(c)                                              \
+                    ((c) == '-' || (c) == ']' || (c) == '\\' || (c) == '^')
+
 
 struct RExC_state_t {
     U32                flags;                  /* RXf_* are we folding, multilining? */
@@ -149,7 +174,7 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 
     regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
     I32                recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops */
-    U8          *study_chunk_recursed;  /* bitmap of which parens we have moved
+    U8          *study_chunk_recursed;  /* bitmap of which subs we have moved
                                            through */
     U32         study_chunk_recursed_bytes;  /* bytes in bitmap */
     I32                in_lookbehind;
@@ -162,6 +187,10 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
     int                num_code_blocks;        /* size of code_blocks[] */
     int                code_index;             /* next code_blocks[] slot */
     SSize_t     maxlen;                        /* mininum possible number of chars in string to match */
+    scan_frame *frame_head;
+    scan_frame *frame_last;
+    U32         frame_count;
+    U32         strict;
 #ifdef ADD_TO_REGEXEC
     char       *starttry;              /* -Dr: where regtry was called. */
 #define RExC_starttry  (pRExC_state->starttry)
@@ -172,10 +201,16 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
     I32         lastnum;
     AV          *paren_name_list;       /* idx -> name */
     U32         study_chunk_recursed_count;
+    SV          *mysv1;
+    SV          *mysv2;
 #define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
 #define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
 #define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
 #define RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count    (pRExC_state->study_chunk_recursed_count)
+#define RExC_mysv      (pRExC_state->mysv1)
+#define RExC_mysv1     (pRExC_state->mysv1)
+#define RExC_mysv2     (pRExC_state->mysv2)
+
 #endif
 };
 
@@ -197,7 +232,6 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 #define RExC_emit_dummy        (pRExC_state->emit_dummy)
 #define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
 #define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
-#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
 #define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
 #define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
 #define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
@@ -223,7 +257,24 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 #define RExC_contains_i (pRExC_state->contains_i)
 #define RExC_override_recoding (pRExC_state->override_recoding)
 #define RExC_in_multi_char_class (pRExC_state->in_multi_char_class)
-
+#define RExC_frame_head (pRExC_state->frame_head)
+#define RExC_frame_last (pRExC_state->frame_last)
+#define RExC_frame_count (pRExC_state->frame_count)
+#define RExC_strict (pRExC_state->strict)
+
+/* Heuristic check on the complexity of the pattern: if TOO_NAUGHTY, we set
+ * a flag to disable back-off on the fixed/floating substrings - if it's
+ * a high complexity pattern we assume the benefit of avoiding a full match
+ * is worth the cost of checking for the substrings even if they rarely help.
+ */
+#define RExC_naughty   (pRExC_state->naughty)
+#define TOO_NAUGHTY (10)
+#define MARK_NAUGHTY(add) \
+    if (RExC_naughty < TOO_NAUGHTY) \
+        RExC_naughty += (add)
+#define MARK_NAUGHTY_EXP(exp, add) \
+    if (RExC_naughty < TOO_NAUGHTY) \
+        RExC_naughty += RExC_naughty / (exp) + (add)
 
 #define        ISMULT1(c)      ((c) == '*' || (c) == '+' || (c) == '?')
 #define        ISMULT2(s)      ((*s) == '*' || (*s) == '+' || (*s) == '?' || \
@@ -413,6 +464,10 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
 #define SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY        0x4000 /* Do restudy? */
 #define SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT         0x8000
 #define SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY 0x10000
+#define SCF_IN_DEFINE          0x20000
+
+
+
 
 #define UTF cBOOL(RExC_utf8)
 
@@ -592,6 +647,12 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
            REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(offset));              \
 } STMT_END
 
+#define        vWARN(loc, m) STMT_START {                                      \
+    const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
+    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), m REPORT_LOCATION,       \
+           REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(offset));              \
+} STMT_END
+
 #define        vWARN_dep(loc, m) STMT_START {                                  \
     const IV offset = loc - RExC_precomp;                              \
     __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), m REPORT_LOCATION,   \
@@ -655,12 +716,6 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
            a1, a2, a3, a4, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(offset)); \
 } STMT_END
 
-
-/* Allow for side effects in s */
-#define REGC(c,s) STMT_START {                 \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY) *(s) = (c); else (void)(s);        \
-} STMT_END
-
 /* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com
  * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
  * element 2*n-1 of the array.  Element #2n holds the byte length node #n.
@@ -774,15 +829,44 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data =
             PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                             \
         });
 
+#define DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,flag) \
+  if ((flags) & flag) PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s ", #flag)
+
+#define DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAGS(flags,open_str,close_str)                    \
+    if ( ( flags ) ) {                                                      \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", open_str);                      \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SF_FL_BEFORE_SEOL);                     \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SF_FL_BEFORE_MEOL);                     \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SF_IS_INF);                             \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SF_HAS_PAR);                            \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SF_IN_PAR);                             \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SF_HAS_EVAL);                           \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_DO_SUBSTR);                         \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND);                    \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR);                     \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_DO_STCLASS);                        \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_WHILEM_VISITED_POS);                \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_TRIE_RESTUDY);                      \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_SEEN_ACCEPT);                       \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_TRIE_DOING_RESTUDY);                \
+        DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,SCF_IN_DEFINE);                         \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s", close_str);                     \
+    }
+
+
 #define DEBUG_STUDYDATA(str,data,depth)                              \
 DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
         "%*s" str "Pos:%"IVdf"/%"IVdf                                \
-        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf" Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",       \
+        " Flags: 0x%"UVXf,                                           \
         (int)(depth)*2, "",                                          \
         (IV)((data)->pos_min),                                       \
         (IV)((data)->pos_delta),                                     \
-        (UV)((data)->flags),                                         \
+        (UV)((data)->flags)                                          \
+    );                                                               \
+    DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAGS((data)->flags," [ ","]");                 \
+    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,                                    \
+        " Whilem_c: %"IVdf" Lcp: %"IVdf" %s",                        \
         (IV)((data)->whilem_c),                                      \
         (IV)((data)->last_closep ? *((data)->last_closep) : -1),     \
         is_inf ? "INF " : ""                                         \
@@ -808,8 +892,6 @@ DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(if(data){                                      \
     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");                              \
 });
 
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-
 /* is c a control character for which we have a mnemonic? */
 #define isMNEMONIC_CNTRL(c) _IS_MNEMONIC_CNTRL_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c)
 
@@ -833,8 +915,6 @@ S_cntrl_to_mnemonic(const U8 c)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-#endif
-
 /* Mark that we cannot extend a found fixed substring at this point.
    Update the longest found anchored substring and the longest found
    floating substrings if needed. */
@@ -864,8 +944,8 @@ S_scan_commit(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, scan_data_t *data,
        else { /* *data->longest == data->longest_float */
            data->offset_float_min = l ? data->last_start_min : data->pos_min;
            data->offset_float_max = (l
-                                     ? data->last_start_max
-                                     : (data->pos_delta == SSize_t_MAX
+                          ? data->last_start_max
+                          : (data->pos_delta > SSize_t_MAX - data->pos_min
                                         ? SSize_t_MAX
                                         : data->pos_min + data->pos_delta));
            if (is_inf
@@ -968,13 +1048,13 @@ S_ssc_init(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode_ssc *ssc)
     ARG_SET(ssc, ANYOF_ONLY_HAS_BITMAP);
     ssc_anything(ssc);
 
-    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules,
-     * initialization includes it.  The reason this isn't done for all regexes
-     * is that the optimizer was written under the assumption that locale was
-     * all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and lack of documentation in the
-     * optimizer, and that there are inadequate test cases for locale, many
-     * parts of it may not work properly, it is safest to avoid locale unless
-     * necessary. */
+    /* If any portion of the regex is to operate under locale rules that aren't
+     * fully known at compile time, initialization includes it.  The reason
+     * this isn't done for all regexes is that the optimizer was written under
+     * the assumption that locale was all-or-nothing.  Given the complexity and
+     * lack of documentation in the optimizer, and that there are inadequate
+     * test cases for locale, many parts of it may not work properly, it is
+     * safest to avoid locale unless necessary. */
     if (RExC_contains_locale) {
        ANYOF_POSIXL_SETALL(ssc);
     }
@@ -1441,6 +1521,71 @@ S_ssc_clear_locale(regnode_ssc *ssc)
     ANYOF_FLAGS(ssc) &= ~ANYOF_LOCALE_FLAGS;
 }
 
+#define NON_OTHER_COUNT   NON_OTHER_COUNT_FOR_USE_ONLY_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C
+
+STATIC bool
+S_is_ssc_worth_it(const RExC_state_t * pRExC_state, const regnode_ssc * ssc)
+{
+    /* The synthetic start class is used to hopefully quickly winnow down
+     * places where a pattern could start a match in the target string.  If it
+     * doesn't really narrow things down that much, there isn't much point to
+     * having the overhead of using it.  This function uses some very crude
+     * heuristics to decide if to use the ssc or not.
+     *
+     * It returns TRUE if 'ssc' rules out more than half what it considers to
+     * be the "likely" possible matches, but of course it doesn't know what the
+     * actual things being matched are going to be; these are only guesses
+     *
+     * For /l matches, it assumes that the only likely matches are going to be
+     *      in the 0-255 range, uniformly distributed, so half of that is 127
+     * For /a and /d matches, it assumes that the likely matches will be just
+     *      the ASCII range, so half of that is 63
+     * For /u and there isn't anything matching above the Latin1 range, it
+     *      assumes that that is the only range likely to be matched, and uses
+     *      half that as the cut-off: 127.  If anything matches above Latin1,
+     *      it assumes that all of Unicode could match (uniformly), except for
+     *      non-Unicode code points and things in the General Category "Other"
+     *      (unassigned, private use, surrogates, controls and formats).  This
+     *      is a much large number. */
+
+    const U32 max_match = (LOC)
+                          ? 127
+                          : (! UNI_SEMANTICS)
+                            ? 63
+                            : (invlist_highest(ssc->invlist) < 256)
+                              ? 127
+                              : ((NON_OTHER_COUNT + 1) / 2) - 1;
+    U32 count = 0;      /* Running total of number of code points matched by
+                           'ssc' */
+    UV start, end;      /* Start and end points of current range in inversion
+                           list */
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_SSC_WORTH_IT;
+
+    invlist_iterinit(ssc->invlist);
+    while (invlist_iternext(ssc->invlist, &start, &end)) {
+
+        /* /u is the only thing that we expect to match above 255; so if not /u
+         * and even if there are matches above 255, ignore them.  This catches
+         * things like \d under /d which does match the digits above 255, but
+         * since the pattern is /d, it is not likely to be expecting them */
+        if (! UNI_SEMANTICS) {
+            if (start > 255) {
+                break;
+            }
+            end = MIN(end, 255);
+        }
+        count += end - start + 1;
+        if (count > max_match) {
+            invlist_iterfinish(ssc->invlist);
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
 STATIC void
 S_ssc_finalize(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode_ssc *ssc)
 {
@@ -1738,7 +1883,7 @@ S_dump_trie_interim_table(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
               May be the same as tail.
   tail       : item following the branch sequence
   count      : words in the sequence
-  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|FA|FU|FU_SS)/
+  flags      : currently the OP() type we will be building one of /EXACT(|F|FA|FU|FU_SS|L|FLU8)/
   depth      : indent depth
 
 Inplace optimizes a sequence of 2 or more Branch-Exact nodes into a TRIE node.
@@ -2002,10 +2147,11 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
 #endif
 
     switch (flags) {
-        case EXACT: break;
+        case EXACT: case EXACTL: break;
        case EXACTFA:
         case EXACTFU_SS:
-       case EXACTFU: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
+       case EXACTFU:
+       case EXACTFLU8: folder = PL_fold_latin1; break;
        case EXACTF:  folder = PL_fold; break;
         default: Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! In trie construction, unknown node type %u %s", (unsigned) flags, PL_reg_name[flags] );
     }
@@ -2016,7 +2162,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
     trie->wordcount = word_count;
     RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
     trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
-    if (flags == EXACT)
+    if (flags == EXACT || flags == EXACTL)
        trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
     trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
                        trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
@@ -3060,7 +3206,7 @@ S_construct_ahocorasick_from_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *sour
         StructCopy(source,op,struct regnode_charclass);
         stclass = (regnode *)op;
     }
-    OP(stclass)+=2; /* covert the TRIE type to its AHO-CORASICK equivalent */
+    OP(stclass)+=2; /* convert the TRIE type to its AHO-CORASICK equivalent */
 
     ARG_SET( stclass, data_slot );
     aho = (reg_ac_data *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 1, sizeof(reg_ac_data) );
@@ -3133,15 +3279,15 @@ S_construct_ahocorasick_from_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *sour
 
 #define DEBUG_PEEP(str,scan,depth) \
     DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({if (scan){ \
-       SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal(); \
        regnode *Next = regnext(scan); \
-       regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan, NULL); \
-       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)\n", \
-       (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),\
-       Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+       regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, scan, NULL, pRExC_state); \
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%*s" str ">%3d: %s (%d)", \
+           (int)depth*2, "", REG_NODE_NUM(scan), SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv),\
+           Next ? (REG_NODE_NUM(Next)) : 0 ); \
+       DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAGS(flags," [ ","]");\
+       PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "\n"); \
    }});
 
-
 /* The below joins as many adjacent EXACTish nodes as possible into a single
  * one.  The regop may be changed if the node(s) contain certain sequences that
  * require special handling.  The joining is only done if:
@@ -3359,7 +3505,7 @@ S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan,
      * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
      * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
      * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
-    if (OP(scan) != EXACT) {
+    if (OP(scan) != EXACT && OP(scan) != EXACTL) {
         U8* s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
         U8* s = s0;
         U8* s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
@@ -3582,17 +3728,17 @@ S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan,
     Newx(and_withp,1, regnode_ssc); \
     SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
 
-/* this is a chain of data about sub patterns we are processing that
-   need to be handled separately/specially in study_chunk. Its so
-   we can simulate recursion without losing state.  */
-struct scan_frame;
-typedef struct scan_frame {
-    regnode *last;  /* last node to process in this frame */
-    regnode *next;  /* next node to process when last is reached */
-    struct scan_frame *prev; /*previous frame*/
-    U32 prev_recursed_depth;
-    I32 stop; /* what stopparen do we use */
-} scan_frame;
+
+static void
+S_unwind_scan_frames(pTHX_ const void *p)
+{
+    scan_frame *f= (scan_frame *)p;
+    do {
+        scan_frame *n= f->next_frame;
+        Safefree(f);
+        f= n;
+    } while (f);
+}
 
 
 STATIC SSize_t
@@ -3629,9 +3775,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_STUDY_CHUNK;
 
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
-#endif
+
     if ( depth == 0 ) {
         while (first_non_open && OP(first_non_open) == OPEN)
             first_non_open=regnext(first_non_open);
@@ -3642,36 +3786,47 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
     DEBUG_r(
         RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count++;
     );
+    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(
+    {
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
+            "%*sstudy_chunk stopparen=%ld recursed_count=%lu depth=%lu recursed_depth=%lu scan=%p last=%p",
+            (int)(depth*2), "", (long)stopparen,
+            (unsigned long)RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count,
+            (unsigned long)depth, (unsigned long)recursed_depth,
+            scan,
+            last);
+        if (recursed_depth) {
+            U32 i;
+            U32 j;
+            for ( j = 0 ; j < recursed_depth ; j++ ) {
+                for ( i = 0 ; i < (U32)RExC_npar ; i++ ) {
+                    if (
+                        PAREN_TEST(RExC_study_chunk_recursed +
+                                   ( j * RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes), i )
+                        && (
+                            !j ||
+                            !PAREN_TEST(RExC_study_chunk_recursed +
+                                   (( j - 1 ) * RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes), i)
+                        )
+                    ) {
+                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," %d",(int)i);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( j + 1 < recursed_depth ) {
+                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ",");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");
+    }
+    );
     while ( scan && OP(scan) != END && scan < last ){
         UV min_subtract = 0;    /* How mmany chars to subtract from the minimum
                                    node length to get a real minimum (because
                                    the folded version may be shorter) */
        bool unfolded_multi_char = FALSE;
        /* Peephole optimizer: */
-        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(
-        {
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                "%*sstudy_chunk stopparen=%ld recursed_count=%lu depth=%lu recursed_depth=%lu ",
-                ((int) depth*2), "", (long)stopparen,
-                (unsigned long)RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count,
-                (unsigned long)depth, (unsigned long)recursed_depth);
-            if (recursed_depth) {
-                U32 i;
-                U32 j;
-                for ( j = 0 ; j < recursed_depth ; j++ ) {
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"[");
-                    for ( i = 0 ; i < (U32)RExC_npar ; i++ )
-                        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%d",
-                            PAREN_TEST(RExC_study_chunk_recursed +
-                                       (j * RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes), i)
-                            ? 1 : 0
-                        );
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"]");
-                }
-            }
-            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"\n");
-        }
-        );
         DEBUG_STUDYDATA("Peep:", data, depth);
         DEBUG_PEEP("Peep", scan, depth);
 
@@ -3705,17 +3860,47 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                NEXT_OFF(scan) = off;
        }
 
-
-
        /* The principal pseudo-switch.  Cannot be a switch, since we
           look into several different things.  */
-       if (OP(scan) == BRANCH || OP(scan) == BRANCHJ
-                  || OP(scan) == IFTHEN) {
+        if ( OP(scan) == DEFINEP ) {
+            SSize_t minlen = 0;
+            SSize_t deltanext = 0;
+            SSize_t fake_last_close = 0;
+            I32 f = SCF_IN_DEFINE;
+
+            StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
+            scan = regnext(scan);
+            assert( OP(scan) == IFTHEN );
+            DEBUG_PEEP("expect IFTHEN", scan, depth);
+
+            data_fake.last_closep= &fake_last_close;
+            minlen = *minlenp;
+            next = regnext(scan);
+            scan = NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan));
+            DEBUG_PEEP("scan", scan, depth);
+            DEBUG_PEEP("next", next, depth);
+
+            /* we suppose the run is continuous, last=next...
+             * NOTE we dont use the return here! */
+            (void)study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, &minlen,
+                              &deltanext, next, &data_fake, stopparen,
+                              recursed_depth, NULL, f, depth+1);
+
+            scan = next;
+        } else
+        if (
+            OP(scan) == BRANCH  ||
+            OP(scan) == BRANCHJ ||
+            OP(scan) == IFTHEN
+        ) {
            next = regnext(scan);
            code = OP(scan);
-            /* demq: the op(next)==code check is to see if we have
-             * "branch-branch" AFAICT */
 
+            /* The op(next)==code check below is to see if we
+             * have "BRANCH-BRANCH", "BRANCHJ-BRANCHJ", "IFTHEN-IFTHEN"
+             * IFTHEN is special as it might not appear in pairs.
+             * Not sure whether BRANCH-BRANCHJ is possible, regardless
+             * we dont handle it cleanly. */
            if (OP(next) == code || code == IFTHEN) {
                 /* NOTE - There is similar code to this block below for
                  * handling TRIE nodes on a re-study.  If you change stuff here
@@ -3737,8 +3922,10 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                    I32 f = 0;
                    regnode_ssc this_class;
 
+                    DEBUG_PEEP("Branch", scan, depth);
+
                    num++;
-                   data_fake.flags = 0;
+                    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
                    if (data) {
                        data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
                        data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
@@ -3748,9 +3935,11 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
 
                    data_fake.pos_delta = delta;
                    next = regnext(scan);
-                   scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (code != BRANCH)
+
+                    scan = NEXTOPER(scan); /* everything */
+                    if (code != BRANCH)    /* everything but BRANCH */
                        scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
+
                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
                        ssc_init(pRExC_state, &this_class);
                        data_fake.start_class = &this_class;
@@ -3763,6 +3952,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                    minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp,
                                       &deltanext, next, &data_fake, stopparen,
                                       recursed_depth, NULL, f,depth+1);
+
                    if (min1 > minnext)
                        min1 = minnext;
                    if (deltanext == SSize_t_MAX) {
@@ -3888,9 +4078,6 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                         U8 trietype = 0;
                         U32 count=0;
 
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-                        SV * const mysv = sv_newmortal();   /* for dumping */
-#endif
                         /* var tail is used because there may be a TAIL
                            regop in the way. Ie, the exacts will point to the
                            thing following the TAIL, but the last branch will
@@ -3906,11 +4093,11 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
 
 
                         DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, tail, NULL);
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, tail, NULL, pRExC_state);
                             PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s%s%s\n",
                               (int)depth * 2 + 2, "",
                               "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is: ",
-                              SvPV_nolen_const( mysv )
+                              SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv )
                             );
                         });
 
@@ -3966,14 +4153,24 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                                 EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
                                 EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
                                 EXACTFA         | EXACTFA
+                                EXACTL          | EXACTL
+                                EXACTFLU8       | EXACTFLU8
 
 
                         */
-#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) ) ? NOTHING :   \
-                       ( EXACT == (X) )   ? EXACT :        \
-                       ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) ) ? EXACTFU :        \
-                       ( EXACTFA == (X) ) ? EXACTFA :        \
-                       0 )
+#define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) )                                   \
+                       ? NOTHING                                            \
+                       : ( EXACT == (X) )                                   \
+                         ? EXACT                                            \
+                         : ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) )          \
+                           ? EXACTFU                                        \
+                           : ( EXACTFA == (X) )                             \
+                             ? EXACTFA                                      \
+                             : ( EXACTL == (X) )                            \
+                               ? EXACTL                                     \
+                               : ( EXACTFLU8 == (X) )                        \
+                                 ? EXACTFLU8                                 \
+                                 : 0 )
 
                         /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
                         for ( cur = startbranch ; cur != scan ; cur = regnext( cur ) ) {
@@ -3987,18 +4184,18 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
 #endif
 
                             DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur, NULL);
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, cur, NULL, pRExC_state);
                                 PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "%*s- %s (%d)",
-                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
+                                   (int)depth * 2 + 2,"", SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur) );
 
-                                regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper, NULL);
+                                regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, noper, NULL, pRExC_state);
                                 PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, " -> %s",
-                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv));
 
                                 if ( noper_next ) {
-                                  regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, noper_next, NULL);
+                                  regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, noper_next, NULL, pRExC_state);
                                   PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,"\t=> %s\t",
-                                    SvPV_nolen_const(mysv));
+                                    SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv));
                                 }
                                 PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log, "(First==%d,Last==%d,Cur==%d,tt==%s,nt==%s,nnt==%s)\n",
                                    REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
@@ -4095,11 +4292,11 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                             } /* end handle unmergable node */
                         } /* loop over branches */
                         DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur, NULL);
+                            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, cur, NULL, pRExC_state);
                             PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
                               "%*s- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED>\n",
                               (int)depth * 2 + 2,
-                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+                              "", SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
 
                         });
                         if ( last && trietype ) {
@@ -4135,10 +4332,10 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                                      * something like this: (?:|) So we can
                                      * turn it into a plain NOTHING op. */
                                     DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
-                                        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, cur, NULL);
+                                        regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, cur, NULL, pRExC_state);
                                         PerlIO_printf( Perl_debug_log,
                                           "%*s- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n", (int)depth * 2 + 2,
-                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+                                          "", SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
 
                                     });
                                     OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
@@ -4159,46 +4356,53 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                scan = NEXTOPER(scan);
            continue;
        } else if (OP(scan) == SUSPEND || OP(scan) == GOSUB || OP(scan) == GOSTART) {
-           scan_frame *newframe = NULL;
-           I32 paren;
-           regnode *start;
-           regnode *end;
+            I32 paren = 0;
+            regnode *start = NULL;
+            regnode *end = NULL;
             U32 my_recursed_depth= recursed_depth;
 
+
             if (OP(scan) != SUSPEND) { /* GOSUB/GOSTART */
-                /* set the pointer */
+                /* Do setup, note this code has side effects beyond
+                 * the rest of this block. Specifically setting
+                 * RExC_recurse[] must happen at least once during
+                 * study_chunk(). */
                if (OP(scan) == GOSUB) {
                    paren = ARG(scan);
                    RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
                     start = RExC_open_parens[paren-1];
                     end   = RExC_close_parens[paren-1];
                 } else {
-                    paren = 0;
                     start = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
                     end   = RExC_opend;
                 }
-                /* this code is intended to handle expanding regex "subs" so
-                 * we can apply various optimizations. For instance with
-                 * /(?(DEFINE)(?<foo>foo)(?<bar>bar))(?&foo)(?&bar)/ we
-                 * want to recognize that the mandatory substr is going to be
-                 * "foobar".
-                 * However if we are not in SCF_DO_SUBSTR mode then there is
-                 * no point in doing this, and it can cause a serious slowdown.
-                 * See RT #122283.
-                 * Note also that this was a workaround for the core problem
-                 * which was that during compilation logic the excessive
-                 * recursion resulted in slowly consuming all the memory on
-                 * the box. Exactly what causes this is unclear. It does not
-                 * appear to be directly related to allocating the "visited"
-                 * bitmaps that is RExC_study_chunk_recursed.
-                 *
-                 * In reality study_chunk() does far far too much, and probably
-                 * this an other issues would go away if we split it into
-                 * multiple components.
-                 *
-                 * - Yves
-                 * */
-                if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
+                /* NOTE we MUST always execute the above code, even
+                 * if we do nothing with a GOSUB/GOSTART */
+                if (
+                    ( flags & SCF_IN_DEFINE )
+                    ||
+                    (
+                        (is_inf_internal || is_inf || data->flags & SF_IS_INF)
+                        &&
+                        ( (flags & (SCF_DO_STCLASS | SCF_DO_SUBSTR)) == 0 )
+                    )
+                ) {
+                    /* no need to do anything here if we are in a define. */
+                    /* or we are after some kind of infinite construct
+                     * so we can skip recursing into this item.
+                     * Since it is infinite we will not change the maxlen
+                     * or delta, and if we miss something that might raise
+                     * the minlen it will merely pessimise a little.
+                     *
+                     * Iow /(?(DEFINE)(?<foo>foo|food))a+(?&foo)/
+                     * might result in a minlen of 1 and not of 4,
+                     * but this doesn't make us mismatch, just try a bit
+                     * harder than we should.
+                     * */
+                    scan= regnext(scan);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 if (
                     !recursed_depth
                     ||
@@ -4225,7 +4429,6 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("set:", data,depth);
                     PAREN_SET(RExC_study_chunk_recursed + (recursed_depth * RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes), paren);
                     my_recursed_depth= recursed_depth + 1;
-                    Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
                 } else {
                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("inf:", data,depth);
                     /* some form of infinite recursion, assume infinite length
@@ -4238,23 +4441,37 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                     if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) /* Allow everything */
                         ssc_anything(data->start_class);
                     flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+
+                    start= NULL; /* reset start so we dont recurse later on. */
                }
-                }
             } else {
-               Newx(newframe,1,scan_frame);
                paren = stopparen;
-               start = scan+2;
+                start = scan + 2;
                end = regnext(scan);
            }
-           if (newframe) {
-                assert(start);
+            if (start) {
+                scan_frame *newframe;
                 assert(end);
-               SAVEFREEPV(newframe);
-               newframe->next = regnext(scan);
-               newframe->last = last;
-               newframe->stop = stopparen;
-               newframe->prev = frame;
+                if (!RExC_frame_last) {
+                    Newxz(newframe, 1, scan_frame);
+                    SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(S_unwind_scan_frames, newframe);
+                    RExC_frame_head= newframe;
+                    RExC_frame_count++;
+                } else if (!RExC_frame_last->next_frame) {
+                    Newxz(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                    RExC_frame_last->next_frame= newframe;
+                    newframe->prev_frame= RExC_frame_last;
+                    RExC_frame_count++;
+                } else {
+                    newframe= RExC_frame_last->next_frame;
+                }
+                RExC_frame_last= newframe;
+
+                newframe->next_regnode = regnext(scan);
+                newframe->last_regnode = last;
+                newframe->stopparen = stopparen;
                 newframe->prev_recursed_depth = recursed_depth;
+                newframe->this_prev_frame= frame;
 
                 DEBUG_STUDYDATA("frame-new:",data,depth);
                 DEBUG_PEEP("fnew", scan, depth);
@@ -4269,7 +4486,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                continue;
            }
        }
-       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT) {
+       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT || OP(scan) == EXACTL) {
            SSize_t l = STR_LEN(scan);
            UV uc;
            if (UTF) {
@@ -4320,12 +4537,9 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
            }
            flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
        }
-        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) { /* But OP != EXACT!, so is
-                                                     EXACTFish */
+        else if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
+            /* But OP != EXACT!, so is EXACTFish */
            SSize_t l = STR_LEN(scan);
-           UV uc = *((U8*)STRING(scan));
-            SV* EXACTF_invlist = _new_invlist(4); /* Start out big enough for 2
-                                                     separate code points */
             const U8 * s = (U8*)STRING(scan);
 
            /* Search for fixed substrings supports EXACT only. */
@@ -4334,7 +4548,6 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                 scan_commit(pRExC_state, data, minlenp, is_inf);
            }
            if (UTF) {
-               uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + l, NULL);
                l = utf8_length(s, s + l);
            }
            if (unfolded_multi_char) {
@@ -4354,156 +4567,27 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                }
            }
 
-            if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL && flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                ssc_clear_locale(data->start_class);
-            }
+            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
+                SV* EXACTF_invlist = _make_exactf_invlist(pRExC_state, scan);
 
-            if (! UTF) {
-
-                /* We punt and assume can match anything if the node begins
-                 * with a multi-character fold.  Things are complicated.  For
-                 * example, /ffi/i could match any of:
-                 *  "\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI}"
-                 *  "\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FF}I"
-                 *  "F\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI}"
-                 *  plus several other things; and making sure we have all the
-                 *  possibilities is hard. */
-                if (is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s + STR_LEN(scan))) {
-                    EXACTF_invlist =
-                             _add_range_to_invlist(EXACTF_invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+                assert(EXACTF_invlist);
+                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
+                    if (OP(scan) != EXACTFL)
+                        ssc_clear_locale(data->start_class);
+                    ANYOF_FLAGS(data->start_class) &= ~SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING;
+                    ANYOF_POSIXL_ZERO(data->start_class);
+                    ssc_intersection(data->start_class, EXACTF_invlist, FALSE);
                 }
-                else {
-
-                    /* Any Latin1 range character can potentially match any
-                     * other depending on the locale */
-                    if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL) {
-                        _invlist_union(EXACTF_invlist, PL_Latin1,
-                                                              &EXACTF_invlist);
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        /* But otherwise, it matches at least itself.  We can
-                         * quickly tell if it has a distinct fold, and if so,
-                         * it matches that as well */
-                        EXACTF_invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(EXACTF_invlist, uc);
-                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(uc)) {
-                            EXACTF_invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(EXACTF_invlist,
-                                                           PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
-                        }
-                    }
+                else {  /* SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR */
+                    ssc_union(data->start_class, EXACTF_invlist, FALSE);
+                    ssc_and(pRExC_state, data->start_class, (regnode_charclass *) and_withp);
 
-                    /* Some characters match above-Latin1 ones under /i.  This
-                     * is true of EXACTFL ones when the locale is UTF-8 */
-                    if (HAS_NONLATIN1_SIMPLE_FOLD_CLOSURE(uc)
-                        && (! isASCII(uc) || (OP(scan) != EXACTFA
-                                            && OP(scan) != EXACTFA_NO_TRIE)))
-                    {
-                        add_above_Latin1_folds(pRExC_state,
-                                               (U8) uc,
-                                               &EXACTF_invlist);
-                    }
+                    /* See commit msg 749e076fceedeb708a624933726e7989f2302f6a */
+                    ANYOF_FLAGS(data->start_class) &= ~SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING;
                 }
+                flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
+                SvREFCNT_dec(EXACTF_invlist);
             }
-            else {  /* Pattern is UTF-8 */
-                U8 folded[UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND * UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1] = { '\0' };
-                STRLEN foldlen = UTF8SKIP(s);
-                const U8* e = s + STR_LEN(scan);
-                SV** listp;
-
-                /* The only code points that aren't folded in a UTF EXACTFish
-                 * node are are the problematic ones in EXACTFL nodes */
-                if (OP(scan) == EXACTFL
-                    && is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLDEDS_START_cp(uc))
-                {
-                    /* We need to check for the possibility that this EXACTFL
-                     * node begins with a multi-char fold.  Therefore we fold
-                     * the first few characters of it so that we can make that
-                     * check */
-                    U8 *d = folded;
-                    int i;
-
-                    for (i = 0; i < UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND && s < e; i++) {
-                        if (isASCII(*s)) {
-                            *(d++) = (U8) toFOLD(*s);
-                            s++;
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            STRLEN len;
-                            to_utf8_fold(s, d, &len);
-                            d += len;
-                            s += UTF8SKIP(s);
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    /* And set up so the code below that looks in this folded
-                     * buffer instead of the node's string */
-                    e = d;
-                    foldlen = UTF8SKIP(folded);
-                    s = folded;
-                }
-
-                /* When we reach here 's' points to the fold of the first
-                 * character(s) of the node; and 'e' points to far enough along
-                 * the folded string to be just past any possible multi-char
-                 * fold. 'foldlen' is the length in bytes of the first
-                 * character in 's'
-                 *
-                 * Unlike the non-UTF-8 case, the macro for determining if a
-                 * string is a multi-char fold requires all the characters to
-                 * already be folded.  This is because of all the complications
-                 * if not.  Note that they are folded anyway, except in EXACTFL
-                 * nodes.  Like the non-UTF case above, we punt if the node
-                 * begins with a multi-char fold  */
-
-                if (is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, e)) {
-                    EXACTF_invlist =
-                             _add_range_to_invlist(EXACTF_invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
-                }
-                else {  /* Single char fold */
-
-                    /* It matches all the things that fold to it, which are
-                     * found in PL_utf8_foldclosures (including itself) */
-                    EXACTF_invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(EXACTF_invlist, uc);
-                    if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures) {
-                        _load_PL_utf8_foldclosures();
-                    }
-                    if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
-                                        (char *) s, foldlen, FALSE)))
-                    {
-                        AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
-                        IV k;
-                        for (k = 0; k <= av_tindex(list); k++) {
-                            SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
-                            UV c;
-                            assert(c_p);
-
-                            c = SvUV(*c_p);
-
-                            /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non- */
-                            if ((OP(scan) == EXACTFA || OP(scan) == EXACTFA_NO_TRIE)
-                                && isASCII(c) != isASCII(uc))
-                            {
-                                continue;
-                            }
-
-                            EXACTF_invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(EXACTF_invlist, c);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-           if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                ANYOF_FLAGS(data->start_class) &= ~SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING;
-                ANYOF_POSIXL_ZERO(data->start_class);
-                ssc_intersection(data->start_class, EXACTF_invlist, FALSE);
-           }
-           else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                ssc_union(data->start_class, EXACTF_invlist, FALSE);
-               ssc_and(pRExC_state, data->start_class, (regnode_charclass *) and_withp);
-
-                /* See commit msg 749e076fceedeb708a624933726e7989f2302f6a */
-                ANYOF_FLAGS(data->start_class) &= ~SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING;
-           }
-           flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
-            SvREFCNT_dec(EXACTF_invlist);
        }
        else if (REGNODE_VARIES(OP(scan))) {
            SSize_t mincount, maxcount, minnext, deltanext, pos_before = 0;
@@ -4520,7 +4604,10 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
            case PLUS:
                if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
                    next = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (OP(next) == EXACT || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
+                   if (OP(next) == EXACT
+                        || OP(next) == EXACTL
+                        || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
+                    {
                        mincount = 1;
                        maxcount = REG_INFTY;
                        next = regnext(scan);
@@ -4643,8 +4730,11 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                {
                    /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
                    SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
-                   ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
-                           "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression");
+                   Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                       "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression "
+                       "in regex m/%"UTF8f"/",
+                        UTF8fARG(UTF, RExC_end - RExC_precomp,
+                                 RExC_precomp));
                    (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
                }
 
@@ -4828,8 +4918,11 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                        } else {
                            /* start offset must point into the last copy */
                            data->last_start_min += minnext * (mincount - 1);
-                           data->last_start_max += is_inf ? SSize_t_MAX
-                               : (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
+                           data->last_start_max =
+                              is_inf
+                               ? SSize_t_MAX
+                              : data->last_start_max +
+                                 (maxcount - 1) * (minnext + data->pos_delta);
                        }
                    }
                    /* It is counted once already... */
@@ -4933,7 +5026,8 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                flags &= ~SCF_DO_STCLASS;
             }
            min++;
-           delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
+            if (delta != SSize_t_MAX)
+                delta++;    /* Because of the 2 char string cr-lf */
             if (flags & SCF_DO_SUBSTR) {
                 /* Cannot expect anything... */
                 scan_commit(pRExC_state, data, minlenp, is_inf);
@@ -4951,7 +5045,7 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
            min++;
            if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS) {
                 bool invert = 0;
-                SV* my_invlist = sv_2mortal(_new_invlist(0));
+                SV* my_invlist = NULL;
                 U8 namedclass;
 
                 /* See commit msg 749e076fceedeb708a624933726e7989f2302f6a */
@@ -4995,6 +5089,7 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                    }
                    break;
 
+                case ANYOFL:
                 case ANYOF:
                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
                        ssc_and(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
@@ -5050,7 +5145,7 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                     /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case POSIXA:
                     if (FLAGS(scan) == _CC_ASCII) {
-                        my_invlist = PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII];
+                        my_invlist = invlist_clone(PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII]);
                     }
                     else {
                         _invlist_intersection(PL_XPosix_ptrs[FLAGS(scan)],
@@ -5087,6 +5182,7 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                         assert(flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR);
                         ssc_union(data->start_class, my_invlist, invert);
                     }
+                    SvREFCNT_dec(my_invlist);
                }
                if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR)
                    ssc_and(pRExC_state, data->start_class, (regnode_charclass *) and_withp);
@@ -5105,33 +5201,6 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                   && (scan->flags || data || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
                   && (OP(scan) == IFMATCH || OP(scan) == UNLESSM))
         {
-            if ( OP(scan) == UNLESSM &&
-                 scan->flags == 0 &&
-                 OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan))) == NOTHING &&
-                 OP(regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(scan)))) == SUCCEED
-            ) {
-                regnode *opt;
-                regnode *upto= regnext(scan);
-                DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-                    SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
-                    DEBUG_STUDYDATA("OPFAIL",data,depth);
-
-                    /*DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("opfail");*/
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, upto, NULL);
-                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                        "~ replace with OPFAIL pointed at %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
-                        SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
-                        (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(upto),
-                        (IV)(upto - scan)
-                    );
-                });
-                OP(scan) = OPFAIL;
-                NEXT_OFF(scan) = upto - scan;
-                for (opt= scan + 1; opt < upto ; opt++)
-                    OP(opt) = OPTIMIZED;
-                scan= upto;
-                continue;
-            }
             if ( !PERL_ENABLE_POSITIVE_ASSERTION_STUDY
                 || OP(scan) == UNLESSM )
             {
@@ -5144,7 +5213,7 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                 regnode_ssc intrnl;
                 int f = 0;
 
-                data_fake.flags = 0;
+                StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
                 if (data) {
                     data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
                     data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
@@ -5388,7 +5457,7 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                     SSize_t deltanext=0, minnext=0, f = 0, fake;
                     regnode_ssc this_class;
 
-                    data_fake.flags = 0;
+                    StructCopy(&zero_scan_data, &data_fake, scan_data_t);
                     if (data) {
                         data_fake.whilem_c = data->whilem_c;
                         data_fake.last_closep = data->last_closep;
@@ -5451,7 +5520,8 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
                     data->longest = &(data->longest_float);
             }
             min += min1;
-            delta += max1 - min1;
+            if (delta != SSize_t_MAX)
+                delta += max1 - min1;
             if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
                 ssc_or(pRExC_state, data->start_class, (regnode_charclass *) &accum);
                 if (min1) {
@@ -5511,16 +5581,19 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
     }
     */
     if (frame) {
+        depth = depth - 1;
+
         DEBUG_STUDYDATA("frame-end:",data,depth);
         DEBUG_PEEP("fend", scan, depth);
+
         /* restore previous context */
-        last = frame->last;
-        scan = frame->next;
-        stopparen = frame->stop;
+        last = frame->last_regnode;
+        scan = frame->next_regnode;
+        stopparen = frame->stopparen;
         recursed_depth = frame->prev_recursed_depth;
-        depth = depth - 1;
 
-        frame = frame->prev;
+        RExC_frame_last = frame->prev_frame;
+        frame = frame->this_prev_frame;
         goto fake_study_recurse;
     }
 
@@ -5553,12 +5626,15 @@ PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "LHS=%"UVuf" RHS=%"UVuf"\n",
     {
         SSize_t final_minlen= min < stopmin ? min : stopmin;
 
-        if (!(RExC_seen & REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN) && (RExC_maxlen < final_minlen + delta)) {
-            RExC_maxlen = final_minlen + delta;
+        if (!(RExC_seen & REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN)) {
+            if (final_minlen > SSize_t_MAX - delta)
+                RExC_maxlen = SSize_t_MAX;
+            else if (RExC_maxlen < final_minlen + delta)
+                RExC_maxlen = final_minlen + delta;
         }
         return final_minlen;
     }
-    /* not-reached */
+    NOT_REACHED;
 }
 
 STATIC U32
@@ -5811,7 +5887,7 @@ S_concat_pat(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
             if (oplist) {
                 assert(oplist->op_type == OP_PADAV
                     || oplist->op_type == OP_RV2AV);
-                oplist = OP_SIBLING(oplist);
+                oplist = OpSIBLING(oplist);
             }
 
             if (SvRMAGICAL(av)) {
@@ -5858,10 +5934,10 @@ S_concat_pat(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
                 pRExC_state->code_blocks[n].src_regex = NULL;
                 n++;
                 code = 1;
-                oplist = OP_SIBLING(oplist); /* skip CONST */
+                oplist = OpSIBLING(oplist); /* skip CONST */
                 assert(oplist);
             }
-            oplist = OP_SIBLING(oplist);;
+            oplist = OpSIBLING(oplist);;
         }
 
        /* apply magic and QR overloading to arg */
@@ -6365,7 +6441,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
        OP *o;
        int ncode = 0;
 
-       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = OP_SIBLING(o))
+       for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = OpSIBLING(o))
            if (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL))
                ncode++; /* count of DO blocks */
        if (ncode) {
@@ -6386,7 +6462,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
             n = 1;
         else
-            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = OP_SIBLING(o)) {
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = OpSIBLING(o)) {
                 if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
                     n++;
             }
@@ -6402,7 +6478,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST)
             new_patternp[n] = cSVOPx_sv(expr);
         else
-            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = OP_SIBLING(o)) {
+            for (o = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first; o; o = OpSIBLING(o)) {
                 if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
                     new_patternp[n++] = cSVOPo_sv;
             }
@@ -6422,7 +6498,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
             assert(   expr->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK
                    || (expr->op_type == OP_NULL && expr->op_targ == OP_PUSHMARK)
                    || expr->op_type == OP_PADRANGE);
-            expr = OP_SIBLING(expr);
+            expr = OpSIBLING(expr);
     }
 
     pat = S_concat_pat(aTHX_ pRExC_state, NULL, new_patternp, pat_count,
@@ -6466,8 +6542,16 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
     RExC_contains_locale = 0;
     RExC_contains_i = 0;
+    RExC_strict = cBOOL(pm_flags & RXf_PMf_STRICT);
     pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr = NULL;
+    RExC_frame_head= NULL;
+    RExC_frame_last= NULL;
+    RExC_frame_count= 0;
 
+    DEBUG_r({
+        RExC_mysv1= sv_newmortal();
+        RExC_mysv2= sv_newmortal();
+    });
     DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
             SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
             RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8, dsv, exp, plen, 60);
@@ -6569,10 +6653,6 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     RExC_recurse_count = 0;
     pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
 
-#if 0 /* REGC() is (currently) a NOP at the first pass.
-       * Clever compilers notice this and complain. --jhi */
-    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*)RExC_emit);
-#endif
     DEBUG_PARSE_r(
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
         RExC_lastnum=0;
@@ -6684,7 +6764,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
                                                    == REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN);
        U16 reganch = (U16)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
                            >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
-       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msix"*/
+       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msixn"*/
        char *p;
         /* Allocate for the worst case, which is all the std flags are turned
          * on.  If more precision is desired, we could do a population count of
@@ -6786,7 +6866,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
     pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
 
-    REGC((U8)REG_MAGIC, (char*) RExC_emit++);
+    *((char*) RExC_emit++) = (char) REG_MAGIC;
     if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
        ReREFCNT_dec(rx);
         Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for generation pass, flags=%#"UVxf"", (UV) flags);
@@ -6799,15 +6879,17 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
     }
 
-reStudy:
+  reStudy:
     r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = sawminmod = 0;
     DEBUG_r(
         RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count= 0;
     );
     Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
-    if (RExC_study_chunk_recursed)
+    if (RExC_study_chunk_recursed) {
         Zero(RExC_study_chunk_recursed,
              RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes * RExC_npar, U8);
+    }
+
 
 #ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
     if (!restudied) {
@@ -6835,7 +6917,7 @@ reStudy:
     if (UTF)
        SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
     ri->regstclass = NULL;
-    if (RExC_naughty >= 10)    /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
+    if (RExC_naughty >= TOO_NAUGHTY)   /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
        r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
     scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
 
@@ -6894,7 +6976,7 @@ reStudy:
         DEBUG_PEEP("first:",first,0);
         /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
        if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
-           if (OP(first) == EXACT)
+           if (OP(first) == EXACT || OP(first) == EXACTL)
                NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
            else
                ri->regstclass = first;
@@ -7069,7 +7151,7 @@ reStudy:
        if ((!(r->anchored_substr || r->anchored_utf8) || r->anchored_offset)
            && stclass_flag
             && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(data.start_class) & SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING)
-           && !ssc_is_anything(data.start_class))
+           && is_ssc_worth_it(pRExC_state, data.start_class))
        {
            const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("f"));
 
@@ -7082,7 +7164,7 @@ reStudy:
            ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
            r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
            DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
-                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL);
+                      regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL, pRExC_state);
                      PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                                    "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
                                    SvPVX_const(sv));});
@@ -7149,7 +7231,7 @@ reStudy:
                = r->float_substr = r->float_utf8 = NULL;
 
         if (! (ANYOF_FLAGS(data.start_class) & SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING)
-            && ! ssc_is_anything(data.start_class))
+           && is_ssc_worth_it(pRExC_state, data.start_class))
         {
            const U32 n = add_data(pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("f"));
 
@@ -7162,7 +7244,7 @@ reStudy:
            ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
            r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
            DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
-                     regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL);
+                      regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL, pRExC_state);
                      PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                                    "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
                                    SvPVX_const(sv));});
@@ -7244,7 +7326,7 @@ reStudy:
                  && OP(regnext(first)) == END)
             r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
         else if ( r->extflags & RXf_SPLIT
-                  && fop == EXACT
+                  && (fop == EXACT || fop == EXACTL)
                   && STR_LEN(first) == 1
                   && *(STRING(first)) == ' '
                   && OP(regnext(first)) == END )
@@ -7275,7 +7357,7 @@ reStudy:
     /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
     DEBUG_TEST_r({
         PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"study_chunk_recursed_count: %lu\n",
-            RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count);
+            (unsigned long)RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count);
     });
     DEBUG_DUMP_r({
         DEBUG_RExC_seen();
@@ -7808,28 +7890,26 @@ S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
             Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
                       (unsigned long) flags);
         }
-        assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+        NOT_REACHED; /* NOT REACHED */
     }
     return NULL;
 }
 
 #define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
-    int rem=(int)(RExC_end - RExC_parse);                       \
-    int cut;                                                    \
     int num;                                                    \
-    int iscut=0;                                                \
-    if (rem>10) {                                               \
-        rem=10;                                                 \
-        iscut=1;                                                \
-    }                                                           \
-    cut=10-rem;                                                 \
-    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse)                             \
-        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log," >%.*s%-*s",              \
-            rem, RExC_parse,                                    \
-            cut + 4,                                            \
-            iscut ? "..." : "<"                                 \
+    if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse) {                           \
+        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%s",                     \
+            Perl_pv_pretty(aTHX_ RExC_mysv1, RExC_parse,        \
+                RExC_end - RExC_parse, 16,                      \
+                "", "",                                         \
+                PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT |                     \
+                PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES   |                     \
+                PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT       |                     \
+                PERL_PV_ESCAPE_RE         |                     \
+                PERL_PV_PRETTY_EXACTSIZE                        \
+            )                                                   \
         );                                                      \
-    else                                                        \
+    } else                                                      \
         PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,"%16s","");                \
                                                                 \
     if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
@@ -7967,6 +8047,8 @@ S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len, const bool offset)
     assert(SvLEN(invlist) == 0 || SvCUR(invlist) <= SvLEN(invlist));
 }
 
+#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
+
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE IV*
 S_get_invlist_previous_index_addr(SV* invlist)
 {
@@ -8001,6 +8083,28 @@ S_invlist_set_previous_index(SV* const invlist, const IV index)
     *get_invlist_previous_index_addr(invlist) = index;
 }
 
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
+S_invlist_trim(SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
+
+    assert(SvTYPE(invlist) == SVt_INVLIST);
+
+    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
+     * has */
+    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
+}
+
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
+S_invlist_is_iterating(SV* const invlist)
+{
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_IS_ITERATING;
+
+    return *(get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist)) < (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
+}
+
+#endif /* ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE */
+
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
 S_invlist_max(SV* const invlist)
 {
@@ -8120,18 +8224,6 @@ S_invlist_extend(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV new_max)
     SvGROW((SV *)invlist, TO_INTERNAL_SIZE(new_max + 1));
 }
 
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
-S_invlist_trim(SV* const invlist)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_TRIM;
-
-    assert(SvTYPE(invlist) == SVt_INVLIST);
-
-    /* Change the length of the inversion list to how many entries it currently
-     * has */
-    SvPV_shrink_to_cur((SV *) invlist);
-}
-
 STATIC void
 S__append_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* const invlist,
                                  const UV start, const UV end)
@@ -8902,7 +8994,7 @@ Perl__add_range_to_invlist(pTHX_ SV* invlist, const UV start, const UV end)
     /* Add the range from 'start' to 'end' inclusive to the inversion list's
      * set.  A pointer to the inversion list is returned.  This may actually be
      * a new list, in which case the passed in one has been destroyed.  The
-     * passed in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
+     * passed-in inversion list can be NULL, in which case a new one is created
      * with just the one range in it */
 
     SV* range_invlist;
@@ -9092,14 +9184,6 @@ S_invlist_iternext(SV* invlist, UV* start, UV* end)
     return TRUE;
 }
 
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE bool
-S_invlist_is_iterating(SV* const invlist)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_IS_ITERATING;
-
-    return *(get_invlist_iter_addr(invlist)) < (STRLEN) UV_MAX;
-}
-
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE UV
 S_invlist_highest(SV* const invlist)
 {
@@ -9294,6 +9378,152 @@ S__invlistEQ(pTHX_ SV* const a, SV* const b, const bool complement_b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * As best we can, determine the characters that can match the start of
+ * the given EXACTF-ish node.
+ *
+ * Returns the invlist as a new SV*; it is the caller's responsibility to
+ * call SvREFCNT_dec() when done with it.
+ */
+STATIC SV*
+S__make_exactf_invlist(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *node)
+{
+    const U8 * s = (U8*)STRING(node);
+    SSize_t bytelen = STR_LEN(node);
+    UV uc;
+    /* Start out big enough for 2 separate code points */
+    SV* invlist = _new_invlist(4);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__MAKE_EXACTF_INVLIST;
+
+    if (! UTF) {
+        uc = *s;
+
+        /* We punt and assume can match anything if the node begins
+         * with a multi-character fold.  Things are complicated.  For
+         * example, /ffi/i could match any of:
+         *  "\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI}"
+         *  "\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FF}I"
+         *  "F\N{LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI}"
+         *  plus several other things; and making sure we have all the
+         *  possibilities is hard. */
+        if (is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_latin1_safe(s, s + bytelen)) {
+            invlist = _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Any Latin1 range character can potentially match any
+             * other depending on the locale */
+            if (OP(node) == EXACTFL) {
+                _invlist_union(invlist, PL_Latin1, &invlist);
+            }
+            else {
+                /* But otherwise, it matches at least itself.  We can
+                 * quickly tell if it has a distinct fold, and if so,
+                 * it matches that as well */
+                invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(invlist, uc);
+                if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(uc))
+                    invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(invlist, PL_fold_latin1[uc]);
+            }
+
+            /* Some characters match above-Latin1 ones under /i.  This
+             * is true of EXACTFL ones when the locale is UTF-8 */
+            if (HAS_NONLATIN1_SIMPLE_FOLD_CLOSURE(uc)
+                && (! isASCII(uc) || (OP(node) != EXACTFA
+                                    && OP(node) != EXACTFA_NO_TRIE)))
+            {
+                add_above_Latin1_folds(pRExC_state, (U8) uc, &invlist);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {  /* Pattern is UTF-8 */
+        U8 folded[UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND * UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE + 1] = { '\0' };
+        STRLEN foldlen = UTF8SKIP(s);
+        const U8* e = s + bytelen;
+        SV** listp;
+
+        uc = utf8_to_uvchr_buf(s, s + bytelen, NULL);
+
+        /* The only code points that aren't folded in a UTF EXACTFish
+         * node are are the problematic ones in EXACTFL nodes */
+        if (OP(node) == EXACTFL && is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLDEDS_START_cp(uc)) {
+            /* We need to check for the possibility that this EXACTFL
+             * node begins with a multi-char fold.  Therefore we fold
+             * the first few characters of it so that we can make that
+             * check */
+            U8 *d = folded;
+            int i;
+
+            for (i = 0; i < UTF8_MAX_FOLD_CHAR_EXPAND && s < e; i++) {
+                if (isASCII(*s)) {
+                    *(d++) = (U8) toFOLD(*s);
+                    s++;
+                }
+                else {
+                    STRLEN len;
+                    to_utf8_fold(s, d, &len);
+                    d += len;
+                    s += UTF8SKIP(s);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* And set up so the code below that looks in this folded
+             * buffer instead of the node's string */
+            e = d;
+            foldlen = UTF8SKIP(folded);
+            s = folded;
+        }
+
+        /* When we reach here 's' points to the fold of the first
+         * character(s) of the node; and 'e' points to far enough along
+         * the folded string to be just past any possible multi-char
+         * fold. 'foldlen' is the length in bytes of the first
+         * character in 's'
+         *
+         * Unlike the non-UTF-8 case, the macro for determining if a
+         * string is a multi-char fold requires all the characters to
+         * already be folded.  This is because of all the complications
+         * if not.  Note that they are folded anyway, except in EXACTFL
+         * nodes.  Like the non-UTF case above, we punt if the node
+         * begins with a multi-char fold  */
+
+        if (is_MULTI_CHAR_FOLD_utf8_safe(s, e)) {
+            invlist = _add_range_to_invlist(invlist, 0, UV_MAX);
+        }
+        else {  /* Single char fold */
+
+            /* It matches all the things that fold to it, which are
+             * found in PL_utf8_foldclosures (including itself) */
+            invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(invlist, uc);
+            if (! PL_utf8_foldclosures)
+                _load_PL_utf8_foldclosures();
+            if ((listp = hv_fetch(PL_utf8_foldclosures,
+                                (char *) s, foldlen, FALSE)))
+            {
+                AV* list = (AV*) *listp;
+                IV k;
+                for (k = 0; k <= av_tindex(list); k++) {
+                    SV** c_p = av_fetch(list, k, FALSE);
+                    UV c;
+                    assert(c_p);
+
+                    c = SvUV(*c_p);
+
+                    /* /aa doesn't allow folds between ASCII and non- */
+                    if ((OP(node) == EXACTFA || OP(node) == EXACTFA_NO_TRIE)
+                        && isASCII(c) != isASCII(uc))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    invlist = add_cp_to_invlist(invlist, c);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return invlist;
+}
+
 #undef HEADER_LENGTH
 #undef TO_INTERNAL_SIZE
 #undef FROM_INTERNAL_SIZE
@@ -9324,6 +9554,7 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
     regex_charset cs;
     bool has_use_defaults = FALSE;
     const char* const seqstart = RExC_parse - 1; /* Point to the '?' */
+    int x_mod_count = 0;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PARSE_LPAREN_QUESTION_FLAGS;
 
@@ -9350,8 +9581,8 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
            and must be globally applied -- japhy */
         switch (*RExC_parse) {
 
-            /* Code for the imsx flags */
-            CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp);
+            /* Code for the imsxn flags */
+            CASE_STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_SET(flagsp, x_mod_count);
 
             case LOCALE_PAT_MOD:
                 if (has_charset_modifier) {
@@ -9421,12 +9652,12 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                 else {
                     vFAIL3("Regexp modifiers \"%c\" and \"%c\" are mutually exclusive", has_charset_modifier, *(RExC_parse - 1));
                 }
-                /*NOTREACHED*/
+                NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
             neg_modifier:
                 RExC_parse++;
                 vFAIL2("Regexp modifier \"%c\" may not appear after the \"-\"",
                                     *(RExC_parse - 1));
-                /*NOTREACHED*/
+                NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
             case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
             case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
                 if (PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
@@ -9488,6 +9719,9 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                 if (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_FOLD) {
                     RExC_contains_i = 1;
                 }
+                if (PASS2) {
+                    STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_X_WARN(x_mod_count);
+                }
                 return;
                 /*NOTREACHED*/
             default:
@@ -9496,11 +9730,15 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                /* diag_listed_as: Sequence (?%s...) not recognized in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
                 vFAIL2utf8f("Sequence (%"UTF8f"...) not recognized",
                       UTF8fARG(UTF, RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart));
-                /*NOTREACHED*/
+                NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
         }
 
         ++RExC_parse;
     }
+
+    if (PASS2) {
+        STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_PARSE_X_WARN(x_mod_count);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -9740,7 +9978,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 /* diag_listed_as: Sequence (?%s...) not recognized in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
                vFAIL3("Sequence (%.*s...) not recognized",
                                 RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart);
-               /*NOTREACHED*/
+               NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
             case '<':           /* (?<...) */
                if (*RExC_parse == '!')
                    paren = ',';
@@ -9832,6 +10070,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 break;
            case '!':           /* (?!...) */
                RExC_seen_zerolen++;
+               /* check if we're really just a "FAIL" assertion */
+               --RExC_parse;
+               nextchar(pRExC_state);
                if (*RExC_parse == ')') {
                    ret=reg_node(pRExC_state, OPFAIL);
                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
@@ -9873,7 +10114,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 if (RExC_parse == RExC_end || *RExC_parse != ')')
                     vFAIL("Sequence (?&... not terminated");
                 goto gen_recurse_regop;
-                assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+                /* NOT REACHED */
             case '+':
                 if (!(RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9')) {
                     RExC_parse++;
@@ -9939,7 +10180,8 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                    }
                    RExC_recurse_count++;
                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                       "Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n",
+                        "%*s%*s Recurse #%"UVuf" to %"IVdf"\n",
+                              22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
                               (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
                 }
                 RExC_seen |= REG_RECURSE_SEEN;
@@ -9950,7 +10192,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 nextchar(pRExC_state);
                 return ret;
 
-            assert(0); /* NOT REACHED */
+            /* NOT REACHED */
 
            case '?':           /* (??...) */
                is_logical = 1;
@@ -9960,7 +10202,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                     vFAIL2utf8f(
                         "Sequence (%"UTF8f"...) not recognized",
                         UTF8fARG(UTF, RExC_parse-seqstart, seqstart));
-                   /*NOTREACHED*/
+                   NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
                }
                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
                paren = *RExC_parse++;
@@ -10005,17 +10247,22 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                if (is_logical) {
                     regnode *eval;
                    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
-                    eval = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+
+                    eval = reg2Lanode(pRExC_state, EVAL,
+                                       n,
+
+                                       /* for later propagation into (??{})
+                                        * return value */
+                                       RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME
+                                      );
                    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
                        ret->flags = 2;
-                        /* for later propagation into (??{}) return value */
-                        eval->flags = (U8) (RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME);
                     }
                     REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
                     /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
                    return ret;
                }
-               ret = reganode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n);
+               ret = reg2Lanode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n, 0);
                Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
                return ret;
@@ -10023,6 +10270,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
            case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
            {
                int is_define= 0;
+                const int DEFINE_len = sizeof("DEFINE") - 1;
                if (RExC_parse[0] == '?') {        /* (?(?...)) */
                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '=' || RExC_parse[1] == '!'
                        || RExC_parse[1] == '<'
@@ -10065,15 +10313,11 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                     ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
                     goto insert_if_check_paren;
                }
-               else if (RExC_parse[0] == 'D' &&
-                        RExC_parse[1] == 'E' &&
-                        RExC_parse[2] == 'F' &&
-                        RExC_parse[3] == 'I' &&
-                        RExC_parse[4] == 'N' &&
-                        RExC_parse[5] == 'E')
-               {
+               else if (RExC_end - RExC_parse >= DEFINE_len
+                        && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "DEFINE", DEFINE_len))
+                {
                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
-                   RExC_parse +=;
+                   RExC_parse += DEFINE_len;
                    is_define = 1;
                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
                }
@@ -10196,7 +10440,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 goto parse_rest;
             } /* end switch */
        }
-       else {                  /* (...) */
+       else if (!(RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_NOCAPTURE)) {   /* (...) */
          capturing_parens:
            parno = RExC_npar;
            RExC_npar++;
@@ -10209,7 +10453,8 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                    && !RExC_open_parens[parno-1])
                {
                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                       "Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n",
+                        "%*s%*s Setting open paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n",
+                        22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
                        (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
                    RExC_open_parens[parno-1]= ret;
                }
@@ -10217,6 +10462,8 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
             Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
             Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
            is_open = 1;
+       } else {
+           ret = NULL;
        }
     }
     else                        /* ! paren */
@@ -10298,8 +10545,8 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
            ender = reganode(pRExC_state, CLOSE, parno);
             if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_seen & REG_RECURSE_SEEN) {
                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
-                       "Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n",
-                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+                        "%*s%*s Setting close paren #%"IVdf" to %d\n",
+                        22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "", (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
                RExC_close_parens[parno-1]= ender;
                if (RExC_nestroot == parno)
                    RExC_nestroot = 0;
@@ -10325,15 +10572,13 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
            break;
        }
         DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-            SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
-            SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
             DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, lastbr, NULL);
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender, NULL);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv1, lastbr, NULL, pRExC_state);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv2, ender, NULL, pRExC_state);
             PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ tying lastbr %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
-                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv1),
                           (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
-                          SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                          SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv2),
                           (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
                           (IV)(ender - lastbr)
             );
@@ -10366,15 +10611,13 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
             if (is_nothing) {
                 br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
                 DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    SV * const mysv_val1=sv_newmortal();
-                    SV * const mysv_val2=sv_newmortal();
                     DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val1, ret, NULL);
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val2, ender, NULL);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv1, ret, NULL, pRExC_state);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv2, ender, NULL, pRExC_state);
                     PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ converting ret %s (%"IVdf") to ender %s (%"IVdf") offset %"IVdf"\n",
-                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val1),
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv1),
                                   (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
-                                  SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val2),
+                                  SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv2),
                                   (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
                                   (IV)(ender - ret)
                     );
@@ -10427,7 +10670,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
        }
        else
            FAIL("Junk on end of regexp");      /* "Can't happen". */
-       assert(0); /* NOTREACHED */
+       NOT_REACHED; /* NOTREACHED */
     }
 
     if (RExC_in_lookbehind) {
@@ -10495,7 +10738,9 @@ S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
        if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
            *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
        else {
-           RExC_naughty++;
+           /* FIXME adding one for every branch after the first is probably
+            * excessive now we have TRIE support. (hv) */
+           MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
             REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
        }
        chain = latest;
@@ -10627,7 +10872,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 
        do_curly:
            if ((flags&SIMPLE)) {
-               RExC_naughty += 2 + RExC_naughty / 2;
+                MARK_NAUGHTY_EXP(2, 2);
                reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
                 Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
                 Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
@@ -10653,7 +10898,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                 REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
                if (SIZE_ONLY)
                    RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
-               RExC_naughty += 4 + RExC_naughty;       /* compound interest */
+                MARK_NAUGHTY_EXP(1, 4);     /* compound interest */
            }
            ret->flags = 0;
 
@@ -10703,7 +10948,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
     if (op == '*' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
        reginsert(pRExC_state, STAR, ret, depth+1);
        ret->flags = 0;
-       RExC_naughty += 4;
+       MARK_NAUGHTY(4);
         RExC_seen |= REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN;
     }
     else if (op == '*') {
@@ -10713,7 +10958,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
     else if (op == '+' && (flags&SIMPLE)) {
        reginsert(pRExC_state, PLUS, ret, depth+1);
        ret->flags = 0;
-       RExC_naughty += 3;
+       MARK_NAUGHTY(3);
         RExC_seen |= REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN;
     }
     else if (op == '+') {
@@ -10820,8 +11065,8 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p,
    <substitute_parse> on success.
 
    If <valuep> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input sequence
-   consisting of a just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to the value
-   of the only or first code point in the input.
+   consisting of just a single code point; <*valuep> is set to the value of the
+   only or first code point in the input.
 
    If <substitute_parse> is non-null, it means the caller can accept an input
    sequence consisting of one or more code points; <*substitute_parse> is a
@@ -10884,7 +11129,7 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p,
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
        *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
        *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-       RExC_naughty++;
+       MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
         Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
        return 1;
     }
@@ -10901,17 +11146,18 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p,
 
     RExC_parse++;      /* Skip past the '{' */
 
-    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}')) /* no trailing brace */
+    if (! (endbrace = strchr(RExC_parse, '}'))  /* no trailing brace */
        || ! (endbrace == RExC_parse            /* nothing between the {} */
-              || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2   /* U+ (bad hex is checked below
-                                                 */
-                  && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* for a better error msg)
-                                                     */
+              || (endbrace - RExC_parse >= 2   /* U+ (bad hex is checked... */
+                  && strnEQ(RExC_parse, "U+", 2)))) /* ... below for a better
+                                                       error msg) */
     {
        if (endbrace) RExC_parse = endbrace;    /* position msg's '<--HERE' */
        vFAIL("\\N{NAME} must be resolved by the lexer");
     }
 
+    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
+
     if (endbrace == RExC_parse) {   /* empty: \N{} */
        if (node_p) {
            *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
@@ -10923,7 +11169,6 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p,
         return 0;
     }
 
-    RExC_uni_semantics = 1; /* Unicode named chars imply Unicode semantics */
     RExC_parse += 2;   /* Skip past the 'U+' */
 
     endchar = RExC_parse + strcspn(RExC_parse, ".}");
@@ -10933,7 +11178,7 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p,
     has_multiple_chars = (endchar < endbrace);
 
     /* We get the first code point if we want it, and either there is only one,
-     * or we can accept both cases of one and more than one */
+     * or we can accept both cases of one and there is more than one */
     if (valuep && (substitute_parse || ! has_multiple_chars)) {
        STRLEN length_of_hex = (STRLEN)(endchar - RExC_parse);
        I32 grok_hex_flags = PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES
@@ -10982,7 +11227,6 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode** node_p,
     }
 
     {
-
        /* What is done here is to convert this to a sub-pattern of the form
         * \x{char1}\x{char2}...
          * and then either return it in <*substitute_parse> if non-null; or
@@ -11100,7 +11344,9 @@ S_compute_EXACTish(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COMPUTE_EXACTISH;
 
     if (! FOLD) {
-        return EXACT;
+        return (LOC)
+                ? EXACTL
+                : EXACT;
     }
 
     op = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
@@ -11157,7 +11403,7 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
 
     if (! len_passed_in) {
         if (UTF) {
-            if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(code_point)) {
+            if (UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(code_point)) {
                 if (LOC || ! FOLD) {    /* /l defers folding until runtime */
                     *character = (U8) code_point;
                 }
@@ -11198,7 +11444,9 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                                                for those.  */
                     && ! _invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, code_point))
                 {
-                    OP(node) = EXACT;
+                    OP(node) = (LOC)
+                               ? EXACTL
+                               : EXACT;
                 }
             }
             else if (code_point <= MAX_UTF8_TWO_BYTE) {
@@ -11373,7 +11621,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGATOM;
 
-tryagain:
+  tryagain:
     switch ((U8)*RExC_parse) {
     case '^':
        RExC_seen_zerolen++;
@@ -11401,7 +11649,7 @@ tryagain:
        else
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
        *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-       RExC_naughty++;
+       MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
         Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
        break;
     case '[':
@@ -11411,6 +11659,7 @@ tryagain:
                        FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
                        TRUE, /* allow multi-char folds */
                        FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings. */
+                       (bool) RExC_strict,
                        NULL);
        if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
            RExC_parse = oregcomp_parse;
@@ -11532,40 +11781,39 @@ tryagain:
             arg = ANYOF_WORDCHAR;
             goto join_posix;
 
-       case 'b':
+       case 'B':
            RExC_seen_zerolen++;
             RExC_seen |= REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN;
-           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = BOUNDA;
+           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = NBOUNDA;
             }
-            else if (op == BOUNDL) {
+            else if (op == NBOUNDL) {
                 RExC_contains_locale = 1;
             }
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
            *flagp |= SIMPLE;
            if ((U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
                 /* diag_listed_as: Use "%s" instead of "%s" */
-               vFAIL("Use \"\\b\\{\" instead of \"\\b{\"");
+               vFAIL("Use \"\\B\\{\" instead of \"\\B{\"");
            }
            goto finish_meta_pat;
-       case 'B':
+
+       case 'b':
            RExC_seen_zerolen++;
             RExC_seen |= REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN;
-           op = NBOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-            if (op > NBOUNDA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
-                op = NBOUNDA;
+           op = BOUND + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
+            if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                op = BOUNDA;
             }
-            else if (op == NBOUNDL) {
+            else if (op == BOUNDL) {
                 RExC_contains_locale = 1;
             }
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-           FLAGS(ret) = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
            *flagp |= SIMPLE;
            if ((U8) *(RExC_parse + 1) == '{') {
                 /* diag_listed_as: Use "%s" instead of "%s" */
-               vFAIL("Use \"\\B\\{\" instead of \"\\B{\"");
+               vFAIL("Use \"\\b\\{\" instead of \"\\b{\"");
            }
            goto finish_meta_pat;
 
@@ -11646,6 +11894,7 @@ tryagain:
                                FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.
                                          It would be a bug if these returned
                                          non-portables */
+                               (bool) RExC_strict,
                                NULL);
                 /* regclass() can only return RESTART_UTF8 if multi-char folds
                    are allowed.  */
@@ -12020,7 +12269,7 @@ tryagain:
                                                       &result,
                                                       &error_msg,
                                                       PASS2, /* out warnings */
-                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
+                                                       (bool) RExC_strict,
                                                        TRUE, /* Output warnings
                                                                 for non-
                                                                 portables */
@@ -12031,7 +12280,7 @@ tryagain:
                                vFAIL(error_msg);
                            }
                             ender = result;
-                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                           if (IN_ENCODING && ender < 0x100) {
                                goto recode_encoding;
                            }
                            if (ender > 0xff) {
@@ -12049,8 +12298,8 @@ tryagain:
                                                       &result,
                                                       &error_msg,
                                                       PASS2, /* out warnings */
-                                                       FALSE, /* not strict */
-                                                       TRUE, /* Output warnings
+                                                       (bool) RExC_strict,
+                                                       TRUE, /* Silence warnings
                                                                 for non-
                                                                 portables */
                                                        UTF);
@@ -12061,7 +12310,7 @@ tryagain:
                            }
                             ender = result;
 
-                           if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100) {
+                           if (IN_ENCODING && ender < 0x100) {
                                goto recode_encoding;
                            }
                            if (ender > 0xff) {
@@ -12083,8 +12332,8 @@ tryagain:
                          * from \1 - \9 is a backreference, any multi-digit
                          * escape which does not start with 0 and which when
                          * evaluated as decimal could refer to an already
-                         * parsed capture buffer is a backslash. Anything else
-                         * is octal.
+                         * parsed capture buffer is a back reference. Anything
+                         * else is octal.
                          *
                          * Note this implies that \118 could be interpreted as
                          * 118 OR as "\11" . "8" depending on whether there
@@ -12120,12 +12369,12 @@ tryagain:
                                          form_short_octal_warning(p, numlen));
                             }
                        }
-                       if (PL_encoding && ender < 0x100)
+                       if (IN_ENCODING && ender < 0x100)
                            goto recode_encoding;
                        break;
                    recode_encoding:
                        if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
-                           SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                           SV* enc = _get_encoding();
                            ender = reg_recode((const char)(U8)ender, &enc);
                            if (!enc && PASS2)
                                ckWARNreg(p, "Invalid escape in the specified encoding");
@@ -12192,39 +12441,64 @@ tryagain:
                     goto loopdone;
                 }
 
-                if (! FOLD   /* The simple case, just append the literal */
-                    || (LOC  /* Also don't fold for tricky chars under /l */
-                        && is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp(ender)))
-                {
-                    if (UTF) {
-                        const STRLEN unilen = reguni(pRExC_state, ender, s);
-                        if (unilen > 0) {
-                           s   += unilen;
-                           len += unilen;
-                        }
+                if (! FOLD) {  /* The simple case, just append the literal */
 
-                        /* The loop increments <len> each time, as all but this
-                         * path (and one other) through it add a single byte to
-                         * the EXACTish node.  But this one has changed len to
-                         * be the correct final value, so subtract one to
-                         * cancel out the increment that follows */
-                        len--;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        REGC((char)ender, s++);
-                    }
-
-                    /* Can get here if folding only if is one of the /l
-                     * characters whose fold depends on the locale.  The
-                     * occurrence of any of these indicate that we can't
-                     * simplify things */
-                    if (FOLD) {
-                        maybe_exact = FALSE;
-                        maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
+                    /* In the sizing pass, we need only the size of the
+                     * character we are appending, hence we can delay getting
+                     * its representation until PASS2. */
+                    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                        if (UTF) {
+                            const STRLEN unilen = UNISKIP(ender);
+                            s += unilen;
+
+                            /* We have to subtract 1 just below (and again in
+                             * the corresponding PASS2 code) because the loop
+                             * increments <len> each time, as all but this path
+                             * (and one other) through it add a single byte to
+                             * the EXACTish node.  But these paths would change
+                             * len to be the correct final value, so cancel out
+                             * the increment that follows */
+                            len += unilen - 1;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            s++;
+                        }
+                    } else { /* PASS2 */
+                      not_fold_common:
+                        if (UTF) {
+                            U8 * new_s = uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, ender);
+                            len += (char *) new_s - s - 1;
+                            s = (char *) new_s;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            *(s++) = (char) ender;
+                        }
                     }
                 }
-                else             /* FOLD */
-                     if (! ( UTF
+                else if (LOC && is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp(ender)) {
+
+                    /* Here are folding under /l, and the code point is
+                     * problematic.  First, we know we can't simplify things */
+                    maybe_exact = FALSE;
+                    maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
+
+                    /* A problematic code point in this context means that its
+                     * fold isn't known until runtime, so we can't fold it now.
+                     * (The non-problematic code points are the above-Latin1
+                     * ones that fold to also all above-Latin1.  Their folds
+                     * don't vary no matter what the locale is.) But here we
+                     * have characters whose fold depends on the locale.
+                     * Unlike the non-folding case above, we have to keep track
+                     * of these in the sizing pass, so that we can make sure we
+                     * don't split too-long nodes in the middle of a potential
+                     * multi-char fold.  And unlike the regular fold case
+                     * handled in the else clauses below, we don't actually
+                     * fold and don't have special cases to consider.  What we
+                     * do for both passes is the PASS2 code for non-folding */
+                    goto not_fold_common;
+                }
+                else /* A regular FOLD code point */
+                    if (! ( UTF
                         /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold this
                          * non-UTF at compile time */
                         || (node_type == EXACTFU
@@ -12233,7 +12507,7 @@ tryagain:
                     /* Here, are folding and are not UTF-8 encoded; therefore
                      * the character must be in the range 0-255, and is not /l
                      * (Not /l because we already handled these under /l in
-                     * is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp */
+                     * is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp) */
                     if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender)) {
                         maybe_exact = FALSE;
 
@@ -12262,11 +12536,10 @@ tryagain:
                      * unfolded, and we have to calculate how many EXACTish
                      * nodes it will take; and we may run out of room in a node
                      * in the middle of a potential multi-char fold, and have
-                     * to back off accordingly.  (Hence we can't use REGC for
-                     * the simple case just below.) */
+                     * to back off accordingly.  */
 
                     UV folded;
-                    if (isASCII(ender)) {
+                    if (isASCII_uni(ender)) {
                         folded = toFOLD(ender);
                         *(s)++ = (U8) folded;
                     }
@@ -12499,10 +12772,14 @@ tryagain:
                      * differently depending on UTF8ness of the target string
                      * (for /u), or depending on locale for /l */
                     if (maybe_exact) {
-                        OP(ret) = EXACT;
+                        OP(ret) = (LOC)
+                                  ? EXACTL
+                                  : EXACT;
                     }
                     else if (maybe_exactfu) {
-                        OP(ret) = EXACTFU;
+                        OP(ret) = (LOC)
+                                  ? EXACTFLU8
+                                  : EXACTFU;
                     }
                 }
                 alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender,
@@ -12913,7 +13190,9 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
                                                      posix class */
                                   FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
                                   TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
-                                  &current))
+                                  TRUE, /* strict */
+                                  &current
+                                 ))
                         FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
                               (UV) *flagp);
 
@@ -13080,7 +13359,9 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
                               TRUE, /* means parse just the next thing */
                               FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
                               FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
-                              &current))
+                              TRUE,  /* strict */
+                              &current
+                             ))
                     FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
                           (UV) *flagp);
                 /* regclass() will return with parsing just the \ sequence,
@@ -13103,7 +13384,9 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
                                                 only if not a posix class */
                              FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
                              FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
-                             &current))
+                             TRUE,   /* strict */
+                             &current
+                            ))
                     FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf"",
                           (UV) *flagp);
                 /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except if we
@@ -13304,7 +13587,9 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
                     TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings.  The above may very
                              well have generated non-portable code points, but
                              they're valid on this machine */
-                    NULL);
+                    FALSE, /* similarly, no need for strict */
+                    NULL
+                );
     if (!node)
         FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#"UVxf,
                     PTR2UV(flagp));
@@ -13440,7 +13725,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                  const bool silence_non_portable,   /* Don't output warnings
                                                        about too large
                                                        characters */
-                 SV** ret_invlist)  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
+                 const bool strict,
+                 SV** ret_invlist  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
+          )
 {
     /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an
      * ANYOF node; but something like [a] will produce an EXACT node; [aA], an
@@ -13489,6 +13776,10 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                separate for a while from the non-complemented
                                versions because of complications with /d
                                matching */
+    SV* simple_posixes = NULL; /* But under some conditions, the classes can be
+                                  treated more simply than the general case,
+                                  leading to less compilation and execution
+                                  work */
     UV element_count = 0;   /* Number of distinct elements in the class.
                               Optimizations may be possible if this is tiny */
     AV * multi_char_matches = NULL; /* Code points that fold to more than one
@@ -13497,7 +13788,6 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
     char * stop_ptr = RExC_end;    /* where to stop parsing */
     const bool skip_white = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* ignore unescaped white
                                                    space? */
-    const bool strict = cBOOL(ret_invlist); /* Apply strict parsing rules? */
 
     /* Unicode properties are stored in a swash; this holds the current one
      * being parsed.  If this swash is the only above-latin1 component of the
@@ -13527,11 +13817,17 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
      * runtime locale is UTF-8 */
     SV* only_utf8_locale_list = NULL;
 
-#ifdef EBCDIC
-    /* In a range, counts how many 0-2 of the ends of it came from literals,
-     * not escapes.  Thus we can tell if 'A' was input vs \x{C1} */
-    UV literal_endpoint = 0;
-#endif
+    /* In a range, if one of the endpoints is non-character-set portable,
+     * meaning that it hard-codes a code point that may mean a different
+     * charactger in ASCII vs. EBCDIC, as opposed to, say, a literal 'A' or a
+     * mnemonic '\t' which each mean the same character no matter which
+     * character set the platform is on. */
+    unsigned int non_portable_endpoint = 0;
+
+    /* Is the range unicode? which means on a platform that isn't 1-1 native
+     * to Unicode (i.e. non-ASCII), each code point in it should be considered
+     * to be a Unicode value.  */
+    bool unicode_range = FALSE;
     bool invert = FALSE;    /* Is this class to be complemented */
 
     bool warn_super = ALWAYS_WARN_SUPER;
@@ -13551,7 +13847,11 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
     DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
 
     /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
-    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
+    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
+                   (LOC)
+                    ? ANYOFL
+                    : ANYOF,
+                   0);
 
     if (SIZE_ONLY) {
        RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
@@ -13575,7 +13875,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
        RExC_parse++;
         invert = TRUE;
         allow_multi_folds = FALSE;
-        RExC_naughty++;
+        MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
         if (skip_white) {
             RExC_parse = regpatws(pRExC_state, RExC_parse,
                                   FALSE /* means don't recognize comments */ );
@@ -13631,6 +13931,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
        if (!range) {
            rangebegin = RExC_parse;
            element_count++;
+            non_portable_endpoint = 0;
        }
        if (UTF) {
            value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
@@ -13647,14 +13948,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
         {
             namedclass = regpposixcc(pRExC_state, value, strict);
         }
-        else if (value != '\\') {
-#ifdef EBCDIC
-            literal_endpoint++;
-#endif
-        }
-        else {
+        else if (value == '\\') {
             /* Is a backslash; get the code point of the char after it */
-           if (UTF && ! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(RExC_parse)) {
+           if (UTF && ! UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))) {
                value = utf8n_to_uvchr((U8*)RExC_parse,
                                   RExC_end - RExC_parse,
                                   &numlen, UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT);
@@ -13734,7 +14030,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                         prevvalue = save_prevvalue;
                         continue;   /* Back to top of loop to get next char */
                     }
+
                     /* Here, is a single code point, and <value> contains it */
+                    unicode_range = TRUE;   /* \N{} are Unicode */
                 }
                 break;
            case 'p':
@@ -13932,7 +14230,8 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                        vFAIL(error_msg);
                    }
                }
-               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100) {
+                non_portable_endpoint++;
+               if (IN_ENCODING && value < 0x100) {
                    goto recode_encoding;
                }
                break;
@@ -13951,11 +14250,13 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                        vFAIL(error_msg);
                    }
                }
-               if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                non_portable_endpoint++;
+               if (IN_ENCODING && value < 0x100)
                    goto recode_encoding;
                break;
            case 'c':
                value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, PASS2);
+                non_portable_endpoint++;
                break;
            case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
            case '5': case '6': case '7':
@@ -13983,13 +14284,14 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                             (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
                         }
                     }
-                   if (PL_encoding && value < 0x100)
+                    non_portable_endpoint++;
+                   if (IN_ENCODING && value < 0x100)
                        goto recode_encoding;
                    break;
                }
            recode_encoding:
                if (! RExC_override_recoding) {
-                   SV* enc = PL_encoding;
+                   SV* enc = _get_encoding();
                    value = reg_recode((const char)(U8)value, &enc);
                    if (!enc) {
                         if (strict) {
@@ -14161,15 +14463,33 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                 &cp_list);
                     }
                 }
-                else {  /* Garden variety class.  If is NASCII, NDIGIT, ...
+                else if (UNI_SEMANTICS
+                        || classnum == _CC_ASCII
+                        || (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS && (classnum == _CC_DIGIT
+                                                  || classnum == _CC_XDIGIT)))
+                {
+                    /* We usually have to worry about /d and /a affecting what
+                     * POSIX classes match, with special code needed for /d
+                     * because we won't know until runtime what all matches.
+                     * But there is no extra work needed under /u, and
+                     * [:ascii:] is unaffected by /a and /d; and :digit: and
+                     * :xdigit: don't have runtime differences under /d.  So we
+                     * can special case these, and avoid some extra work below,
+                     * and at runtime. */
+                    _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
+                                                     simple_posixes,
+                                                     PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+                                                     namedclass % 2 != 0,
+                                                     &simple_posixes);
+                }
+                else {  /* Garden variety class.  If is NUPPER, NALPHA, ...
                            complement and use nposixes */
                     SV** posixes_ptr = namedclass % 2 == 0
                                        ? &posixes
                                        : &nposixes;
-                    SV** source_ptr = &PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum];
                     _invlist_union_maybe_complement_2nd(
                                                      *posixes_ptr,
-                                                     *source_ptr,
+                                                     PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
                                                      namedclass % 2 != 0,
                                                      posixes_ptr);
                 }
@@ -14191,12 +14511,27 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
          * minus sign */
 
        if (range) {
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+            /* For unicode ranges, we have to test that the Unicode as opposed
+             * to the native values are not decreasing.  (Above 255, there is
+             * no difference between native and Unicode) */
+           if (unicode_range && prevvalue < 255 && value < 255) {
+                if (NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(prevvalue) > NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(value)) {
+                    goto backwards_range;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+#endif
            if (prevvalue > value) /* b-a */ {
-               const int w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
+               int w;
+#ifdef EBCDIC
+              backwards_range:
+#endif
+                w = RExC_parse - rangebegin;
                 vFAIL2utf8f(
                     "Invalid [] range \"%"UTF8f"\"",
                     UTF8fARG(UTF, w, rangebegin));
-               range = 0; /* not a valid range */
+                NOT_REACHED; /* NOT REACHED */
            }
        }
        else {
@@ -14248,8 +14583,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             continue;
         }
 
-        /* Here, we have a single value, and <prevvalue> is the beginning of
-         * the range, if any; or <value> if not */
+        /* Here, we have a single value this time through the loop, and
+         * <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value> if
+         * not. */
 
        /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
         * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
@@ -14320,37 +14656,138 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             }
         }
 
+        if (strict && PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+            if (range) {
+
+                /* If the range starts above 255, everything is portable and
+                 * likely to be so for any forseeable character set, so don't
+                 * warn. */
+                if (unicode_range && non_portable_endpoint && prevvalue < 256) {
+                    vWARN(RExC_parse, "Both or neither range ends should be Unicode");
+                }
+                else if (prevvalue != value) {
+
+                    /* Under strict, ranges that stop and/or end in an ASCII
+                     * printable should have each end point be a portable value
+                     * for it (preferably like 'A', but we don't warn if it is
+                     * a (portable) Unicode name or code point), and the range
+                     * must be be all digits or all letters of the same case.
+                     * Otherwise, the range is non-portable and unclear as to
+                     * what it contains */
+                    if ((isPRINT_A(prevvalue) || isPRINT_A(value))
+                        && (non_portable_endpoint
+                            || ! ((isDIGIT_A(prevvalue) && isDIGIT_A(value))
+                                   || (isLOWER_A(prevvalue) && isLOWER_A(value))
+                                   || (isUPPER_A(prevvalue) && isUPPER_A(value)))))
+                    {
+                        vWARN(RExC_parse, "Ranges of ASCII printables should be some subset of \"0-9\", \"A-Z\", or \"a-z\"");
+                    }
+                    else if (prevvalue >= 0x660) { /* ARABIC_INDIC_DIGIT_ZERO */
+
+                        /* But the nature of Unicode and languages mean we
+                         * can't do the same checks for above-ASCII ranges,
+                         * except in the case of digit ones.  These should
+                         * contain only digits from the same group of 10.  The
+                         * ASCII case is handled just above.  0x660 is the
+                         * first digit character beyond ASCII.  Hence here, the
+                         * range could be a range of digits.  Find out.  */
+                        IV index_start = _invlist_search(PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT],
+                                                         prevvalue);
+                        IV index_final = _invlist_search(PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT],
+                                                         value);
+
+                        /* If the range start and final points are in the same
+                         * inversion list element, it means that either both
+                         * are not digits, or both are digits in a consecutive
+                         * sequence of digits.  (So far, Unicode has kept all
+                         * such sequences as distinct groups of 10, but assert
+                         * to make sure).  If the end points are not in the
+                         * same element, neither should be a digit. */
+                        if (index_start == index_final) {
+                            assert(! ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index_start)
+                            || invlist_array(PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT])[index_start+1]
+                            - invlist_array(PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT])[index_start]
+                            == 10);
+                        }
+                        else if ((index_start >= 0
+                                  && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index_start))
+                                 || (index_final >= 0
+                                     && ELEMENT_RANGE_MATCHES_INVLIST(index_final)))
+                        {
+                            vWARN(RExC_parse, "Ranges of digits should be from the same group of 10");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ((! range || prevvalue == value) && non_portable_endpoint) {
+                if (isPRINT_A(value)) {
+                    char literal[3];
+                    unsigned d = 0;
+                    if (isBACKSLASHED_PUNCT(value)) {
+                        literal[d++] = '\\';
+                    }
+                    literal[d++] = (char) value;
+                    literal[d++] = '\0';
+
+                    vWARN4(RExC_parse,
+                           "\"%.*s\" is more clearly written simply as \"%s\"",
+                           (int) (RExC_parse - rangebegin),
+                           rangebegin,
+                           literal
+                        );
+                }
+                else if isMNEMONIC_CNTRL(value) {
+                    vWARN4(RExC_parse,
+                           "\"%.*s\" is more clearly written simply as \"%s\"",
+                           (int) (RExC_parse - rangebegin),
+                           rangebegin,
+                           cntrl_to_mnemonic((char) value)
+                        );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /* Deal with this element of the class */
        if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+
 #ifndef EBCDIC
             cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
                                                      prevvalue, value);
 #else
-            SV* this_range = _new_invlist(1);
-            _append_range_to_invlist(this_range, prevvalue, value);
-
-            /* In EBCDIC, the ranges 'A-Z' and 'a-z' are each not contiguous.
-             * If this range was specified using something like 'i-j', we want
-             * to include only the 'i' and the 'j', and not anything in
-             * between, so exclude non-ASCII, non-alphabetics from it.
-             * However, if the range was specified with something like
-             * [\x89-\x91] or [\x89-j], all code points within it should be
-             * included.  literal_endpoint==2 means both ends of the range used
-             * a literal character, not \x{foo} */
-           if (literal_endpoint == 2
-                && ((prevvalue >= 'a' && value <= 'z')
-                    || (prevvalue >= 'A' && value <= 'Z')))
+            /* On non-ASCII platforms, for ranges that span all of 0..255, and
+             * ones that don't require special handling, we can just add the
+             * range like we do for ASCII platforms */
+            if ((UNLIKELY(prevvalue == 0) && value >= 255)
+                || ! (prevvalue < 256
+                      && (unicode_range
+                          || (! non_portable_endpoint
+                              && ((isLOWER_A(prevvalue) && isLOWER_A(value))
+                                  || (isUPPER_A(prevvalue)
+                                      && isUPPER_A(value)))))))
             {
-                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII],
-                                      &this_range);
-
-                /* Since this above only contains ascii, the intersection of it
-                 * with anything will still yield only ascii */
-                _invlist_intersection(this_range, PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA],
-                                      &this_range);
+                cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
+                                                         prevvalue, value);
+            }
+            else {
+                /* Here, requires special handling.  This can be because it is
+                 * a range whose code points are considered to be Unicode, and
+                 * so must be individually translated into native, or because
+                 * its a subrange of 'A-Z' or 'a-z' which each aren't
+                 * contiguous in EBCDIC, but we have defined them to include
+                 * only the "expected" upper or lower case ASCII alphabetics.
+                 * Subranges above 255 are the same in native and Unicode, so
+                 * can be added as a range */
+                U8 start = NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(prevvalue);
+                unsigned j;
+                U8 end = (value < 256) ? NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(value) : 255;
+                for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+                    cp_foldable_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list, LATIN1_TO_NATIVE(j));
+                }
+                if (value > 255) {
+                    cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
+                                                             256, value);
+                }
             }
-            _invlist_union(cp_foldable_list, this_range, &cp_foldable_list);
-            literal_endpoint = 0;
 #endif
         }
 
@@ -14534,7 +14971,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                 if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
                     op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
                     *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                    RExC_naughty++;
+                    MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
                 }
             }
             else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
@@ -14551,24 +14988,29 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                     op = POSIXA;
                 }
             }
-            else if (prevvalue == 'A') {
-                if (value == 'Z'
+            else if (AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED || ! FOLD) {
+                /* We can optimize A-Z or a-z, but not if they could match
+                 * something like the KELVIN SIGN under /i (/a means they
+                 * can't) */
+                if (prevvalue == 'A') {
+                    if (value == 'Z'
 #ifdef EBCDIC
-                    && literal_endpoint == 2
+                        && ! non_portable_end_point
 #endif
-                ) {
-                    arg = (FOLD) ? _CC_ALPHA : _CC_UPPER;
-                    op = POSIXA;
+                    ) {
+                        arg = (FOLD) ? _CC_ALPHA : _CC_UPPER;
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
                 }
-            }
-            else if (prevvalue == 'a') {
-                if (value == 'z'
+                else if (prevvalue == 'a') {
+                    if (value == 'z'
 #ifdef EBCDIC
-                    && literal_endpoint == 2
+                        && ! non_portable_end_point
 #endif
-                ) {
-                    arg = (FOLD) ? _CC_ALPHA : _CC_LOWER;
-                    op = POSIXA;
+                    ) {
+                        arg = (FOLD) ? _CC_ALPHA : _CC_LOWER;
+                        op = POSIXA;
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -14622,6 +15064,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
 
             SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
             SvREFCNT_dec(nposixes);
+            SvREFCNT_dec(simple_posixes);
             SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
             SvREFCNT_dec(cp_foldable_list);
             return ret;
@@ -14779,6 +15222,10 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
      * classes.  The lists are kept separate up to now because we don't want to
      * fold the classes (folding of those is automatically handled by the swash
      * fetching code) */
+    if (simple_posixes) {
+        _invlist_union(cp_list, simple_posixes, &cp_list);
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(simple_posixes);
+    }
     if (posixes || nposixes) {
         if (posixes && AT_LEAST_ASCII_RESTRICTED) {
             /* Under /a and /aa, nothing above ASCII matches these */
@@ -14999,7 +15446,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                 value = start;
 
                 if (! FOLD) {
-                    op = EXACT;
+                    op = (LOC)
+                         ? EXACTL
+                         : EXACT;
                 }
                 else if (LOC) {
 
@@ -15041,7 +15490,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             if (end == UV_MAX) {
                 op = SANY;
                 *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                RExC_naughty++;
+                MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
             }
             else if (end == '\n' - 1
                     && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
@@ -15049,7 +15498,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             {
                 op = REG_ANY;
                 *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                RExC_naughty++;
+                MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
             }
         }
         invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
@@ -15425,6 +15874,8 @@ S_regnode_guts(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const STRLEN extra_
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGNODE_GUTS;
 
+    assert(extra_size >= regarglen[op]);
+
     if (SIZE_ONLY) {
        SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
        RExC_size += 1 + extra_size;
@@ -15460,10 +15911,12 @@ S_regnode_guts(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const STRLEN extra_
 STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
 S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
 {
-    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, 0, "reg_node");
+    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reg_node");
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
 
+    assert(regarglen[op] == 0);
+
     if (PASS2) {
         regnode *ptr = ret;
         FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
@@ -15478,10 +15931,12 @@ S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
 STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
 S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
 {
-    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, 1, "reganode");
+    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reganode");
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
 
+    assert(regarglen[op] == 1);
+
     if (PASS2) {
         regnode *ptr = ret;
         FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
@@ -15495,7 +15950,7 @@ S_reg2Lanode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const U32 arg1, const
 {
     /* emit a node with U32 and I32 arguments */
 
-    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "rega2Lnode");
+    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reg2Lanode");
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG2LANODE;
 
@@ -15510,17 +15965,6 @@ S_reg2Lanode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const U32 arg1, const
 }
 
 /*
-- reguni - emit (if appropriate) a Unicode character
-*/
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE STRLEN
-S_reguni(pTHX_ const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, UV uv, char* s)
-{
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGUNI;
-
-    return SIZE_ONLY ? UNISKIP(uv) : (uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, uv) - (U8*)s);
-}
-
-/*
 - reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
 *
 * Means relocating the operand.
@@ -15635,11 +16079,10 @@ S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
     for (;;) {
        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
         DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
             DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan, NULL);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, scan, NULL, pRExC_state);
             PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
-                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
                     (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
                     (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
             );
@@ -15707,10 +16150,12 @@ S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
         if ( exact ) {
             switch (OP(scan)) {
                 case EXACT:
+                case EXACTL:
                 case EXACTF:
                 case EXACTFA_NO_TRIE:
                 case EXACTFA:
                 case EXACTFU:
+                case EXACTFLU8:
                 case EXACTFU_SS:
                 case EXACTFL:
                         if( exact == PSEUDO )
@@ -15724,11 +16169,10 @@ S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
             }
         }
         DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-            SV * const mysv=sv_newmortal();
             DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
-            regprop(RExC_rx, mysv, scan, NULL);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, scan, NULL, pRExC_state);
             PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
-                SvPV_nolen_const(mysv),
+                SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv),
                 REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
                 PL_reg_name[exact]);
         });
@@ -15737,12 +16181,11 @@ S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
        scan = temp;
     }
     DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-        SV * const mysv_val=sv_newmortal();
         DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
-        regprop(RExC_rx, mysv_val, val, NULL);
+        regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, val, NULL, pRExC_state);
         PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                       "~ attach to %s (%"IVdf") offset to %"IVdf"\n",
-                     SvPV_nolen_const(mysv_val),
+                     SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv),
                      (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
                      (IV)(val - scan)
         );
@@ -15894,7 +16337,7 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, ") ");
 
     if (ri->regstclass) {
-       regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass, NULL);
+        regprop(r, sv, ri->regstclass, NULL, NULL);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "stclass %s ", SvPVX_const(sv));
     }
     if (r->intflags & PREGf_ANCH) {
@@ -15933,7 +16376,7 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
 */
 
 void
-Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_info *reginfo)
+Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_info *reginfo, const RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
 {
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
     int k;
@@ -15988,7 +16431,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
 
-    sv_setpvs(sv, "");
+    sv_setpvn(sv, "", 0);
 
     if (OP(o) > REGNODE_MAX)           /* regnode.type is unsigned */
        /* It would be nice to FAIL() here, but this may be called from
@@ -16056,19 +16499,23 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
     else if (k == REF || k == OPEN || k == CLOSE
              || k == GROUPP || OP(o)==ACCEPT)
     {
+        AV *name_list= NULL;
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d", (int)ARG(o));    /* Parenth number */
        if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
+            name_list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
+        } else if ( pRExC_state ) {
+            name_list= RExC_paren_name_list;
+        }
+        if (name_list) {
             if ( k != REF || (OP(o) < NREF)) {
-               AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
-               SV **name= av_fetch(list, ARG(o), 0 );
+                SV **name= av_fetch(name_list, ARG(o), 0 );
                if (name)
                    Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
             }
             else {
-                AV *list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[ progi->name_list_idx ]);
                 SV *sv_dat= MUTABLE_SV(progi->data->data[ ARG( o ) ]);
                 I32 *nums=(I32*)SvPVX(sv_dat);
-                SV **name= av_fetch(list, nums[0], 0 );
+                SV **name= av_fetch(name_list, nums[0], 0 );
                 I32 n;
                 if (name) {
                     for ( n=0; n<SvIVX(sv_dat); n++ ) {
@@ -16093,9 +16540,22 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
                     PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT|PERL_PV_PRETTY_NOCLEAR|PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES|PERL_PV_PRETTY_QUOTE );
             }
         }
-    } else if (k == GOSUB)
+    } else if (k == GOSUB) {
+        AV *name_list= NULL;
+        if ( RXp_PAREN_NAMES(prog) ) {
+            name_list= MUTABLE_AV(progi->data->data[progi->name_list_idx]);
+        } else if ( pRExC_state ) {
+            name_list= RExC_paren_name_list;
+        }
+
         /* Paren and offset */
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%d[%+d]", (int)ARG(o),(int)ARG2L(o));
+        if (name_list) {
+            SV **name= av_fetch(name_list, ARG(o), 0 );
+            if (name)
+                Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, " '%"SVf"'", SVfARG(*name));
+        }
+    }
     else if (k == VERB) {
         if (!o->flags)
             Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, ":%"SVf,
@@ -16109,7 +16569,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
         SV* bitmap_invlist;  /* Will hold what the bit map contains */
 
 
-       if (flags & ANYOF_LOCALE_FLAGS)
+       if (OP(o) == ANYOFL)
            sv_catpvs(sv, "{loc}");
        if (flags & ANYOF_LOC_FOLD)
            sv_catpvs(sv, "{i}");
@@ -16150,13 +16610,12 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
                 sv_catpvs(sv, "{non-utf8-latin1-all}");
             }
 
-            /* output information about the unicode matching */
             if (flags & ANYOF_MATCHES_ALL_ABOVE_BITMAP)
                 sv_catpvs(sv, "{above_bitmap_all}");
-            else if (ARG(o) != ANYOF_ONLY_HAS_BITMAP) {
+
+            if (ARG(o) != ANYOF_ONLY_HAS_BITMAP) {
                 SV *lv; /* Set if there is something outside the bit map. */
-                bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something in the bitmap has
-                                               been output */
+                bool byte_output = FALSE;   /* If something has been output */
                 SV *only_utf8_locale;
 
                 /* Get the stuff that wasn't in the bitmap.  'bitmap_invlist'
@@ -16268,6 +16727,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(o);
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(prog);
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(reginfo);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(pRExC_state);
 #endif /* DEBUGGING */
 }
 
@@ -16284,21 +16744,22 @@ Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
 
     DEBUG_COMPILE_r(
        {
-           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(prog->check_substr
-                     ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8);
+           const char * const s = SvPV_nolen_const(RX_UTF8(r)
+                     ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr);
 
            if (!PL_colorset) reginitcolors();
            PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
                      "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
                      PL_colors[4],
-                     prog->check_substr ? "" : "utf8 ",
+                     RX_UTF8(r) ? "utf8 " : "",
                      PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
                      s,
                      PL_colors[1],
                      (strlen(s) > 60 ? "..." : ""));
        } );
 
-    return prog->check_substr ? prog->check_substr : prog->check_utf8;
+    /* use UTF8 check substring if regexp pattern itself is in UTF8 */
+    return RX_UTF8(r) ? prog->check_utf8 : prog->check_substr;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -16835,10 +17296,6 @@ S_re_croak2(pTHX_ bool utf8, const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
 }
 
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
-/* Certain characters are output as a sequence with the first being a
- * backslash. */
-#define isBACKSLASHED_PUNCT(c)                                              \
-                    ((c) == '-' || (c) == ']' || (c) == '\\' || (c) == '^')
 
 STATIC void
 S_put_code_point(pTHX_ SV *sv, UV c)
@@ -16867,10 +17324,6 @@ S_put_code_point(pTHX_ SV *sv, UV c)
 
 #define MAX_PRINT_A MAX_PRINT_A_FOR_USE_ONLY_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C
 
-#ifndef MIN
-#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
-#endif
-
 STATIC void
 S_put_range(pTHX_ SV *sv, UV start, const UV end, const bool allow_literals)
 {
@@ -17021,7 +17474,9 @@ S_put_range(pTHX_ SV *sv, UV start, const UV end, const bool allow_literals)
         format = (this_end < 256)
                  ? "\\x{%02"UVXf"}-\\x{%02"UVXf"}"
                  : "\\x{%04"UVXf"}-\\x{%04"UVXf"}";
+        GCC_DIAG_IGNORE(-Wformat-nonliteral);
         Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, format, start, this_end);
+        GCC_DIAG_RESTORE;
         break;
     }
 }
@@ -17180,7 +17635,7 @@ S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
        } else
            CLEAR_OPTSTART;
 
-       regprop(r, sv, node, NULL);
+        regprop(r, sv, node, NULL, NULL);
        PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "%4"IVdf":%*s%s", (IV)(node - start),
                      (int)(2*indent + 1), "", SvPVX_const(sv));