=head1 NAME
+X<function>
perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
last value in the list. Some operators return a count of successful
operations. In general, they do what you want, unless you want
consistency.
+X<context>
A named array in scalar context is quite different from what would at
first glance appear to be a list in scalar context. You can't get a list
variable on failure. Other functions do not, except accidentally.
=head2 Perl Functions by Category
+X<function>
Here are Perl's functions (including things that look like
functions, like some keywords and named operators)
=over 4
=item Functions for SCALARs or strings
+X<scalar> X<string> X<character>
C<chomp>, C<chop>, C<chr>, C<crypt>, C<hex>, C<index>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>,
C<length>, C<oct>, C<ord>, C<pack>, C<q/STRING/>, C<qq/STRING/>, C<reverse>,
C<rindex>, C<sprintf>, C<substr>, C<tr///>, C<uc>, C<ucfirst>, C<y///>
=item Regular expressions and pattern matching
+X<regular expression> X<regex> X<regexp>
C<m//>, C<pos>, C<quotemeta>, C<s///>, C<split>, C<study>, C<qr//>
=item Numeric functions
+X<numeric> X<number> X<trigonometric> X<trigonometry>
C<abs>, C<atan2>, C<cos>, C<exp>, C<hex>, C<int>, C<log>, C<oct>, C<rand>,
C<sin>, C<sqrt>, C<srand>
=item Functions for real @ARRAYs
+X<array>
C<pop>, C<push>, C<shift>, C<splice>, C<unshift>
=item Functions for list data
+X<list>
C<grep>, C<join>, C<map>, C<qw/STRING/>, C<reverse>, C<sort>, C<unpack>
=item Functions for real %HASHes
+X<hash>
C<delete>, C<each>, C<exists>, C<keys>, C<values>
=item Input and output functions
+X<I/O> X<input> X<output> X<dbm>
C<binmode>, C<close>, C<closedir>, C<dbmclose>, C<dbmopen>, C<die>, C<eof>,
C<fileno>, C<flock>, C<format>, C<getc>, C<print>, C<printf>, C<read>,
-C<readdir>, C<rewinddir>, C<seek>, C<seekdir>, C<select>, C<syscall>,
+C<readdir>, C<rewinddir>, C<say>, C<seek>, C<seekdir>, C<select>, C<syscall>,
C<sysread>, C<sysseek>, C<syswrite>, C<tell>, C<telldir>, C<truncate>,
C<warn>, C<write>
C<pack>, C<read>, C<syscall>, C<sysread>, C<syswrite>, C<unpack>, C<vec>
=item Functions for filehandles, files, or directories
+X<file> X<filehandle> X<directory> X<pipe> X<link> X<symlink>
C<-I<X>>, C<chdir>, C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<chroot>, C<fcntl>, C<glob>,
C<ioctl>, C<link>, C<lstat>, C<mkdir>, C<open>, C<opendir>,
C<umask>, C<unlink>, C<utime>
=item Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program
+X<control flow>
C<caller>, C<continue>, C<die>, C<do>, C<dump>, C<eval>, C<exit>,
C<goto>, C<last>, C<next>, C<redo>, C<return>, C<sub>, C<wantarray>
+=item Keywords related to switch
+
+C<break>, C<continue>
+
+(These are only available if you enable the "switch" feature.
+See L<feature> and L<perlsyn/"Switch statements">.)
+
=item Keywords related to scoping
C<caller>, C<import>, C<local>, C<my>, C<our>, C<package>, C<use>
C<scalar>, C<undef>, C<wantarray>
=item Functions for processes and process groups
+X<process> X<pid> X<process id>
C<alarm>, C<exec>, C<fork>, C<getpgrp>, C<getppid>, C<getpriority>, C<kill>,
C<pipe>, C<qx/STRING/>, C<setpgrp>, C<setpriority>, C<sleep>, C<system>,
C<times>, C<wait>, C<waitpid>
=item Keywords related to perl modules
+X<module>
C<do>, C<import>, C<no>, C<package>, C<require>, C<use>
=item Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness
+X<object> X<class> X<package>
C<bless>, C<dbmclose>, C<dbmopen>, C<package>, C<ref>, C<tie>, C<tied>,
C<untie>, C<use>
=item Low-level socket functions
+X<socket> X<sock>
C<accept>, C<bind>, C<connect>, C<getpeername>, C<getsockname>,
C<getsockopt>, C<listen>, C<recv>, C<send>, C<setsockopt>, C<shutdown>,
C<socket>, C<socketpair>
=item System V interprocess communication functions
+X<IPC> X<System V> X<semaphore> X<shared memory> X<memory> X<message>
C<msgctl>, C<msgget>, C<msgrcv>, C<msgsnd>, C<semctl>, C<semget>, C<semop>,
C<shmctl>, C<shmget>, C<shmread>, C<shmwrite>
=item Fetching user and group info
+X<user> X<group> X<password> X<uid> X<gid> X<passwd> X</etc/passwd>
C<endgrent>, C<endhostent>, C<endnetent>, C<endpwent>, C<getgrent>,
C<getgrgid>, C<getgrnam>, C<getlogin>, C<getpwent>, C<getpwnam>,
C<getpwuid>, C<setgrent>, C<setpwent>
=item Fetching network info
+X<network> X<protocol> X<host> X<hostname> X<IP> X<address> X<service>
C<endprotoent>, C<endservent>, C<gethostbyaddr>, C<gethostbyname>,
C<gethostent>, C<getnetbyaddr>, C<getnetbyname>, C<getnetent>,
C<setnetent>, C<setprotoent>, C<setservent>
=item Time-related functions
+X<time> X<date>
C<gmtime>, C<localtime>, C<time>, C<times>
=item Functions new in perl5
+X<perl5>
C<abs>, C<bless>, C<chomp>, C<chr>, C<exists>, C<formline>, C<glob>,
-C<import>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>, C<map>, C<my>, C<no>, C<our>, C<prototype>,
-C<qx>, C<qw>, C<readline>, C<readpipe>, C<ref>, C<sub*>, C<sysopen>, C<tie>,
-C<tied>, C<uc>, C<ucfirst>, C<untie>, C<use>
+C<import>, C<lc>, C<lcfirst>, C<lock>, C<map>, C<my>, C<no>, C<our>,
+C<prototype>, C<qr>, C<qw>, C<qx>, C<readline>, C<readpipe>, C<ref>,
+C<sub>*, C<sysopen>, C<tie>, C<tied>, C<uc>, C<ucfirst>, C<untie>, C<use>
* - C<sub> was a keyword in perl4, but in perl5 it is an
operator, which can be used in expressions.
=back
=head2 Portability
+X<portability> X<Unix> X<portable>
Perl was born in Unix and can therefore access all common Unix
system calls. In non-Unix environments, the functionality of some
=over 8
=item -X FILEHANDLE
+X<-r>X<-w>X<-x>X<-o>X<-R>X<-W>X<-X>X<-O>X<-e>X<-z>X<-s>X<-f>X<-d>X<-l>X<-p>
+X<-S>X<-b>X<-c>X<-t>X<-u>X<-g>X<-k>X<-T>X<-B>X<-M>X<-A>X<-C>
=item -X EXPR
names, precedence is the same as any other named unary operator, and
the argument may be parenthesized like any other unary operator. The
operator may be any of:
-X<-r>X<-w>X<-x>X<-o>X<-R>X<-W>X<-X>X<-O>X<-e>X<-z>X<-s>X<-f>X<-d>X<-l>X<-p>
-X<-S>X<-b>X<-c>X<-t>X<-u>X<-g>X<-k>X<-T>X<-B>X<-M>X<-A>X<-C>
-r File is readable by effective uid/gid.
-w File is writable by effective uid/gid.
operator, no special magic will happen.)
=item abs VALUE
+X<abs> X<absolute>
=item abs
If VALUE is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET
+X<accept>
Accepts an incoming socket connect, just as the accept(2) system call
does. Returns the packed address if it succeeded, false otherwise.
value of $^F. See L<perlvar/$^F>.
=item alarm SECONDS
+X<alarm>
+X<SIGALRM>
+X<timer>
=item alarm
For more information see L<perlipc>.
=item atan2 Y,X
+X<atan2> X<arctangent> X<tan> X<tangent>
Returns the arctangent of Y/X in the range -PI to PI.
Note that atan2(0, 0) is not well-defined.
=item bind SOCKET,NAME
+X<bind>
Binds a network address to a socket, just as the bind system call
does. Returns true if it succeeded, false otherwise. NAME should be a
L<perlipc/"Sockets: Client/Server Communication">.
=item binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER
+X<binmode> X<binary> X<text> X<DOS> X<Windows>
=item binmode FILEHANDLE
line-termination sequences.
=item bless REF,CLASSNAME
+X<bless>
=item bless REF
See L<perlmod/"Perl Modules">.
+=item break
+
+Break out of a C<given()> block.
+
+This keyword is enabled by the "switch" feature: see L<feature>
+for more information.
+
=item caller EXPR
+X<caller> X<call stack> X<stack> X<stack trace>
=item caller
to go back before the current one.
($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine, $hasargs,
- $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask) = caller($i);
+ $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask, $hinthash)
+ = caller($i);
Here $subroutine may be C<(eval)> if the frame is not a subroutine
call, but an C<eval>. In such a case additional elements $evaltext and
compiled with. The C<$hints> and C<$bitmask> values are subject to change
between versions of Perl, and are not meant for external use.
+C<$hinthash> is a reference to a hash containing the value of C<%^H> when the
+caller was compiled, or C<undef> if C<%^H> was empty. Do not modify the values
+of this hash, as they are the actual values stored in the optree.
+
Furthermore, when called from within the DB package, caller returns more
detailed information: it sets the list variable C<@DB::args> to be the
arguments with which the subroutine was invoked.
previous time C<caller> was called.
=item chdir EXPR
+X<chdir>
+X<cd>
=item chdir FILEHANDLE
passing handles produces a fatal error at run time.
=item chmod LIST
+X<chmod> X<permission> X<mode>
Changes the permissions of a list of files. The first element of the
list must be the numerical mode, which should probably be an octal
On systems that support fchmod, you might pass file handles among the
files. On systems that don't support fchmod, passing file handles
-produces a fatal error at run time.
+produces a fatal error at run time. The file handles must be passed
+as globs or references to be recognized. Barewords are considered
+file names.
open(my $fh, "<", "foo");
my $perm = (stat $fh)[2] & 07777;
# This is identical to the chmod 0755 of the above example.
=item chomp VARIABLE
+X<chomp> X<INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR> X<$/> X<newline> X<eol>
=item chomp( LIST )
as C<chomp($a, $b)>.
=item chop VARIABLE
+X<chop>
=item chop( LIST )
See also L</chomp>.
=item chown LIST
+X<chown> X<owner> X<user> X<group>
Changes the owner (and group) of a list of files. The first two
elements of the list must be the I<numeric> uid and gid, in that
On systems that support fchown, you might pass file handles among the
files. On systems that don't support fchown, passing file handles
-produces a fatal error at run time.
+produces a fatal error at run time. The file handles must be passed
+as globs or references to be recognized. Barewords are considered
+file names.
Here's an example that looks up nonnumeric uids in the passwd file:
$can_chown_giveaway = not sysconf(_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED);
=item chr NUMBER
+X<chr> X<character> X<ASCII> X<Unicode>
=item chr
See L<perlunicode> and L<encoding> for more about Unicode.
=item chroot FILENAME
+X<chroot> X<root>
=item chroot
omitted, does a C<chroot> to C<$_>.
=item close FILEHANDLE
+X<close>
=item close
filehandle, usually the real filehandle name.
=item closedir DIRHANDLE
+X<closedir>
Closes a directory opened by C<opendir> and returns the success of that
system call.
=item connect SOCKET,NAME
+X<connect>
Attempts to connect to a remote socket, just as the connect system call
does. Returns true if it succeeded, false otherwise. NAME should be a
L<perlipc/"Sockets: Client/Server Communication">.
=item continue BLOCK
+X<continue>
+
+=item continue
C<continue> is actually a flow control statement rather than a function. If
there is a C<continue> BLOCK attached to a BLOCK (typically in a C<while> or
empty one, logically enough. In that case, C<next> goes directly back
to check the condition at the top of the loop.
+If the "switch" feature is enabled, C<continue> is also a
+function that will break out of the current C<when> or C<default>
+block, and fall through to the next case. See L<feature> and
+L<perlsyn/"Switch statements"> for more information.
+
+
=item cos EXPR
+X<cos> X<cosine> X<acos> X<arccosine>
=item cos
sub acos { atan2( sqrt(1 - $_[0] * $_[0]), $_[0] ) }
=item crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT
+X<crypt> X<digest> X<hash> X<salt> X<plaintext> X<password>
+X<decrypt> X<cryptography> X<passwd>
Creates a digest string exactly like the crypt(3) function in the C
library (assuming that you actually have a version there that has not
C<Wide character in crypt>.
=item dbmclose HASH
+X<dbmclose>
[This function has been largely superseded by the C<untie> function.]
Breaks the binding between a DBM file and a hash.
=item dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK
+X<dbmopen> X<dbm> X<ndbm> X<sdbm> X<gdbm>
[This function has been largely superseded by the C<tie> function.]
or die "Can't open netscape history file: $!";
=item defined EXPR
+X<defined> X<undef> X<undefined>
=item defined
See also L</undef>, L</exists>, L</ref>.
=item delete EXPR
+X<delete>
Given an expression that specifies a hash element, array element, hash slice,
or array slice, deletes the specified element(s) from the hash or array.
delete @{$ref->[$x][$y]}[$index1, $index2, @moreindices];
=item die LIST
+X<die> X<throw> X<exception> X<raise> X<$@> X<abort>
Outside an C<eval>, prints the value of LIST to C<STDERR> and
exits with the current value of C<$!> (errno). If C<$!> is C<0>,
behavior may be fixed in a future release.
=item do BLOCK
+X<do> X<block>
Not really a function. Returns the value of the last command in the
sequence of commands indicated by BLOCK. When modified by the C<while> or
See L<perlsyn> for alternative strategies.
=item do SUBROUTINE(LIST)
+X<do>
This form of subroutine call is deprecated. See L<perlsub>.
=item do EXPR
+X<do>
Uses the value of EXPR as a filename and executes the contents of the
file as a Perl script.
}
=item dump LABEL
+X<dump> X<core> X<undump>
=item dump
make your program I<appear> to run faster.
=item each HASH
+X<each> X<hash, iterator>
When called in list context, returns a 2-element list consisting of the
key and value for the next element of a hash, so that you can iterate over
See also C<keys>, C<values> and C<sort>.
=item eof FILEHANDLE
+X<eof>
+X<end of file>
+X<end-of-file>
=item eof ()
there was an error.
=item eval EXPR
+X<eval> X<try> X<catch> X<evaluate> X<parse> X<execute>
=item eval BLOCK
need to worry about this unless you are writing a Perl debugger.
=item exec LIST
+X<exec> X<execute>
=item exec PROGRAM LIST
any C<DESTROY> methods in your objects.
=item exists EXPR
+X<exists> X<autovivification>
Given an expression that specifies a hash element or array element,
returns true if the specified element in the hash or array has ever
exists &sub(); # Error
=item exit EXPR
+X<exit> X<terminate> X<abort>
=item exit
See L<perlmod> for details.
=item exp EXPR
+X<exp> X<exponential> X<antilog> X<antilogarithm> X<e>
=item exp
If EXPR is omitted, gives C<exp($_)>.
=item fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR
+X<fcntl>
Implements the fcntl(2) function. You'll probably have to say
or die "Can't set flags for the socket: $!\n";
=item fileno FILEHANDLE
+X<fileno>
Returns the file descriptor for a filehandle, or undefined if the
filehandle is not open. This is mainly useful for constructing
=item flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION
+X<flock> X<lock> X<locking>
Calls flock(2), or an emulation of it, on FILEHANDLE. Returns true
for success, false on failure. Produces a fatal error if used on a
See also L<DB_File> for other flock() examples.
=item fork
+X<fork> X<child> X<parent>
Does a fork(2) system call to create a new process running the
same program at the same point. It returns the child pid to the
You should reopen those to F</dev/null> if it's any issue.
=item format
+X<format>
Declare a picture format for use by the C<write> function. For
example:
See L<perlform> for many details and examples.
=item formline PICTURE,LIST
+X<formline>
This is an internal function used by C<format>s, though you may call it,
too. It formats (see L<perlform>) a list of values according to the
C<formline> always returns true. See L<perlform> for other examples.
=item getc FILEHANDLE
+X<getc> X<getchar>
=item getc
L<perlmodlib/CPAN>.
=item getlogin
+X<getlogin> X<login>
This implements the C library function of the same name, which on most
systems returns the current login from F</etc/utmp>, if any. If null,
secure as C<getpwuid>.
=item getpeername SOCKET
+X<getpeername> X<peer>
Returns the packed sockaddr address of other end of the SOCKET connection.
$herstraddr = inet_ntoa($iaddr);
=item getpgrp PID
+X<getpgrp> X<group>
Returns the current process group for the specified PID. Use
a PID of C<0> to get the current process group for the
does not accept a PID argument, so only C<PID==0> is truly portable.
=item getppid
+X<getppid> X<parent> X<pid>
Returns the process id of the parent process.
C<Linux::Pid>.
=item getpriority WHICH,WHO
+X<getpriority> X<priority> X<nice>
Returns the current priority for a process, a process group, or a user.
(See L<getpriority(2)>.) Will raise a fatal exception if used on a
machine that doesn't implement getpriority(2).
=item getpwnam NAME
+X<getpwnam> X<getgrnam> X<gethostbyname> X<getnetbyname> X<getprotobyname>
+X<getpwuid> X<getgrgid> X<getservbyname> X<gethostbyaddr> X<getnetbyaddr>
+X<getprotobynumber> X<getservbyport> X<getpwent> X<getgrent> X<gethostent>
+X<getnetent> X<getprotoent> X<getservent> X<setpwent> X<setgrent> X<sethostent>
+X<setnetent> X<setprotoent> X<setservent> X<endpwent> X<endgrent> X<endhostent>
+X<endnetent> X<endprotoent> X<endservent>
=item getgrnam NAME
a C<User::pwent> object.
=item getsockname SOCKET
+X<getsockname>
Returns the packed sockaddr address of this end of the SOCKET connection,
in case you don't know the address because you have several different
inet_ntoa($myaddr);
=item getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME
+X<getsockopt>
Queries the option named OPTNAME associated with SOCKET at a given LEVEL.
Options may exist at multiple protocol levels depending on the socket
=item glob EXPR
+X<glob> X<wildcard> X<filename, expansion> X<expand>
=item glob
C<File::Glob> extension. See L<File::Glob> for details.
=item gmtime EXPR
+X<gmtime> X<UTC> X<Greenwich>
=item gmtime
-Converts a time as returned by the time function to an 8-element list
+Converts a time as returned by the time function to an 9-element list
with the time localized for the standard Greenwich time zone.
Typically used as follows:
- # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday) =
+ # 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) =
gmtime(time);
All list elements are numeric, and come straight out of the C `struct
indicating December. $year is the number of years since 1900. That
is, $year is C<123> in year 2023. $wday is the day of the week, with
0 indicating Sunday and 3 indicating Wednesday. $yday is the day of
-the year, in the range C<0..364> (or C<0..365> in leap years.)
+the year, in the range C<0..364> (or C<0..365> in leap years). $isdst
+is always C<0>.
Note that the $year element is I<not> simply the last two digits of
the year. If you assume it is then you create non-Y2K-compliant
See L<perlport/gmtime> for portability concerns.
=item goto LABEL
+X<goto> X<jump> X<jmp>
=item goto EXPR
reference.
=item grep BLOCK LIST
+X<grep>
=item grep EXPR,LIST
See also L</map> for a list composed of the results of the BLOCK or EXPR.
=item hex EXPR
+X<hex> X<hexadecimal>
=item hex
L</sprintf>, or L</unpack>.
=item import LIST
+X<import>
There is no builtin C<import> function. It is just an ordinary
method (subroutine) defined (or inherited) by modules that wish to export
for the package used. See also L</use>, L<perlmod>, and L<Exporter>.
=item index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION
+X<index> X<indexOf> X<InStr>
=item index STR,SUBSTR
is not found, C<index> returns one less than the base, ordinarily C<-1>.
=item int EXPR
+X<int> X<integer> X<truncate> X<trunc>
=item int
functions will serve you better than will int().
=item ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR
+X<ioctl>
Implements the ioctl(2) function. You'll probably first have to say
- require "sys/ioctl.ph"; # probably in $Config{archlib}/ioctl.ph
+ require "sys/ioctl.ph"; # probably in $Config{archlib}/sys/ioctl.ph
to get the correct function definitions. If F<sys/ioctl.ph> doesn't
exist or doesn't have the correct definitions you'll have to roll your
about improper numeric conversions.
=item join EXPR,LIST
+X<join>
Joins the separate strings of LIST into a single string with fields
separated by the value of EXPR, and returns that new string. Example:
first argument. Compare L</split>.
=item keys HASH
+X<keys> X<key>
Returns a list consisting of all the keys of the named hash.
(In scalar context, returns the number of keys.)
See also C<each>, C<values> and C<sort>.
=item kill SIGNAL, LIST
+X<kill> X<signal>
Sends a signal to a list of processes. Returns the number of
processes successfully signaled (which is not necessarily the
$cnt = kill 1, $child1, $child2;
kill 9, @goners;
-If SIGNAL is zero, no signal is sent to the process. This is a
-useful way to check that a child process is alive and hasn't changed
-its UID. See L<perlport> for notes on the portability of this
-construct.
+If SIGNAL is zero, no signal is sent to the process, but the kill(2)
+system call will check whether it's possible to send a signal to it (that
+means, to be brief, that the process is owned by the same user, or we are
+the super-user). This is a useful way to check that a child process is
+alive and hasn't changed its UID. See L<perlport> for notes on the
+portability of this construct.
Unlike in the shell, if SIGNAL is negative, it kills
process groups instead of processes. (On System V, a negative I<PROCESS>
See L<perlipc/"Signals"> for more details.
=item last LABEL
+X<last> X<break>
=item last
C<redo> work.
=item lc EXPR
+X<lc> X<lowercase>
=item lc
If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item lcfirst EXPR
+X<lcfirst> X<lowercase>
=item lcfirst
If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item length EXPR
+X<length> X<size>
=item length
in bytes, use C<do { use bytes; length(EXPR) }>, see L<bytes>.
=item link OLDFILE,NEWFILE
+X<link>
Creates a new filename linked to the old filename. Returns true for
success, false otherwise.
=item listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE
+X<listen>
Does the same thing that the listen system call does. Returns true if
it succeeded, false otherwise. See the example in
L<perlipc/"Sockets: Client/Server Communication">.
=item local EXPR
+X<local>
You really probably want to be using C<my> instead, because C<local> isn't
what most people think of as "local". See
for details, including issues with tied arrays and hashes.
=item localtime EXPR
+X<localtime>
=item localtime
See L<perlport/localtime> for portability concerns.
=item lock THING
+X<lock>
This function places an advisory lock on a shared variable, or referenced
object contained in I<THING> until the lock goes out of scope.
keyword.) See L<threads>.
=item log EXPR
+X<log> X<logarithm> X<e> X<ln> X<base>
=item log
See also L</exp> for the inverse operation.
=item lstat EXPR
+X<lstat>
=item lstat
The match operator. See L<perlop>.
=item map BLOCK LIST
+X<map>
=item map EXPR,LIST
and you get list of anonymous hashes each with only 1 entry.
=item mkdir FILENAME,MASK
+X<mkdir> X<md> X<directory, create>
=item mkdir FILENAME
everyone happy.
=item msgctl ID,CMD,ARG
+X<msgctl>
Calls the System V IPC function msgctl(2). You'll probably have to say
L<perlipc/"SysV IPC">, C<IPC::SysV>, and C<IPC::Semaphore> documentation.
=item msgget KEY,FLAGS
+X<msgget>
Calls the System V IPC function msgget(2). Returns the message queue
id, or the undefined value if there is an error. See also
L<perlipc/"SysV IPC"> and C<IPC::SysV> and C<IPC::Msg> documentation.
=item msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS
+X<msgrcv>
Calls the System V IPC function msgrcv to receive a message from
message queue ID into variable VAR with a maximum message size of
C<IPC::SysV::Msg> documentation.
=item msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS
+X<msgsnd>
Calls the System V IPC function msgsnd to send the message MSG to the
message queue ID. MSG must begin with the native long integer message
and C<IPC::SysV::Msg> documentation.
=item my EXPR
+X<my>
=item my TYPE EXPR
L<attributes>, and L<Attribute::Handlers>.
=item next LABEL
+X<next> X<continue>
=item next
C<redo> work.
=item no Module VERSION LIST
+X<no>
=item no Module VERSION
See the C<use> function, of which C<no> is the opposite.
=item oct EXPR
+X<oct> X<octal> X<hex> X<hexadecimal> X<binary> X<bin>
=item oct
conversion assumes base 10.)
=item open FILEHANDLE,EXPR
+X<open> X<pipe> X<file, open> X<fopen>
=item open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR
open(FH, "<:utf8", "file")
will open the UTF-8 encoded file containing Unicode characters,
-see L<perluniintro>. (Note that if layers are specified in the
-three-arg form then default layers set by the C<open> pragma are
-ignored.)
+see L<perluniintro>. Note that if layers are specified in the
+three-arg form then default layers stored in ${^OPEN} (see L<perlvar>;
+usually set by the B<open> pragma or the switch B<-CioD>) are ignored.
Open returns nonzero upon success, the undefined value otherwise. If
the C<open> involved a pipe, the return value happens to be the pid of
See L</seek> for some details about mixing reading and writing.
=item opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR
+X<opendir>
Opens a directory named EXPR for processing by C<readdir>, C<telldir>,
C<seekdir>, C<rewinddir>, and C<closedir>. Returns true if successful.
DIRHANDLEs have their own namespace separate from FILEHANDLEs.
=item ord EXPR
+X<ord> X<encoding>
=item ord
See L<perlunicode> and L<encoding> for more about Unicode.
=item our EXPR
+X<our> X<global>
=item our EXPR TYPE
L<perlsub/"Private Variables via my()"> for details, and L<fields>,
L<attributes>, and L<Attribute::Handlers>.
-The only currently recognized C<our()> attribute is C<unique> which
-indicates that a single copy of the global is to be used by all
-interpreters should the program happen to be running in a
-multi-interpreter environment. (The default behaviour would be for
-each interpreter to have its own copy of the global.) Examples:
-
- our @EXPORT : unique = qw(foo);
- our %EXPORT_TAGS : unique = (bar => [qw(aa bb cc)]);
- our $VERSION : unique = "1.00";
-
-Note that this attribute also has the effect of making the global
-readonly when the first new interpreter is cloned (for example,
-when the first new thread is created).
-
-Multi-interpreter environments can come to being either through the
-fork() emulation on Windows platforms, or by embedding perl in a
-multi-threaded application. The C<unique> attribute does nothing in
-all other environments.
-
-Warning: the current implementation of this attribute operates on the
-typeglob associated with the variable; this means that C<our $x : unique>
-also has the effect of C<our @x : unique; our %x : unique>. This may be
-subject to change.
-
=item pack TEMPLATE,LIST
+X<pack>
Takes a LIST of values and converts it into a string using the rules
given by the TEMPLATE. The resulting string is the concatenation of
I A unsigned integer value.
(This 'integer' is _at_least_ 32 bits wide. Its exact
size depends on what a local C compiler calls 'int'.)
-
+
n An unsigned short (16-bit) in "network" (big-endian) order.
N An unsigned long (32-bit) in "network" (big-endian) order.
v An unsigned short (16-bit) in "VAX" (little-endian) order.
The same template may generally also be used in unpack().
=item package NAMESPACE
+X<package> X<module> X<namespace>
=item package
and classes. See L<perlsub> for other scoping issues.
=item pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE
+X<pipe>
Opens a pair of connected pipes like the corresponding system call.
Note that if you set up a loop of piped processes, deadlock can occur
See L<perlvar/$^F>.
=item pop ARRAY
+X<pop> X<stack>
=item pop
array in subroutines, just like C<shift>.
=item pos SCALAR
+X<pos> X<match, position>
=item pos
L<perlop>.
=item print FILEHANDLE LIST
+X<print>
=item print LIST
print { $OK ? STDOUT : STDERR } "stuff\n";
=item printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST
+X<printf>
=item printf FORMAT, LIST
error prone.
=item prototype FUNCTION
+X<prototype>
Returns the prototype of a function as a string (or C<undef> if the
function has no prototype). FUNCTION is a reference to, or the name of,
prototype is returned.
=item push ARRAY,LIST
+X<push>, X<stack>
Treats ARRAY as a stack, and pushes the values of LIST
onto the end of ARRAY. The length of ARRAY increases by the length of
Generalized quotes. See L<perlop/"Regexp Quote-Like Operators">.
=item quotemeta EXPR
+X<quotemeta> X<metacharacter>
=item quotemeta
If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item rand EXPR
+X<rand> X<random>
=item rand
with the wrong number of RANDBITS.)
=item read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET
+X<read>
=item read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH
in that case pretty much any characters can be read.
=item readdir DIRHANDLE
+X<readdir>
Returns the next directory entry for a directory opened by C<opendir>.
If used in list context, returns all the rest of the entries in the
closedir DIR;
=item readline EXPR
+X<readline> X<gets> X<fgets>
Reads from the filehandle whose typeglob is contained in EXPR. In scalar
context, each call reads and returns the next line, until end-of-file is
}
=item readlink EXPR
+X<readlink>
=item readlink
omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item readpipe EXPR
+X<readpipe>
EXPR is executed as a system command.
The collected standard output of the command is returned.
operator is discussed in more detail in L<perlop/"I/O Operators">.
=item recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS
+X<recv>
Receives a message on a socket. Attempts to receive LENGTH characters
of data into variable SCALAR from the specified SOCKET filehandle.
in that case pretty much any characters can be read.
=item redo LABEL
+X<redo>
=item redo
C<redo> work.
=item ref EXPR
+X<ref> X<reference>
=item ref
See also L<perlref>.
=item rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME
+X<rename> X<move> X<mv> X<ren>
Changes the name of a file; an existing file NEWNAME will be
clobbered. Returns true for success, false otherwise.
rename(2) manpage or equivalent system documentation for details.
=item require VERSION
+X<require>
=item require EXPR
eval "require $class";
-Now that you understand how C<require> looks for files in the case of
-a bareword argument, there is a little extra functionality going on
-behind the scenes. Before C<require> looks for a "F<.pm>" extension,
-it will first look for a filename with a "F<.pmc>" extension. A file
-with this extension is assumed to be Perl bytecode generated by
-L<B::Bytecode|B::Bytecode>. If this file is found, and its modification
-time is newer than a coinciding "F<.pm>" non-compiled file, it will be
-loaded in place of that non-compiled file ending in a "F<.pm>" extension.
+Now that you understand how C<require> looks for files in the case of a
+bareword argument, there is a little extra functionality going on behind
+the scenes. Before C<require> looks for a "F<.pm>" extension, it will
+first look for a similar filename with a "F<.pmc>" extension. If this file
+is found, it will be loaded in place of any file ending in a "F<.pm>"
+extension.
You can also insert hooks into the import facility, by putting directly
Perl code into the @INC array. There are three forms of hooks: subroutine
second the name of the file to be included (e.g. "F<Foo/Bar.pm>"). The
subroutine should return C<undef> or a filehandle, from which the file to
include will be read. If C<undef> is returned, C<require> will look at
-the remaining elements of @INC.
+the remaining elements of @INC. Note that a tied file handle must be a
+real file handle (strictly a typeglob, or reference to a typeglob, blessed or
+unblessed) - tied file handles will be ignored and treated as a return of
+C<undef>.
If the hook is an array reference, its first element must be a subroutine
reference. This subroutine is called as above, but the first parameter is
If the hook is an object, it must provide an INC method that will be
called as above, the first parameter being the object itself. (Note that
-you must fully qualify the sub's name, as it is always forced into package
-C<main>.) Here is a typical code layout:
+you must fully qualify the sub's name, as unqualified C<INC> is always forced
+into package C<main>.) Here is a typical code layout:
# In Foo.pm
package Foo;
For a yet-more-powerful import facility, see L</use> and L<perlmod>.
=item reset EXPR
+X<reset>
=item reset
See L</my>.
=item return EXPR
+X<return>
=item return
evaluated.)
=item reverse LIST
+X<reverse> X<rev> X<invert>
In list context, returns a list value consisting of the elements
of LIST in the opposite order. In scalar context, concatenates the
%by_name = reverse %by_address; # Invert the hash
=item rewinddir DIRHANDLE
+X<rewinddir>
Sets the current position to the beginning of the directory for the
C<readdir> routine on DIRHANDLE.
=item rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION
+X<rindex>
=item rindex STR,SUBSTR
-Works just like index() except that it returns the position of the LAST
+Works just like index() except that it returns the position of the I<last>
occurrence of SUBSTR in STR. If POSITION is specified, returns the
-last occurrence at or before that position.
+last occurrence beginning at or before that position.
=item rmdir FILENAME
+X<rmdir> X<rd> X<directory, remove>
=item rmdir
The substitution operator. See L<perlop>.
+=item say FILEHANDLE LIST
+X<say>
+
+=item say LIST
+
+=item say
+
+Just like C<print>, but implicitly appends a newline.
+C<say LIST> is simply an abbreviation for C<print LIST, "\n">,
+and C<say()> works just like C<print($_, "\n")>.
+
+That means that a call to say() appends any output record separator
+I<after> the added newline.
+
+This keyword is only available when the "say" feature is
+enabled: see L<feature>.
+
=item scalar EXPR
+X<scalar> X<context>
Forces EXPR to be interpreted in scalar context and returns the value
of EXPR.
See L<perlop> for more details on unary operators and the comma operator.
=item seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE
+X<seek> X<fseek> X<filehandle, position>
Sets FILEHANDLE's position, just like the C<fseek> call of C<stdio>.
FILEHANDLE may be an expression whose value gives the name of the
}
=item seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS
+X<seekdir>
Sets the current position for the C<readdir> routine on DIRHANDLE. POS
must be a value returned by C<telldir>. C<seekdir> also has the same caveats
routine.
=item select FILEHANDLE
+X<select> X<filehandle, default>
=item select
STDERR->autoflush(1);
=item select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT
+X<select>
This calls the select(2) system call with the bit masks specified, which
can be constructed using C<fileno> and C<vec>, along these lines:
then only on POSIX systems. You have to use C<sysread> instead.
=item semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG
+X<semctl>
Calls the System V IPC function C<semctl>. You'll probably have to say
documentation.
=item semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS
+X<semget>
Calls the System V IPC function semget. Returns the semaphore id, or
the undefined value if there is an error. See also
documentation.
=item semop KEY,OPSTRING
+X<semop>
Calls the System V IPC function semop to perform semaphore operations
such as signalling and waiting. OPSTRING must be a packed array of
documentation.
=item send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO
+X<send>
=item send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS
in that case pretty much any characters can be sent.
=item setpgrp PID,PGRP
+X<setpgrp> X<group>
Sets the current process group for the specified PID, C<0> for the current
process. Will produce a fatal error if used on a machine that doesn't
C<POSIX::setsid()>.
=item setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY
+X<setpriority> X<priority> X<nice> X<renice>
Sets the current priority for a process, a process group, or a user.
(See setpriority(2).) Will produce a fatal error if used on a machine
that doesn't implement setpriority(2).
=item setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL
+X<setsockopt>
Sets the socket option requested. Returns undefined if there is an
-error. OPTVAL may be specified as C<undef> if you don't want to pass an
-argument.
+error. Use integer constants provided by the C<Socket> module for
+LEVEL and OPNAME. Values for LEVEL can also be obtained from
+getprotobyname. OPTVAL might either be a packed string or an integer.
+An integer OPTVAL is shorthand for pack("i", OPTVAL).
+
+An example disabling the Nagle's algorithm for a socket:
+
+ use Socket qw(IPPROTO_TCP TCP_NODELAY);
+ setsockopt($socket, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, 1);
=item shift ARRAY
+X<shift>
=item shift
right end.
=item shmctl ID,CMD,ARG
+X<shmctl>
Calls the System V IPC function shmctl. You'll probably have to say
See also L<perlipc/"SysV IPC"> and C<IPC::SysV> documentation.
=item shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS
+X<shmget>
Calls the System V IPC function shmget. Returns the shared memory
segment id, or the undefined value if there is an error.
See also L<perlipc/"SysV IPC"> and C<IPC::SysV> documentation.
=item shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE
+X<shmread>
+X<shmwrite>
=item shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE
C<IPC::SysV> documentation, and the C<IPC::Shareable> module from CPAN.
=item shutdown SOCKET,HOW
+X<shutdown>
Shuts down a socket connection in the manner indicated by HOW, which
has the same interpretation as in the system call of the same name.
processes.
=item sin EXPR
+X<sin> X<sine> X<asin> X<arcsine>
=item sin
sub asin { atan2($_[0], sqrt(1 - $_[0] * $_[0])) }
=item sleep EXPR
+X<sleep> X<pause>
=item sleep
See also the POSIX module's C<pause> function.
=item socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL
+X<socket>
Opens a socket of the specified kind and attaches it to filehandle
SOCKET. DOMAIN, TYPE, and PROTOCOL are specified the same as for
value of $^F. See L<perlvar/$^F>.
=item socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL
+X<socketpair>
Creates an unnamed pair of sockets in the specified domain, of the
specified type. DOMAIN, TYPE, and PROTOCOL are specified the same as
sockets but not socketpair.
=item sort SUBNAME LIST
+X<sort> X<qsort> X<quicksort> X<mergesort>
=item sort BLOCK LIST
in the latter case, it is usually counter-productive to declare $a and
$b as lexicals.
-In either case, the subroutine may not be recursive. The values to be
-compared are always passed by reference and should not be modified.
+The values to be compared are always passed by reference and should not
+be modified.
You also cannot exit out of the sort block or subroutine using any of the
loop control operators described in L<perlsyn> or with C<goto>.
@result = sort { $a <=> $b } grep { $_ == $_ } @input;
=item splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST
+X<splice>
=item splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH
if (&aeq($len,@foo[1..$len],0+@bar,@bar)) { ... }
=item split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT
+X<split>
=item split /PATTERN/,EXPR
# @fields is (1, 'A', 2, undef, 3)
=item sprintf FORMAT, LIST
+X<sprintf>
Returns a string formatted by the usual C<printf> conventions of the C
library function C<sprintf>. See below for more details
=item vector flag
-The vector flag C<v>, optionally specifying the join string to use.
-This flag tells perl to interpret the supplied string as a vector
-of integers, one for each character in the string, separated by
-a given string (a dot C<.> by default). This can be useful for
-displaying ordinal values of characters in arbitrary strings:
+This flag tells perl to interpret the supplied string as a vector of
+integers, one for each character in the string. Perl applies the format to
+each integer in turn, then joins the resulting strings with a separator (a
+dot C<.> by default). This can be useful for displaying ordinal values of
+characters in arbitrary strings:
+ printf "%vd", "AB\x{100}"; # prints "65.66.256"
printf "version is v%vd\n", $^V; # Perl's version
Put an asterisk C<*> before the C<v> to override the string to
effect as the C<-> flag: left-justification.
=item precision, or maximum width
+X<precision>
You can specify a precision (for numeric conversions) or a maximum
width (for string conversions) by specifying a C<.> followed by a number.
See L<perllocale>.
=item sqrt EXPR
+X<sqrt> X<root> X<square root>
=item sqrt
print sqrt(-2); # prints 1.4142135623731i
=item srand EXPR
+X<srand> X<seed> X<randseed>
=item srand
one-third of the time. So don't do that.
=item stat FILEHANDLE
+X<stat> X<file, status>
=item stat EXPR
# File types. Not necessarily all are available on your system.
- S_IFREG S_IFDIR S_IFLNK S_IFBLK S_ISCHR S_IFIFO S_IFSOCK S_IFWHT S_ENFMT
+ S_IFREG S_IFDIR S_IFLNK S_IFBLK S_IFCHR S_IFIFO S_IFSOCK S_IFWHT S_ENFMT
# The following are compatibility aliases for S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR.
instead of the target file behind the link, use the C<lstat> function.
=item study SCALAR
+X<study>
=item study
}
=item sub NAME BLOCK
+X<sub>
=item sub NAME (PROTO) BLOCK
information about attributes.
=item substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT
+X<substr> X<substring> X<mid> X<left> X<right>
=item substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH
unspecified.
=item symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE
+X<symlink> X<link> X<symbolic link> X<link, symbolic>
Creates a new filename symbolically linked to the old filename.
Returns C<1> for success, C<0> otherwise. On systems that don't support
$symlink_exists = eval { symlink("",""); 1 };
=item syscall NUMBER, LIST
+X<syscall> X<system call>
Calls the system call specified as the first element of the list,
passing the remaining elements as arguments to the system call. If
problem by using C<pipe> instead.
=item sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE
+X<sysopen>
=item sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS
Some of the most common values are C<O_RDONLY> for opening the file in
read-only mode, C<O_WRONLY> for opening the file in write-only mode,
and C<O_RDWR> for opening the file in read-write mode.
+X<O_RDONLY> X<O_RDWR> X<O_WRONLY>
For historical reasons, some values work on almost every system
supported by perl: zero means read-only, one means write-only, and two
the PERMS argument to C<sysopen>, Perl uses the octal value C<0666>.
These permission values need to be in octal, and are modified by your
process's current C<umask>.
+X<O_CREAT>
In many systems the C<O_EXCL> flag is available for opening files in
exclusive mode. This is B<not> locking: exclusiveness means here that
is set as well. Setting C<O_CREAT|O_EXCL> prevents the file from
being opened if it is a symbolic link. It does not protect against
symbolic links in the file's path.
+X<O_EXCL>
Sometimes you may want to truncate an already-existing file. This
can be done using the C<O_TRUNC> flag. The behavior of
C<O_TRUNC> with C<O_RDONLY> is undefined.
+X<O_TRUNC>
You should seldom if ever use C<0644> as argument to C<sysopen>, because
that takes away the user's option to have a more permissive umask.
See L<perlopentut> for a kinder, gentler explanation of opening files.
=item sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET
+X<sysread>
=item sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH
See L</binmode>, L</open>, and the C<open> pragma, L<open>.
=item sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE
+X<sysseek> X<lseek>
Sets FILEHANDLE's system position in bytes using the system call
lseek(2). FILEHANDLE may be an expression whose value gives the name
the new position.
=item system LIST
+X<system> X<shell>
=item system PROGRAM LIST
See L<perlop/"`STRING`"> and L</exec> for details.
=item syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET
+X<syswrite>
=item syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH
See L</binmode>, L</open>, and the C<open> pragma, L<open>.
=item tell FILEHANDLE
+X<tell>
=item tell
Those functions ignore the buffering, while tell() does not.
=item telldir DIRHANDLE
+X<telldir>
Returns the current position of the C<readdir> routines on DIRHANDLE.
Value may be given to C<seekdir> to access a particular location in a
compaction as the corresponding system library routine.
=item tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST
+X<tie>
This function binds a variable to a package class that will provide the
implementation for the variable. VARIABLE is the name of the variable
For further details see L<perltie>, L<"tied VARIABLE">.
=item tied VARIABLE
+X<tied>
Returns a reference to the object underlying VARIABLE (the same value
that was originally returned by the C<tie> call that bound the variable
package.
=item time
+X<time> X<epoch>
Returns the number of non-leap seconds since whatever time the system
considers to be the epoch, suitable for feeding to C<gmtime> and
See L<perlfaq8> for details.
=item times
+X<times>
Returns a four-element list giving the user and system times, in
seconds, for this process and the children of this process.
In scalar context, C<times> returns C<$user>.
+Note that times for children are included only after they terminate.
+
=item tr///
The transliteration operator. Same as C<y///>. See L<perlop>.
=item truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH
+X<truncate>
=item truncate EXPR,LENGTH
The behavior is undefined if LENGTH is greater than the length of the
file.
+The position in the file of FILEHANDLE is left unchanged. You may want to
+call L<seek> before writing to the file.
+
=item uc EXPR
+X<uc> X<uppercase> X<toupper>
=item uc
If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item ucfirst EXPR
+X<ucfirst> X<uppercase>
=item ucfirst
If EXPR is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item umask EXPR
+X<umask>
=item umask
string of octal digits. See also L</oct>, if all you have is a string.
=item undef EXPR
+X<undef> X<undefine>
=item undef
Note that this is a unary operator, not a list operator.
=item unlink LIST
+X<unlink> X<delete> X<remove> X<rm>
=item unlink
unlink @goners;
unlink <*.bak>;
-Note: C<unlink> will not delete directories unless you are superuser and
-the B<-U> flag is supplied to Perl. Even if these conditions are
+Note: C<unlink> will not attempt to delete directories unless you are superuser
+and the B<-U> flag is supplied to Perl. Even if these conditions are
met, be warned that unlinking a directory can inflict damage on your
-filesystem. Use C<rmdir> instead.
+filesystem. Finally, using C<unlink> on directories is not supported on
+many operating systems. Use C<rmdir> instead.
If LIST is omitted, uses C<$_>.
=item unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR
+X<unpack>
=item unpack TEMPLATE
See L</pack> for more examples and notes.
=item untie VARIABLE
+X<untie>
Breaks the binding between a variable and a package. (See C<tie>.)
Has no effect if the variable is not tied.
=item unshift ARRAY,LIST
+X<unshift>
Does the opposite of a C<shift>. Or the opposite of a C<push>,
depending on how you look at it. Prepends list to the front of the
reverse.
=item use Module VERSION LIST
+X<use> X<module> X<import>
=item use Module VERSION
functionality from the command-line.
=item utime LIST
+X<utime>
Changes the access and modification times on each file of a list of
files. The first two elements of the list must be the NUMERICAL access
described when they are both C<undef>. This case will also trigger an
uninitialized warning.
+On systems that support futimes, you might pass file handles among the
+files. On systems that don't support futimes, passing file handles
+produces a fatal error at run time. The file handles must be passed
+as globs or references to be recognized. Barewords are considered
+file names.
+
=item values HASH
+X<values>
Returns a list consisting of all the values of the named hash.
(In a scalar context, returns the number of values.)
See also C<keys>, C<each>, and C<sort>.
=item vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS
+X<vec> X<bit> X<bit vector>
Treats the string in EXPR as a bit vector made up of elements of
width BITS, and returns the value of the element specified by OFFSET
vec($_, 3, 8) = 128 == 2147483648 00000000000000000000000000000001
=item wait
+X<wait>
Behaves like the wait(2) system call on your system: it waits for a child
process to terminate and returns the pid of the deceased process, or
being automatically reaped, as described in L<perlipc>.
=item waitpid PID,FLAGS
+X<waitpid>
Waits for a particular child process to terminate and returns the pid of
the deceased process, or C<-1> if there is no such child process. On some
and for other examples.
=item wantarray
+X<wantarray> X<context>
Returns true if the context of the currently executing subroutine or
C<eval> is looking for a list value. Returns false if the context is
This function should have been named wantlist() instead.
=item warn LIST
+X<warn> X<warning> X<STDERR>
Produces a message on STDERR just like C<die>, but doesn't exit or throw
an exception.
carp() and cluck() functions.
=item write FILEHANDLE
+X<write>
=item write EXPR
https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blobdiff