package File::Path;
+use 5.005_04;
+use strict;
+
+use Cwd 'getcwd';
+use File::Basename ();
+use File::Spec ();
+
+BEGIN {
+ if ($] < 5.006) {
+ # can't say 'opendir my $dh, $dirname'
+ # need to initialise $dh
+ eval "use Symbol";
+ }
+}
+
+use Exporter ();
+use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK);
+$VERSION = '2.06_07';
+@ISA = qw(Exporter);
+@EXPORT = qw(mkpath rmtree);
+@EXPORT_OK = qw(make_path remove_tree);
+
+my $Is_VMS = $^O eq 'VMS';
+my $Is_MacOS = $^O eq 'MacOS';
+
+# These OSes complain if you want to remove a file that you have no
+# write permission to:
+my $Force_Writeable = grep {$^O eq $_} qw(amigaos dos epoc MSWin32 MacOS os2);
+
+sub _carp {
+ require Carp;
+ goto &Carp::carp;
+}
+
+sub _croak {
+ require Carp;
+ goto &Carp::croak;
+}
+
+sub _error {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $message = shift;
+ my $object = shift;
+
+ if ($arg->{error}) {
+ $object = '' unless defined $object;
+ $message .= ": $!" if $!;
+ push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$object => $message};
+ }
+ else {
+ _carp(defined($object) ? "$message for $object: $!" : "$message: $!");
+ }
+}
+
+sub make_path {
+ push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH');
+ goto &mkpath;
+}
+
+sub mkpath {
+ my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'));
+
+ my $arg;
+ my $paths;
+
+ if ($old_style) {
+ my ($verbose, $mode);
+ ($paths, $verbose, $mode) = @_;
+ $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY');
+ $arg->{verbose} = $verbose;
+ $arg->{mode} = defined $mode ? $mode : 0777;
+ }
+ else {
+ $arg = pop @_;
+ $arg->{mode} = delete $arg->{mask} if exists $arg->{mask};
+ $arg->{mode} = 0777 unless exists $arg->{mode};
+ ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error};
+ $paths = [@_];
+ }
+ return _mkpath($arg, $paths);
+}
+
+sub _mkpath {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $paths = shift;
+
+ my(@created,$path);
+ foreach $path (@$paths) {
+ next unless defined($path) and length($path);
+ $path .= '/' if $^O eq 'os2' and $path =~ /^\w:\z/s; # feature of CRT
+ # Logic wants Unix paths, so go with the flow.
+ if ($Is_VMS) {
+ next if $path eq '/';
+ $path = VMS::Filespec::unixify($path);
+ }
+ next if -d $path;
+ my $parent = File::Basename::dirname($path);
+ unless (-d $parent or $path eq $parent) {
+ push(@created,_mkpath($arg, [$parent]));
+ }
+ print "mkdir $path\n" if $arg->{verbose};
+ if (mkdir($path,$arg->{mode})) {
+ push(@created, $path);
+ }
+ else {
+ my $save_bang = $!;
+ my ($e, $e1) = ($save_bang, $^E);
+ $e .= "; $e1" if $e ne $e1;
+ # allow for another process to have created it meanwhile
+ if (!-d $path) {
+ $! = $save_bang;
+ if ($arg->{error}) {
+ push @{${$arg->{error}}}, {$path => $e};
+ }
+ else {
+ _croak("mkdir $path: $e");
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return @created;
+}
+
+sub remove_tree {
+ push @_, {} unless @_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH');
+ goto &rmtree;
+}
+
+sub rmtree {
+ my $old_style = !(@_ and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[-1],'HASH'));
+
+ my $arg;
+ my $paths;
+
+ if ($old_style) {
+ my ($verbose, $safe);
+ ($paths, $verbose, $safe) = @_;
+ $arg->{verbose} = $verbose;
+ $arg->{safe} = defined $safe ? $safe : 0;
+
+ if (defined($paths) and length($paths)) {
+ $paths = [$paths] unless UNIVERSAL::isa($paths,'ARRAY');
+ }
+ else {
+ _carp ("No root path(s) specified\n");
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ $arg = pop @_;
+ ${$arg->{error}} = [] if exists $arg->{error};
+ ${$arg->{result}} = [] if exists $arg->{result};
+ $paths = [@_];
+ }
+
+ $arg->{prefix} = '';
+ $arg->{depth} = 0;
+
+ my @clean_path;
+ $arg->{cwd} = getcwd() or do {
+ _error($arg, "cannot fetch initial working directory");
+ return 0;
+ };
+ for ($arg->{cwd}) { /\A(.*)\Z/; $_ = $1 } # untaint
+
+ for my $p (@$paths) {
+ # need to fixup case and map \ to / on Windows
+ my $ortho_root = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($p) : $p;
+ my $ortho_cwd = $^O eq 'MSWin32' ? _slash_lc($arg->{cwd}) : $arg->{cwd};
+ if ($ortho_root eq substr($ortho_cwd, 0, length($ortho_root))) {
+ local $! = 0;
+ _error($arg, "cannot remove path when cwd is $arg->{cwd}", $p);
+ next;
+ }
+
+ if ($Is_MacOS) {
+ $p = ":$p" unless $p =~ /:/;
+ $p .= ":" unless $p =~ /:\z/;
+ }
+ elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
+ $p =~ s{[/\\]\z}{};
+ }
+ else {
+ $p =~ s{/\z}{};
+ }
+ push @clean_path, $p;
+ }
+
+ @{$arg}{qw(device inode perm)} = (lstat $arg->{cwd})[0,1] or do {
+ _error($arg, "cannot stat initial working directory", $arg->{cwd});
+ return 0;
+ };
+
+ return _rmtree($arg, \@clean_path);
+}
+
+sub _rmtree {
+ my $arg = shift;
+ my $paths = shift;
+
+ my $count = 0;
+ my $curdir = File::Spec->curdir();
+ my $updir = File::Spec->updir();
+
+ my (@files, $root);
+ ROOT_DIR:
+ foreach $root (@$paths) {
+ # since we chdir into each directory, it may not be obvious
+ # to figure out where we are if we generate a message about
+ # a file name. We therefore construct a semi-canonical
+ # filename, anchored from the directory being unlinked (as
+ # opposed to being truly canonical, anchored from the root (/).
+
+ my $canon = $arg->{prefix}
+ ? File::Spec->catfile($arg->{prefix}, $root)
+ : $root
+ ;
+
+ my ($ldev, $lino, $perm) = (lstat $root)[0,1,2] or next ROOT_DIR;
+
+ if ( -d _ ) {
+ $root = VMS::Filespec::pathify($root) if $Is_VMS;
+ if (!chdir($root)) {
+ # see if we can escalate privileges to get in
+ # (e.g. funny protection mask such as -w- instead of rwx)
+ $perm &= 07777;
+ my $nperm = $perm | 0700;
+ if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $root))) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot make child directory read-write-exec", $canon);
+ next ROOT_DIR;
+ }
+ elsif (!chdir($root)) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot chdir to child", $canon);
+ next ROOT_DIR;
+ }
+ }
+
+ my ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $perm) = (stat $curdir)[0,1,2] or do {
+ _error($arg, "cannot stat current working directory", $canon);
+ next ROOT_DIR;
+ };
+
+ ($ldev eq $cur_dev and $lino eq $cur_inode)
+ or _croak("directory $canon changed before chdir, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting.");
+
+ $perm &= 07777; # don't forget setuid, setgid, sticky bits
+ my $nperm = $perm | 0700;
+
+ # notabene: 0700 is for making readable in the first place,
+ # it's also intended to change it to writable in case we have
+ # to recurse in which case we are better than rm -rf for
+ # subtrees with strange permissions
+
+ if (!($arg->{safe} or $nperm == $perm or chmod($nperm, $curdir))) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot make directory read+writeable", $canon);
+ $nperm = $perm;
+ }
+
+ my $d;
+ $d = gensym() if $] < 5.006;
+ if (!opendir $d, $curdir) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot opendir", $canon);
+ @files = ();
+ }
+ else {
+ no strict 'refs';
+ if (!defined ${"\cTAINT"} or ${"\cTAINT"}) {
+ # Blindly untaint dir names if taint mode is
+ # active, or any perl < 5.006
+ @files = map { /\A(.*)\z/s; $1 } readdir $d;
+ }
+ else {
+ @files = readdir $d;
+ }
+ closedir $d;
+ }
+
+ if ($Is_VMS) {
+ # Deleting large numbers of files from VMS Files-11
+ # filesystems is faster if done in reverse ASCIIbetical order.
+ # include '.' to '.;' from blead patch #31775
+ @files = map {$_ eq '.' ? '.;' : $_} reverse @files;
+ ($root = VMS::Filespec::unixify($root)) =~ s/\.dir\z//;
+ }
+ @files = grep {$_ ne $updir and $_ ne $curdir} @files;
+
+ if (@files) {
+ # remove the contained files before the directory itself
+ my $narg = {%$arg};
+ @{$narg}{qw(device inode cwd prefix depth)}
+ = ($cur_dev, $cur_inode, $updir, $canon, $arg->{depth}+1);
+ $count += _rmtree($narg, \@files);
+ }
+
+ # restore directory permissions of required now (in case the rmdir
+ # below fails), while we are still in the directory and may do so
+ # without a race via '.'
+ if ($nperm != $perm and not chmod($perm, $curdir)) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot reset chmod", $canon);
+ }
+
+ # don't leave the client code in an unexpected directory
+ chdir($arg->{cwd})
+ or _croak("cannot chdir to $arg->{cwd} from $canon: $!, aborting.");
+
+ # ensure that a chdir upwards didn't take us somewhere other
+ # than we expected (see CVE-2002-0435)
+ ($cur_dev, $cur_inode) = (stat $curdir)[0,1]
+ or _croak("cannot stat prior working directory $arg->{cwd}: $!, aborting.");
+
+ ($arg->{device} eq $cur_dev and $arg->{inode} eq $cur_inode)
+ or _croak("previous directory $arg->{cwd} changed before entering $canon, expected dev=$ldev ino=$lino, actual dev=$cur_dev ino=$cur_inode, aborting.");
+
+ if ($arg->{depth} or !$arg->{keep_root}) {
+ if ($arg->{safe} &&
+ ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !-w $root)) {
+ print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
+ next ROOT_DIR;
+ }
+ if ($Force_Writeable and !chmod $perm | 0700, $root) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot make directory writeable", $canon);
+ }
+ print "rmdir $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
+ if (rmdir $root) {
+ push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result};
+ ++$count;
+ }
+ else {
+ _error($arg, "cannot remove directory", $canon);
+ if (!chmod($perm, ($Is_VMS ? VMS::Filespec::fileify($root) : $root))
+ ) {
+ _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ # not a directory
+ $root = VMS::Filespec::vmsify("./$root")
+ if $Is_VMS
+ && !File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($root)
+ && ($root !~ m/(?<!\^)[\]>]+/); # not already in VMS syntax
+
+ if ($arg->{safe} &&
+ ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root)
+ : !(-l $root || -w $root)))
+ {
+ print "skipped $root\n" if $arg->{verbose};
+ next ROOT_DIR;
+ }
+
+ my $nperm = $perm & 07777 | 0600;
+ if ($Force_Writeable and $nperm != $perm and not chmod $nperm, $root) {
+ _error($arg, "cannot make file writeable", $canon);
+ }
+ print "unlink $canon\n" if $arg->{verbose};
+ # delete all versions under VMS
+ for (;;) {
+ if (unlink $root) {
+ push @{${$arg->{result}}}, $root if $arg->{result};
+ }
+ else {
+ _error($arg, "cannot unlink file", $canon);
+ $Force_Writeable and chmod($perm, $root) or
+ _error($arg, sprintf("cannot restore permissions to 0%o",$perm), $canon);
+ last;
+ }
+ ++$count;
+ last unless $Is_VMS && lstat $root;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return $count;
+}
+
+sub _slash_lc {
+ # fix up slashes and case on MSWin32 so that we can determine that
+ # c:\path\to\dir is underneath C:/Path/To
+ my $path = shift;
+ $path =~ tr{\\}{/};
+ return lc($path);
+}
+
+1;
+__END__
+
=head1 NAME
-File::Path - create or remove a series of directories
+File::Path - Create or remove directory trees
+
+=head1 VERSION
+
+This document describes version 2.06_07 of File::Path, released
+2008-10-29.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
-C<use File::Path>
+ use File::Path qw(make_path remove_tree);
+
+ make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
+ make_path('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
+ verbose => 1,
+ mode => 0711,
+ });
-C<mkpath(['/foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 0711);>
+ remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang');
+ remove_tree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', {
+ verbose => 1,
+ error => \my $err_list,
+ });
-C<rmtree(['foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 1);>
+ # legacy (interface promoted before v2.0)
+ mkpath('/foo/bar/baz');
+ mkpath('/foo/bar/baz', 1, 0711);
+ mkpath(['/foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 0711);
+ rmtree('foo/bar/baz', 1, 1);
+ rmtree(['foo/bar/baz', 'blurfl/quux'], 1, 1);
+
+ # legacy (interface promoted before v2.6)
+ mkpath('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
+ rmtree('foo/bar/baz', '/zug/zwang', { verbose => 1, mode => 0711 });
=head1 DESCRIPTION
-The C<mkpath> function provides a convenient way to create directories, even if
-your C<mkdir> kernel call won't create more than one level of directory at a
-time. C<mkpath> takes three arguments:
+This module provide a convenient way to create directories of
+arbitrary depth and to delete an entire directory subtree from the
+filesystem.
-=over 4
+The following functions are provided:
-=item *
+=over
-the name of the path to create, or a reference
-to a list of paths to create,
+=item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
-=item *
+=item make_path( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
-a boolean value, which if TRUE will cause C<mkpath>
-to print the name of each directory as it is created
-(defaults to FALSE), and
+The C<make_path> function creates the given directories if they don't
+exists before, much like the Unix command C<mkdir -p>.
-=item *
+The function accepts a list of directories to be created. Its
+behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref appearing as the last
+parameter on the call.
+
+The function returns the list of directories actually created during
+the call; in scalar context the number of directories created.
+
+The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
+
+=over
+
+=item mode => $num
-the numeric mode to use when creating the directories
-(defaults to 0777)
+The numeric permissions mode to apply to each created directory
+(defaults to 0777), to be modified by the current C<umask>. If the
+directory already exists (and thus does not need to be created),
+the permissions will not be modified.
+
+C<mask> is recognised as an alias for this parameter.
+
+=item verbose => $bool
+
+If present, will cause C<mkpath> to print the name of each directory
+as it is created. By default nothing is printed.
+
+=item error => \$err
+
+If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
+This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
+be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the ERROR
+HANDLING section for more information.
+
+If this parameter is not used, certain error conditions may raise
+a fatal error that will cause the program will halt, unless trapped
+in an C<eval> block.
=back
-It returns a list of all directories (including intermediates, determined using
-the Unix '/' separator) created.
+=item mkpath( $dir, $verbose, $mode )
+
+=item mkpath( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $mode )
+
+=item mkpath( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
+
+The mkpath() function provide the legacy interface with a different
+interpretation of the arguments passed. This function also returns
+the list of directories actually created during the call.
+
+=item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, .... )
+
+=item remove_tree( $dir1, $dir2, ...., \%opts )
+
+The C<remove_tree> function deletes the given directories and any
+files and subdirectories they might contain, much like the Unix
+command C<rm -r> or C<del /s> on Windows.
+
+The function accepts a list of directories to be
+removed. Its behaviour may be tuned by an optional hashref
+appearing as the last parameter on the call.
+
+The functions returns the number of files successfully deleted.
+
+The following keys are recognised in the option hash:
+
+=over
+
+=item verbose => $bool
+
+If present, will cause C<rmtree> to print the name of each file as
+it is unlinked. By default nothing is printed.
+
+=item safe => $bool
+
+When set to a true value, will cause C<rmtree> to skip the files
+for which the process lacks the required privileges needed to delete
+files, such as delete privileges on VMS. In other words, the code
+will make no attempt to alter file permissions. Thus, if the process
+is interrupted, no filesystem object will be left in a more
+permissive mode.
+
+=item keep_root => $bool
+
+When set to a true value, will cause all files and subdirectories
+to be removed, except the initially specified directories. This comes
+in handy when cleaning out an application's scratch directory.
+
+ remove_tree( '/tmp', {keep_root => 1} );
+
+=item result => \$res
-Similarly, the C<rmtree> function provides a convenient way to delete a
-subtree from the directory structure, much like the Unix command C<rm -r>.
-C<rmtree> takes three arguments:
+If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
+This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
+be used to store all files and directories unlinked
+during the call. If nothing is unlinked, a the array will be empty.
+
+ remove_tree( '/tmp', {result => \my $list} );
+ print "unlinked $_\n" for @$list;
+
+This is a useful alternative to the C<verbose> key.
+
+=item error => \$err
+
+If present, it should be a reference to a scalar.
+This scalar will be made to reference an array, which will
+be used to store any errors that are encountered. See the ERROR
+HANDLING section for more information.
+
+Removing things is a much more dangerous proposition than
+creating things. As such, there are certain conditions that
+C<rmtree> may encounter that are so dangerous that the only
+sane action left is to kill the program.
+
+Use C<error> to trap all that is reasonable (problems with
+permissions and the like), and let it die if things get out
+of hand. This is the safest course of action.
+
+=back
+
+=item rmtree( $dir )
+
+=item rmtree( $dir, $verbose, $safe )
+
+=item rmtree( [$dir1, $dir2,...], $verbose, $safe )
+
+=item rmtree( $dir1, $dir2,..., \%opt )
+
+The rmtree() function provide the legacy interface with a different
+interpretation of the arguments passed.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 ERROR HANDLING
+
+If C<mkpath> or C<rmtree> encounter an error, a diagnostic message
+will be printed to C<STDERR> via C<carp> (for non-fatal errors),
+or via C<croak> (for fatal errors).
+
+If this behaviour is not desirable, the C<error> attribute may be
+used to hold a reference to a variable, which will be used to store
+the diagnostics. The result is a reference to a list of hash
+references. For each hash reference, the key is the name of the
+file, and the value is the error message (usually the contents of
+C<$!>). An example usage looks like:
+
+ remove_tree( 'foo/bar', 'bar/rat', {error => \my $err} );
+ for my $diag (@$err) {
+ my ($file, $message) = each %$diag;
+ print "problem unlinking $file: $message\n";
+ }
+
+If no errors are encountered, C<$err> will point to an empty list
+(thus there is no need to test for C<undef>). If a general error
+is encountered (for instance, C<rmtree> attempts to remove a directory
+tree that does not exist), the diagnostic key will be empty, only
+the value will be set:
+
+ remove_tree( '/no/such/path', {error => \my $err} );
+ for my $diag (@$err) {
+ my ($file, $message) = each %$diag;
+ if ($file eq '') {
+ print "general error: $message\n";
+ }
+ }
+
+=head2 NOTES
+
+C<File::Path> blindly exports C<mkpath> and C<rmtree> into the
+current namespace. These days, this is considered bad style, but
+to change it now would break too much code. Nonetheless, you are
+invited to specify what it is you are expecting to use:
+
+ use File::Path 'rmtree';
+
+The routines C<make_path> and C<remove_tree> are B<not> exported
+by default. You must specify which ones you want to use.
+
+ use File::Path 'remove_tree';
+
+Note that a side-effect of the above is that C<mkpath> and C<rmtree>
+are no longer exported at all. This is due to the way the C<Exporter>
+module works. If you are migrating a codebase to use the new
+interface, you will have to list everything explicitly. But that's
+just good practice anyway.
+
+ use File::Path qw(remove_tree rmtree);
+
+=head3 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+
+There were race conditions 1.x implementations of File::Path's
+C<rmtree> function (although sometimes patched depending on the OS
+distribution or platform). The 2.0 version contains code to avoid the
+problem mentioned in CVE-2002-0435.
+
+See the following pages for more information:
+
+ http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=286905
+ http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2005/01/msg97623.html
+ http://www.debian.org/security/2005/dsa-696
+
+Additionally, unless the C<safe> parameter is set (or the
+third parameter in the traditional interface is TRUE), should a
+C<rmtree> be interrupted, files that were originally in read-only
+mode may now have their permissions set to a read-write (or "delete
+OK") mode.
+
+=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
+
+FATAL errors will cause the program to halt (C<croak>), since the
+problem is so severe that it would be dangerous to continue. (This
+can always be trapped with C<eval>, but it's not a good idea. Under
+the circumstances, dying is the best thing to do).
+
+SEVERE errors may be trapped using the modern interface. If the
+they are not trapped, or the old interface is used, such an error
+will cause the program will halt.
+
+All other errors may be trapped using the modern interface, otherwise
+they will be C<carp>ed about. Program execution will not be halted.
=over 4
-=item *
+=item mkdir [path]: [errmsg] (SEVERE)
-the root of the subtree to delete, or a reference to
-a list of roots. All of the files and directories
-below each root, as well as the roots themselves,
-will be deleted.
+C<mkpath> was unable to create the path. Probably some sort of
+permissions error at the point of departure, or insufficient resources
+(such as free inodes on Unix).
-=item *
+=item No root path(s) specified
-a boolean value, which if TRUE will cause C<rmtree> to
-print a message each time it examines a file, giving the
-name of the file, and indicating whether it's using C<rmdir>
-or C<unlink> to remove it, or that it's skipping it.
-(defaults to FALSE)
+C<mkpath> was not given any paths to create. This message is only
+emitted if the routine is called with the traditional interface.
+The modern interface will remain silent if given nothing to do.
-=item *
+=item No such file or directory
+
+On Windows, if C<mkpath> gives you this warning, it may mean that
+you have exceeded your filesystem's maximum path length.
+
+=item cannot fetch initial working directory: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> attempted to determine the initial directory by calling
+C<Cwd::getcwd>, but the call failed for some reason. No attempt
+will be made to delete anything.
+
+=item cannot stat initial working directory: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> attempted to stat the initial directory (after having
+successfully obtained its name via C<getcwd>), however, the call
+failed for some reason. No attempt will be made to delete anything.
+
+=item cannot chdir to [dir]: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> attempted to set the working directory in order to
+begin deleting the objects therein, but was unsuccessful. This is
+usually a permissions issue. The routine will continue to delete
+other things, but this directory will be left intact.
+
+=item directory [dir] changed before chdir, expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
+
+C<rmtree> recorded the device and inode of a directory, and then
+moved into it. It then performed a C<stat> on the current directory
+and detected that the device and inode were no longer the same. As
+this is at the heart of the race condition problem, the program
+will die at this point.
+
+=item cannot make directory [dir] read+writeable: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> attempted to change the permissions on the current directory
+to ensure that subsequent unlinkings would not run into problems,
+but was unable to do so. The permissions remain as they were, and
+the program will carry on, doing the best it can.
+
+=item cannot read [dir]: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> tried to read the contents of the directory in order
+to acquire the names of the directory entries to be unlinked, but
+was unsuccessful. This is usually a permissions issue. The
+program will continue, but the files in this directory will remain
+after the call.
-a boolean value, which if TRUE will cause C<rmtree> to
-skip any files to which you do not have delete access
-(if running under VMS) or write access (if running
-under another OS). This will change in the future when
-a criterion for 'delete permission' under OSs other
-than VMS is settled. (defaults to FALSE)
+=item cannot reset chmod [dir]: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree>, after having deleted everything in a directory, attempted
+to restore its permissions to the original state but failed. The
+directory may wind up being left behind.
+
+=item cannot remove [dir] when cwd is [dir]
+
+The current working directory of the program is F</some/path/to/here>
+and you are attempting to remove an ancestor, such as F</some/path>.
+The directory tree is left untouched.
+
+The solution is to C<chdir> out of the child directory to a place
+outside the directory tree to be removed.
+
+=item cannot chdir to [parent-dir] from [child-dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
+
+C<rmtree>, after having deleted everything and restored the permissions
+of a directory, was unable to chdir back to the parent. The program
+halts to avoid a race condition from occurring.
+
+=item cannot stat prior working directory [dir]: [errmsg], aborting. (FATAL)
+
+C<rmtree> was unable to stat the parent directory after have returned
+from the child. Since there is no way of knowing if we returned to
+where we think we should be (by comparing device and inode) the only
+way out is to C<croak>.
+
+=item previous directory [parent-dir] changed before entering [child-dir], expected dev=[n] ino=[n], actual dev=[n] ino=[n], aborting. (FATAL)
+
+When C<rmtree> returned from deleting files in a child directory, a
+check revealed that the parent directory it returned to wasn't the one
+it started out from. This is considered a sign of malicious activity.
+
+=item cannot make directory [dir] writeable: [errmsg]
+
+Just before removing a directory (after having successfully removed
+everything it contained), C<rmtree> attempted to set the permissions
+on the directory to ensure it could be removed and failed. Program
+execution continues, but the directory may possibly not be deleted.
+
+=item cannot remove directory [dir]: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> attempted to remove a directory, but failed. This may because
+some objects that were unable to be removed remain in the directory, or
+a permissions issue. The directory will be left behind.
+
+=item cannot restore permissions of [dir] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
+
+After having failed to remove a directory, C<rmtree> was unable to
+restore its permissions from a permissive state back to a possibly
+more restrictive setting. (Permissions given in octal).
+
+=item cannot make file [file] writeable: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> attempted to force the permissions of a file to ensure it
+could be deleted, but failed to do so. It will, however, still attempt
+to unlink the file.
+
+=item cannot unlink file [file]: [errmsg]
+
+C<rmtree> failed to remove a file. Probably a permissions issue.
+
+=item cannot restore permissions of [file] to [0nnn]: [errmsg]
+
+After having failed to remove a file, C<rmtree> was also unable
+to restore the permissions on the file to a possibly less permissive
+setting. (Permissions given in octal).
=back
-It returns the number of files successfully deleted. Symlinks are
-treated as ordinary files.
+=head1 SEE ALSO
-=head1 AUTHORS
+=over 4
-Tim Bunce E<lt>F<Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk>E<gt>
-Charles Bailey E<lt>F<bailey@genetics.upenn.edu>E<gt>
+=item *
-=head1 REVISION
+L<File::Remove>
-This module was last revised 14-Feb-1996, for perl 5.002. $VERSION is
-1.01.
+Allows files and directories to be moved to the Trashcan/Recycle
+Bin (where they may later be restored if necessary) if the operating
+system supports such functionality. This feature may one day be
+made available directly in C<File::Path>.
-=cut
+=item *
-$VERSION = "1.01"; # That's my hobby-horse, A.K.
+L<File::Find::Rule>
-require 5.000;
-use Carp;
-require Exporter;
-@ISA = qw( Exporter );
-@EXPORT = qw( mkpath rmtree );
+When removing directory trees, if you want to examine each file to
+decide whether to delete it (and possibly leaving large swathes
+alone), F<File::Find::Rule> offers a convenient and flexible approach
+to examining directory trees.
-$Is_VMS = $^O eq 'VMS';
+=back
-sub mkpath {
- my($paths, $verbose, $mode) = @_;
- # $paths -- either a path string or ref to list of paths
- # $verbose -- optional print "mkdir $path" for each directory created
- # $mode -- optional permissions, defaults to 0777
- local($")="/";
- $mode = 0777 unless defined($mode);
- $paths = [$paths] unless ref $paths;
- my(@created);
- foreach $path (@$paths){
- next if -d $path;
- my(@p);
- foreach(split(/\//, $path)){
- push(@p, $_);
- next if -d "@p/";
- print "mkdir @p\n" if $verbose;
- mkdir("@p",$mode) || croak "mkdir @p: $!";
- push(@created, "@p");
- }
- }
- @created;
-}
+=head1 BUGS
-sub rmtree {
- my($roots, $verbose, $safe) = @_;
- my(@files);
- my($count) = 0;
- $roots = [$roots] unless ref $roots;
-
- foreach $root (@{$roots}) {
- $root =~ s#/$##;
- if (not -l $root and -d _) {
- opendir(D,$root);
- ($root = VMS::Filespec::unixify($root)) =~ s#\.dir$## if $Is_VMS;
- @files = map("$root/$_", grep $_!~/^\.{1,2}$/, readdir(D));
- closedir(D);
- $count += rmtree(\@files,$verbose,$safe);
- if ($safe &&
- ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !-w $root)) {
- print "skipped $root\n" if $verbose;
- next;
- }
- print "rmdir $root\n" if $verbose;
- (rmdir $root && ++$count) or carp "Can't remove directory $root: $!";
- }
- else {
- if ($safe &&
- ($Is_VMS ? !&VMS::Filespec::candelete($root) : !-w $root)) {
- print "skipped $root\n" if $verbose;
- next;
- }
- print "unlink $root\n" if $verbose;
- while (-e $root || -l $root) { # delete all versions under VMS
- (unlink($root) && ++$count)
- or carp "Can't unlink file $root: $!";
- }
- }
- }
+Please report all bugs on the RT queue:
- $count;
-}
+L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=File-Path>
-1;
+=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-__END__
+Paul Szabo identified the race condition originally, and Brendan
+O'Dea wrote an implementation for Debian that addressed the problem.
+That code was used as a basis for the current code. Their efforts
+are greatly appreciated.
+
+=head1 AUTHORS
+
+Tim Bunce and Charles Bailey. Currently maintained by David Landgren
+<F<david@landgren.net>>.
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT
+
+This module is copyright (C) Charles Bailey, Tim Bunce and
+David Landgren 1995-2008. All rights reserved.
+
+=head1 LICENSE
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=cut
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