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regcomp.c: Clarify comment
[perl5.git] / regcomp.c
index bec6a64..aa97e9b 100644 (file)
--- a/regcomp.c
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -133,31 +133,40 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
     char       *start;                 /* Start of input for compile */
     char       *end;                   /* End of input for compile */
     char       *parse;                 /* Input-scan pointer. */
-    char        *adjusted_start;        /* 'start', adjusted.  See code use */
-    STRLEN      precomp_adj;            /* an offset beyond precomp.  See code use */
+    char        *copy_start;            /* start of copy of input within
+                                           constructed parse string */
+    char        *copy_start_in_input;   /* Position in input string
+                                           corresponding to copy_start */
     SSize_t    whilem_seen;            /* number of WHILEM in this expr */
     regnode    *emit_start;            /* Start of emitted-code area */
-    regnode    *emit_bound;            /* First regnode outside of the
-                                           allocated space */
-    regnode    *emit;                  /* Code-emit pointer; if = &emit_dummy,
-                                           implies compiling, so don't emit */
-    regnode_ssc        emit_dummy;             /* placeholder for emit to point to;
-                                           large enough for the largest
-                                           non-EXACTish node, so can use it as
-                                           scratch in pass1 */
+    regnode_offset emit;               /* Code-emit pointer */
     I32                naughty;                /* How bad is this pattern? */
     I32                sawback;                /* Did we see \1, ...? */
     U32                seen;
-    SSize_t    size;                   /* Code size. */
-    I32         npar;                   /* Capture buffer count, (OPEN) plus
-                                           one. ("par" 0 is the whole
-                                           pattern)*/
+    SSize_t    size;                   /* Number of regnode equivalents in
+                                           pattern */
+
+    /* position beyond 'precomp' of the warning message furthest away from
+     * 'precomp'.  During the parse, no warnings are raised for any problems
+     * earlier in the parse than this position.  This works if warnings are
+     * raised the first time a given spot is parsed, and if only one
+     * independent warning is raised for any given spot */
+    Size_t     latest_warn_offset;
+
+    I32         npar;                   /* Capture buffer count so far in the
+                                           parse, (OPEN) plus one. ("par" 0 is
+                                           the whole pattern)*/
+    I32         total_par;              /* During initial parse, is either 0,
+                                           or -1; the latter indicating a
+                                           reparse is needed.  After that pass,
+                                           it is what 'npar' became after the
+                                           pass.  Hence, it being > 0 indicates
+                                           we are in a reparse situation */
     I32                nestroot;               /* root parens we are in - used by
                                            accept */
-    I32                extralen;
     I32                seen_zerolen;
-    regnode    **open_parens;          /* pointers to open parens */
-    regnode    **close_parens;         /* pointers to close parens */
+    regnode_offset *open_parens;       /* offsets to open parens */
+    regnode_offset *close_parens;      /* offsets to close parens */
     regnode     *end_op;                /* END node in program */
     I32                utf8;           /* whether the pattern is utf8 or not */
     I32                orig_utf8;      /* whether the pattern was originally in utf8 */
@@ -169,7 +178,7 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
     HV         *paren_names;           /* Paren names */
 
     regnode    **recurse;              /* Recurse regops */
-    I32                recurse_count;                /* Number of recurse regops we have generated */
+    I32         recurse_count;          /* Number of recurse regops we have generated */
     U8          *study_chunk_recursed;  /* bitmap of which subs we have moved
                                            through */
     U32         study_chunk_recursed_bytes;  /* bytes in bitmap */
@@ -200,6 +209,7 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
     U32         study_chunk_recursed_count;
     SV          *mysv1;
     SV          *mysv2;
+
 #define RExC_lastparse (pRExC_state->lastparse)
 #define RExC_lastnum   (pRExC_state->lastnum)
 #define RExC_paren_name_list    (pRExC_state->paren_name_list)
@@ -209,17 +219,18 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 #define RExC_mysv2     (pRExC_state->mysv2)
 
 #endif
-    bool        seen_unfolded_sharp_s;
+    bool        seen_d_op;
     bool        strict;
     bool        study_started;
     bool        in_script_run;
+    bool        use_BRANCHJ;
 };
 
 #define RExC_flags     (pRExC_state->flags)
 #define RExC_pm_flags  (pRExC_state->pm_flags)
 #define RExC_precomp   (pRExC_state->precomp)
-#define RExC_precomp_adj (pRExC_state->precomp_adj)
-#define RExC_adjusted_start  (pRExC_state->adjusted_start)
+#define RExC_copy_start_in_input (pRExC_state->copy_start_in_input)
+#define RExC_copy_start_in_constructed  (pRExC_state->copy_start)
 #define RExC_precomp_end (pRExC_state->precomp_end)
 #define RExC_rx_sv     (pRExC_state->rx_sv)
 #define RExC_rx                (pRExC_state->rx)
@@ -227,33 +238,25 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 #define RExC_start     (pRExC_state->start)
 #define RExC_end       (pRExC_state->end)
 #define RExC_parse     (pRExC_state->parse)
+#define RExC_latest_warn_offset (pRExC_state->latest_warn_offset )
 #define RExC_whilem_seen       (pRExC_state->whilem_seen)
+#define RExC_seen_d_op (pRExC_state->seen_d_op) /* Seen something that differs
+                                                   under /d from /u ? */
 
-/* Set during the sizing pass when there is a LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S in any
- * EXACTF node, hence was parsed under /di rules.  If later in the parse,
- * something forces the pattern into using /ui rules, the sharp s should be
- * folded into the sequence 'ss', which takes up more space than previously
- * calculated.  This means that the sizing pass needs to be restarted.  (The
- * node also becomes an EXACTFU_SS.)  For all other characters, an EXACTF node
- * that gets converted to /ui (and EXACTFU) occupies the same amount of space,
- * so there is no need to resize [perl #125990]. */
-#define RExC_seen_unfolded_sharp_s (pRExC_state->seen_unfolded_sharp_s)
 
 #ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-#define RExC_offsets   (pRExC_state->rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the
+#  define RExC_offsets (RExC_rxi->u.offsets) /* I am not like the
                                                          others */
 #endif
 #define RExC_emit      (pRExC_state->emit)
-#define RExC_emit_dummy        (pRExC_state->emit_dummy)
 #define RExC_emit_start        (pRExC_state->emit_start)
-#define RExC_emit_bound        (pRExC_state->emit_bound)
 #define RExC_sawback   (pRExC_state->sawback)
 #define RExC_seen      (pRExC_state->seen)
 #define RExC_size      (pRExC_state->size)
 #define RExC_maxlen        (pRExC_state->maxlen)
 #define RExC_npar      (pRExC_state->npar)
+#define RExC_total_parens      (pRExC_state->total_par)
 #define RExC_nestroot   (pRExC_state->nestroot)
-#define RExC_extralen  (pRExC_state->extralen)
 #define RExC_seen_zerolen      (pRExC_state->seen_zerolen)
 #define RExC_utf8      (pRExC_state->utf8)
 #define RExC_uni_semantics     (pRExC_state->uni_semantics)
@@ -280,6 +283,7 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 #define RExC_study_started      (pRExC_state->study_started)
 #define RExC_warn_text (pRExC_state->warn_text)
 #define RExC_in_script_run      (pRExC_state->in_script_run)
+#define RExC_use_BRANCHJ        (pRExC_state->use_BRANCHJ)
 
 /* Heuristic check on the complexity of the pattern: if TOO_NAUGHTY, we set
  * a flag to disable back-off on the fixed/floating substrings - if it's
@@ -303,7 +307,8 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
  * Flags to be passed up and down.
  */
 #define        WORST           0       /* Worst case. */
-#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to match non-null strings. */
+#define        HASWIDTH        0x01    /* Known to not match null strings, could match
+                                   non-null ones. */
 
 /* Simple enough to be STAR/PLUS operand; in an EXACTish node must be a single
  * character.  (There needs to be a case: in the switch statement in regexec.c
@@ -313,8 +318,8 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 #define        SPSTART         0x04    /* Starts with * or + */
 #define POSTPONED      0x08    /* (?1),(?&name), (??{...}) or similar */
 #define TRYAGAIN       0x10    /* Weeded out a declaration. */
-#define RESTART_PASS1   0x20    /* Need to restart sizing pass */
-#define NEED_UTF8       0x40    /* In conjunction with RESTART_PASS1, need to
+#define RESTART_PARSE   0x20    /* Need to redo the parse */
+#define NEED_UTF8       0x40    /* In conjunction with RESTART_PARSE, need to
                                    calcuate sizes as UTF-8 */
 
 #define REG_NODE_NUM(x) ((x) ? (int)((x)-RExC_emit_start) : -1)
@@ -336,56 +341,66 @@ struct RExC_state_t {
 
 #define REQUIRE_UTF8(flagp) STMT_START {                                   \
                                      if (!UTF) {                           \
-                                         assert(PASS1);                    \
-                                         *flagp = RESTART_PASS1|NEED_UTF8; \
-                                         return NULL;                      \
+                                         *flagp = RESTART_PARSE|NEED_UTF8; \
+                                         return 0;                         \
                                      }                                     \
                              } STMT_END
 
-/* Change from /d into /u rules, and restart the parse if we've already seen
- * something whose size would increase as a result, by setting *flagp and
- * returning 'restart_retval'.  RExC_uni_semantics is a flag that indicates
- * we've changed to /u during the parse.  */
+/* Change from /d into /u rules, and restart the parse.  RExC_uni_semantics is
+ * a flag that indicates we've changed to /u during the parse.  */
 #define REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, restart_retval)                            \
     STMT_START {                                                            \
             if (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {                                        \
-                assert(PASS1);                                              \
                 set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);      \
                 RExC_uni_semantics = 1;                                     \
-                if (RExC_seen_unfolded_sharp_s) {                           \
-                    *flagp |= RESTART_PASS1;                                \
+                if (RExC_seen_d_op && LIKELY(RExC_total_parens >= 0)) {     \
+                    /* No need to restart the parse if we haven't seen      \
+                     * anything that differs between /u and /d, and no need \
+                     * to restart immediately if we're going to reparse     \
+                     * anyway to count parens */                            \
+                    *flagp |= RESTART_PARSE;                                \
                     return restart_retval;                                  \
                 }                                                           \
             }                                                               \
     } STMT_END
 
-/* Executes a return statement with the value 'X', if 'flags' contains any of
- * 'RESTART_PASS1', 'NEED_UTF8', or 'extra'.  If so, *flagp is set to those
- * flags */
-#define RETURN_X_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS(X, flags, flagp, extra)                \
+#define BRANCH_MAX_OFFSET   U16_MAX
+#define REQUIRE_BRANCHJ(flagp, restart_retval)                              \
     STMT_START {                                                            \
-            if ((flags) & (RESTART_PASS1|NEED_UTF8|(extra))) {              \
-                *(flagp) = (flags) & (RESTART_PASS1|NEED_UTF8|(extra));     \
-                return X;                                                   \
-            }                                                               \
+                RExC_use_BRANCHJ = 1;                                       \
+                if (LIKELY(RExC_total_parens >= 0)) {                       \
+                    /* No need to restart the parse immediately if we're    \
+                     * going to reparse anyway to count parens */           \
+                    *flagp |= RESTART_PARSE;                                \
+                    return restart_retval;                                  \
+                }                                                           \
     } STMT_END
 
-#define RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS(flags,flagp,extra)                  \
-                    RETURN_X_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS(NULL,flags,flagp,extra)
-
-#define RETURN_X_ON_RESTART(X, flags,flagp)                                 \
-                        RETURN_X_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS( X, flags, flagp, 0)
-
+#define REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS                                                 \
+    STMT_START {                                                            \
+                    if (RExC_total_parens == 0) RExC_total_parens = -1;     \
+    } STMT_END
 
-#define RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP_OR_FLAGS(flagp,extra)                  \
-            if (*(flagp) & (RESTART_PASS1|(extra))) return NULL
+/* This is used to return failure (zero) early from the calling function if
+ * various flags in 'flags' are set.  Two flags always cause a return:
+ * 'RESTART_PARSE' and 'NEED_UTF8'.   'extra' can be used to specify any
+ * additional flags that should cause a return; 0 if none.  If the return will
+ * be done, '*flagp' is first set to be all of the flags that caused the
+ * return. */
+#define RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS(flags,flagp,extra)                  \
+    STMT_START {                                                            \
+            if ((flags) & (RESTART_PARSE|NEED_UTF8|(extra))) {              \
+                *(flagp) = (flags) & (RESTART_PARSE|NEED_UTF8|(extra));     \
+                return 0;                                                   \
+            }                                                               \
+    } STMT_END
 
-#define MUST_RESTART(flags) ((flags) & (RESTART_PASS1))
+#define MUST_RESTART(flags) ((flags) & (RESTART_PARSE))
 
-#define RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp)                                 \
-                                    RETURN_X_ON_RESTART(NULL, flags,flagp)
-#define RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp)                                 \
-                            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP_OR_FLAGS(flagp,0)
+#define RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp)                                 \
+                        RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS( flags, flagp, 0)
+#define RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp)                                 \
+                                    if (MUST_RESTART(*(flagp))) return 0
 
 /* This converts the named class defined in regcomp.h to its equivalent class
  * number defined in handy.h. */
@@ -606,11 +621,11 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  * the form of something that is completely different from the input, or
  * something that uses the input as part of the alternate.  In the first case,
  * there should be no possibility of an error, as we are in complete control of
- * the alternate string.  But in the second case we don't control the input
- * portion, so there may be errors in that.  Here's an example:
+ * the alternate string.  But in the second case we don't completely control
+ * the input portion, so there may be errors in that.  Here's an example:
  *      /[abc\x{DF}def]/ui
  * is handled specially because \x{df} folds to a sequence of more than one
- * character, 'ss'.  What is done is to create and parse an alternate string,
+ * character: 'ss'.  What is done is to create and parse an alternate string,
  * which looks like this:
  *      /(?:\x{DF}|[abc\x{DF}def])/ui
  * where it uses the input unchanged in the middle of something it constructs,
@@ -619,60 +634,81 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  * class while in this substitute parse.) 'abc' and 'def' may have errors that
  * need to be reported.  The general situation looks like this:
  *
+ *                                       |<------- identical ------>|
  *              sI                       tI               xI       eI
- * Input:       ----------------------------------------------------
+ * Input:       ---------------------------------------------------------------
  * Constructed:         ---------------------------------------------------
  *                      sC               tC               xC       eC     EC
+ *                                       |<------- identical ------>|
  *
- * The input string sI..eI is the input pattern.  The string sC..EC is the
- * constructed substitute parse string.  The portions sC..tC and eC..EC are
- * constructed by us.  The portion tC..eC is an exact duplicate of the input
- * pattern tI..eI.  In the diagram, these are vertically aligned.  Suppose that
- * while parsing, we find an error at xC.  We want to display a message showing
- * the real input string.  Thus we need to find the point xI in it which
- * corresponds to xC.  xC >= tC, since the portion of the string sC..tC has
- * been constructed by us, and so shouldn't have errors.  We get:
- *
- *      xI = sI + (tI - sI) + (xC - tC)
+ * sI..eI   is the portion of the input pattern we are concerned with here.
+ * sC..EC   is the constructed substitute parse string.
+ *  sC..tC  is constructed by us
+ *  tC..eC  is an exact duplicate of the portion of the input pattern tI..eI.
+ *          In the diagram, these are vertically aligned.
+ *  eC..EC  is also constructed by us.
+ * xC       is the position in the substitute parse string where we found a
+ *          problem.
+ * xI       is the position in the original pattern corresponding to xC.
  *
- * and, the offset into sI is:
+ * We want to display a message showing the real input string.  Thus we need to
+ * translate from xC to xI.  We know that xC >= tC, since the portion of the
+ * string sC..tC has been constructed by us, and so shouldn't have errors.  We
+ * get:
+ *      xI = tI + (xC - tC)
  *
- *      (xI - sI) = (tI - sI) + (xC - tC)
+ * When the substitute parse is constructed, the code needs to set:
+ *      RExC_start (sC)
+ *      RExC_end (eC)
+ *      RExC_copy_start_in_input  (tI)
+ *      RExC_copy_start_in_constructed (tC)
+ * and restore them when done.
  *
- * When the substitute is constructed, we save (tI -sI) as RExC_precomp_adj,
- * and we save tC as RExC_adjusted_start.
- *
- * During normal processing of the input pattern, everything points to that,
- * with RExC_precomp_adj set to 0, and RExC_adjusted_start set to sI.
+ * During normal processing of the input pattern, both
+ * 'RExC_copy_start_in_input' and 'RExC_copy_start_in_constructed' are set to
+ * sI, so that xC equals xI.
  */
 
-#define tI_sI           RExC_precomp_adj
-#define tC              RExC_adjusted_start
-#define sC              RExC_precomp
-#define xI_offset(xC)   ((IV) (tI_sI + (xC - tC)))
-#define xI(xC)          (sC + xI_offset(xC))
-#define eC              RExC_precomp_end
+#define sI              RExC_precomp
+#define eI              RExC_precomp_end
+#define sC              RExC_start
+#define eC              RExC_end
+#define tI              RExC_copy_start_in_input
+#define tC              RExC_copy_start_in_constructed
+#define xI(xC)          (tI + (xC - tC))
+#define xI_offset(xC)   (xI(xC) - sI)
 
 #define REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(xC)                                            \
     UTF8fARG(UTF,                                                           \
-             (xI(xC) > eC) /* Don't run off end */                          \
-              ? eC - sC   /* Length before the <--HERE */                   \
+             (xI(xC) > eI) /* Don't run off end */                          \
+              ? eI - sI   /* Length before the <--HERE */                   \
               : ((xI_offset(xC) >= 0)                                       \
                  ? xI_offset(xC)                                            \
                  : (Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: %s: %d: negative offset: %"    \
                                     IVdf " trying to output message for "   \
                                     " pattern %.*s",                        \
-                                    __FILE__, __LINE__, xI_offset(xC),      \
+                                    __FILE__, __LINE__, (IV) xI_offset(xC), \
                                     ((int) (eC - sC)), sC), 0)),            \
-             sC),         /* The input pattern printed up to the <--HERE */ \
+             sI),         /* The input pattern printed up to the <--HERE */ \
     UTF8fARG(UTF,                                                           \
-             (xI(xC) > eC) ? 0 : eC - xI(xC), /* Length after <--HERE */    \
-             (xI(xC) > eC) ? eC : xI(xC))     /* pattern after <--HERE */
+             (xI(xC) > eI) ? 0 : eI - xI(xC), /* Length after <--HERE */    \
+             (xI(xC) > eI) ? eI : xI(xC))     /* pattern after <--HERE */
 
 /* Used to point after bad bytes for an error message, but avoid skipping
  * past a nul byte. */
 #define SKIP_IF_CHAR(s) (!*(s) ? 0 : UTF ? UTF8SKIP(s) : 1)
 
+/* Set up to clean up after our imminent demise */
+#define PREPARE_TO_DIE                                                      \
+    STMT_START {                                                           \
+        if (RExC_rx_sv)                                                     \
+            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
+        if (RExC_open_parens)                                               \
+            SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);                                   \
+        if (RExC_close_parens)                                              \
+            SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);                                  \
+    } STMT_END
+
 /*
  * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then calls Perl_croak with the given
  * arg. Show regex, up to a maximum length. If it's too long, chop and add
@@ -680,10 +716,9 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  */
 #define _FAIL(code) STMT_START {                                       \
     const char *ellipses = "";                                         \
-    IV len = RExC_precomp_end - RExC_precomp;                                  \
+    IV len = RExC_precomp_end - RExC_precomp;                          \
                                                                        \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                                         \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                                    \
     if (len > RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages) {                      \
        /* chop 10 shorter than the max, to ensure meaning of "..." */  \
        len = RegexLengthToShowInErrorMessages - 10;                    \
@@ -712,8 +747,7 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL()
  */
 #define        vFAIL(m) STMT_START {                           \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                     \
     Simple_vFAIL(m);                                   \
 } STMT_END
 
@@ -729,8 +763,7 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL2().
  */
 #define        vFAIL2(m,a1) STMT_START {                       \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                     \
     Simple_vFAIL2(m, a1);                              \
 } STMT_END
 
@@ -747,8 +780,7 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  * Calls SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X if needed, then Simple_vFAIL3().
  */
 #define        vFAIL3(m,a1,a2) STMT_START {                    \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                     \
     Simple_vFAIL3(m, a1, a2);                          \
 } STMT_END
 
@@ -761,115 +793,154 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
 } STMT_END
 
 #define        vFAIL4(m,a1,a2,a3) STMT_START {                 \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                    \
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                     \
     Simple_vFAIL4(m, a1, a2, a3);                      \
 } STMT_END
 
 /* A specialized version of vFAIL2 that works with UTF8f */
 #define vFAIL2utf8f(m, a1) STMT_START {             \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                 \
-        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                     \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                 \
     S_re_croak2(aTHX_ UTF, m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1,  \
             REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(RExC_parse));      \
 } STMT_END
 
 #define vFAIL3utf8f(m, a1, a2) STMT_START {             \
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY)                                     \
-        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);                         \
+    PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                     \
     S_re_croak2(aTHX_ UTF, m, REPORT_LOCATION, a1, a2,  \
             REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(RExC_parse));          \
 } STMT_END
 
-/* These have asserts in them because of [perl #122671] Many warnings in
- * regcomp.c can occur twice.  If they get output in pass1 and later in that
- * pass, the pattern has to be converted to UTF-8 and the pass restarted, they
- * would get output again.  So they should be output in pass2, and these
- * asserts make sure new warnings follow that paradigm. */
+/* Setting this to NULL is a signal to not output warnings */
+#define TURN_OFF_WARNINGS_IN_SUBSTITUTE_PARSE RExC_copy_start_in_constructed = NULL
+#define RESTORE_WARNINGS RExC_copy_start_in_constructed = RExC_precomp
+
+/* Since a warning can be generated multiple times as the input is reparsed, we
+ * output it the first time we come to that point in the parse, but suppress it
+ * otherwise.  'RExC_copy_start_in_constructed' being NULL is a flag to not
+ * generate any warnings */
+#define TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(loc)                                         \
+  (   RExC_copy_start_in_constructed                                    \
+   && ((xI(loc)) - RExC_precomp) > (Ptrdiff_t) RExC_latest_warn_offset)
+
+/* After we've emitted a warning, we save the position in the input so we don't
+ * output it again */
+#define UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(loc)                                        \
+    STMT_START {                                                        \
+        if (TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(loc)) {                                  \
+            RExC_latest_warn_offset = (xI(loc)) - RExC_precomp;         \
+        }                                                               \
+    } STMT_END
+
+/* 'warns' is the output of the packWARNx macro used in 'code' */
+#define _WARN_HELPER(loc, warns, code)                                  \
+    STMT_START {                                                        \
+        if (! RExC_copy_start_in_constructed) {                         \
+            Perl_croak( aTHX_ "panic! %s: %d: Tried to warn when none"  \
+                              " expected at '%s'",                      \
+                              __FILE__, __LINE__, loc);                 \
+        }                                                               \
+        if (TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(loc)) {                                  \
+            if (ckDEAD(warns))                                          \
+                PREPARE_TO_DIE;                                         \
+            code;                                                       \
+            UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(loc);                                   \
+        }                                                               \
+    } STMT_END
 
 /* m is not necessarily a "literal string", in this macro */
-#define reg_warn_non_literal_string(loc, m) STMT_START {                \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),           \
+#define reg_warn_non_literal_string(loc, m)                             \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                            \
+                      Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),          \
                                        "%s" REPORT_LOCATION,            \
-                                  m, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));        \
-} STMT_END
+                                  m, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),        \
+#define        ckWARNreg(loc,m)                                                \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                            \
+                      Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),       \
                                           m REPORT_LOCATION,           \
-                                         REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));   \
-} STMT_END
+                                         REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        vWARN(loc, m) STMT_START {                                      \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),           \
+#define        vWARN(loc, m)                                                   \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                            \
+                      Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),          \
                                        m REPORT_LOCATION,               \
-                                       REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));      \
-} STMT_END
+                                       REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))      \
 
-#define        vWARN_dep(loc, m) STMT_START {                                  \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),       \
+#define        vWARN_dep(loc, m)                                               \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),                        \
+                      Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),      \
                                        m REPORT_LOCATION,               \
-                                      REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));      \
-} STMT_END
+                                      REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARNdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                   \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),  \
+#define        ckWARNdep(loc,m)                                                \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED),                        \
+                      Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), \
                                            m REPORT_LOCATION,          \
-                                           REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)); \
-} STMT_END
+                                           REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m) STMT_START {                                    \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED,      \
+#define        ckWARNregdep(loc,m)                                                 \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_REGEXP),              \
+                      Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED,     \
                                                       WARN_REGEXP),         \
                                             m REPORT_LOCATION,             \
-                                            REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));    \
-} STMT_END
+                                            REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARN2reg_d(loc,m, a1) STMT_START {                                \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),          \
+#define        ckWARN2reg_d(loc,m, a1)                                             \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                                \
+                      Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),         \
                                            m REPORT_LOCATION,              \
-                                           a1, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)); \
-} STMT_END
+                                           a1, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1) STMT_START {                                 \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),            \
+#define        ckWARN2reg(loc, m, a1)                                              \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                                \
+                      Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),           \
                                           m REPORT_LOCATION,               \
-                                          a1, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));   \
-} STMT_END
+                                          a1, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                                 \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),               \
+#define        vWARN3(loc, m, a1, a2)                                              \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                                \
+                      Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),              \
                                        m REPORT_LOCATION,                   \
-                                      a1, a2, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));  \
-} STMT_END
+                                      a1, a2, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2) STMT_START {                             \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),            \
+#define        ckWARN3reg(loc, m, a1, a2)                                          \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                                \
+                      Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),           \
                                           m REPORT_LOCATION,                \
                                          a1, a2,                           \
-                                          REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));       \
-} STMT_END
+                                          REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                         \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),           \
+#define        vWARN4(loc, m, a1, a2, a3)                                      \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                            \
+                      Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),          \
                                        m REPORT_LOCATION,               \
                                       a1, a2, a3,                      \
-                                       REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));      \
-} STMT_END
+                                       REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3) STMT_START {                     \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),        \
+#define        ckWARN4reg(loc, m, a1, a2, a3)                                  \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                            \
+                      Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),       \
                                           m REPORT_LOCATION,            \
                                          a1, a2, a3,                   \
-                                          REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));   \
-} STMT_END
+                                          REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
 
-#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4) STMT_START {                     \
-    __ASSERT_(PASS2) Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),           \
+#define        vWARN5(loc, m, a1, a2, a3, a4)                                  \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),                            \
+                      Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),          \
                                        m REPORT_LOCATION,              \
                                       a1, a2, a3, a4,                  \
-                                       REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc));      \
-} STMT_END
+                                       REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
+
+#define        ckWARNexperimental(loc, class, m)                               \
+    _WARN_HELPER(loc, packWARN(class),                                  \
+                      Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(class),           \
+                                            m REPORT_LOCATION,          \
+                                            REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(loc)))
+
+/* Convert between a pointer to a node and its offset from the beginning of the
+ * program */
+#define REGNODE_p(offset)    (RExC_emit_start + (offset))
+#define REGNODE_OFFSET(node) ((node) - RExC_emit_start)
 
 /* Macros for recording node offsets.   20001227 mjd@plover.com
  * Nodes are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.  Node #n's position is recorded in
@@ -878,7 +949,7 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
  * Position is 1 indexed.
  */
 #ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte)
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(offset,byte)
 #define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)
 #define Set_Cur_Node_Offset
 #define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len)
@@ -889,28 +960,26 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
 #define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len)
 #define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.proglen
 #define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.proglen = x
+#define Track_Code(code)
 #else
 #define ProgLen(ri) ri->u.offsets[0]
 #define SetProgLen(ri,x) ri->u.offsets[0] = x
-#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(node,byte) STMT_START {                   \
-    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
+#define Set_Node_Offset_To_R(offset,byte) STMT_START {                 \
        MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) offset of node %d is %d.\n",         \
-                   __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(byte)));               \
-       if((node) < 0) {                                                \
+                   __LINE__, (int)(offset), (int)(byte)));             \
+       if((offset) < 0) {                                              \
            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "value of node is %d in Offset macro",     \
-                                         (int)(node));                  \
+                                         (int)(offset));                \
        } else {                                                        \
-           RExC_offsets[2*(node)-1] = (byte);                          \
+            RExC_offsets[2*(offset)-1] = (byte);                       \
        }                                                               \
-    }                                                                  \
 } STMT_END
 
-#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte) \
-    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (byte)-RExC_start)
+#define Set_Node_Offset(node,byte)                                      \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R(REGNODE_OFFSET(node), (byte)-RExC_start)
 #define Set_Cur_Node_Offset Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse)
 
 #define Set_Node_Length_To_R(node,len) STMT_START {                    \
-    if (! SIZE_ONLY) {                                                 \
        MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(("** (%d) size of node %d is %d.\n",           \
                __LINE__, (int)(node), (int)(len)));                    \
        if((node) < 0) {                                                \
@@ -919,22 +988,23 @@ static const scan_data_t zero_scan_data = {
        } else {                                                        \
            RExC_offsets[2*(node)] = (len);                             \
        }                                                               \
-    }                                                                  \
 } STMT_END
 
 #define Set_Node_Length(node,len) \
-    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, len)
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R(REGNODE_OFFSET(node), len)
 #define Set_Node_Cur_Length(node, start)                \
     Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - start)
 
 /* Get offsets and lengths */
-#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)-1])
-#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*((n)-RExC_emit_start)])
+#define Node_Offset(n) (RExC_offsets[2*(REGNODE_OFFSET(n))-1])
+#define Node_Length(n) (RExC_offsets[2*(REGNODE_OFFSET(n))])
 
 #define Set_Node_Offset_Length(node,offset,len) STMT_START {   \
-    Set_Node_Offset_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (offset));    \
-    Set_Node_Length_To_R((node)-RExC_emit_start, (len));       \
+    Set_Node_Offset_To_R(REGNODE_OFFSET(node), (offset));      \
+    Set_Node_Length_To_R(REGNODE_OFFSET(node), (len)); \
 } STMT_END
+
+#define Track_Code(code) STMT_START { code } STMT_END
 #endif
 
 #if PERL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_REGEX_OPTIMISATIONS
@@ -972,39 +1042,39 @@ Perl_re_indentf(pTHX_ const char *fmt, U32 depth, ...)
 
 #define DEBUG_RExC_seen()                                                   \
         DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r({                                             \
-            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "RExC_seen: ");                                       \
+            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "RExC_seen: ");                           \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_ZERO_LEN_SEEN)                              \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_ZERO_LEN_SEEN ");                            \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_ZERO_LEN_SEEN ");                \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN)                            \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN ");                          \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN ");              \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_GPOS_SEEN)                                  \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_GPOS_SEEN ");                                \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_GPOS_SEEN ");                    \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_RECURSE_SEEN)                               \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_RECURSE_SEEN ");                             \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_RECURSE_SEEN ");                 \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES_SEEN)                    \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES_SEEN ");                  \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES_SEEN ");      \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_VERBARG_SEEN)                               \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_VERBARG_SEEN ");                             \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_VERBARG_SEEN ");                 \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_CUTGROUP_SEEN)                              \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_CUTGROUP_SEEN ");                            \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_CUTGROUP_SEEN ");                \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN)                        \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN ");                      \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN ");          \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_UNFOLDED_MULTI_SEEN)                        \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_UNFOLDED_MULTI_SEEN ");                      \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_UNFOLDED_MULTI_SEEN ");          \
                                                                             \
             if (RExC_seen & REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN)                  \
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN ");                \
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN ");    \
                                                                             \
-            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "\n");                                                \
+            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "\n");                                    \
         });
 
 #define DEBUG_SHOW_STUDY_FLAG(flags,flag) \
@@ -1150,7 +1220,7 @@ typedef struct dictionary item;
 
 
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE item*
-push(UV key,item* curr)
+push(UV key, item* curr)
 {
     item* head;
     Newx(head, 1, item);
@@ -1176,7 +1246,7 @@ find(item* head, UV key)
 }
 
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE item*
-uniquePush(item* head,UV key)
+uniquePush(item* head, UV key)
 {
     item* iterator = head;
 
@@ -1187,7 +1257,7 @@ uniquePush(item* head,UV key)
         iterator = iterator->next;
     }
 
-    return push(key,head);
+    return push(key, head);
 }
 
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
@@ -1216,7 +1286,7 @@ S_edit_distance(const UV* src,
 )
 {
     item *head = NULL;
-    UV swapCount,swapScore,targetCharCount,i,j;
+    UV swapCount, swapScore, targetCharCount, i, j;
     UV *scores;
     UV score_ceil = x + y;
 
@@ -1228,14 +1298,14 @@ S_edit_distance(const UV* src,
     scores[1 * (y + 2) + 0] = score_ceil;
     scores[0 * (y + 2) + 1] = score_ceil;
     scores[1 * (y + 2) + 1] = 0;
-    head = uniquePush(uniquePush(head,src[0]),tgt[0]);
+    head = uniquePush(uniquePush(head, src[0]), tgt[0]);
 
     /* work loops    */
     /* i = src index */
     /* j = tgt index */
     for (i=1;i<=x;i++) {
         if (i < x)
-            head = uniquePush(head,src[i]);
+            head = uniquePush(head, src[i]);
         scores[(i+1) * (y + 2) + 1] = i;
         scores[(i+1) * (y + 2) + 0] = score_ceil;
         swapCount = 0;
@@ -1243,12 +1313,12 @@ S_edit_distance(const UV* src,
         for (j=1;j<=y;j++) {
             if (i == 1) {
                 if(j < y)
-                head = uniquePush(head,tgt[j]);
+                head = uniquePush(head, tgt[j]);
                 scores[1 * (y + 2) + (j + 1)] = j;
                 scores[0 * (y + 2) + (j + 1)] = score_ceil;
             }
 
-            targetCharCount = find(head,tgt[j-1])->value;
+            targetCharCount = find(head, tgt[j-1])->value;
             swapScore = scores[targetCharCount * (y + 2) + swapCount] + i - targetCharCount - 1 + j - swapCount;
 
             if (src[i-1] != tgt[j-1]){
@@ -1260,7 +1330,7 @@ S_edit_distance(const UV* src,
             }
         }
 
-        find(head,src[i-1])->value = i;
+        find(head, src[i-1])->value = i;
     }
 
     {
@@ -2026,9 +2096,9 @@ S_ssc_finalize(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode_ssc *ssc)
 
     if (ANYOF_POSIXL_SSC_TEST_ANY_SET(ssc)) {
         ANYOF_FLAGS(ssc) |= ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL;
+        OP(ssc) = ANYOFPOSIXL;
     }
-
-    if (RExC_contains_locale) {
+    else if (RExC_contains_locale) {
         OP(ssc) = ANYOFL;
     }
 
@@ -2134,7 +2204,7 @@ S_dump_trie(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie, HV *widecharmap,
                     (UV)trie->trans[ base + ofs - trie->uniquecharcount ].next
                    );
                 } else {
-                    Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%*s",colwidth,"   ." );
+                    Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%*s", colwidth,"   ." );
                 }
             }
 
@@ -2190,7 +2260,7 @@ S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
         }
         for( charid = 1 ; charid <= TRIE_LIST_USED( state ) ; charid++ ) {
            SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap,
-                                        TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid, 0);
+                                        TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state, charid).forid, 0);
            if ( tmp ) {
                 Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%*s:%3X=%4" UVXf " | ",
                     colwidth,
@@ -2200,8 +2270,8 @@ S_dump_trie_interim_list(pTHX_ const struct _reg_trie_data *trie,
                               (SvUTF8(*tmp) ? PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI : 0)
                               | PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR
                     ) ,
-                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).forid,
-                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state,charid).newstate
+                    TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state, charid).forid,
+                    (UV)TRIE_LIST_ITEM(state, charid).newstate
                 );
                 if (!(charid % 10))
                     Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\n%*s| ",
@@ -2579,7 +2649,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
 #endif
 
     switch (flags) {
-        case EXACT: case EXACTL: break;
+        case EXACT: case EXACT_ONLY8: case EXACTL: break;
        case EXACTFAA:
         case EXACTFU_SS:
        case EXACTFU:
@@ -2594,7 +2664,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
     trie->wordcount = word_count;
     RExC_rxi->data->data[ data_slot ] = (void*)trie;
     trie->charmap = (U16 *) PerlMemShared_calloc( 256, sizeof(U16) );
-    if (flags == EXACT || flags == EXACTL)
+    if (flags == EXACT || flags == EXACT_ONLY8 || flags == EXACTL)
        trie->bitmap = (char *) PerlMemShared_calloc( ANYOF_BITMAP_SIZE, 1 );
     trie->wordinfo = (reg_trie_wordinfo *) PerlMemShared_calloc(
                        trie->wordcount+1, sizeof(reg_trie_wordinfo));
@@ -2612,7 +2682,7 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
         Perl_re_indentf( aTHX_
           "make_trie start==%d, first==%d, last==%d, tail==%d depth=%d\n",
           depth+1,
-          REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch),REG_NODE_NUM(first),
+          REG_NODE_NUM(startbranch), REG_NODE_NUM(first),
           REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(tail), (int)depth);
     });
 
@@ -2668,15 +2738,12 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
                 noper= noper_next;
         }
 
-        if ( noper < tail &&
-                (
-                    OP(noper) == flags ||
-                    (
-                        flags == EXACTFU &&
-                        OP(noper) == EXACTFU_SS
-                    )
-                )
-        ) {
+        if (    noper < tail
+            && (    OP(noper) == flags
+                || (flags == EXACT && OP(noper) == EXACT_ONLY8)
+                || (flags == EXACTFU && (   OP(noper) == EXACTFU_ONLY8
+                                         || OP(noper) == EXACTFU_SS))) )
+        {
             uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
             e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
         } else {
@@ -2889,7 +2956,12 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
                     noper= noper_next;
             }
 
-            if ( noper < tail && ( OP(noper) == flags || ( flags == EXACTFU && OP(noper) == EXACTFU_SS ) ) ) {
+            if (    noper < tail
+                && (    OP(noper) == flags
+                    || (flags == EXACT && OP(noper) == EXACT_ONLY8)
+                    || (flags == EXACTFU && (   OP(noper) == EXACTFU_ONLY8
+                                             || OP(noper) == EXACTFU_SS))) )
+            {
                 const U8 *uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
                 const U8 *e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
 
@@ -3109,7 +3181,12 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
                     noper= noper_next;
             }
 
-            if ( noper < tail && ( OP(noper) == flags || ( flags == EXACTFU && OP(noper) == EXACTFU_SS ) ) ) {
+            if (    noper < tail
+                && (    OP(noper) == flags
+                    || (flags == EXACT && OP(noper) == EXACT_ONLY8)
+                    || (flags == EXACTFU && (   OP(noper) == EXACTFU_ONLY8
+                                             || OP(noper) == EXACTFU_SS))) )
+            {
                 const U8 *uc= (U8*)STRING(noper);
                 const U8 *e= uc + STR_LEN(noper);
 
@@ -3387,14 +3464,14 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
                                     SV ** const tmp = av_fetch( revcharmap, first_ofs, 0);
                                    const U8 * const ch = (U8*)SvPV_nolen_const( *tmp );
 
-                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET_FOLDED(trie,*ch,folder);
+                                    TRIE_BITMAP_SET_FOLDED(trie,*ch, folder);
                                     DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
                                         Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s", (char*)ch)
                                     );
                                }
                            }
                             /* store the current firstchar in the bitmap */
-                            TRIE_BITMAP_SET_FOLDED(trie,*ch,folder);
+                            TRIE_BITMAP_SET_FOLDED(trie,*ch, folder);
                             DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "%s", ch));
                        }
                         first_ofs = ofs;
@@ -3455,7 +3532,9 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
                    ) {
                    regnode *fix = convert;
                    U32 word = trie->wordcount;
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
                    mjd_nodelen++;
+#endif
                    Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, state - 1);
                    while( ++fix < n ) {
                        Set_Node_Offset_Length(fix, 0, 0);
@@ -3522,19 +3601,19 @@ S_make_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *startbranch,
             regnode *opt = convert;
 
             while ( ++opt < optimize) {
-                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt,0,0);
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(opt, 0, 0);
             }
             /*
                 Try to clean up some of the debris left after the
                 optimisation.
              */
             while( optimize < jumper ) {
-                mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize));
+                Track_Code( mjd_nodelen += Node_Length((optimize)); );
                 OP( optimize ) = OPTIMIZED;
-                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize,0,0);
+                Set_Node_Offset_Length(optimize, 0, 0);
                 optimize++;
             }
-            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert,mjd_offset,mjd_nodelen);
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(convert, mjd_offset, mjd_nodelen);
         });
     } /* end node insert */
 
@@ -3638,12 +3717,12 @@ S_construct_ahocorasick_from_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *sour
     if ( OP(source) == TRIE ) {
         struct regnode_1 *op = (struct regnode_1 *)
             PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_1));
-        StructCopy(source,op,struct regnode_1);
+        StructCopy(source, op, struct regnode_1);
         stclass = (regnode *)op;
     } else {
         struct regnode_charclass *op = (struct regnode_charclass *)
             PerlMemShared_calloc(1, sizeof(struct regnode_charclass));
-        StructCopy(source,op,struct regnode_charclass);
+        StructCopy(source, op, struct regnode_charclass);
         stclass = (regnode *)op;
     }
     OP(stclass)+=2; /* convert the TRIE type to its AHO-CORASICK equivalent */
@@ -3844,12 +3923,12 @@ S_construct_ahocorasick_from_trie(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *sour
 
 #define JOIN_EXACT(scan,min_subtract,unfolded_multi_char, flags) \
     if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) \
-        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),unfolded_multi_char, (flags),NULL,depth+1)
+        join_exact(pRExC_state,(scan),(min_subtract),unfolded_multi_char, (flags), NULL, depth+1)
 
 STATIC U32
 S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan,
                    UV *min_subtract, bool *unfolded_multi_char,
-                   U32 flags,regnode *val, U32 depth)
+                   U32 flags, regnode *val, U32 depth)
 {
     /* Merge several consecutive EXACTish nodes into one. */
     regnode *n = regnext(scan);
@@ -3940,7 +4019,7 @@ S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan,
      * this final joining, sequences could have been split over boundaries, and
      * hence missed).  The sequences only happen in folding, hence for any
      * non-EXACT EXACTish node */
-    if (OP(scan) != EXACT && OP(scan) != EXACTL) {
+    if (OP(scan) != EXACT && OP(scan) != EXACT_ONLY8 && OP(scan) != EXACTL) {
         U8* s0 = (U8*) STRING(scan);
         U8* s = s0;
         U8* s_end = s0 + STR_LEN(scan);
@@ -4163,7 +4242,7 @@ S_join_exact(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *scan,
 
 #define INIT_AND_WITHP \
     assert(!and_withp); \
-    Newx(and_withp,1, regnode_ssc); \
+    Newx(and_withp, 1, regnode_ssc); \
     SAVEFREEPV(and_withp)
 
 
@@ -4238,7 +4317,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
             U32 i;
             U32 j;
             for ( j = 0 ; j < recursed_depth ; j++ ) {
-                for ( i = 0 ; i < (U32)RExC_npar ; i++ ) {
+                for ( i = 0 ; i < (U32)RExC_total_parens ; i++ ) {
                     if (
                         PAREN_TEST(RExC_study_chunk_recursed +
                                    ( j * RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes), i )
@@ -4393,7 +4472,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                     /* recurse study_chunk() for each BRANCH in an alternation */
                    minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp,
                                       &deltanext, next, &data_fake, stopparen,
-                                      recursed_depth, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                                      recursed_depth, NULL, f, depth+1);
 
                    if (min1 > minnext)
                        min1 = minnext;
@@ -4539,7 +4618,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                             Perl_re_indentf( aTHX_  "%s %" UVuf ":%s\n",
                               depth+1,
                               "Looking for TRIE'able sequences. Tail node is ",
-                              (UV)(tail - RExC_emit_start),
+                              (UV) REGNODE_OFFSET(tail),
                               SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv )
                             );
                         });
@@ -4593,9 +4672,11 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                                 ----------------+-----------
                                 NOTHING         | NOTHING
                                 EXACT           | EXACT
+                                EXACT_ONLY8     | EXACT
                                 EXACTFU         | EXACTFU
+                                EXACTFU_ONLY8   | EXACTFU
                                 EXACTFU_SS      | EXACTFU
-                                EXACTFAA         | EXACTFAA
+                                EXACTFAA        | EXACTFAA
                                 EXACTL          | EXACTL
                                 EXACTFLU8       | EXACTFLU8
 
@@ -4603,16 +4684,18 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                         */
 #define TRIE_TYPE(X) ( ( NOTHING == (X) )                                   \
                        ? NOTHING                                            \
-                       : ( EXACT == (X) )                                   \
+                       : ( EXACT == (X) || EXACT_ONLY8 == (X) )             \
                          ? EXACT                                            \
-                         : ( EXACTFU == (X) || EXACTFU_SS == (X) )          \
+                         : (     EXACTFU == (X)                             \
+                              || EXACTFU_ONLY8 == (X)                       \
+                              || EXACTFU_SS == (X) )                        \
                            ? EXACTFU                                        \
-                           : ( EXACTFAA == (X) )                             \
-                             ? EXACTFAA                                      \
+                           : ( EXACTFAA == (X) )                            \
+                             ? EXACTFAA                                     \
                              : ( EXACTL == (X) )                            \
                                ? EXACTL                                     \
-                               : ( EXACTFLU8 == (X) )                        \
-                                 ? EXACTFLU8                                 \
+                               : ( EXACTFLU8 == (X) )                       \
+                                 ? EXACTFLU8                                \
                                  : 0 )
 
                         /* dont use tail as the end marker for this traverse */
@@ -4738,7 +4821,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                         DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
                             regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, cur, NULL, pRExC_state);
                             Perl_re_indentf( aTHX_  "- %s (%d) <SCAN FINISHED> ",
-                              depth+1, SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+                              depth+1, SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
                             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "(First==%d, Last==%d, Cur==%d, tt==%s)\n",
                                REG_NODE_NUM(first), REG_NODE_NUM(last), REG_NODE_NUM(cur),
                                PL_reg_name[trietype]
@@ -4781,7 +4864,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                                         regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, cur, NULL, pRExC_state);
                                         Perl_re_indentf( aTHX_  "- %s (%d) <NOTHING BRANCH SEQUENCE>\n",
                                           depth+1,
-                                          SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ),REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
+                                          SvPV_nolen_const( RExC_mysv ), REG_NODE_NUM(cur));
 
                                     });
                                     OP(startbranch)= NOTHING;
@@ -4814,8 +4897,8 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                  * study_chunk(). */
                 paren = ARG(scan);
                 RExC_recurse[ARG2L(scan)] = scan;
-                start = RExC_open_parens[paren];
-                end   = RExC_close_parens[paren];
+                start = REGNODE_p(RExC_open_parens[paren]);
+                end   = REGNODE_p(RExC_close_parens[paren]);
 
                 /* NOTE we MUST always execute the above code, even
                  * if we do nothing with a GOSUB */
@@ -4899,7 +4982,7 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                     RExC_frame_head= newframe;
                     RExC_frame_count++;
                 } else if (!RExC_frame_last->next_frame) {
-                    Newxz(newframe,1,scan_frame);
+                    Newxz(newframe, 1, scan_frame);
                     RExC_frame_last->next_frame= newframe;
                     newframe->prev_frame= RExC_frame_last;
                     RExC_frame_count++;
@@ -4927,7 +5010,10 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                continue;
            }
        }
-       else if (OP(scan) == EXACT || OP(scan) == EXACTL) {
+       else if (   OP(scan) == EXACT
+                 || OP(scan) == EXACT_ONLY8
+                 || OP(scan) == EXACTL)
+        {
            SSize_t l = STR_LEN(scan);
            UV uc;
             assert(l);
@@ -5046,7 +5132,8 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
            case PLUS:
                if (flags & (SCF_DO_SUBSTR | SCF_DO_STCLASS)) {
                    next = NEXTOPER(scan);
-                   if (OP(next) == EXACT
+                   if (   OP(next) == EXACT
+                        || OP(next) == EXACT_ONLY8
                         || OP(next) == EXACTL
                         || (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS))
                     {
@@ -5171,15 +5258,13 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                     && maxcount <= REG_INFTY/3) /* Complement check for big
                                                    count */
                {
-                   /* Fatal warnings may leak the regexp without this: */
-                   SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
-                   Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
-                       "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression "
-                       "in regex m/%" UTF8f "/",
-                        UTF8fARG(UTF, RExC_precomp_end - RExC_precomp,
-                                 RExC_precomp));
-                   (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-               }
+                   _WARN_HELPER(RExC_precomp_end, packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                        Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP),
+                            "Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression "
+                            "in regex m/%" UTF8f "/",
+                            UTF8fARG(UTF, RExC_precomp_end - RExC_precomp,
+                                 RExC_precomp)));
+                }
 
                min += minnext * mincount;
                is_inf_internal |= deltanext == SSize_t_MAX
@@ -5216,8 +5301,12 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                    if (OP(nxt) != CLOSE)
                        goto nogo;
                    if (RExC_open_parens) {
-                        RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
-                        RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)]=nxt+2; /*close->while*/
+
+                        /*open->CURLYM*/
+                        RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)] = REGNODE_OFFSET(oscan);
+
+                        /*close->while*/
+                        RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)] = REGNODE_OFFSET(nxt) + 2;
                    }
                    /* Now we know that nxt2 is the only contents: */
                    oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
@@ -5263,8 +5352,12 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
 
                        oscan->flags = (U8)ARG(nxt);
                        if (RExC_open_parens) {
-                            RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)]=oscan; /*open->CURLYM*/
-                            RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)]=nxt2+1; /*close->NOTHING*/
+                             /*open->CURLYM*/
+                            RExC_open_parens[ARG(nxt1)] = REGNODE_OFFSET(oscan);
+
+                            /*close->NOTHING*/
+                            RExC_close_parens[ARG(nxt1)] = REGNODE_OFFSET(nxt2)
+                                                         + 1;
                        }
                        OP(nxt1) = OPTIMIZED;   /* was OPEN. */
                        OP(nxt) = OPTIMIZED;    /* was CLOSE. */
@@ -5292,7 +5385,8 @@ S_study_chunk(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode **scanp,
                        /* Optimize again: */
                         /* recurse study_chunk() on optimised CURLYX => CURLYM */
                        study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nxt1, minlenp, &deltanext, nxt,
-                                    NULL, stopparen, recursed_depth, NULL, 0,depth+1);
+                                    NULL, stopparen, recursed_depth, NULL, 0,
+                                    depth+1);
                    }
                    else
                        oscan->flags = 0;
@@ -5542,6 +5636,7 @@ Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "LHS=%" UVuf " RHS=%" UVuf "\n",
 
                 case ANYOFD:
                 case ANYOFL:
+                case ANYOFPOSIXL:
                 case ANYOF:
                    if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND)
                        ssc_and(pRExC_state, data->start_class,
@@ -5551,21 +5646,16 @@ Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "LHS=%" UVuf " RHS=%" UVuf "\n",
                                                           (regnode_charclass *) scan);
                    break;
 
+                case NANYOFM:
                 case ANYOFM:
                   {
                     SV* cp_list = get_ANYOFM_contents(scan);
 
                     if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_OR) {
-                        ssc_union(data->start_class,
-                                  cp_list,
-                                  FALSE /* don't invert */
-                                  );
+                        ssc_union(data->start_class, cp_list, invert);
                     }
                     else if (flags & SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND) {
-                        ssc_intersection(data->start_class,
-                                         cp_list,
-                                         FALSE /* don't invert */
-                                         );
+                        ssc_intersection(data->start_class, cp_list, invert);
                     }
 
                     SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
@@ -5803,7 +5893,7 @@ Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "LHS=%" UVuf " RHS=%" UVuf "\n",
                 *minnextp = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &nscan, minnextp,
                                         &deltanext, last, &data_fake,
                                         stopparen, recursed_depth, NULL,
-                                        f,depth+1);
+                                        f, depth+1);
                 if (scan->flags) {
                     if (deltanext) {
                        FAIL("Variable length lookbehind not implemented");
@@ -5964,7 +6054,7 @@ Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "LHS=%" UVuf " RHS=%" UVuf "\n",
                         /* optimise study_chunk() for TRIE */
                         minnext = study_chunk(pRExC_state, &scan, minlenp,
                             &deltanext, (regnode *)nextbranch, &data_fake,
-                            stopparen, recursed_depth, NULL, f,depth+1);
+                            stopparen, recursed_depth, NULL, f, depth+1);
                     }
                     if (nextbranch && PL_regkind[OP(nextbranch)]==BRANCH)
                         nextbranch= regnext((regnode*)nextbranch);
@@ -6204,7 +6294,7 @@ Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
        ptr = hv_fetchs(table, "regcomp", FALSE);
        if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(*ptr) && SvIV(*ptr)))
            return &PL_core_reg_engine;
-       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(*ptr));
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*, SvIV(*ptr));
     }
     else {
        SV *ptr;
@@ -6213,7 +6303,7 @@ Perl_current_re_engine(pTHX)
        ptr = cop_hints_fetch_pvs(PL_curcop, "regcomp", 0);
        if ( !(ptr && SvIOK(ptr) && SvIV(ptr)))
            return &PL_core_reg_engine;
-       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*,SvIV(ptr));
+       return INT2PTR(regexp_engine*, SvIV(ptr));
     }
 }
 
@@ -6264,8 +6354,10 @@ S_free_codeblocks(pTHX_ struct reg_code_blocks *cbs)
         return;
     for (n = 0; n < cbs->count; n++) {
         REGEXP *rx = cbs->cb[n].src_regex;
-        cbs->cb[n].src_regex = NULL;
-        SvREFCNT_dec(rx);
+        if (rx) {
+            cbs->cb[n].src_regex = NULL;
+            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(rx);
+        }
     }
     Safefree(cbs->cb);
     Safefree(cbs);
@@ -6309,7 +6401,8 @@ S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
     DEBUG_PARSE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
         "UTF8 mismatch! Converting to utf8 for resizing and compile\n"));
 
-    Newx(dst, *plen_p * 2 + 1, U8);
+    /* 1 for each byte + 1 for each byte that expands to two, + trailing NUL */
+    Newx(dst, *plen_p + variant_under_utf8_count(src, src + *plen_p) + 1, U8);
     d = dst;
 
     while (s < *plen_p) {
@@ -6591,7 +6684,7 @@ S_has_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
 {
     int n = 0;
     STRLEN s;
-    
+
     PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
 
     for (s = 0; s < plen; s++) {
@@ -6678,13 +6771,27 @@ S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
                && n < pRExC_state->code_blocks->count
                && s == pRExC_state->code_blocks->cb[n].start)
            {
-               /* blank out literal code block */
-               assert(pat[s] == '(');
-               while (s <= pRExC_state->code_blocks->cb[n].end) {
-                   *p++ = '_';
+               /* blank out literal code block so that they aren't
+                 * recompiled: eg change from/to:
+                 *     /(?{xyz})/
+                 *     /(?=====)/
+                 * and
+                 *     /(??{xyz})/
+                 *     /(?======)/
+                 * and
+                 *     /(?(?{xyz}))/
+                 *     /(?(?=====))/
+                */
+               assert(pat[s]   == '(');
+               assert(pat[s+1] == '?');
+                *p++ = '(';
+                *p++ = '?';
+                s += 2;
+               while (s < pRExC_state->code_blocks->cb[n].end) {
+                   *p++ = '=';
                    s++;
                }
-               s--;
+                *p++ = ')';
                n++;
                continue;
            }
@@ -6703,7 +6810,7 @@ S_compile_runtime_code(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * const pRExC_state,
        DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
                "%sre-parsing pattern for runtime code:%s %s\n",
-               PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],newpat);
+               PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5], newpat);
        });
 
        sv = newSVpvn_flags(newpat, p-newpat-1, RExC_utf8 ? SVf_UTF8 : 0);
@@ -6872,6 +6979,95 @@ S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
     return TRUE;
 }
 
+STATIC void
+S_set_regex_pv(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, REGEXP *Rx)
+{
+    /* Calculates and sets in the compiled pattern 'Rx' the string to compile,
+     * properly wrapped with the right modifiers */
+
+    bool has_p     = ((RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
+    bool has_charset = RExC_utf8 || (get_regex_charset(RExC_rx->extflags)
+                                                != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
+
+    /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
+        * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
+    bool has_default =
+                (((RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                || ! has_charset);
+    bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN)
+                                                == REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN);
+    U8 reganch = (U8)((RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
+                        >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
+    const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msixxn"*/
+    char *p;
+    STRLEN pat_len = RExC_precomp_end - RExC_precomp;
+
+    /* We output all the necessary flags; we never output a minus, as all
+        * those are defaults, so are
+        * covered by the caret */
+    const STRLEN wraplen = pat_len + has_p + has_runon
+        + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
+        + PL_bitcount[reganch] /* 1 char for each set standard flag */
+
+            /* If needs a character set specifier */
+        + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
+        + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SET_REGEX_PV;
+
+    /* make sure PL_bitcount bounds not exceeded */
+    assert(sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) <= 8);
+
+    p = sv_grow(MUTABLE_SV(Rx), wraplen + 1); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
+    SvPOK_on(Rx);
+    if (RExC_utf8)
+        SvFLAGS(Rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
+    *p++='('; *p++='?';
+
+    /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
+    if (has_default) {
+        *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
+    }
+    if (has_charset) {
+        STRLEN len;
+        const char* name;
+
+        name = get_regex_charset_name(RExC_rx->extflags, &len);
+        if strEQ(name, DEPENDS_PAT_MODS) {  /* /d under UTF-8 => /u */
+            assert(RExC_utf8);
+            name = UNICODE_PAT_MODS;
+            len = sizeof(UNICODE_PAT_MODS) - 1;
+        }
+        Copy(name, p, len, char);
+        p += len;
+    }
+    if (has_p)
+        *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
+    {
+        char ch;
+        while((ch = *fptr++)) {
+            if(reganch & 1)
+                *p++ = ch;
+            reganch >>= 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *p++ = ':';
+    Copy(RExC_precomp, p, pat_len, char);
+    assert ((RX_WRAPPED(Rx) - p) < 16);
+    RExC_rx->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(Rx);
+    p += pat_len;
+
+    /* Adding a trailing \n causes this to compile properly:
+            my $R = qr / A B C # D E/x; /($R)/
+        Otherwise the parens are considered part of the comment */
+    if (has_runon)
+        *p++ = '\n';
+    *p++ = ')';
+    *p = 0;
+    SvCUR_set(Rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(Rx));
+}
+
 /*
  * Perl_re_op_compile - the perl internal RE engine's function to compile a
  * regular expression into internal code.
@@ -6903,14 +7099,25 @@ S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
  * pm_flags field of the related PMOP. Currently we're only interested in
  * PMf_HAS_CV, PMf_IS_QR, PMf_USE_RE_EVAL.
  *
- * We can't allocate space until we know how big the compiled form will be,
- * but we can't compile it (and thus know how big it is) until we've got a
- * place to put the code.  So we cheat:  we compile it twice, once with code
- * generation turned off and size counting turned on, and once "for real".
- * This also means that we don't allocate space until we are sure that the
- * thing really will compile successfully, and we never have to move the
- * code and thus invalidate pointers into it.  (Note that it has to be in
- * one piece because free() must be able to free it all.) [NB: not true in perl]
+ * For many years this code had an initial sizing pass that calculated
+ * (sometimes incorrectly, leading to security holes) the size needed for the
+ * compiled pattern.  That was changed by commit
+ * 7c932d07cab18751bfc7515b4320436273a459e2 in 5.29, which reallocs the size, a
+ * node at a time, as parsing goes along.  Patches welcome to fix any obsolete
+ * references to this sizing pass.
+ *
+ * Now, an initial crude guess as to the size needed is made, based on the
+ * length of the pattern.  Patches welcome to improve that guess.  That amount
+ * of space is malloc'd and then immediately freed, and then clawed back node
+ * by node.  This design is to minimze, to the extent possible, memory churn
+ * when doing the the reallocs.
+ *
+ * A separate parentheses counting pass may be needed in some cases.
+ * (Previously the sizing pass did this.)  Patches welcome to reduce the number
+ * of these cases.
+ *
+ * The existence of a sizing pass necessitated design decisions that are no
+ * longer needed.  There are potential areas of simplification.
  *
  * Beware that the optimization-preparation code in here knows about some
  * of the structure of the compiled regexp.  [I'll say.]
@@ -6919,11 +7126,9 @@ S_setup_longest(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
 REGEXP *
 Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
                    OP *expr, const regexp_engine* eng, REGEXP *old_re,
-                    bool *is_bare_re, U32 orig_rx_flags, U32 pm_flags)
+                    bool *is_bare_re, const U32 orig_rx_flags, const U32 pm_flags)
 {
-    REGEXP *rx;
-    struct regexp *r;
-    regexp_internal *ri;
+    REGEXP *Rx;         /* Capital 'R' means points to a REGEXP */
     STRLEN plen;
     char *exp;
     regnode *scan;
@@ -7087,8 +7292,9 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     /* ignore the utf8ness if the pattern is 0 length */
     RExC_utf8 = RExC_orig_utf8 = (plen == 0 || IN_BYTES) ? 0 : SvUTF8(pat);
 
-    RExC_uni_semantics = 0;
-    RExC_seen_unfolded_sharp_s = 0;
+    RExC_uni_semantics = RExC_utf8; /* UTF-8 implies unicode semantics;
+                                       otherwise we may find later this should
+                                       be 1 */
     RExC_contains_locale = 0;
     RExC_strict = cBOOL(pm_flags & RXf_PMf_STRICT);
     RExC_in_script_run = 0;
@@ -7097,19 +7303,30 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     RExC_frame_head= NULL;
     RExC_frame_last= NULL;
     RExC_frame_count= 0;
+    RExC_latest_warn_offset = 0;
+    RExC_use_BRANCHJ = 0;
+    RExC_total_parens = 0;
+    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
+    RExC_size = 0;
+    RExC_seen_d_op = FALSE;
+#ifdef DEBUGGING
+    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
+#endif
 
     DEBUG_r({
         RExC_mysv1= sv_newmortal();
         RExC_mysv2= sv_newmortal();
     });
+
     DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
             SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
             RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RExC_utf8, dsv, exp, plen, PL_dump_re_max_len);
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%sCompiling REx%s %s\n",
-                          PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+                          PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5], s);
         });
 
-  redo_first_pass:
     /* we jump here if we have to recompile, e.g., from upgrading the pattern
      * to utf8 */
 
@@ -7120,6 +7337,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     )
        runtime_code = S_has_runtime_code(aTHX_ pRExC_state, exp, plen);
 
+  redo_parse:
     /* return old regex if pattern hasn't changed */
     /* XXX: note in the below we have to check the flags as well as the
      * pattern.
@@ -7139,20 +7357,21 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         return old_re;
     }
 
+    /* Allocate the pattern's SV */
+    RExC_rx_sv = Rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
+    RExC_rx = ReANY(Rx);
+    if ( RExC_rx == NULL )
+        FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+
     rx_flags = orig_rx_flags;
 
-    if (   initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
-        && (RExC_utf8 ||RExC_uni_semantics))
-    {
+    if (initial_charset == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET && RExC_uni_semantics) {
 
        /* Set to use unicode semantics if the pattern is in utf8 and has the
         * 'depends' charset specified, as it means unicode when utf8  */
        set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
     }
 
-    RExC_precomp = exp;
-    RExC_precomp_adj = 0;
-    RExC_flags = rx_flags;
     RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
 
     if (runtime_code) {
@@ -7165,7 +7384,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
             * got compiled as utf8. Try again with a utf8 pattern */
             S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
                 pRExC_state->code_blocks ? pRExC_state->code_blocks->count : 0);
-            goto redo_first_pass;
+            goto redo_parse;
        }
     }
     assert(!pRExC_state->runtime_code_qr);
@@ -7176,36 +7395,83 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     RExC_maxlen = 0;
     RExC_in_lookbehind = 0;
     RExC_seen_zerolen = *exp == '^' ? -1 : 0;
-    RExC_extralen = 0;
 #ifdef EBCDIC
     RExC_recode_x_to_native = 0;
 #endif
     RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
 
-    /* First pass: determine size, legality. */
-    RExC_parse = exp;
-    RExC_start = RExC_adjusted_start = exp;
-    RExC_end = exp + plen;
-    RExC_precomp_end = RExC_end;
-    RExC_naughty = 0;
-    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_start = RExC_copy_start_in_constructed = RExC_copy_start_in_input = RExC_precomp = exp;
+    RExC_precomp_end = RExC_end = exp + plen;
     RExC_nestroot = 0;
-    RExC_size = 0L;
-    RExC_emit = (regnode *) &RExC_emit_dummy;
     RExC_whilem_seen = 0;
-    RExC_open_parens = NULL;
-    RExC_close_parens = NULL;
     RExC_end_op = NULL;
-    RExC_paren_names = NULL;
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    RExC_paren_name_list = NULL;
-#endif
     RExC_recurse = NULL;
     RExC_study_chunk_recursed = NULL;
     RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes= 0;
     RExC_recurse_count = 0;
     pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
 
+    /* Initialize the string in the compiled pattern.  This is so that there is
+     * something to output if necessary */
+    set_regex_pv(pRExC_state, Rx);
+
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
+            "Starting parse and generation\n");
+        RExC_lastnum=0;
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
+    });
+
+    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process
+       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to
+       happen after that */
+    if (!  RExC_size) {
+
+        /* On the first pass of the parse, we guess how big this will be.  Then
+         * we grow in one operation to that amount and then give it back.  As
+         * we go along, we re-allocate what we need.
+         *
+         * XXX Currently the guess is essentially that the pattern will be an
+         * EXACT node with one byte input, one byte output.  This is crude, and
+         * better heuristics are welcome.
+         *
+         * On any subsequent passes, we guess what we actually computed in the
+         * latest earlier pass.  Such a pass probably didn't complete so is
+         * missing stuff.  We could improve those guesses by knowing where the
+         * parse stopped, and use the length so far plus apply the above
+         * assumption to what's left. */
+        RExC_size = STR_SZ(RExC_end - RExC_start);
+    }
+
+    Newxc(RExC_rxi, sizeof(regexp_internal) + RExC_size, char, regexp_internal);
+    if ( RExC_rxi == NULL )
+        FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+
+    Zero(RExC_rxi, sizeof(regexp_internal) + RExC_size, char);
+    RXi_SET( RExC_rx, RExC_rxi );
+
+    /* We start from 0 (over from 0 in the case this is a reparse.  The first
+     * node parsed will give back any excess memory we have allocated so far).
+     * */
+    RExC_size = 0;
+
+    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
+    RExC_rx->engine= eng;
+    RExC_rx->extflags = rx_flags;
+    RXp_COMPFLAGS(RExC_rx) = orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK;
+
+    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
+       RExC_rxi->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
+        if (RExC_rxi->code_blocks) {
+            RExC_rxi->code_blocks->refcnt++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    RExC_rx->intflags = 0;
+
+    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
+    RExC_parse = exp;
+
     /* This NUL is guaranteed because the pattern comes from an SV*, and the sv
      * code makes sure the final byte is an uncounted NUL.  But should this
      * ever not be the case, lots of things could read beyond the end of the
@@ -7215,13 +7481,34 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
      * etc.  So it is worth noting. */
     assert(*RExC_end == '\0');
 
-    DEBUG_PARSE_r(
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "Starting first pass (sizing)\n");
-        RExC_lastnum=0;
-        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
-    );
+    RExC_naughty = 0;
+    RExC_npar = 1;
+    RExC_emit_start = RExC_rxi->program;
+    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+
+    *((char*) RExC_emit_start) = (char) REG_MAGIC;
+    RExC_emit = 1;
+
+    /* Do the parse */
+    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags, 1)) {
+
+        /* Success!, But if RExC_total_parens < 0, we need to redo the parse
+         * knowing how many parens there actually are */
+        if (RExC_total_parens < 0) {
+            flags |= RESTART_PARSE;
+        }
+
+        /* We have that number in RExC_npar */
+        RExC_total_parens = RExC_npar;
+    }
+    else if (! MUST_RESTART(flags)) {
+       ReREFCNT_dec(Rx);
+        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned failure to re_op_compile, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
+    }
+
+    /* Here, we either have success, or we have to redo the parse for some reason */
+    if (MUST_RESTART(flags)) {
 
-    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
         /* It's possible to write a regexp in ascii that represents Unicode
         codepoints outside of the byte range, such as via \x{100}. If we
         detect such a sequence we have to convert the entire pattern to utf8
@@ -7230,230 +7517,127 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         at least some part of the pattern, and therefore must convert the whole
         thing.
         -- dmq */
-        if (MUST_RESTART(flags)) {
-            if (flags & NEED_UTF8) {
-                S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
-                pRExC_state->code_blocks ? pRExC_state->code_blocks->count : 0);
-                DEBUG_PARSE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "Need to redo pass 1 after upgrade\n"));
+        if (flags & NEED_UTF8) {
+
+            /* We have stored the offset of the final warning output so far.
+             * That must be adjusted.  Any variant characters between the start
+             * of the pattern and this warning count for 2 bytes in the final,
+             * so just add them again */
+            if (UNLIKELY(RExC_latest_warn_offset > 0)) {
+                RExC_latest_warn_offset +=
+                            variant_under_utf8_count((U8 *) exp, (U8 *) exp
+                                                + RExC_latest_warn_offset);
             }
-            else {
-                DEBUG_PARSE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "Need to redo pass 1\n"));
-            }
-
-            goto redo_first_pass;
+            S_pat_upgrade_to_utf8(aTHX_ pRExC_state, &exp, &plen,
+            pRExC_state->code_blocks ? pRExC_state->code_blocks->count : 0);
+            DEBUG_PARSE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "Need to redo parse after upgrade\n"));
+        }
+        else {
+            DEBUG_PARSE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "Need to redo parse\n"));
         }
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for sizing pass, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
-    }
 
-    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
-            "Required size %" IVdf " nodes\n"
-            "Starting second pass (creation)\n",
-            (IV)RExC_size);
-        RExC_lastnum=0;
-        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
-    });
+        if (RExC_total_parens > 0) {
+            /* Make enough room for all the known parens, and zero it */
+            Renew(RExC_open_parens, RExC_total_parens, regnode_offset);
+            Zero(RExC_open_parens, RExC_total_parens, regnode_offset);
+            RExC_open_parens[0] = 1;    /* +1 for REG_MAGIC */
 
-    /* The first pass could have found things that force Unicode semantics */
-    if ((RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
-        && get_regex_charset(rx_flags) == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET)
-    {
-       set_regex_charset(&rx_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
-    }
+            Renew(RExC_close_parens, RExC_total_parens, regnode_offset);
+            Zero(RExC_close_parens, RExC_total_parens, regnode_offset);
+        }
+        else { /* Parse did not complete.  Reinitialize the parentheses
+                  structures */
+            RExC_total_parens = 0;
+            if (RExC_open_parens) {
+                Safefree(RExC_open_parens);
+                RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+            }
+            if (RExC_close_parens) {
+                Safefree(RExC_close_parens);
+                RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+            }
+        }
 
-    /* Small enough for pointer-storage convention?
-       If extralen==0, this means that we will not need long jumps. */
-    if (RExC_size >= 0x10000L && RExC_extralen)
-        RExC_size += RExC_extralen;
-    else
-       RExC_extralen = 0;
-    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
-       RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
+        /* Clean up what we did in this parse */
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(RExC_rx_sv);
 
-    /* Allocate space and zero-initialize. Note, the two step process
-       of zeroing when in debug mode, thus anything assigned has to
-       happen after that */
-    rx = (REGEXP*) newSV_type(SVt_REGEXP);
-    r = ReANY(rx);
-    Newxc(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
-        char, regexp_internal);
-    if ( r == NULL || ri == NULL )
-       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
-#ifdef DEBUGGING
-    /* avoid reading uninitialized memory in DEBUGGING code in study_chunk() */
-    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal) + (unsigned)RExC_size * sizeof(regnode),
-         char);
-#else
-    /* bulk initialize base fields with 0. */
-    Zero(ri, sizeof(regexp_internal), char);
-#endif
+        goto redo_parse;
+    }
 
-    /* non-zero initialization begins here */
-    RXi_SET( r, ri );
-    r->engine= eng;
-    r->extflags = rx_flags;
-    RXp_COMPFLAGS(r) = orig_rx_flags & RXf_PMf_FLAGCOPYMASK;
+    /* Here, we have successfully parsed and generated the pattern's program
+     * for the regex engine.  We are ready to finish things up and look for
+     * optimizations. */
 
-    if (pm_flags & PMf_IS_QR) {
-       ri->code_blocks = pRExC_state->code_blocks;
-       if (ri->code_blocks)
-            ri->code_blocks->refcnt++;
-    }
+    /* Update the string to compile, with correct modifiers, etc */
+    set_regex_pv(pRExC_state, Rx);
 
-    {
-        bool has_p     = ((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY) == RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY);
-        bool has_charset = (get_regex_charset(r->extflags)
-                                                    != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
-
-        /* The caret is output if there are any defaults: if not all the STD
-         * flags are set, or if no character set specifier is needed */
-        bool has_default =
-                    (((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD) != RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
-                    || ! has_charset);
-        bool has_runon = ((RExC_seen & REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN)
-                                                   == REG_RUN_ON_COMMENT_SEEN);
-       U8 reganch = (U8)((r->extflags & RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD)
-                           >> RXf_PMf_STD_PMMOD_SHIFT);
-       const char *fptr = STD_PAT_MODS;        /*"msixxn"*/
-       char *p;
-
-        /* We output all the necessary flags; we never output a minus, as all
-         * those are defaults, so are
-         * covered by the caret */
-       const STRLEN wraplen = plen + has_p + has_runon
-            + has_default       /* If needs a caret */
-            + PL_bitcount[reganch] /* 1 char for each set standard flag */
-
-               /* If needs a character set specifier */
-           + ((has_charset) ? MAX_CHARSET_NAME_LENGTH : 0)
-            + (sizeof("(?:)") - 1);
-
-        /* make sure PL_bitcount bounds not exceeded */
-        assert(sizeof(STD_PAT_MODS) <= 8);
-
-        p = sv_grow(MUTABLE_SV(rx), wraplen + 1); /* +1 for the ending NUL */
-        SvPOK_on(rx);
-       if (RExC_utf8)
-           SvFLAGS(rx) |= SVf_UTF8;
-        *p++='('; *p++='?';
-
-        /* If a default, cover it using the caret */
-        if (has_default) {
-            *p++= DEFAULT_PAT_MOD;
-        }
-        if (has_charset) {
-           STRLEN len;
-           const char* const name = get_regex_charset_name(r->extflags, &len);
-           Copy(name, p, len, char);
-           p += len;
-        }
-        if (has_p)
-            *p++ = KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD; /*'p'*/
-        {
-            char ch;
-            while((ch = *fptr++)) {
-                if(reganch & 1)
-                    *p++ = ch;
-                reganch >>= 1;
-            }
-        }
+    RExC_rx->nparens = RExC_total_parens - 1;
 
-        *p++ = ':';
-        Copy(RExC_precomp, p, plen, char);
-       assert ((RX_WRAPPED(rx) - p) < 16);
-       r->pre_prefix = p - RX_WRAPPED(rx);
-        p += plen;
-        if (has_runon)
-            *p++ = '\n';
-        *p++ = ')';
-        *p = 0;
-       SvCUR_set(rx, p - RX_WRAPPED(rx));
-    }
+    /* Uses the upper 4 bits of the FLAGS field, so keep within that size */
+    if (RExC_whilem_seen > 15)
+        RExC_whilem_seen = 15;
 
-    r->intflags = 0;
-    r->nparens = RExC_npar - 1;        /* set early to validate backrefs */
+    DEBUG_PARSE_r({
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
+            "Required size %" IVdf " nodes\n", (IV)RExC_size);
+        RExC_lastnum=0;
+        RExC_lastparse=NULL;
+    });
 
-    /* Useful during FAIL. */
 #ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    Newxz(ri->u.offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32); /* MJD 20001228 */
     DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
                           "%s %" UVuf " bytes for offset annotations.\n",
-                          ri->u.offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
-                          (UV)((2*RExC_size+1) * sizeof(U32))));
-#endif
-    SetProgLen(ri,RExC_size);
-    RExC_rx_sv = rx;
-    RExC_rx = r;
-    RExC_rxi = ri;
+                          RExC_offsets ? "Got" : "Couldn't get",
+                          (UV)((RExC_offsets[0] * 2 + 1))));
+    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (RExC_offsets) {
+        const STRLEN len = RExC_offsets[0];
+        STRLEN i;
+        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
+                      "Offsets: [%" UVuf "]\n\t", (UV)RExC_offsets[0]);
+        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
+            if (RExC_offsets[i*2-1] || RExC_offsets[i*2])
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%" UVuf ":%" UVuf "[%" UVuf "] ",
+                (UV)i, (UV)RExC_offsets[i*2-1], (UV)RExC_offsets[i*2]);
+        }
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\n");
+    });
 
-    /* Second pass: emit code. */
-    RExC_flags = rx_flags;     /* don't let top level (?i) bleed */
-    RExC_pm_flags = pm_flags;
-    RExC_parse = exp;
-    RExC_end = exp + plen;
-    RExC_naughty = 0;
-    RExC_emit_start = ri->program;
-    RExC_emit = ri->program;
-    RExC_emit_bound = ri->program + RExC_size + 1;
-    pRExC_state->code_index = 0;
+#else
+    SetProgLen(RExC_rxi,RExC_size);
+#endif
 
-    *((char*) RExC_emit++) = (char) REG_MAGIC;
-    /* setup various meta data about recursion, this all requires
-     * RExC_npar to be correctly set, and a bit later on we clear it */
-    if (RExC_seen & REG_RECURSE_SEEN) {
-        DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
-            "%*s%*s Setting up open/close parens\n",
-                  22, "|    |", (int)(0 * 2 + 1), ""));
-
-        /* setup RExC_open_parens, which holds the address of each
-         * OPEN tag, and to make things simpler for the 0 index
-         * the start of the program - this is used later for offsets */
-        Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
-        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_open_parens);
-        RExC_open_parens[0] = RExC_emit;
-
-        /* setup RExC_close_parens, which holds the address of each
-         * CLOSE tag, and to make things simpler for the 0 index
-         * the end of the program - this is used later for offsets */
-        Newxz(RExC_close_parens, RExC_npar,regnode *);
-        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_close_parens);
-        /* we dont know where end op starts yet, so we dont
-         * need to set RExC_close_parens[0] like we do RExC_open_parens[0] above */
-
-        /* Note, RExC_npar is 1 + the number of parens in a pattern.
-         * So its 1 if there are no parens. */
-        RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes= (RExC_npar >> 3) +
-                                         ((RExC_npar & 0x07) != 0);
-        Newx(RExC_study_chunk_recursed,
-             RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes * RExC_npar, U8);
-        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_study_chunk_recursed);
-    }
-    RExC_npar = 1;
-    if (reg(pRExC_state, 0, &flags,1) == NULL) {
-       ReREFCNT_dec(rx);
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg returned NULL to re_op_compile for generation pass, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
-    }
     DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r(
         Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "Starting post parse optimization\n");
     );
 
     /* XXXX To minimize changes to RE engine we always allocate
        3-units-long substrs field. */
-    Newx(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    Newx(RExC_rx->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
     if (RExC_recurse_count) {
-        Newx(RExC_recurse,RExC_recurse_count,regnode *);
+        Newx(RExC_recurse, RExC_recurse_count, regnode *);
         SAVEFREEPV(RExC_recurse);
     }
 
+    if (RExC_seen & REG_RECURSE_SEEN) {
+        /* Note, RExC_total_parens is 1 + the number of parens in a pattern.
+         * So its 1 if there are no parens. */
+        RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes= (RExC_total_parens >> 3) +
+                                         ((RExC_total_parens & 0x07) != 0);
+        Newx(RExC_study_chunk_recursed,
+             RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes * RExC_total_parens, U8);
+        SAVEFREEPV(RExC_study_chunk_recursed);
+    }
+
   reStudy:
-    r->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = sawminmod = 0;
+    RExC_rx->minlen = minlen = sawlookahead = sawplus = sawopen = sawminmod = 0;
     DEBUG_r(
         RExC_study_chunk_recursed_count= 0;
     );
-    Zero(r->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
+    Zero(RExC_rx->substrs, 1, struct reg_substr_data);
     if (RExC_study_chunk_recursed) {
         Zero(RExC_study_chunk_recursed,
-             RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes * RExC_npar, U8);
+             RExC_study_chunk_recursed_bytes * RExC_total_parens, U8);
     }
 
 
@@ -7477,15 +7661,15 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
 #endif
 
     /* Dig out information for optimizations. */
-    r->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
+    RExC_rx->extflags = RExC_flags; /* was pm_op */
     /*dmq: removed as part of de-PMOP: pm->op_pmflags = RExC_flags; */
 
     if (UTF)
-       SvUTF8_on(rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
-    ri->regstclass = NULL;
+       SvUTF8_on(Rx);  /* Unicode in it? */
+    RExC_rxi->regstclass = NULL;
     if (RExC_naughty >= TOO_NAUGHTY)   /* Probably an expensive pattern. */
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
-    scan = ri->program + 1;            /* First BRANCH. */
+       RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_NAUGHTY;
+    scan = RExC_rxi->program + 1;              /* First BRANCH. */
 
     /* testing for BRANCH here tells us whether there is "must appear"
        data in the pattern. If there is then we can use it for optimisations */
@@ -7544,33 +7728,37 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         DEBUG_PEEP("first:", first, 0, 0);
         /* Ignore EXACT as we deal with it later. */
        if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == EXACT) {
-           if (OP(first) == EXACT || OP(first) == EXACTL)
+           if (   OP(first) == EXACT
+                || OP(first) == EXACT_ONLY8
+                || OP(first) == EXACTL)
+            {
                NOOP;   /* Empty, get anchored substr later. */
+            }
            else
-               ri->regstclass = first;
+               RExC_rxi->regstclass = first;
        }
 #ifdef TRIE_STCLASS
        else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == TRIE &&
-               ((reg_trie_data *)ri->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0)
+               ((reg_trie_data *)RExC_rxi->data->data[ ARG(first) ])->minlen>0)
        {
             /* this can happen only on restudy */
-            ri->regstclass = construct_ahocorasick_from_trie(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, 0);
+            RExC_rxi->regstclass = construct_ahocorasick_from_trie(pRExC_state, (regnode *)first, 0);
        }
 #endif
        else if (REGNODE_SIMPLE(OP(first)))
-           ri->regstclass = first;
+           RExC_rxi->regstclass = first;
        else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOUND ||
                 PL_regkind[OP(first)] == NBOUND)
-           ri->regstclass = first;
+           RExC_rxi->regstclass = first;
        else if (PL_regkind[OP(first)] == BOL) {
-            r->intflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
+            RExC_rx->intflags |= (OP(first) == MBOL
                            ? PREGf_ANCH_MBOL
                            : PREGf_ANCH_SBOL);
            first = NEXTOPER(first);
            goto again;
        }
        else if (OP(first) == GPOS) {
-            r->intflags |= PREGf_ANCH_GPOS;
+            RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_ANCH_GPOS;
            first = NEXTOPER(first);
            goto again;
        }
@@ -7578,14 +7766,14 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
             !sawlookahead &&
            (OP(first) == STAR &&
            PL_regkind[OP(NEXTOPER(first))] == REG_ANY) &&
-            !(r->intflags & PREGf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->code_blocks)
+            !(RExC_rx->intflags & PREGf_ANCH) && !pRExC_state->code_blocks)
        {
            /* turn .* into ^.* with an implied $*=1 */
            const int type =
                (OP(NEXTOPER(first)) == REG_ANY)
                     ? PREGf_ANCH_MBOL
                     : PREGf_ANCH_SBOL;
-            r->intflags |= (type | PREGf_IMPLICIT);
+            RExC_rx->intflags |= (type | PREGf_IMPLICIT);
            first = NEXTOPER(first);
            goto again;
        }
@@ -7593,7 +7781,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
             && (!sawopen || !RExC_sawback)
            && !pRExC_state->code_blocks) /* May examine pos and $& */
            /* x+ must match at the 1st pos of run of x's */
-           r->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
+           RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_SKIP;
 
        /* Scan is after the zeroth branch, first is atomic matcher. */
 #ifdef TRIE_STUDY_OPT
@@ -7631,7 +7819,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
        SAVEFREESV(data.substrs[1].str);
        SAVEFREESV(data.last_found);
        first = scan;
-       if (!ri->regstclass) {
+       if (!RExC_rxi->regstclass) {
            ssc_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
            data.start_class = &ch_class;
            stclass_flag = SCF_DO_STCLASS_AND;
@@ -7655,15 +7843,15 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk"));
 
 
-       if ( RExC_npar == 1 && !data.cur_is_floating
+       if ( RExC_total_parens == 1 && !data.cur_is_floating
             && data.last_start_min == 0 && data.last_end > 0
             && !RExC_seen_zerolen
              && !(RExC_seen & REG_VERBARG_SEEN)
              && !(RExC_seen & REG_GPOS_SEEN)
         ){
-           r->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
+           RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_CHECK_ALL;
         }
-       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen,0);
+       scan_commit(pRExC_state, &data,&minlen, 0);
 
 
         /* XXX this is done in reverse order because that's the way the
@@ -7680,34 +7868,34 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
                         == SvCUR(data.substrs[1].str)
                     )
                 && S_setup_longest (aTHX_ pRExC_state,
-                                        &(r->substrs->data[i]),
+                                        &(RExC_rx->substrs->data[i]),
                                         &(data.substrs[i]),
                                         longest_length[i]))
             {
-                r->substrs->data[i].min_offset =
+                RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].min_offset =
                         data.substrs[i].min_offset - data.substrs[i].lookbehind;
 
-                r->substrs->data[i].max_offset = data.substrs[i].max_offset;
+                RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].max_offset = data.substrs[i].max_offset;
                 /* Don't offset infinity */
                 if (data.substrs[i].max_offset < SSize_t_MAX)
-                    r->substrs->data[i].max_offset -= data.substrs[i].lookbehind;
+                    RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].max_offset -= data.substrs[i].lookbehind;
                 SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(data.substrs[i].str);
             }
             else {
-                r->substrs->data[i].substr      = NULL;
-                r->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr = NULL;
+                RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].substr      = NULL;
+                RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr = NULL;
                 longest_length[i] = 0;
             }
         }
 
        LEAVE_with_name("study_chunk");
 
-       if (ri->regstclass
-           && (OP(ri->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(ri->regstclass) == SANY))
-           ri->regstclass = NULL;
+       if (RExC_rxi->regstclass
+           && (OP(RExC_rxi->regstclass) == REG_ANY || OP(RExC_rxi->regstclass) == SANY))
+           RExC_rxi->regstclass = NULL;
 
-       if ((!(r->substrs->data[0].substr || r->substrs->data[0].utf8_substr)
-              || r->substrs->data[0].min_offset)
+       if ((!(RExC_rx->substrs->data[0].substr || RExC_rx->substrs->data[0].utf8_substr)
+              || RExC_rx->substrs->data[0].min_offset)
            && stclass_flag
             && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(data.start_class) & SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING)
            && is_ssc_worth_it(pRExC_state, data.start_class))
@@ -7720,10 +7908,10 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
            StructCopy(data.start_class,
                       (regnode_ssc*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
                       regnode_ssc);
-           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
-           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           RExC_rxi->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           RExC_rx->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP;   /* Used in find_byclass(). */
            DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV *sv = sv_newmortal();
-                      regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL, pRExC_state);
+                      regprop(RExC_rx, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL, pRExC_state);
                       Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
                                    "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
                                    SvPVX_const(sv));});
@@ -7733,19 +7921,19 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
         /* A temporary algorithm prefers floated substr to fixed one of
          * same length to dig more info. */
        i = (longest_length[0] <= longest_length[1]);
-        r->substrs->check_ix = i;
-        r->check_end_shift  = r->substrs->data[i].end_shift;
-        r->check_substr     = r->substrs->data[i].substr;
-        r->check_utf8       = r->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr;
-        r->check_offset_min = r->substrs->data[i].min_offset;
-        r->check_offset_max = r->substrs->data[i].max_offset;
-        if (!i && (r->intflags & (PREGf_ANCH_SBOL|PREGf_ANCH_GPOS)))
-            r->intflags |= PREGf_NOSCAN;
-
-       if ((r->check_substr || r->check_utf8) ) {
-           r->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
-           if (SvTAIL(r->check_substr ? r->check_substr : r->check_utf8))
-               r->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
+        RExC_rx->substrs->check_ix = i;
+        RExC_rx->check_end_shift  = RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].end_shift;
+        RExC_rx->check_substr     = RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].substr;
+        RExC_rx->check_utf8       = RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].utf8_substr;
+        RExC_rx->check_offset_min = RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].min_offset;
+        RExC_rx->check_offset_max = RExC_rx->substrs->data[i].max_offset;
+        if (!i && (RExC_rx->intflags & (PREGf_ANCH_SBOL|PREGf_ANCH_GPOS)))
+            RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_NOSCAN;
+
+       if ((RExC_rx->check_substr || RExC_rx->check_utf8) ) {
+           RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_USE_INTUIT;
+           if (SvTAIL(RExC_rx->check_substr ? RExC_rx->check_substr : RExC_rx->check_utf8))
+               RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_INTUIT_TAIL;
        }
 
        /* XXX Unneeded? dmq (shouldn't as this is handled elsewhere)
@@ -7763,7 +7951,7 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
 
         DEBUG_PARSE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\nMulti Top Level\n"));
 
-       scan = ri->program + 1;
+       scan = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
        ssc_init(pRExC_state, &ch_class);
        data.start_class = &ch_class;
        data.last_closep = &last_close;
@@ -7782,12 +7970,12 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
 
         CHECK_RESTUDY_GOTO_butfirst(NOOP);
 
-       r->check_substr = NULL;
-        r->check_utf8 = NULL;
-        r->substrs->data[0].substr      = NULL;
-        r->substrs->data[0].utf8_substr = NULL;
-        r->substrs->data[1].substr      = NULL;
-        r->substrs->data[1].utf8_substr = NULL;
+       RExC_rx->check_substr = NULL;
+        RExC_rx->check_utf8 = NULL;
+        RExC_rx->substrs->data[0].substr      = NULL;
+        RExC_rx->substrs->data[0].utf8_substr = NULL;
+        RExC_rx->substrs->data[1].substr      = NULL;
+        RExC_rx->substrs->data[1].utf8_substr = NULL;
 
         if (! (ANYOF_FLAGS(data.start_class) & SSC_MATCHES_EMPTY_STRING)
            && is_ssc_worth_it(pRExC_state, data.start_class))
@@ -7800,10 +7988,10 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
            StructCopy(data.start_class,
                       (regnode_ssc*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n],
                       regnode_ssc);
-           ri->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
-           r->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP; /* Used in find_byclass(). */
+           RExC_rxi->regstclass = (regnode*)RExC_rxi->data->data[n];
+           RExC_rx->intflags &= ~PREGf_SKIP;   /* Used in find_byclass(). */
            DEBUG_COMPILE_r({ SV* sv = sv_newmortal();
-                      regprop(r, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL, pRExC_state);
+                      regprop(RExC_rx, sv, (regnode*)data.start_class, NULL, pRExC_state);
                       Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
                                    "synthetic stclass \"%s\".\n",
                                    SvPVX_const(sv));});
@@ -7812,52 +8000,52 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     }
 
     if (RExC_seen & REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN) {
-        r->extflags |= RXf_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN;
-        r->maxlen = REG_INFTY;
+        RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN;
+        RExC_rx->maxlen = REG_INFTY;
     }
     else {
-        r->maxlen = RExC_maxlen;
+        RExC_rx->maxlen = RExC_maxlen;
     }
 
     /* Guard against an embedded (?=) or (?<=) with a longer minlen than
        the "real" pattern. */
     DEBUG_OPTIMISE_r({
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "minlen: %" IVdf " r->minlen:%" IVdf " maxlen:%" IVdf "\n",
-                      (IV)minlen, (IV)r->minlen, (IV)RExC_maxlen);
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "minlen: %" IVdf " RExC_rx->minlen:%" IVdf " maxlen:%" IVdf "\n",
+                      (IV)minlen, (IV)RExC_rx->minlen, (IV)RExC_maxlen);
     });
-    r->minlenret = minlen;
-    if (r->minlen < minlen)
-        r->minlen = minlen;
+    RExC_rx->minlenret = minlen;
+    if (RExC_rx->minlen < minlen)
+        RExC_rx->minlen = minlen;
 
     if (RExC_seen & REG_RECURSE_SEEN ) {
-        r->intflags |= PREGf_RECURSE_SEEN;
-        Newx(r->recurse_locinput, r->nparens + 1, char *);
+        RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_RECURSE_SEEN;
+        Newx(RExC_rx->recurse_locinput, RExC_rx->nparens + 1, char *);
     }
     if (RExC_seen & REG_GPOS_SEEN)
-        r->intflags |= PREGf_GPOS_SEEN;
+        RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_GPOS_SEEN;
     if (RExC_seen & REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN)
-        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* inplace might break the
+        RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* inplace might break the
                                                 lookbehind */
     if (pRExC_state->code_blocks)
-       r->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
+       RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_EVAL_SEEN;
     if (RExC_seen & REG_VERBARG_SEEN)
     {
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
-        r->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* don't understand this! Yves */
+       RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_VERBARG_SEEN;
+        RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_NO_INPLACE_SUBST; /* don't understand this! Yves */
     }
     if (RExC_seen & REG_CUTGROUP_SEEN)
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
+       RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
     if (pm_flags & PMf_USE_RE_EVAL)
-       r->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
+       RExC_rx->intflags |= PREGf_USE_RE_EVAL;
     if (RExC_paren_names)
-        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(RExC_rx) = MUTABLE_HV(SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_names));
     else
-        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(r) = NULL;
+        RXp_PAREN_NAMES(RExC_rx) = NULL;
 
     /* If we have seen an anchor in our pattern then we set the extflag RXf_IS_ANCHORED
      * so it can be used in pp.c */
-    if (r->intflags & PREGf_ANCH)
-        r->extflags |= RXf_IS_ANCHORED;
+    if (RExC_rx->intflags & PREGf_ANCH)
+        RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_IS_ANCHORED;
 
 
     {
@@ -7868,45 +8056,45 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
          * we avoid weird issues with equivalent patterns resulting in different behavior,
          * AND we allow non Perl engines to get the same optimizations by the setting the
          * flags appropriately - Yves */
-        regnode *first = ri->program + 1;
+        regnode *first = RExC_rxi->program + 1;
         U8 fop = OP(first);
         regnode *next = regnext(first);
         U8 nop = OP(next);
 
         if (PL_regkind[fop] == NOTHING && nop == END)
-            r->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
+            RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_NULL;
         else if ((fop == MBOL || (fop == SBOL && !first->flags)) && nop == END)
             /* when fop is SBOL first->flags will be true only when it was
              * produced by parsing /\A/, and not when parsing /^/. This is
              * very important for the split code as there we want to
              * treat /^/ as /^/m, but we do not want to treat /\A/ as /^/m.
              * See rt #122761 for more details. -- Yves */
-            r->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
+            RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_START_ONLY;
         else if (fop == PLUS
                  && PL_regkind[nop] == POSIXD && FLAGS(next) == _CC_SPACE
                  && nop == END)
-            r->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
-        else if ( r->extflags & RXf_SPLIT
-                  && (fop == EXACT || fop == EXACTL)
+            RExC_rx->extflags |= RXf_WHITE;
+        else if ( RExC_rx->extflags & RXf_SPLIT
+                  && (fop == EXACT || fop == EXACT_ONLY8 || fop == EXACTL)
                   && STR_LEN(first) == 1
                   && *(STRING(first)) == ' '
                   && nop == END )
-            r->extflags |= (RXf_SKIPWHITE|RXf_WHITE);
+            RExC_rx->extflags |= (RXf_SKIPWHITE|RXf_WHITE);
 
     }
 
     if (RExC_contains_locale) {
-        RXp_EXTFLAGS(r) |= RXf_TAINTED;
+        RXp_EXTFLAGS(RExC_rx) |= RXf_TAINTED;
     }
 
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
     if (RExC_paren_names) {
-        ri->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("a"));
-        ri->data->data[ri->name_list_idx]
+        RExC_rxi->name_list_idx = add_data( pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("a"));
+        RExC_rxi->data->data[RExC_rxi->name_list_idx]
                                    = (void*)SvREFCNT_inc(RExC_paren_name_list);
     } else
 #endif
-    ri->name_list_idx = 0;
+    RExC_rxi->name_list_idx = 0;
 
     while ( RExC_recurse_count > 0 ) {
         const regnode *scan = RExC_recurse[ --RExC_recurse_count ];
@@ -7922,10 +8110,10 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
          *
          */
         assert(scan && OP(scan) == GOSUB);
-        ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)] - scan );
+        ARG2L_SET( scan, RExC_open_parens[ARG(scan)] - REGNODE_OFFSET(scan));
     }
 
-    Newxz(r->offs, RExC_npar, regexp_paren_pair);
+    Newxz(RExC_rx->offs, RExC_total_parens, regexp_paren_pair);
     /* assume we don't need to swap parens around before we match */
     DEBUG_TEST_r({
         Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "study_chunk_recursed_count: %lu\n",
@@ -7934,32 +8122,26 @@ Perl_re_op_compile(pTHX_ SV ** const patternp, int pat_count,
     DEBUG_DUMP_r({
         DEBUG_RExC_seen();
         Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "Final program:\n");
-        regdump(r);
-    });
-#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
-    DEBUG_OFFSETS_r(if (ri->u.offsets) {
-        const STRLEN len = ri->u.offsets[0];
-        STRLEN i;
-        GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
-                      "Offsets: [%" UVuf "]\n\t", (UV)ri->u.offsets[0]);
-        for (i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
-            if (ri->u.offsets[i*2-1] || ri->u.offsets[i*2])
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%" UVuf ":%" UVuf "[%" UVuf "] ",
-                (UV)i, (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2-1], (UV)ri->u.offsets[i*2]);
-            }
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\n");
+        regdump(RExC_rx);
     });
-#endif
+
+    if (RExC_open_parens) {
+        Safefree(RExC_open_parens);
+        RExC_open_parens = NULL;
+    }
+    if (RExC_close_parens) {
+        Safefree(RExC_close_parens);
+        RExC_close_parens = NULL;
+    }
 
 #ifdef USE_ITHREADS
     /* under ithreads the ?pat? PMf_USED flag on the pmop is simulated
      * by setting the regexp SV to readonly-only instead. If the
      * pattern's been recompiled, the USEDness should remain. */
     if (old_re && SvREADONLY(old_re))
-        SvREADONLY_on(rx);
+        SvREADONLY_on(Rx);
 #endif
-    return rx;
+    return Rx;
 }
 
 
@@ -8030,7 +8212,7 @@ Perl_reg_named_buff_fetch(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, SV * const namesv,
                     && rx->offs[nums[i]].end != -1)
                 {
                     ret = newSVpvs("");
-                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r,nums[i],ret);
+                    CALLREG_NUMBUF_FETCH(r, nums[i], ret);
                     if (!retarray)
                         return ret;
                 } else {
@@ -8099,7 +8281,7 @@ Perl_reg_named_buff_nextkey(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
     if (rx && RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx)) {
         HV *hv = RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
         HE *temphe;
-        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv, 0)) ) {
             IV i;
             IV parno = 0;
             SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
@@ -8161,7 +8343,7 @@ Perl_reg_named_buff_all(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r, const U32 flags)
         HV *hv= RXp_PAREN_NAMES(rx);
         HE *temphe;
         (void)hv_iterinit(hv);
-        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv,0)) ) {
+        while ( (temphe = hv_iternext_flags(hv, 0)) ) {
             IV i;
             IV parno = 0;
             SV* sv_dat = HeVAL(temphe);
@@ -8411,6 +8593,7 @@ STATIC SV*
 S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
 {
     char *name_start = RExC_parse;
+    SV* sv_name;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_SCAN_NAME;
 
@@ -8433,38 +8616,42 @@ S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
                          character */
         vFAIL("Group name must start with a non-digit word character");
     }
-    if ( flags ) {
-        SV* sv_name
-           = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
+    sv_name = newSVpvn_flags(name_start, (int)(RExC_parse - name_start),
                             SVs_TEMP | (UTF ? SVf_UTF8 : 0));
-        if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
-            return sv_name;
-        else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
-            HE *he_str = NULL;
-            SV *sv_dat = NULL;
-            if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
-                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
-            if (RExC_paren_names)
-                he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
-            if ( he_str )
-                sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
-            if ( ! sv_dat )
+    if ( flags == REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME)
+        return sv_name;
+    else if (flags==REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA) {
+        HE *he_str = NULL;
+        SV *sv_dat = NULL;
+        if ( ! sv_name )      /* should not happen*/
+            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: no svname in reg_scan_name");
+        if (RExC_paren_names)
+            he_str = hv_fetch_ent( RExC_paren_names, sv_name, 0, 0 );
+        if ( he_str )
+            sv_dat = HeVAL(he_str);
+        if ( ! sv_dat ) {   /* Didn't find group */
+
+            /* It might be a forward reference; we can't fail until we
+                * know, by completing the parse to get all the groups, and
+                * then reparsing */
+            if (RExC_total_parens > 0)  {
                 vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent named group");
-            return sv_dat;
-        }
-        else {
-            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
-                      (unsigned long) flags);
+            }
+            else {
+                REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS;
+            }
         }
-        NOT_REACHED; /* NOTREACHED */
+        return sv_dat;
     }
-    return NULL;
+
+    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: bad flag %lx in reg_scan_name",
+                     (unsigned long) flags);
 }
 
 #define DEBUG_PARSE_MSG(funcname)     DEBUG_PARSE_r({           \
     int num;                                                    \
     if (RExC_lastparse!=RExC_parse) {                           \
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s",                                        \
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s",                            \
             Perl_pv_pretty(aTHX_ RExC_mysv1, RExC_parse,        \
                 RExC_end - RExC_parse, 16,                      \
                 "", "",                                         \
@@ -8476,17 +8663,14 @@ S_reg_scan_name(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U32 flags)
             )                                                   \
         );                                                      \
     } else                                                      \
-        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "%16s","");                                   \
+        Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "%16s","");                       \
                                                                 \
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)                                              \
-       num = RExC_size + 1;                                     \
-    else                                                        \
-       num=REG_NODE_NUM(RExC_emit);                             \
+    num=REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(RExC_emit));                     \
     if (RExC_lastnum!=num)                                      \
-       Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "|%4d",num);                                   \
+       Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "|%4d", num);                      \
     else                                                        \
-       Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "|%4s","");                                    \
-    Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "|%*s%-4s",                                       \
+       Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "|%4s","");                        \
+    Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "|%*s%-4s",                           \
         (int)((depth*2)), "",                                   \
         (funcname)                                              \
     );                                                          \
@@ -8591,8 +8775,6 @@ S__invlist_array_init(SV* const invlist, const bool will_have_0)
     return zero_addr + *offset;
 }
 
-#endif
-
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
 S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len, const bool offset)
 {
@@ -8610,8 +8792,6 @@ S_invlist_set_len(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, const UV len, const bool offset)
     assert(SvLEN(invlist) == 0 || SvCUR(invlist) <= SvLEN(invlist));
 }
 
-#ifndef PERL_IN_XSUB_RE
-
 STATIC void
 S_invlist_replace_list_destroys_src(pTHX_ SV * dest, SV * src)
 {
@@ -9969,18 +10149,24 @@ Perl_invlist_clone(pTHX_ SV* const invlist, SV* new_invlist)
     /* Return a new inversion list that is a copy of the input one, which is
      * unchanged.  The new list will not be mortal even if the old one was. */
 
-    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
-     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
-    STRLEN physical_length = SvCUR(invlist);
-    bool offset = *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
+    const STRLEN nominal_length = _invlist_len(invlist);    /* Why not +1 XXX */
+    const STRLEN physical_length = SvCUR(invlist);
+    const bool offset = *(get_invlist_offset_addr(invlist));
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_INVLIST_CLONE;
 
-    assert(new_invlist == NULL);
+    /* Need to allocate extra space to accommodate Perl's addition of a
+     * trailing NUL to SvPV's, since it thinks they are always strings */
+    if (new_invlist == NULL) {
+        new_invlist = _new_invlist(nominal_length);
+    }
+    else {
+        sv_upgrade(new_invlist, SVt_INVLIST);
+        initialize_invlist_guts(new_invlist, nominal_length);
+    }
 
-    new_invlist = _new_invlist(_invlist_len(invlist) + 1);
     *(get_invlist_offset_addr(new_invlist)) = offset;
-    invlist_set_len(new_invlist, _invlist_len(invlist), offset);
+    invlist_set_len(new_invlist, nominal_length, offset);
     Copy(SvPVX(invlist), SvPVX(new_invlist), physical_length, char);
 
     return new_invlist;
@@ -10427,14 +10613,14 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
         RExC_parse++;
         has_use_defaults = TRUE;
         STD_PMMOD_FLAGS_CLEAR(&RExC_flags);
-        set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+        set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, (RExC_uni_semantics)
                                         ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
                                         : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET);
     }
 
     cs = get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
     if (cs == REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET
-        && (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics))
+        && (RExC_uni_semantics))
     {
         cs = REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET;
     }
@@ -10499,7 +10685,7 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                  * pattern (or target, not known until runtime) are
                  * utf8, or something in the pattern indicates unicode
                  * semantics */
-                cs = (RExC_utf8 || RExC_uni_semantics)
+                cs = (RExC_uni_semantics)
                      ? REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET
                      : REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET;
                 has_charset_modifier = DEPENDS_PAT_MOD;
@@ -10524,7 +10710,7 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                 NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
             case ONCE_PAT_MOD: /* 'o' */
             case GLOBAL_PAT_MOD: /* 'g' */
-                if (PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                if (ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
                     const I32 wflagbit = *RExC_parse == 'o'
                                          ? WASTED_O
                                          : WASTED_G;
@@ -10544,7 +10730,7 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                 break;
 
             case CONTINUE_PAT_MOD: /* 'c' */
-                if (PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+                if (ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
                     if (! (wastedflags & WASTED_C) ) {
                         wastedflags |= WASTED_GC;
                        /* diag_listed_as: Useless (?-%s) - don't use /%s modifier in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
@@ -10559,8 +10745,7 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
                 break;
             case KEEPCOPY_PAT_MOD: /* 'p' */
                 if (flagsp == &negflags) {
-                    if (PASS2)
-                        ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
+                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse + 1,"Useless use of (?-p)");
                 } else {
                     *flagsp |= RXf_PMf_KEEPCOPY;
                 }
@@ -10622,32 +10807,30 @@ S_parse_lparen_question_flags(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
 #define REGTAIL_STUDY(x,y,z) regtail((x),(y),(z),depth+1)
 #endif
 
-PERL_STATIC_INLINE regnode *
+PERL_STATIC_INLINE regnode_offset
 S_handle_named_backref(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                              I32 *flagp,
                              char * parse_start,
                              char ch
                       )
 {
-    regnode *ret;
+    regnode_offset ret;
     char* name_start = RExC_parse;
     U32 num = 0;
-    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state, SIZE_ONLY
-                                            ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL
-                                            : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state, REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_HANDLE_NAMED_BACKREF;
 
     if (RExC_parse == name_start || *RExC_parse != ch) {
         /* diag_listed_as: Sequence \%s... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
-        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated",parse_start);
+        vFAIL2("Sequence %.3s... not terminated", parse_start);
     }
 
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+    if (sv_dat) {
         num = add_data( pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("S"));
         RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
-        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(sv_dat);
     }
     RExC_sawback = 1;
     ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
@@ -10663,29 +10846,33 @@ S_handle_named_backref(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                     num);
     *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
 
-    Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
-    Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+    Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start+1);
+    Set_Node_Cur_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
 
     nextchar(pRExC_state);
     return ret;
 }
 
-/* Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN at the end of (?) that only sets
-   flags. Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_PASS1 if the sizing scan
-   needs to be restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be
-   upgraded to UTF-8.  Otherwise would only return NULL if regbranch() returns
-   NULL, which cannot happen.  */
-STATIC regnode *
-S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
+/* On success, returns the offset at which any next node should be placed into
+ * the regex engine program being compiled.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 otherwise, with *flagp set to indicate why:
+ *  TRYAGAIN        at the end of (?) that only sets flags.
+ *  RESTART_PARSE   if the parse needs to be restarted, or'd with
+ *                  NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8.
+ *  Otherwise would only return 0 if regbranch() returns 0, which cannot
+ *  happen.  */
+STATIC regnode_offset
+S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
     /* paren: Parenthesized? 0=top; 1,2=inside '(': changed to letter.
      * 2 is like 1, but indicates that nextchar() has been called to advance
      * RExC_parse beyond the '('.  Things like '(?' are indivisible tokens, and
      * this flag alerts us to the need to check for that */
 {
-    regnode *ret = NULL;    /* Will be the head of the group. */
-    regnode *br;
-    regnode *lastbr;
-    regnode *ender = NULL;
+    regnode_offset ret = 0;    /* Will be the head of the group. */
+    regnode_offset br;
+    regnode_offset lastbr;
+    regnode_offset ender = 0;
     I32 parno = 0;
     I32 flags;
     U32 oregflags = RExC_flags;
@@ -10801,38 +10988,38 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
 
            switch ( *start_verb ) {
             case 'A':  /* (*ACCEPT) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"ACCEPT") ) {
                    op = ACCEPT;
                    internal_argval = RExC_nestroot;
                }
                break;
             case 'C':  /* (*COMMIT) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"COMMIT") )
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"COMMIT") )
                     op = COMMIT;
                 break;
             case 'F':  /* (*FAIL) */
-                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
+                if ( verb_len==1 || memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"FAIL") ) {
                    op = OPFAIL;
                }
                break;
             case ':':  /* (*:NAME) */
            case 'M':  /* (*MARK:NAME) */
-               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"MARK") ) {
+               if ( verb_len==0 || memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"MARK") ) {
                     op = MARKPOINT;
                     arg_required = 1;
                 }
                 break;
             case 'P':  /* (*PRUNE) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"PRUNE") )
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"PRUNE") )
                     op = PRUNE;
                 break;
             case 'S':   /* (*SKIP) */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"SKIP") )
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"SKIP") )
                     op = SKIP;
                 break;
             case 'T':  /* (*THEN) */
                 /* [19:06] <TimToady> :: is then */
-                if ( memEQs(start_verb,verb_len,"THEN") ) {
+                if ( memEQs(start_verb, verb_len,"THEN") ) {
                     op = CUTGROUP;
                     RExC_seen |= REG_CUTGROUP_SEEN;
                 }
@@ -10881,14 +11068,14 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 if (   memEQs(start_verb, verb_len, "sr")
                     || memEQs(start_verb, verb_len, "script_run"))
                 {
-                    regnode * atomic;
+                    regnode_offset atomic;
 
                     paren = 's';
 
                    script_run:
 
                     /* This indicates Unicode rules. */
-                    REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, NULL);
+                    REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, 0);
 
                     if (! start_arg) {
                         goto no_colon;
@@ -10904,7 +11091,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                          *  side effects, but that is explicitly documented as
                          *  undefined behavior. */
 
-                        ret = NULL;
+                        ret = 0;
 
                         if (paren == 's') {
                             paren = ':';
@@ -10920,13 +11107,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
 
                     /* By doing this here, we avoid extra warnings for nested
                      * script runs */
-                    if (PASS2) {
-                        Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
-                            packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__SCRIPT_RUN),
-                            "The script_run feature is experimental"
-                            REPORT_LOCATION, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(RExC_parse));
-
-                    }
+                    ckWARNexperimental(RExC_parse,
+                        WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__SCRIPT_RUN,
+                        "The script_run feature is experimental");
 
                     if (paren == 's') {
                         /* Here, we're starting a new regular script run */
@@ -10945,9 +11128,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                     RExC_in_script_run = 1;
 
                     atomic = reg(pRExC_state, 'r', &flags, depth);
-                    if (flags & (RESTART_PASS1|NEED_UTF8)) {
-                        *flagp = flags & (RESTART_PASS1|NEED_UTF8);
-                        return NULL;
+                    if (flags & (RESTART_PARSE|NEED_UTF8)) {
+                        *flagp = flags & (RESTART_PARSE|NEED_UTF8);
+                        return 0;
                     }
 
                     REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, atomic);
@@ -10967,13 +11150,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 /*FALLTHROUGH*/
 
             alpha_assertions:
-
-                if (PASS2) {
-                    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
-                        packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__ALPHA_ASSERTIONS),
-                        "The alpha_assertions feature is experimental"
-                        REPORT_LOCATION, REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(RExC_parse));
-                }
+                ckWARNexperimental(RExC_parse,
+                        WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__ALPHA_ASSERTIONS,
+                        "The alpha_assertions feature is experimental");
 
                 RExC_seen_zerolen++;
 
@@ -11024,20 +11203,18 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 ret = reg2Lanode(pRExC_state, op, 0, internal_argval);
             }
             RExC_seen |= REG_VERBARG_SEEN;
-            if ( ! SIZE_ONLY ) {
-                if (start_arg) {
-                    SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg,
-                                       RExC_parse - start_arg);
-                    ARG(ret) = add_data( pRExC_state,
-                                         STR_WITH_LEN("S"));
-                    RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(ret)]=(void*)sv;
-                    ret->flags = 1;
-                } else {
-                    ret->flags = 0;
-                }
-                if ( internal_argval != -1 )
-                    ARG2L_SET(ret, internal_argval);
+            if (start_arg) {
+                SV *sv = newSVpvn( start_arg,
+                                    RExC_parse - start_arg);
+                ARG(REGNODE_p(ret)) = add_data( pRExC_state,
+                                        STR_WITH_LEN("S"));
+                RExC_rxi->data->data[ARG(REGNODE_p(ret))]=(void*)sv;
+                FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 1;
+            } else {
+                FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 0;
             }
+            if ( internal_argval != -1 )
+                ARG2L_SET(REGNODE_p(ret), internal_argval);
            nextchar(pRExC_state);
            return ret;
         }
@@ -11057,7 +11234,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
             if (RExC_parse > RExC_end) {
                 paren = '\0';
             }
-           ret = NULL;                 /* For look-ahead/behind. */
+           ret = 0;                    /* For look-ahead/behind. */
            switch (paren) {
 
            case 'P':   /* (?P...) variants for those used to PCRE/Python */
@@ -11098,10 +11275,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
             case '\'':          /* (?'...') */
                     name_start = RExC_parse;
-                    svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                        SIZE_ONLY    /* reverse test from the others */
-                        ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME
-                        : REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL);
+                    svname = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state, REG_RSN_RETURN_NAME);
                    if (   RExC_parse == name_start
                         || RExC_parse >= RExC_end
                         || *RExC_parse != paren)
@@ -11109,7 +11283,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                        vFAIL2("Sequence (?%c... not terminated",
                            paren=='>' ? '<' : paren);
                     }
-                   if (SIZE_ONLY) {
+                   {
                        HE *he_str;
                        SV *sv_dat = NULL;
                         if (!svname) /* shouldn't happen */
@@ -11153,7 +11327,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                                 SvIV_set(sv_dat, SvIVX(sv_dat) + 1);
                             }
                         } else {
-                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat,SVt_PVNV);
+                            (void)SvUPGRADE(sv_dat, SVt_PVNV);
                             sv_setpvn(sv_dat, (char *)&(RExC_npar),
                                                                 sizeof(I32));
                             SvIOK_on(sv_dat);
@@ -11163,7 +11337,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                         /* Yes this does cause a memory leak in debugging Perls
                          * */
                         if (!av_store(RExC_paren_name_list,
-                                      RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc(svname)))
+                                      RExC_npar, SvREFCNT_inc_NN(svname)))
                             SvREFCNT_dec_NN(svname);
 #endif
 
@@ -11201,6 +11375,11 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                   buffers in alternations share the same numbers */
                paren = ':';
                after_freeze = freeze_paren = RExC_npar;
+
+                /* XXX This construct currently requires an extra pass.
+                 * Investigation would be required to see if that could be
+                 * changed */
+                REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS;
                break;
            case ':':           /* (?:...) */
            case '>':           /* (?>...) */
@@ -11215,6 +11394,11 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                    FAIL("Sequence (?R) not terminated");
                 num = 0;
                 RExC_seen |= REG_RECURSE_SEEN;
+
+                /* XXX These constructs currently require an extra pass.
+                 * It probably could be changed */
+                REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS;
+
                *flagp |= POSTPONED;
                 goto gen_recurse_regop;
                /*notreached*/
@@ -11223,9 +11407,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                 parse_start = RExC_parse - 1;
               named_recursion:
                 {
-                   SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-                    num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
+                    SV *sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
+                                               REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   num = sv_dat ? *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat)) : 0;
                 }
                 if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *RExC_parse != ')')
                     vFAIL("Sequence (?&... not terminated");
@@ -11287,8 +11471,17 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                     */
                     num = RExC_npar + num;
                     if (num < 1)  {
-                        RExC_parse++;
-                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+
+                        /* It might be a forward reference; we can't fail until
+                         * we know, by completing the parse to get all the
+                         * groups, and then reparsing */
+                        if (RExC_total_parens > 0)  {
+                            RExC_parse++;
+                            vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS;
+                        }
                     }
                 } else if ( paren == '+' ) {
                     num = RExC_npar + num - 1;
@@ -11303,21 +11496,32 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                  */
 
                 ret = reg2Lanode(pRExC_state, GOSUB, num, RExC_recurse_count);
-                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens) {
-                       RExC_parse++;
-                       vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
-                   }
-                   RExC_recurse_count++;
-                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
-                        "%*s%*s Recurse #%" UVuf " to %" IVdf "\n",
-                              22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
-                              (UV)ARG(ret), (IV)ARG2L(ret)));
+                if (num >= RExC_npar) {
+
+                    /* It might be a forward reference; we can't fail until we
+                     * know, by completing the parse to get all the groups, and
+                     * then reparsing */
+                    if (RExC_total_parens > 0)  {
+                        if (num >= RExC_total_parens) {
+                            RExC_parse++;
+                            vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS;
+                    }
                 }
+                RExC_recurse_count++;
+                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
+                    "%*s%*s Recurse #%" UVuf " to %" IVdf "\n",
+                            22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
+                            (UV)ARG(REGNODE_p(ret)),
+                            (IV)ARG2L(REGNODE_p(ret))));
                 RExC_seen |= REG_RECURSE_SEEN;
 
-                Set_Node_Length(ret, 1 + regarglen[OP(ret)]); /* MJD */
-               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start); /* MJD */
+                Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret),
+                                1 + regarglen[OP(REGNODE_p(ret))]); /* MJD */
+               Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start); /* MJD */
 
                 *flagp |= POSTPONED;
                 assert(*RExC_parse == ')');
@@ -11344,6 +11548,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
            {
                U32 n = 0;
                struct reg_code_block *cb;
+                OP * o;
 
                RExC_seen_zerolen++;
 
@@ -11361,25 +11566,23 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                /* this is a pre-compiled code block (?{...}) */
                cb = &pRExC_state->code_blocks->cb[pRExC_state->code_index];
                RExC_parse = RExC_start + cb->end;
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   OP *o = cb->block;
-                   if (cb->src_regex) {
-                       n = add_data(pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("rl"));
-                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
-                           (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
-                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
-                   }
-                   else {
-                       n = add_data(pRExC_state,
-                              (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l", 1);
-                       RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
-                   }
-               }
+               o = cb->block;
+                if (cb->src_regex) {
+                    n = add_data(pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("rl"));
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[n] =
+                        (void*)SvREFCNT_inc((SV*)cb->src_regex);
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[n+1] = (void*)o;
+                }
+                else {
+                    n = add_data(pRExC_state,
+                            (RExC_pm_flags & PMf_HAS_CV) ? "L" : "l", 1);
+                    RExC_rxi->data->data[n] = (void*)o;
+                }
                pRExC_state->code_index++;
                nextchar(pRExC_state);
 
                if (is_logical) {
-                    regnode *eval;
+                    regnode_offset eval;
                    ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
 
                     eval = reg2Lanode(pRExC_state, EVAL,
@@ -11389,16 +11592,14 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                                         * return value */
                                        RExC_flags & RXf_PMf_COMPILETIME
                                       );
-                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                       ret->flags = 2;
-                    }
+                    FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 2;
                     REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, eval);
                     /* deal with the length of this later - MJD */
                    return ret;
                }
                ret = reg2Lanode(pRExC_state, EVAL, n, 0);
-               Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
-               Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
+               Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), RExC_parse - parse_start + 1);
+               Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
                return ret;
            }
            case '(':           /* (?(?{...})...) and (?(?=...)...) */
@@ -11438,14 +11639,13 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                                          "negative_lookbehind:"))))
                 ) { /* Lookahead or eval. */
                     I32 flag;
-                    regnode *tail;
+                    regnode_offset tail;
 
                     ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, LOGICAL);
-                    if (!SIZE_ONLY)
-                        ret->flags = 1;
+                    FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 1;
 
                     tail = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flag, depth+1);
-                    RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flag,flagp);
+                    RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flag, flagp);
                     REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, tail);
                     goto insert_if;
                 }
@@ -11455,8 +11655,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                    char ch = RExC_parse[0] == '<' ? '>' : '\'';
                    char *name_start= RExC_parse++;
                    U32 num = 0;
-                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                       SIZE_ONLY ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
+                   SV *sv_dat=reg_scan_name(pRExC_state, REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
                    if (   RExC_parse == name_start
                         || RExC_parse >= RExC_end
                         || *RExC_parse != ch)
@@ -11465,19 +11664,19 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                             (ch == '>' ? '<' : ch));
                     }
                     RExC_parse++;
-                   if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                    if (sv_dat) {
                         num = add_data( pRExC_state, STR_WITH_LEN("S"));
                         RExC_rxi->data->data[num]=(void*)sv_dat;
-                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv_dat);
+                        SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(sv_dat);
                     }
-                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,NGROUPP,num);
+                    ret = reganode(pRExC_state, NGROUPP, num);
                     goto insert_if_check_paren;
                }
                else if (memBEGINs(RExC_parse,
                                    (STRLEN) (RExC_end - RExC_parse),
                                    "DEFINE"))
                 {
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,DEFINEP,0);
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, DEFINEP, 0);
                    RExC_parse += DEFINE_len;
                    is_define = 1;
                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
@@ -11507,24 +11706,11 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                        SV *sv_dat;
                        RExC_parse++;
                        sv_dat = reg_scan_name(pRExC_state,
-                            SIZE_ONLY
-                            ? REG_RSN_RETURN_NULL
-                            : REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
-
-                        /* we should only have a false sv_dat when
-                         * SIZE_ONLY is true, and we always have false
-                         * sv_dat when SIZE_ONLY is true.
-                         * reg_scan_name() will VFAIL() if the name is
-                         * unknown when SIZE_ONLY is false, and otherwise
-                         * will return something, and when SIZE_ONLY is
-                         * true, reg_scan_name() just parses the string,
-                         * and doesnt return anything. (in theory) */
-                        assert(SIZE_ONLY ? !sv_dat : !!sv_dat);
-
+                                               REG_RSN_RETURN_DATA);
                         if (sv_dat)
                             parno = 1 + *((I32 *)SvPVX(sv_dat));
                    }
-                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state,INSUBP,parno);
+                   ret = reganode(pRExC_state, INSUBP, parno);
                    goto insert_if_check_paren;
                }
                else if (RExC_parse[0] >= '1' && RExC_parse[0] <= '9' ) {
@@ -11551,10 +11737,10 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                    nextchar(pRExC_state);
                  insert_if:
                     REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0));
-                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
-                   if (br == NULL) {
-                        RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
-                        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#" UVxf,
+                    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1, depth+1);
+                   if (br == 0) {
+                        RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
+                        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned failure, flags=%#" UVxf,
                               (UV) flags);
                     } else
                         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, reganode(pRExC_state,
@@ -11570,9 +11756,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                         /* Fake one for optimizer.  */
                         lastbr = reganode(pRExC_state, IFTHEN, 0);
 
-                        if (!regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1)) {
-                            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
-                            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#" UVxf,
+                        if (!regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1, depth+1)) {
+                            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags, flagp);
+                            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned failure, flags=%#" UVxf,
                                   (UV) flags);
                         }
                         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, lastbr);
@@ -11582,7 +11768,7 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                         nextchar(pRExC_state);
                    }
                    else
-                       lastbr = NULL;
+                       lastbr = 0;
                     if (c != ')') {
                         if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
                             vFAIL("Switch (?(condition)... not terminated");
@@ -11593,13 +11779,18 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                     REGTAIL(pRExC_state, br, ender);
                    if (lastbr) {
                         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
-                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+                        REGTAIL(pRExC_state, REGNODE_OFFSET(
+                                                NEXTOPER(
+                                                NEXTOPER(REGNODE_p(lastbr)))),
+                                             ender);
                    }
                    else
                         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
+#if 0  /* Removing this doesn't cause failures in the test suite -- khw */
                     RExC_size++; /* XXX WHY do we need this?!!
                                     For large programs it seems to be required
                                     but I can't figure out why. -- dmq*/
+#endif
                    return ret;
                }
                 RExC_parse += UTF ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
@@ -11620,16 +11811,16 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                     if (RExC_parse < RExC_end)
                         nextchar(pRExC_state);
                     *flagp = TRYAGAIN;
-                    return NULL;
+                    return 0;
                 }
                 paren = ':';
                 nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                ret = NULL;
+                ret = 0;
                 goto parse_rest;
             } /* end switch */
        }
        else {
-            if (*RExC_parse == '{' && PASS2) {
+            if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
                 ckWARNregdep(RExC_parse + 1,
                             "Unescaped left brace in regex is "
                             "deprecated here (and will be fatal "
@@ -11641,56 +11832,83 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
          capturing_parens:
            parno = RExC_npar;
            RExC_npar++;
+            if (RExC_total_parens <= 0) {
+                /* If we are in our first pass through (and maybe only pass),
+                 * we  need to allocate memory for the capturing parentheses
+                 * data structures.  Since we start at npar=1, when it reaches
+                 * 2, for the first time it has something to put in it.  Above
+                 * 2 means we extend what we already have */
+                if (RExC_npar == 2) {
+                    /* setup RExC_open_parens, which holds the address of each
+                     * OPEN tag, and to make things simpler for the 0 index the
+                     * start of the program - this is used later for offsets */
+                    Newxz(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar, regnode_offset);
+                    RExC_open_parens[0] = 1;    /* +1 for REG_MAGIC */
+
+                    /* setup RExC_close_parens, which holds the address of each
+                     * CLOSE tag, and to make things simpler for the 0 index
+                     * the end of the program - this is used later for offsets
+                     * */
+                    Newxz(RExC_close_parens, RExC_npar, regnode_offset);
+                    /* we dont know where end op starts yet, so we dont need to
+                     * set RExC_close_parens[0] like we do RExC_open_parens[0]
+                     * above */
+                }
+                else {
+                    Renew(RExC_open_parens, RExC_npar, regnode_offset);
+                    Zero(RExC_open_parens + RExC_npar - 1, 1, regnode_offset);
+
+                    Renew(RExC_close_parens, RExC_npar, regnode_offset);
+                    Zero(RExC_close_parens + RExC_npar - 1, 1, regnode_offset);
+                }
+            }
 
            ret = reganode(pRExC_state, OPEN, parno);
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY ){
-               if (!RExC_nestroot)
-                   RExC_nestroot = parno;
-                if (RExC_open_parens && !RExC_open_parens[parno])
-               {
-                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
-                        "%*s%*s Setting open paren #%" IVdf " to %d\n",
-                        22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
-                       (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ret)));
-                    RExC_open_parens[parno]= ret;
-               }
-           }
-            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
-            Set_Node_Offset(ret, RExC_parse); /* MJD */
+            if (!RExC_nestroot)
+                RExC_nestroot = parno;
+            if (RExC_open_parens && !RExC_open_parens[parno])
+            {
+                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
+                    "%*s%*s Setting open paren #%" IVdf " to %d\n",
+                    22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
+                    (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(ret))));
+                RExC_open_parens[parno]= ret;
+            }
+
+            Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), 1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), RExC_parse); /* MJD */
            is_open = 1;
        } else {
             /* with RXf_PMf_NOCAPTURE treat (...) as (?:...) */
             paren = ':';
-           ret = NULL;
+           ret = 0;
        }
         }
     }
     else                        /* ! paren */
-       ret = NULL;
+       ret = 0;
 
    parse_rest:
     /* Pick up the branches, linking them together. */
     parse_start = RExC_parse;   /* MJD */
-    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1,depth+1);
+    br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 1, depth+1);
 
     /*     branch_len = (paren != 0); */
 
-    if (br == NULL) {
-        RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
-        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
+    if (br == 0) {
+        RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags, flagp);
+        FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned failure, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
     }
     if (*RExC_parse == '|') {
-       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
+       if (RExC_use_BRANCHJ) {
            reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, br, depth+1);
        }
        else {                  /* MJD */
            reginsert(pRExC_state, BRANCH, br, depth+1);
-            Set_Node_Length(br, paren != 0);
-            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br-RExC_emit_start, parse_start-RExC_start);
+            Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(br), paren != 0);
+            Set_Node_Offset_To_R(br, parse_start-RExC_start);
         }
        have_branch = 1;
-       if (SIZE_ONLY)
-           RExC_extralen += 1;         /* For BRANCHJ-BRANCH. */
     }
     else if (paren == ':') {
        *flagp |= flags&SIMPLE;
@@ -11703,14 +11921,14 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
     *flagp |= flags & (SPSTART | HASWIDTH | POSTPONED);
     lastbr = br;
     while (*RExC_parse == '|') {
-       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,0);
+       if (RExC_use_BRANCHJ) {
+           ender = reganode(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, 0);
 
             /* Append to the previous. */
-            REGTAIL(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(lastbr)), ender);
+            REGTAIL(pRExC_state,
+                    REGNODE_OFFSET(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(REGNODE_p(lastbr)))),
+                    ender);
        }
-       if (SIZE_ONLY)
-           RExC_extralen += 2;         /* Account for LONGJMP. */
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
        if (freeze_paren) {
            if (RExC_npar > after_freeze)
@@ -11719,9 +11937,9 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
         }
         br = regbranch(pRExC_state, &flags, 0, depth+1);
 
-       if (br == NULL) {
-            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
-            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned NULL, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
+       if (br == 0) {
+            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags, flagp);
+            FAIL2("panic: regbranch returned failure, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
         }
         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, br);               /* BRANCH -> BRANCH. */
        lastbr = br;
@@ -11729,6 +11947,8 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
     }
 
     if (have_branch || paren != ':') {
+        regnode * br;
+
        /* Make a closing node, and hook it on the end. */
        switch (paren) {
        case ':':
@@ -11739,13 +11959,14 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
             if ( RExC_close_parens ) {
                 DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
                         "%*s%*s Setting close paren #%" IVdf " to %d\n",
-                        22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "", (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+                        22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
+                        (IV)parno, REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(ender))));
                 RExC_close_parens[parno]= ender;
                if (RExC_nestroot == parno)
                    RExC_nestroot = 0;
            }
-            Set_Node_Offset(ender,RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
-            Set_Node_Length(ender,1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ender), RExC_parse+1); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ender), 1); /* MJD */
            break;
        case 's':
            ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SRCLOSE);
@@ -11767,79 +11988,87 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
            break;
        case 0:
            ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, END);
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                assert(!RExC_end_op); /* there can only be one! */
-                RExC_end_op = ender;
-                if (RExC_close_parens) {
-                    DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
-                        "%*s%*s Setting close paren #0 (END) to %d\n",
-                        22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "", REG_NODE_NUM(ender)));
+            assert(!RExC_end_op); /* there can only be one! */
+            RExC_end_op = REGNODE_p(ender);
+            if (RExC_close_parens) {
+                DEBUG_OPTIMISE_MORE_r(Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
+                    "%*s%*s Setting close paren #0 (END) to %d\n",
+                    22, "|    |", (int)(depth * 2 + 1), "",
+                    REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(ender))));
 
-                    RExC_close_parens[0]= ender;
-                }
+                RExC_close_parens[0]= ender;
             }
            break;
        }
-        DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+        DEBUG_PARSE_r(
             DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("lsbr");
-            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv1, lastbr, NULL, pRExC_state);
-            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv2, ender, NULL, pRExC_state);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv1, REGNODE_p(lastbr), NULL, pRExC_state);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv2, REGNODE_p(ender), NULL, pRExC_state);
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "~ tying lastbr %s (%" IVdf ") to ender %s (%" IVdf ") offset %" IVdf "\n",
                           SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv1),
-                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(lastbr),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(lastbr)),
                           SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv2),
-                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                          (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(ender)),
                           (IV)(ender - lastbr)
             );
-        });
+        );
         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, lastbr, ender);
 
-       if (have_branch && !SIZE_ONLY) {
+       if (have_branch) {
             char is_nothing= 1;
            if (depth==1)
                 RExC_seen |= REG_TOP_LEVEL_BRANCHES_SEEN;
 
            /* Hook the tails of the branches to the closing node. */
-           for (br = ret; br; br = regnext(br)) {
+           for (br = REGNODE_p(ret); br; br = regnext(br)) {
                const U8 op = PL_regkind[OP(br)];
                if (op == BRANCH) {
-                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(br), ender);
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state,
+                                  REGNODE_OFFSET(NEXTOPER(br)),
+                                  ender);
                     if ( OP(NEXTOPER(br)) != NOTHING
-                         || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != ender)
+                         || regnext(NEXTOPER(br)) != REGNODE_p(ender))
                         is_nothing= 0;
                }
                else if (op == BRANCHJ) {
-                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br)), ender);
+                    REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state,
+                                  REGNODE_OFFSET(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))),
+                                  ender);
                     /* for now we always disable this optimisation * /
                     if ( OP(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != NOTHING
-                         || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != ender)
+                         || regnext(NEXTOPER(NEXTOPER(br))) != REGNODE_p(ender))
                     */
                         is_nothing= 0;
                }
            }
             if (is_nothing) {
-                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret)] != BRANCH ? regnext(ret) : ret;
-                DEBUG_PARSE_r(if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+                regnode * ret_as_regnode = REGNODE_p(ret);
+                br= PL_regkind[OP(ret_as_regnode)] != BRANCH
+                               ? regnext(ret_as_regnode)
+                               : ret_as_regnode;
+                DEBUG_PARSE_r(
                     DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("NADA");
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv1, ret, NULL, pRExC_state);
-                    regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv2, ender, NULL, pRExC_state);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv1, ret_as_regnode,
+                                     NULL, pRExC_state);
+                    regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv2, REGNODE_p(ender),
+                                     NULL, pRExC_state);
                     Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "~ converting ret %s (%" IVdf ") to ender %s (%" IVdf ") offset %" IVdf "\n",
                                   SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv1),
-                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ret_as_regnode),
                                   SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv2),
-                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(ender),
+                                  (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(ender)),
                                   (IV)(ender - ret)
                     );
-                });
+                );
                 OP(br)= NOTHING;
-                if (OP(ender) == TAIL) {
+                if (OP(REGNODE_p(ender)) == TAIL) {
                     NEXT_OFF(br)= 0;
-                    RExC_emit= br + 1;
+                    RExC_emit= REGNODE_OFFSET(br) + 1;
                 } else {
                     regnode *opt;
-                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < ender ; opt++ )
+                    for ( opt= br + 1; opt < REGNODE_p(ender) ; opt++ )
                         OP(opt)= OPTIMIZED;
-                    NEXT_OFF(br)= ender - br;
+                    NEXT_OFF(br)= REGNODE_p(ender) - br;
                 }
             }
        }
@@ -11859,10 +12088,10 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
                node = SUSPEND, flag = 0;
             }
 
-           reginsert(pRExC_state, node,ret, depth+1);
-            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
-           Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start + 1);
-           ret->flags = flag;
+           reginsert(pRExC_state, node, ret, depth+1);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
+           Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start + 1);
+           FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = flag;
             REGTAIL_STUDY(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, TAIL));
        }
     }
@@ -11904,15 +12133,19 @@ S_reg(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 paren, I32 *flagp,U32 depth)
  *
  * Implements the concatenation operator.
  *
- * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_PASS1 if the sizing scan needs to be
- * restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8
+ * On success, returns the offset at which any next node should be placed into
+ * the regex engine program being compiled.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 otherwise, setting flagp to RESTART_PARSE if the parse needs
+ * to be restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to
+ * UTF-8
  */
-STATIC regnode *
+STATIC regnode_offset
 S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
 {
-    regnode *ret;
-    regnode *chain = NULL;
-    regnode *latest;
+    regnode_offset ret;
+    regnode_offset chain = 0;
+    regnode_offset latest;
     I32 flags = 0, c = 0;
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
@@ -11921,49 +12154,53 @@ S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
     DEBUG_PARSE("brnc");
 
     if (first)
-       ret = NULL;
+       ret = 0;
     else {
-       if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
-           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ,0);
+       if (RExC_use_BRANCHJ)
+           ret = reganode(pRExC_state, BRANCHJ, 0);
        else {
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, BRANCH);
-            Set_Node_Length(ret, 1);
+            Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), 1);
         }
     }
 
-    if (!first && SIZE_ONLY)
-       RExC_extralen += 1;                     /* BRANCHJ */
-
     *flagp = WORST;                    /* Tentatively. */
 
     skip_to_be_ignored_text(pRExC_state, &RExC_parse,
                             FALSE /* Don't force to /x */ );
     while (RExC_parse < RExC_end && *RExC_parse != '|' && *RExC_parse != ')') {
        flags &= ~TRYAGAIN;
-        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
-       if (latest == NULL) {
+        latest = regpiece(pRExC_state, &flags, depth+1);
+       if (latest == 0) {
            if (flags & TRYAGAIN)
                continue;
-            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
-            FAIL2("panic: regpiece returned NULL, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
+            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags, flagp);
+            FAIL2("panic: regpiece returned failure, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
        }
-       else if (ret == NULL)
+       else if (ret == 0)
             ret = latest;
        *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED);
-       if (chain == NULL)      /* First piece. */
+       if (chain == 0)         /* First piece. */
            *flagp |= flags&SPSTART;
        else {
            /* FIXME adding one for every branch after the first is probably
             * excessive now we have TRIE support. (hv) */
            MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
+            if (     chain > (SSize_t) BRANCH_MAX_OFFSET
+                && ! RExC_use_BRANCHJ)
+            {
+                /* XXX We could just redo this branch, but figuring out what
+                 * bookkeeping needs to be reset is a pain */
+                REQUIRE_BRANCHJ(flagp, 0);
+            }
             REGTAIL(pRExC_state, chain, latest);
        }
        chain = latest;
        c++;
     }
-    if (chain == NULL) {       /* Loop ran zero times. */
+    if (chain == 0) {  /* Loop ran zero times. */
        chain = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
-       if (ret == NULL)
+       if (ret == 0)
            ret = chain;
     }
     if (c == 1) {
@@ -11982,15 +12219,18 @@ S_regbranch(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, I32 first, U32 depth)
  * It might seem that this node could be dispensed with entirely, but the
  * endmarker role is not redundant.
  *
- * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if regatom() returns NULL with
- * TRYAGAIN.
- * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_PASS1 if the sizing scan needs to be
- * restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8
+ * On success, returns the offset at which any next node should be placed into
+ * the regex engine program being compiled.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 otherwise, with *flagp set to indicate why:
+ *  TRYAGAIN        if regatom() returns 0 with TRYAGAIN.
+ *  RESTART_PARSE   if the parse needs to be restarted, or'd with
+ *                  NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8.
  */
-STATIC regnode *
+STATIC regnode_offset
 S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 {
-    regnode *ret;
+    regnode_offset ret;
     char op;
     char *next;
     I32 flags;
@@ -12004,7 +12244,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
     UV uv;
 
     /* Save the original in case we change the emitted regop to a FAIL. */
-    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit;
+    const regnode_offset orig_emit = RExC_emit;
 
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
@@ -12012,10 +12252,10 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 
     DEBUG_PARSE("piec");
 
-    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags,depth+1);
-    if (ret == NULL) {
-        RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS(flags,flagp,TRYAGAIN);
-        FAIL2("panic: regatom returned NULL, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
+    ret = regatom(pRExC_state, &flags, depth+1);
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_OR_FLAGS(flags, flagp, TRYAGAIN);
+        FAIL2("panic: regatom returned failure, flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) flags);
     }
 
     op = *RExC_parse;
@@ -12069,19 +12309,16 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             if (max < min) {    /* If can't match, warn and optimize to fail
                                    unconditionally */
                 reginsert(pRExC_state, OPFAIL, orig_emit, depth+1);
-                if (PASS2) {
-                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
-                    NEXT_OFF(orig_emit)= regarglen[OPFAIL] + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
-                }
+                ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Quantifier {n,m} with n > m can't match");
+                NEXT_OFF(REGNODE_p(orig_emit)) =
+                                    regarglen[OPFAIL] + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
                 return ret;
             }
             else if (min == max && *RExC_parse == '?')
             {
-                if (PASS2) {
-                    ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse + 1,
-                               "Useless use of greediness modifier '%c'",
-                               *RExC_parse);
-                }
+                ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse + 1,
+                           "Useless use of greediness modifier '%c'",
+                           *RExC_parse);
             }
 
          do_curly:
@@ -12100,42 +12337,40 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                 }
                 MARK_NAUGHTY_EXP(2, 2);
                reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLY, ret, depth+1);
-                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1); /* MJD */
-                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+                Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start+1); /* MJD */
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
            }
            else {
-               regnode * const w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
+               const regnode_offset w = reg_node(pRExC_state, WHILEM);
 
-               w->flags = 0;
+               FLAGS(REGNODE_p(w)) = 0;
                 REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, w);
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen) {
-                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP,ret, depth+1);
-                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING,ret, depth+1);
-                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over LONGJMP. */
+               if (RExC_use_BRANCHJ) {
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, LONGJMP, ret, depth+1);
+                   reginsert(pRExC_state, NOTHING, ret, depth+1);
+                   NEXT_OFF(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 3;       /* Go over LONGJMP. */
                }
-               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX,ret, depth+1);
+               reginsert(pRExC_state, CURLYX, ret, depth+1);
                                 /* MJD hk */
-                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start+1);
-                Set_Node_Length(ret,
+                Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start+1);
+                Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret),
                                 op == '{' ? (RExC_parse - parse_start) : 1);
 
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY && RExC_extralen)
-                   NEXT_OFF(ret) = 3;  /* Go over NOTHING to LONGJMP. */
+               if (RExC_use_BRANCHJ)
+                    NEXT_OFF(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 3;   /* Go over NOTHING to
+                                                       LONGJMP. */
                 REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING));
-               if (SIZE_ONLY)
-                   RExC_whilem_seen++, RExC_extralen += 3;
+                RExC_whilem_seen++;
                 MARK_NAUGHTY_EXP(1, 4);     /* compound interest */
            }
-           ret->flags = 0;
+           FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 0;
 
            if (min > 0)
                *flagp = WORST;
            if (max > 0)
                *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
-           if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-               ARG1_SET(ret, (U16)min);
-               ARG2_SET(ret, (U16)max);
-           }
+            ARG1_SET(REGNODE_p(ret), (U16)min);
+            ARG2_SET(REGNODE_p(ret), (U16)max);
             if (max == REG_INFTY)
                 RExC_seen |= REG_UNBOUNDED_QUANTIFIER_SEEN;
 
@@ -12184,15 +12419,13 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
        goto do_curly;
     }
   nest_check:
-    if (!SIZE_ONLY && !(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
-       SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
+    if (!(flags&(HASWIDTH|POSTPONED)) && max > REG_INFTY/3) {
        ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
                   "%" UTF8f " matches null string many times",
                   UTF8fARG(UTF, (RExC_parse >= origparse
                                  ? RExC_parse - origparse
                                  : 0),
                   origparse));
-       (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
     }
 
     if (*RExC_parse == '?') {
@@ -12201,7 +12434,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ret + NODE_STEP_REGNODE);
     }
     else if (*RExC_parse == '+') {
-        regnode *ender;
+        regnode_offset ender;
         nextchar(pRExC_state);
         ender = reg_node(pRExC_state, SUCCEED);
         REGTAIL(pRExC_state, ret, ender);
@@ -12220,7 +12453,7 @@ S_regpiece(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 
 STATIC bool
 S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
-                regnode ** node_p,
+                regnode_offset * node_p,
                 UV * code_point_p,
                 int * cp_count,
                 I32 * flagp,
@@ -12241,7 +12474,8 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
   * If <node_p> is not NULL, the context is expecting the result to be one of
   * the things representable by a regnode.  If this \N instance turns out to be
   * one such, the function generates the regnode, returns TRUE and sets *node_p
-  * to point to that regnode.
+  * to point to the offset of that regnode into the regex engine program being
+  * compiled.
   *
   * If this instance of \N isn't legal in any context, this function will
   * generate a fatal error and not return.
@@ -12274,16 +12508,16 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
   *
   * The fourth possibility is that \N resolves to a sequence of more than one
   * code points.  *cp_count will be set to the number of code points in the
-  * sequence. *node_p will be set to a generated node returned by this
+  * sequence. *node_p will be set to a generated node returned by this
   * function calling S_reg().
   *
   * The final possibility is that it is premature to be calling this function;
-  * that pass1 needs to be restarted.  This can happen when this changes from
+  * the parse needs to be restarted.  This can happen when this changes from
   * /d to /u rules, or when the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8.  The
   * latter occurs only when the fourth possibility would otherwise be in
   * effect, and is because one of those code points requires the pattern to be
   * recompiled as UTF-8.  The function returns FALSE, and sets the
-  * RESTART_PASS1 and NEED_UTF8 flags in *flagp, as appropriate.  When this
+  * RESTART_PARSE and NEED_UTF8 flags in *flagp, as appropriate.  When this
   * happens, the caller needs to desist from continuing parsing, and return
   * this information to its caller.  This is not set for when there is only one
   * code point, as this can be called as part of an ANYOF node, and they can
@@ -12348,7 +12582,7 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
         *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
         *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
         MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
-        Set_Node_Length(*node_p, 1); /* MJD */
+        Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(*(node_p)), 1); /* MJD */
         return TRUE;
     }
 
@@ -12384,7 +12618,7 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
             return FALSE;
         }
 
-        *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state,NOTHING);
+        *node_p = reg_node(pRExC_state, NOTHING);
         return TRUE;
     }
 
@@ -12536,16 +12770,20 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
      * constructs.  This can be called from within a substitute parse already.
      * The error reporting mechanism doesn't work for 2 levels of this, but the
      * code above has validated this new construct, so there should be no
-     * errors generated by the below.*/
+     * errors generated by the below.  And this isn' an exact copy, so the
+     * mechanism to seamlessly deal with this won't work, so turn off warnings
+     * during it */
     save_start = RExC_start;
     orig_end = RExC_end;
 
     RExC_parse = RExC_start = SvPVX(substitute_parse);
     RExC_end = RExC_parse + SvCUR(substitute_parse);
+    TURN_OFF_WARNINGS_IN_SUBSTITUTE_PARSE;
 
     *node_p = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &flags, depth+1);
 
     /* Restore the saved values */
+    RESTORE_WARNINGS;
     RExC_start = save_start;
     RExC_parse = endbrace;
     RExC_end = orig_end;
@@ -12556,8 +12794,8 @@ S_grok_bslash_N(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
     SvREFCNT_dec_NN(substitute_parse);
 
     if (! *node_p) {
-        RETURN_X_ON_RESTART(FALSE, flags,flagp);
-        FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to grok_bslash_N, flags=%#" UVxf,
+        RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags, flagp);
+        FAIL2("panic: reg returned failure to grok_bslash_N, flags=%#" UVxf,
             (UV) flags);
     }
     *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
@@ -12592,8 +12830,8 @@ S_compute_EXACTish(RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
 
 PERL_STATIC_INLINE void
 S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
-                         regnode *node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len, UV code_point,
-                         bool downgradable)
+                         regnode_offset node, I32* flagp, STRLEN len,
+                         UV code_point, bool downgradable)
 {
     /* This knows the details about sizing an EXACTish node, setting flags for
      * it (by setting <*flagp>, and potentially populating it with a single
@@ -12607,8 +12845,7 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
      *
      * If <len> is zero, the function assumes that the node is to contain only
      * the single character given by <code_point> and calculates what <len>
-     * should be.  In pass 1, it sizes the node appropriately.  In pass 2, it
-     * additionally will populate the node's STRING with <code_point> or its
+     * should be.  It populates the node's STRING with <code_point> or its
      * fold if folding.
      *
      * In both cases <*flagp> is appropriately set
@@ -12627,22 +12864,13 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOC_MAYBE_POPULATE_EXACT;
 
-    /* Don't bother to check for downgrading in PASS1, as it doesn't make any
-     * sizing difference, and is extra work that is thrown away */
-    if (downgradable && ! PASS2) {
-        downgradable = FALSE;
-    }
-
     if (! len_passed_in) {
         if (UTF) {
             if (UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(code_point)) {
                 if (LOC || ! FOLD) {    /* /l defers folding until runtime */
                     *character = (U8) code_point;
                 }
-                else { /* Here is /i and not /l. (toFOLD() is defined on just
-                          ASCII, which isn't the same thing as INVARIANT on
-                          EBCDIC, but it works there, as the extra invariants
-                          fold to themselves) */
+                else { /* Here is /i and not /l. */
                     *character = toFOLD((U8) code_point);
 
                     /* We can downgrade to an EXACT node if this character
@@ -12654,12 +12882,12 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                      *      || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED))
                      */
                     if (downgradable && PL_fold[code_point] == code_point) {
-                        OP(node) = EXACT;
+                        OP(REGNODE_p(node)) = EXACT;
                     }
                 }
                 len = 1;
             }
-            else if (FOLD && (! LOC
+            else if (FOLD && (   ! LOC
                               || ! is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp(code_point)))
             {   /* Folding, and ok to do so now */
                 UV folded = _to_uni_fold_flags(
@@ -12676,7 +12904,7 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                                                for those.  */
                     && ! _invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, code_point))
                 {
-                    OP(node) = (LOC)
+                    OP(REGNODE_p(node)) = (LOC)
                                ? EXACTL
                                : EXACT;
                 }
@@ -12717,7 +12945,7 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                 && (! HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE(code_point)
                     || (isASCII(code_point) && ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)))
             {
-                OP(node) = EXACT;
+                OP(REGNODE_p(node)) = EXACT;
             }
         } /* else is Sharp s.  May need to fold it */
         else if (AT_LEAST_UNI_SEMANTICS && ! ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED) {
@@ -12731,15 +12959,14 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
         }
     }
 
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-        RExC_size += STR_SZ(len);
+    if (downgradable) {
+        change_engine_size(pRExC_state, STR_SZ(len));
     }
-    else {
-        RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
-        STR_LEN(node) = len;
-        if (! len_passed_in) {
-            Copy((char *) character, STRING(node), len, char);
-        }
+
+    RExC_emit += STR_SZ(len);
+    STR_LEN(REGNODE_p(node)) = len;
+    if (! len_passed_in) {
+        Copy((char *) character, STRING(REGNODE_p(node)), len, char);
     }
 
     *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
@@ -12757,8 +12984,7 @@ S_alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
         *flagp |= SIMPLE;
     }
 
-    /* The OP may not be well defined in PASS1 */
-    if (PASS2 && OP(node) == EXACTFL) {
+    if (OP(REGNODE_p(node)) == EXACTFL) {
         RExC_contains_locale = 1;
     }
 }
@@ -12838,7 +13064,13 @@ S_backref_value(char *p, char *e)
    and not to the whole string of literals.
 
    Once we have been able to handle whatever type of thing started the
-   sequence, we return.
+   sequence, we return the offset into the regex engine program being compiled
+   at which any  next regnode should be placed.
+
+   Returns 0, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if reg() returns 0 with TRYAGAIN.
+   Returns 0, setting *flagp to RESTART_PARSE if the parse needs to be
+   restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8
+   Otherwise does not return 0.
 
    Note: we have to be careful with escapes, as they can be both literal
    and special, and in the case of \10 and friends, context determines which.
@@ -12885,17 +13117,12 @@ S_backref_value(char *p, char *e)
    a dummy entry for all of the special escapes that are actually handled
    by the other.
 
-   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to TRYAGAIN if reg() returns NULL with
-   TRYAGAIN.
-   Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_PASS1 if the sizing scan needs to be
-   restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to UTF-8
-   Otherwise does not return NULL.
 */
 
-STATIC regnode *
+STATIC regnode_offset
 S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 {
-    regnode *ret = NULL;
+    regnode_offset ret = 0;
     I32 flags = 0;
     char *parse_start;
     U8 op;
@@ -12921,7 +13148,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MBOL);
        else
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+        Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), 1); /* MJD */
        break;
     case '$':
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
@@ -12931,7 +13158,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, MEOL);
        else
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SEOL);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+        Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), 1); /* MJD */
        break;
     case '.':
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
@@ -12941,22 +13168,21 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, REG_ANY);
        *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
        MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, 1); /* MJD */
+        Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), 1); /* MJD */
        break;
     case '[':
     {
        char * const oregcomp_parse = ++RExC_parse;
-        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+        ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp, depth+1,
                        FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
                        TRUE, /* allow multi-char folds */
                        FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings. */
                        (bool) RExC_strict,
                        TRUE, /* Allow an optimized regnode result */
-                       NULL,
                        NULL);
-        if (ret == NULL) {
-            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP_OR_FLAGS(flagp,NEED_UTF8);
-            FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#" UVxf,
+        if (ret == 0) {
+            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
+            FAIL2("panic: regclass returned failure to regatom, flags=%#" UVxf,
                   (UV) *flagp);
         }
        if (*RExC_parse != ']') {
@@ -12964,23 +13190,23 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
            vFAIL("Unmatched [");
        }
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-        Set_Node_Length(ret, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+        Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
        break;
     }
     case '(':
        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 2, &flags,depth+1);
-       if (ret == NULL) {
+        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 2, &flags, depth+1);
+       if (ret == 0) {
                if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
                    if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
                         /* Make parent create an empty node if needed. */
                        *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
-                       return(NULL);
+                       return(0);
                    }
                    goto tryagain;
                }
-                RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART(flags,flagp);
-                FAIL2("panic: reg returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#" UVxf,
+                RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART(flags, flagp);
+                FAIL2("panic: reg returned failure to regatom, flags=%#" UVxf,
                                                                  (UV) flags);
        }
        *flagp |= flags&(HASWIDTH|SPSTART|SIMPLE|POSTPONED);
@@ -12989,7 +13215,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
     case ')':
        if (flags & TRYAGAIN) {
            *flagp |= TRYAGAIN;
-           return NULL;
+           return 0;
        }
        vFAIL("Internal urp");
                                /* Supposed to be caught earlier. */
@@ -13004,7 +13230,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
        /* Special Escapes
 
           This switch handles escape sequences that resolve to some kind
-          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequnces that
+          of special regop and not to literal text. Escape sequences that
           resolve to literal text are handled below in the switch marked
           "Literal Escapes".
 
@@ -13020,10 +13246,8 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
            RExC_seen_zerolen++;
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, SBOL);
             /* SBOL is shared with /^/ so we set the flags so we can tell
-             * /\A/ from /^/ in split. We check ret because first pass we
-             * have no regop struct to set the flags on. */
-            if (PASS2)
-                ret->flags = 1;
+             * /\A/ from /^/ in split. */
+            FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = 1;
            *flagp |= SIMPLE;
            goto finish_meta_pat;
        case 'G':
@@ -13076,16 +13300,19 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             RExC_seen |= REG_LOOKBEHIND_SEEN;
            op = BOUND + charset;
 
-            if (op == BOUNDL) {
+            if (op == BOUND) {
+                RExC_seen_d_op = TRUE;
+            }
+            else if (op == BOUNDL) {
                 RExC_contains_locale = 1;
             }
 
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
            *flagp |= SIMPLE;
            if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || *(RExC_parse + 1) != '{') {
-                FLAGS(ret) = TRADITIONAL_BOUND;
-                if (PASS2 && op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
-                    OP(ret) = BOUNDA;
+                FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = TRADITIONAL_BOUND;
+                if (op > BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                    OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = BOUNDA;
                 }
             }
             else {
@@ -13121,25 +13348,25 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                         {
                             goto bad_bound_type;
                         }
-                        FLAGS(ret) = GCB_BOUND;
+                        FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = GCB_BOUND;
                         break;
                     case 'l':
                         if (length != 2 || *(RExC_parse + 1) != 'b') {
                             goto bad_bound_type;
                         }
-                        FLAGS(ret) = LB_BOUND;
+                        FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = LB_BOUND;
                         break;
                     case 's':
                         if (length != 2 || *(RExC_parse + 1) != 'b') {
                             goto bad_bound_type;
                         }
-                        FLAGS(ret) = SB_BOUND;
+                        FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = SB_BOUND;
                         break;
                     case 'w':
                         if (length != 2 || *(RExC_parse + 1) != 'b') {
                             goto bad_bound_type;
                         }
-                        FLAGS(ret) = WB_BOUND;
+                        FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = WB_BOUND;
                         break;
                     default:
                       bad_bound_type:
@@ -13150,10 +13377,10 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                         NOT_REACHED; /*NOTREACHED*/
                 }
                 RExC_parse = endbrace;
-                REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, NULL);
+                REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, 0);
 
-                if (PASS2 && op >= BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
-                    OP(ret) = BOUNDU;
+                if (op >= BOUNDA) {  /* /aa is same as /a */
+                    OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = BOUNDU;
                     length += 4;
 
                     /* Don't have to worry about UTF-8, in this message because
@@ -13168,8 +13395,8 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                 }
            }
 
-            if (PASS2 && invert) {
-                OP(ret) += NBOUND - BOUND;
+            if (invert) {
+                OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) += NBOUND - BOUND;
             }
            goto finish_meta_pat;
           }
@@ -13225,6 +13452,9 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             else if (op == POSIXL) {
                 RExC_contains_locale = 1;
             }
+            else if (op == POSIXD) {
+                RExC_seen_d_op = TRUE;
+            }
 
           join_posix_op_known:
 
@@ -13233,9 +13463,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             }
 
            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-            if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
-                FLAGS(ret) = namedclass_to_classnum(arg);
-            }
+            FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = namedclass_to_classnum(arg);
 
            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
             /* FALLTHROUGH */
@@ -13248,13 +13476,13 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                 vFAIL("Unescaped left brace in regex is illegal here");
             }
            nextchar(pRExC_state);
-            Set_Node_Length(ret, 2); /* MJD */
+            Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), 2); /* MJD */
            break;
        case 'p':
        case 'P':
             RExC_parse--;
 
-            ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+            ret = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp, depth+1,
                            TRUE, /* means just parse this element */
                            FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
                            FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  It
@@ -13262,19 +13490,18 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                      non-portables */
                            (bool) RExC_strict,
                            TRUE, /* Allow an optimized regnode result */
-                           NULL,
                            NULL);
-            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
-            /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PASS1 and NEED_UTF8 if
+            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
+            /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PARSE and NEED_UTF8 if
              * multi-char folds are allowed.  */
             if (!ret)
-                FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to regatom, flags=%#" UVxf,
+                FAIL2("panic: regclass returned failure to regatom, flags=%#" UVxf,
                       (UV) *flagp);
 
             RExC_parse--;
 
-            Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
-            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start - 2);
+            Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start - 2);
             nextchar(pRExC_state);
            break;
         case 'N':
@@ -13303,7 +13530,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                 break;
             }
 
-            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
+            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
 
             /* Here, evaluates to a single code point.  Go get that */
             RExC_parse = parse_start;
@@ -13320,7 +13547,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             {
                RExC_parse++;
                /* diag_listed_as: Sequence \%s... not terminated in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/%s/ */
-               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated",parse_start);
+               vFAIL2("Sequence %.2s... not terminated", parse_start);
            } else {
                RExC_parse += 2;
                 ret = handle_named_backref(pRExC_state,
@@ -13397,10 +13624,9 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                         && *RExC_parse != '8'
                         /* cannot be an octal escape it it starts with 9 */
                         && *RExC_parse != '9'
-                    )
-                    {
-                        /* Probably not a backref, instead likely to be an
-                         * octal character escape, e.g. \35 or \777.
+                    ) {
+                        /* Probably not meant to be a backref, instead likely
+                         * to be an octal character escape, e.g. \35 or \777.
                          * The above logic should make it obvious why using
                          * octal escapes in patterns is problematic. - Yves */
                         RExC_parse = parse_start;
@@ -13420,9 +13646,19 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                         vFAIL("Unterminated \\g{...} pattern");
                     RExC_parse++;
                 }
-                if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    if (num > (I32)RExC_rx->nparens)
-                        vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                if (num >= (I32)RExC_npar) {
+
+                    /* It might be a forward reference; we can't fail until we
+                     * know, by completing the parse to get all the groups, and
+                     * then reparsing */
+                    if (RExC_total_parens > 0)  {
+                        if (num >= RExC_total_parens)  {
+                            vFAIL("Reference to nonexistent group");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        REQUIRE_PARENS_PASS;
+                    }
                 }
                 RExC_sawback = 1;
                 ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
@@ -13436,11 +13672,14 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                        ? REFFL
                                        : REFF),
                                 num);
+                if (OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) == REFF) {
+                    RExC_seen_d_op = TRUE;
+                }
                 *flagp |= HASWIDTH;
 
                 /* override incorrect value set in reganode MJD */
-                Set_Node_Offset(ret, parse_start);
-                Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start-1);
+                Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
+                Set_Node_Cur_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start-1);
                 skip_to_be_ignored_text(pRExC_state, &RExC_parse,
                                         FALSE /* Don't force to /x */ );
            }
@@ -13488,7 +13727,6 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 /* This allows us to fill a node with just enough spare so that if the final
  * character folds, its expansion is guaranteed to fit */
 #define MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE (255-UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE)
-           char foldbuf[MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE+UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
 
            char *s0;
            U8 upper_parse = MAX_NODE_STRING_SIZE;
@@ -13496,14 +13734,19 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             /* We start out as an EXACT node, even if under /i, until we find a
              * character which is in a fold.  The algorithm now segregates into
              * separate nodes, characters that fold from those that don't under
-             * /i.  (This hopefull will create nodes that are fixed strings
-             * even under /i, giving the optimizer something to grab onto to.)
+             * /i.  (This hopefully will create nodes that are fixed strings
+             * even under /i, giving the optimizer something to grab on to.)
              * So, if a node has something in it and the next character is in
              * the opposite category, that node is closed up, and the function
              * returns.  Then regatom is called again, and a new node is
              * created for the new category. */
             U8 node_type = EXACT;
 
+            /* Assume the node will be fully used; the excess is given back at
+             * the end.  We can't make any other length assumptions, as a byte
+             * input sequence could shrink down. */
+            Ptrdiff_t initial_size = STR_SZ(256);
+
             bool next_is_quantifier;
             char * oldp = NULL;
 
@@ -13515,21 +13758,23 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
              * Similarly, we can convert EXACTFL nodes to EXACTFLU8 if they
              * contain only above-Latin1 characters (hence must be in UTF8),
              * which don't participate in folds with Latin1-range characters,
-             * as the latter's folds aren't known until runtime.  (We don't
-             * need to figure this out until pass 2) */
-            bool maybe_exactfu = PASS2;
+             * as the latter's folds aren't known until runtime. */
+            bool maybe_exactfu = FOLD;
 
-            /* To see if RExC_uni_semantics changes during parsing of the node.
-             * */
-            bool uni_semantics_at_node_start;
+            /* Does this node contain something that can't match unless the
+             * target string is (also) in UTF-8 */
+            bool requires_utf8_target = FALSE;
 
-            /* The node_type may change below, but since the size of the node
-             * doesn't change, it works */
-           ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, node_type);
+            bool has_micro_sign = FALSE;
 
-            /* In pass1, folded, we use a temporary buffer instead of the
-             * actual node, as the node doesn't exist yet */
-           s = (SIZE_ONLY && FOLD) ? foldbuf : STRING(ret);
+            /* Allocate an EXACT node.  The node_type may change below to
+             * another EXACTish node, but since the size of the node doesn't
+             * change, it works */
+            ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, node_type, initial_size, "exact");
+            FILL_NODE(ret, node_type);
+            RExC_emit++;
+
+           s = STRING(REGNODE_p(ret));
 
             s0 = s;
 
@@ -13549,7 +13794,6 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                    || UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(UCHARAT(RExC_parse))
                    || UTF8_IS_START(UCHARAT(RExC_parse)));
 
-            uni_semantics_at_node_start = RExC_uni_semantics;
 
             /* Here, we have a literal character.  Find the maximal string of
              * them in the input that we can fit into a single EXACTish node.
@@ -13592,6 +13836,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                    */
 
                    switch ((U8)*++p) {
+
                    /* These are all the special escapes. */
                    case 'A':             /* Start assertion */
                    case 'b': case 'B':   /* Word-boundary assertion*/
@@ -13634,7 +13879,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                         ) {
                             if (*flagp & NEED_UTF8)
                                 FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set NEED_UTF8");
-                            RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
+                            RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
 
                             /* Here, it wasn't a single code point.  Go close
                              * up this EXACTish node.  The switch() prior to
@@ -13644,9 +13889,24 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                         }
                         p = RExC_parse;
                         RExC_parse = parse_start;
-                        if (ender > 0xff) {
-                            REQUIRE_UTF8(flagp);
+
+                        /* The \N{} means the pattern, if previously /d,
+                         * becomes /u.  That means it can't be an EXACTF node,
+                         * but an EXACTFU */
+                        if (node_type == EXACTF) {
+                            node_type = EXACTFU;
+
+                            /* If the node already contains something that
+                             * differs between EXACTF and EXACTFU, reparse it
+                             * as EXACTFU */
+                            if (! maybe_exactfu) {
+                                len = 0;
+                                s = s0;
+                                maybe_exactfu = FOLD;   /* Prob. unnecessary */
+                                goto reparse;
+                            }
                         }
+
                         break;
                    case 'r':
                        ender = '\r';
@@ -13677,7 +13937,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                                        RExC_end,
                                                       &result,
                                                       &error_msg,
-                                                      PASS2, /* out warnings */
+                                                      TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(p),
                                                        (bool) RExC_strict,
                                                        TRUE, /* Output warnings
                                                                 for non-
@@ -13688,10 +13948,8 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                                   to exact spot of failure */
                                vFAIL(error_msg);
                            }
+                            UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(p - 1);
                             ender = result;
-                           if (ender > 0xff) {
-                               REQUIRE_UTF8(flagp);
-                           }
                            break;
                        }
                    case 'x':
@@ -13704,7 +13962,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                                        RExC_end,
                                                       &result,
                                                       &error_msg,
-                                                      PASS2, /* out warnings */
+                                                       TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(p),
                                                        (bool) RExC_strict,
                                                        TRUE, /* Silence warnings
                                                                 for non-
@@ -13715,6 +13973,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                                   to exact spot of failure */
                                vFAIL(error_msg);
                            }
+                            UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(p - 1);
                             ender = result;
 
                             if (ender < 0x100) {
@@ -13724,14 +13983,13 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                                 }
 #endif
                            }
-                            else {
-                               REQUIRE_UTF8(flagp);
-                           }
                            break;
                        }
                    case 'c':
                        p++;
-                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p++, PASS2);
+                       ender = grok_bslash_c(*p, TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(p));
+                        UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(p);
+                        p++;
                        break;
                     case '8': case '9': /* must be a backreference */
                         --p;
@@ -13755,8 +14013,8 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                          * pattern.  */
 
                         /* NOTE, RExC_npar is 1 more than the actual number of
-                         * parens we have seen so far, hence the < RExC_npar below. */
-
+                         * parens we have seen so far, hence the "<" as opposed
+                         * to "<=" */
                         if ( !isDIGIT(p[1]) || S_backref_value(p, RExC_end) < RExC_npar)
                         {  /* Not to be treated as an octal constant, go
                                    find backref */
@@ -13769,13 +14027,10 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                            I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT;
                            STRLEN numlen = 3;
                            ender = grok_oct(p, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
-                           if (ender > 0xff) {
-                               REQUIRE_UTF8(flagp);
-                           }
                            p += numlen;
-                            if (PASS2   /* like \08, \178 */
-                                && numlen < 3
-                                && isDIGIT(*p) && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
+                            if (   isDIGIT(*p)  /* like \08, \178 */
+                                && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)
+                                && numlen < 3)
                             {
                                reg_warn_non_literal_string(
                                          p + 1,
@@ -13788,12 +14043,14 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                            FAIL("Trailing \\");
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                    default:
-                       if (!SIZE_ONLY&& isALPHANUMERIC(*p)) {
-                           /* Include any left brace following the alpha to emphasize
-                            * that it could be part of an escape at some point
-                            * in the future */
-                           int len = (isALPHA(*p) && *(p + 1) == '{') ? 2 : 1;
-                           ckWARN3reg(p + len, "Unrecognized escape \\%.*s passed through", len, p);
+                       if (isALPHANUMERIC(*p)) {
+                            /* An alpha followed by '{' is going to fail next
+                             * iteration, so don't output this warning in that
+                             * case */
+                            if (! isALPHA(*p) || *(p + 1) != '{') {
+                                ckWARN2reg(p + 1, "Unrecognized escape \\%.1s"
+                                                  " passed through", p);
+                            }
                        }
                        goto normal_default;
                    } /* End of switch on '\' */
@@ -13825,15 +14082,13 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                             vFAIL("Unescaped left brace in regex is "
                                   "illegal here");
                         }
-                        if (PASS2) {
-                            ckWARNreg(p + 1, "Unescaped left brace in regex is"
-                                             " passed through");
-                        }
+                        ckWARNreg(p + 1, "Unescaped left brace in regex is"
+                                         " passed through");
                    }
                    goto normal_default;
                 case '}':
                 case ']':
-                    if (PASS2 && p > RExC_parse && RExC_strict) {
+                    if (p > RExC_parse && RExC_strict) {
                         ckWARN2reg(p + 1, "Unescaped literal '%c'", *p);
                     }
                    /*FALLTHROUGH*/
@@ -13852,7 +14107,13 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 
                /* Here, have looked at the literal character, and <ender>
                  * contains its ordinal; <p> points to the character after it.
-                 * We need to check if the next non-ignored thing is a
+                 * */
+
+                if (ender > 255) {
+                    REQUIRE_UTF8(flagp);
+                }
+
+                /* We need to check if the next non-ignored thing is a
                  * quantifier.  Move <p> to after anything that should be
                  * ignored, which, as a side effect, positions <p> for the next
                  * loop iteration */
@@ -13879,29 +14140,19 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
 
                 if (! FOLD) {  /* The simple case, just append the literal */
 
-                    /* In the sizing pass, we need only the size of the
-                     * character we are appending, hence we can delay getting
-                     * its representation until PASS2. */
-                    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-                        if (UTF && ! UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
-                            const STRLEN unilen = UVCHR_SKIP(ender);
-                            s += unilen;
-                            added_len = unilen;
+                      not_fold_common:
+                        if (UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(ender) || ! UTF) {
+                            *(s++) = (char) ender;
                         }
                         else {
-                            s++;
-                        }
-                    } else { /* PASS2 */
-                      not_fold_common:
-                        if (UTF && ! UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
                             U8 * new_s = uvchr_to_utf8((U8*)s, ender);
                             added_len = (char *) new_s - s;
                             s = (char *) new_s;
+
+                            if (ender > 255)  {
+                                requires_utf8_target = TRUE;
+                            }
                         }
-                        else {
-                            *(s++) = (char) ender;
-                        }
-                    }
                 }
                 else if (LOC && is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp(ender)) {
 
@@ -13921,192 +14172,121 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                     /* This code point means we can't simplify things */
                     maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
 
-                    /* A problematic code point in this context means that its
-                     * fold isn't known until runtime, so we can't fold it now.
-                     * (The non-problematic code points are the above-Latin1
-                     * ones that fold to also all above-Latin1.  Their folds
-                     * don't vary no matter what the locale is.) But here we
-                     * have characters whose fold depends on the locale.
-                     * Unlike the non-folding case above, we have to keep track
-                     * of these in the sizing pass, so that we can make sure we
-                     * don't split too-long nodes in the middle of a potential
-                     * multi-char fold.  And unlike the regular fold case
-                     * handled in the else clauses below, we don't actually
-                     * fold and don't have special cases to consider.  What we
-                     * do for both passes is the PASS2 code for non-folding */
+                    /* Here, we are adding a problematic fold character.
+                     * "Problematic" in this context means that its fold isn't
+                     * known until runtime.  (The non-problematic code points
+                     * are the above-Latin1 ones that fold to also all
+                     * above-Latin1.  Their folds don't vary no matter what the
+                     * locale is.) But here we have characters whose fold
+                     * depends on the locale.  We just add in the unfolded
+                     * character, and wait until runtime to fold it */
                     goto not_fold_common;
                 }
-                else                /* A regular FOLD code point */
-                     if (! UTF)
+                else /* regular fold; see if actually is in a fold */
+                     if (   (ender < 256 && ! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender))
+                         || (ender > 255
+                            && ! _invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, ender)))
                 {
-                    /* Here, are folding and are not UTF-8 encoded; therefore
-                     * the character must be in the range 0-255, and is not /l.
-                     * (Not /l because we already handled these under /l in
-                     * is_PROBLEMATIC_LOCALE_FOLD_cp) */
-                    if (! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender)) {
-
-                        /* Start a new node for this non-folding character if
-                         * previous ones in the node were folded */
-                        if (len && node_type != EXACT) {
-                            p = oldp;
-                            goto loopdone;
-                        }
+                    /* Here, folding, but the character isn't in a fold.
+                     *
+                     * Start a new node if previous characters in the node were
+                     * folded */
+                    if (len && node_type != EXACT) {
+                        p = oldp;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
 
-                        *(s++) = (char) ender;
+                    /* Here, continuing a node with non-folded characters.  Add
+                     * this one */
+                    goto not_fold_common;
+                }
+                else {  /* Here, does participate in some fold */
+
+                    /* If this is the first character in the node, change its
+                     * type to folding.  Otherwise, if this is the first
+                     * folding character in the node, close up the existing
+                     * node, so can start a new node with this one.  */
+                    if (! len) {
+                        node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
                     }
-                    else {  /* Here, does participate in some fold */
-
-                        /* if this is the first character in the node, change
-                         * its type to folding.  Otherwise, if this is the
-                         * first folding character in the node, close up the
-                         * existing node, so can start a new node with this
-                         * one.  */
-                        if (! len) {
-                            node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                    else if (node_type == EXACT) {
+                        p = oldp;
+                        goto loopdone;
+                    }
+
+                    if (UTF) {  /* For UTF-8, we add the folded value */
+                        if (UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(ender)) {
+                            *(s)++ = (U8) toFOLD(ender);
                         }
-                        else if (node_type == EXACT) {
-                            p = oldp;
-                            goto loopdone;
+                        else {
+                            ender = _to_uni_fold_flags(
+                                    ender,
+                                    (U8 *) s,
+                                    &added_len,
+                                    FOLD_FLAGS_FULL | ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
+                                                    ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
+                                                    : 0));
+                            s += added_len;
+
+                            if (ender > 255)  {
+                                requires_utf8_target = TRUE;
+                                if (UNLIKELY(ender == GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU)) {
+                                    has_micro_sign = TRUE;
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
+                    }
+                    else {
 
-                        /* See if the character's fold differs between /d and
-                         * /u.  On non-ancient Unicode versions, this includes
-                         * the multi-char fold SHARP S to 'ss' */
+                        /* Here is non-UTF8; we don't normally store the folded
+                         * value.  First, see if the character's fold differs
+                         * between /d and /u. */
+                        if (PL_fold[ender] != PL_fold_latin1[ender]) {
+                            maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
+                        }
 
 #if    UNICODE_MAJOR_VERSION > 3 /* no multifolds in early Unicode */   \
    || (UNICODE_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && (   UNICODE_DOT_VERSION > 0)       \
                                       || UNICODE_DOT_DOT_VERSION > 0)
 
-                        if (UNLIKELY(ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S)) {
+                        /* On non-ancient Unicode versions, this includes the
+                         * multi-char fold SHARP S to 'ss' */
 
-                            /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we fold
-                             * this non-UTF at compile time */
-                            if (node_type == EXACTFU) {
-                                *(s++) = 's';
+                        else if (UNLIKELY(   ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
+                                          || (   len
+                                              && isALPHA_FOLD_EQ(ender, 's')
+                                              && isALPHA_FOLD_EQ(*(s-1), 's'))))
+                        {
 
-                                /* Let the code below add in the extra 's' */
-                                ender = 's';
-                                added_len = 2;
-                            }
-                            else if (   uni_semantics_at_node_start
-                                     != RExC_uni_semantics)
-                            {
-                                /* Here, we are supossed to be using Unicode
-                                 * rules, but this folding node is not.  This
-                                 * happens during pass 1 when the node started
-                                 * out not under Unicode rules, but a \N{} was
-                                 * encountered during the processing of it,
-                                 * causing Unicode rules to be switched into.
-                                 * Pass 1 continues uninterrupted, as by the
-                                 * time we get to pass 2, we will know enough
-                                 * to generate the correct folds.  Except in
-                                 * this one case, we need to restart the node,
-                                 * because the fold of the sharp s requires 2
-                                 * characters, and the sizing needs to account
-                                 * for that. */
-                                p = oldp;
-                                goto loopdone;
+                            if (node_type == EXACTFU) {
+                                /* See comments for join_exact() as to why we
+                                 * fold this non-UTF at compile time */
+                                if (UNLIKELY(ender == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S)) {
+                                    *(s++) = 's';
+
+                                    /* Let the code below add in the extra 's' */
+                                    ender = 's';
+                                    added_len = 2;
+                                }
                             }
                             else {
-                                RExC_seen_unfolded_sharp_s = 1;
                                 maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
                             }
                         }
-                        else if (   len
-                                 && isALPHA_FOLD_EQ(ender, 's')
-                                 && isALPHA_FOLD_EQ(*(s-1), 's'))
-                        {
-                            maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
-                        }
-                        else
 #endif
 
-                        if (PL_fold[ender] != PL_fold_latin1[ender]) {
-                            maybe_exactfu = FALSE;
+                        else if (UNLIKELY(ender == MICRO_SIGN)) {
+                            has_micro_sign = TRUE;
                         }
 
                         /* Even when folding, we store just the input
-                         * character, as we have an array that finds its fold
-                         * quickly */
+                         * character.  The bottom line reason to do this is
+                         * because the fold for MICRO SIGN requires UTF-8.  But
+                         * there's no real performance penalty for not folding,
+                         * as we have an array that finds any fold quickly. */
                         *(s++) = (char) ender;
                     }
-                }
-                else {  /* FOLD, and UTF */
-                    /* Unlike the non-fold case, we do actually have to
-                     * calculate the fold in pass 1.  This is for two reasons,
-                     * the folded length may be longer than the unfolded, and
-                     * we have to calculate how many EXACTish nodes it will
-                     * take; and we may run out of room in a node in the middle
-                     * of a potential multi-char fold, and have to back off
-                     * accordingly.  */
-
-                    if (isASCII_uni(ender)) {
-
-                        /* As above, we close up and start a new node if the
-                         * previous characters don't match the fold/non-fold
-                         * state of this one.  And if this is the first
-                         * character in the node, and it folds, we change the
-                         * node away from being EXACT */
-                        if (! IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(ender)) {
-                            if (len && node_type != EXACT) {
-                                p = oldp;
-                                goto loopdone;
-                            }
-
-                            *(s)++ = (U8) ender;
-                        }
-                        else {  /* Is in a fold */
-
-                            if (! len) {
-                                node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
-                            }
-                            else if (node_type == EXACT) {
-                                p = oldp;
-                                goto loopdone;
-                            }
-
-                            *(s)++ = (U8) toFOLD(ender);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else {  /* Not ASCII */
-                        STRLEN foldlen;
-
-                        /* As above, we close up and start a new node if the
-                         * previous characters don't match the fold/non-fold
-                         * state of this one.  And if this is the first
-                         * character in the node, and it folds, we change the
-                         * node away from being EXACT */
-                        if (! _invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, ender)) {
-                            if (len && node_type != EXACT) {
-                                p = oldp;
-                                goto loopdone;
-                            }
-
-                            s = (char *) uvchr_to_utf8((U8 *) s, ender);
-                            added_len = UVCHR_SKIP(ender);
-                        }
-                        else {
-
-                            if (! len) {
-                                node_type = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
-                            }
-                            else if (node_type == EXACT) {
-                                p = oldp;
-                                goto loopdone;
-                            }
-
-                            ender = _to_uni_fold_flags(
-                                     ender,
-                                     (U8 *) s,
-                                     &foldlen,
-                                     FOLD_FLAGS_FULL | ((ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED)
-                                                        ? FOLD_FLAGS_NOMIX_ASCII
-                                                        : 0));
-                            s += foldlen;
-                            added_len = foldlen;
-                        }
-                    }
-               }
+               } /* End of adding current character to the node */
 
                 len += added_len;
 
@@ -14280,20 +14460,26 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
           loopdone:   /* Jumped to when encounters something that shouldn't be
                          in the node */
 
+            /* Free up any over-allocated space */
+            change_engine_size(pRExC_state, - (initial_size - STR_SZ(len)));
+
             /* I (khw) don't know if you can get here with zero length, but the
              * old code handled this situation by creating a zero-length EXACT
              * node.  Might as well be NOTHING instead */
             if (len == 0) {
-                OP(ret) = NOTHING;
+                OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = NOTHING;
             }
             else {
-                OP(ret) = node_type;
+                OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = node_type;
 
                 /* If the node type is EXACT here, check to see if it
-                 * should be EXACTL. */
+                 * should be EXACTL, or EXACT_ONLY8. */
                 if (node_type == EXACT) {
                     if (LOC) {
-                        OP(ret) = EXACTL;
+                        OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = EXACTL;
+                    }
+                    else if (requires_utf8_target) {
+                        OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = EXACT_ONLY8;
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -14303,12 +14489,25 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
                      * target string (for /u), or depending on locale for /l */
                     if (maybe_exactfu) {
                         if (node_type == EXACTF) {
-                            OP(ret) = EXACTFU;
+                            OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = EXACTFU;
                         }
                         else if (node_type == EXACTFL) {
-                            OP(ret) = EXACTFLU8;
+                            OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = EXACTFLU8;
                         }
                     }
+                    else if (node_type == EXACTF) {
+                        RExC_seen_d_op = TRUE;
+                    }
+
+                    /* The micro sign is the only below 256 character that
+                     * folds to above 255 */
+                    if (   OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) == EXACTFU
+                        && requires_utf8_target
+                        && LIKELY(! has_micro_sign))
+                    {
+                        OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) = EXACTFU_ONLY8;
+                    }
+
                 }
 
                 alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, len, ender,
@@ -14320,7 +14519,7 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
             }
 
            RExC_parse = p - 1;
-            Set_Node_Cur_Length(ret, parse_start);
+            Set_Node_Cur_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), parse_start);
            RExC_parse = p;
            {
                /* len is STRLEN which is unsigned, need to copy to signed */
@@ -14336,8 +14535,8 @@ S_regatom(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth)
     /* Position parse to next real character */
     skip_to_be_ignored_text(pRExC_state, &RExC_parse,
                                             FALSE /* Don't force to /x */ );
-    if (   PASS2 && *RExC_parse == '{'
-        && OP(ret) != SBOL && ! regcurly(RExC_parse))
+    if (   *RExC_parse == '{'
+        && OP(REGNODE_p(ret)) != SBOL && ! regcurly(RExC_parse))
     {
         if (RExC_strict || new_regcurly(RExC_parse, RExC_end)) {
             RExC_parse++;
@@ -14437,8 +14636,9 @@ S_populate_ANYOF_from_invlist(pTHX_ regnode *node, SV** invlist_ptr)
  * routine. q.v. */
 #define ADD_POSIX_WARNING(p, text)  STMT_START {                            \
         if (posix_warnings) {                                               \
-            if (! RExC_warn_text ) RExC_warn_text = (AV *) sv_2mortal((SV *) newAV()); \
-            av_push(RExC_warn_text, Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_                          \
+            if (! RExC_warn_text ) RExC_warn_text =                         \
+                                         (AV *) sv_2mortal((SV *) newAV()); \
+            av_push(RExC_warn_text, Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_                     \
                                              WARNING_PREFIX                 \
                                              text                           \
                                              REPORT_LOCATION,               \
@@ -14497,17 +14697,7 @@ S_handle_possible_posix(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
      * In b) there may be errors or warnings generated.  If 'check_only' is
      * TRUE, then any errors are discarded.  Warnings are returned to the
      * caller via an AV* created into '*posix_warnings' if it is not NULL.  If
-     * instead it is NULL, warnings are suppressed.  This is done in all
-     * passes.  The reason for this is that the rest of the parsing is heavily
-     * dependent on whether this routine found a valid posix class or not.  If
-     * it did, the closing ']' is absorbed as part of the class.  If no class,
-     * or an invalid one is found, any ']' will be considered the terminator of
-     * the outer bracketed character class, leading to very different results.
-     * In particular, a '(?[ ])' construct will likely have a syntax error if
-     * the class is parsed other than intended, and this will happen in pass1,
-     * before the warnings would normally be output.  This mechanism allows the
-     * caller to output those warnings in pass1 just before dieing, giving a
-     * much better clue as to what is wrong.
+     * instead it is NULL, warnings are suppressed.
      *
      * The reason for this function, and its complexity is that a bracketed
      * character class can contain just about anything.  But it's easy to
@@ -15215,7 +15405,10 @@ S_handle_possible_posix(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state,
                 ADD_POSIX_WARNING(p, "there is no terminating ']'");
             }
 
-            if (posix_warnings && RExC_warn_text && av_top_index(RExC_warn_text) > -1) {
+            if (   posix_warnings
+                && RExC_warn_text
+                && av_top_index(RExC_warn_text) > -1)
+            {
                 *posix_warnings = RExC_warn_text;
             }
         }
@@ -15271,7 +15464,7 @@ S_regex_set_precedence(const U8 my_operator) {
     return 0;   /* Silence compiler warning */
 }
 
-STATIC regnode *
+STATIC regnode_offset
 S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
                     I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                     char * const oregcomp_parse)
@@ -15294,12 +15487,11 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
                                        with left paren in stack is; -1 if none.
                                      */
     STRLEN len;                     /* Temporary */
-    regnode* node;                  /* Temporary, and final regnode returned by
+    regnode_offset node;                  /* Temporary, and final regnode returned by
                                        this function */
     const bool save_fold = FOLD;    /* Temporary */
     char *save_end, *save_parse;    /* Temporaries */
     const bool in_locale = LOC;     /* we turn off /l during processing */
-    AV* posix_warnings = NULL;
 
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
@@ -15311,127 +15503,13 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
         set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET);
     }
 
-    REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, NULL);   /* The use of this operator implies /u.
-                                         This is required so that the compile
-                                         time values are valid in all runtime
-                                         cases */
-
-    /* This will return only an ANYOF regnode, or (unlikely) something smaller
-     * (such as EXACT).  Thus we can skip most everything if just sizing.  We
-     * call regclass to handle '[]' so as to not have to reinvent its parsing
-     * rules here (throwing away the size it computes each time).  And, we exit
-     * upon an unescaped ']' that isn't one ending a regclass.  To do both
-     * these things, we need to realize that something preceded by a backslash
-     * is escaped, so we have to keep track of backslashes */
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-        UV nest_depth = 0; /* how many nested (?[...]) constructs */
-
-        while (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
-            SV* current = NULL;
-
-            skip_to_be_ignored_text(pRExC_state, &RExC_parse,
-                                    TRUE /* Force /x */ );
-
-            switch (*RExC_parse) {
-                case '(':
-                    if (RExC_parse[1] == '?' && RExC_parse[2] == '[')
-                        nest_depth++, RExC_parse+=2;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-                default:
-                    break;
-                case '\\':
-                    /* Skip past this, so the next character gets skipped, after
-                     * the switch */
-                    RExC_parse++;
-                    if (*RExC_parse == 'c') {
-                            /* Skip the \cX notation for control characters */
-                            RExC_parse += UTF ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
-                    }
-                    break;
-
-                case '[':
-                {
-                    /* See if this is a [:posix:] class. */
-                    bool is_posix_class = (OOB_NAMEDCLASS
-                            < handle_possible_posix(pRExC_state,
-                                                RExC_parse + 1,
-                                                NULL,
-                                                NULL,
-                                                TRUE /* checking only */));
-                    /* If it is a posix class, leave the parse pointer at the
-                     * '[' to fool regclass() into thinking it is part of a
-                     * '[[:posix:]]'. */
-                    if (! is_posix_class) {
-                        RExC_parse++;
-                    }
-
-                    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PASS1 and NEED_UTF8
-                     * if multi-char folds are allowed.  */
-                    if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
-                                  is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char
-                                                     class only if not a
-                                                     posix class */
-                                  FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
-                                  TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
-                                  TRUE, /* strict */
-                                  FALSE, /* Require return to be an ANYOF */
-                                  &current,
-                                  &posix_warnings
-                                 ))
-                        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, "
-                              "flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) *flagp);
-
-                    /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except
-                     * if we faked it */
-                    if (is_posix_class) {
-                        RExC_parse--;
-                    }
-
-                    SvREFCNT_dec(current);   /* In case it returned something */
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                case ']':
-                    if (RExC_parse[1] == ')') {
-                        RExC_parse++;
-                        if (nest_depth--) break;
-                        node = reganode(pRExC_state, ANYOF, 0);
-                        RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
-                        nextchar(pRExC_state);
-                        Set_Node_Length(node,
-                                RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
-                        if (in_locale) {
-                            set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET);
-                        }
-
-                        return node;
-                    }
-                    /* We output the messages even if warnings are off, because we'll fail
-                     * the very next thing, and these give a likely diagnosis for that */
-                    if (posix_warnings && av_tindex_skip_len_mg(posix_warnings) >= 0) {
-                        output_or_return_posix_warnings(pRExC_state, posix_warnings, NULL);
-                    }
-                    RExC_parse++;
-                    vFAIL("Unexpected ']' with no following ')' in (?[...");
-            }
-
-            RExC_parse += UTF ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
-        }
-
-        /* We output the messages even if warnings are off, because we'll fail
-         * the very next thing, and these give a likely diagnosis for that */
-        if (posix_warnings && av_tindex_skip_len_mg(posix_warnings) >= 0) {
-            output_or_return_posix_warnings(pRExC_state, posix_warnings, NULL);
-        }
-
-        vFAIL("Syntax error in (?[...])");
-    }
+    /* The use of this operator implies /u.  This is required so that the
+     * compile time values are valid in all runtime cases */
+    REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, 0);
 
-    /* Pass 2 only after this. */
-    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_
-        packWARN(WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__REGEX_SETS),
-        "The regex_sets feature is experimental" REPORT_LOCATION,
-        REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS(RExC_parse));
+    ckWARNexperimental(RExC_parse,
+                       WARN_EXPERIMENTAL__REGEX_SETS,
+                       "The regex_sets feature is experimental");
 
     /* Everything in this construct is a metacharacter.  Operands begin with
      * either a '\' (for an escape sequence), or a '[' for a bracketed
@@ -15521,8 +15599,8 @@ S_handle_regex_sets(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, SV** return_invlist,
 
         skip_to_be_ignored_text(pRExC_state, &RExC_parse,
                                 TRUE /* Force /x */ );
-        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
-            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: Read past end of '(?[ ])'");
+        if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {   /* Fail */
+            break;
         }
 
         curchar = UCHARAT(RExC_parse);
@@ -15613,7 +15691,6 @@ redo_curchar:
                     if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse) != ')')
                         vFAIL("Expecting close paren for wrapper for nested extended charclass");
 
-                    RExC_parse++;
                     RExC_flags = save_flags;
                     goto handle_operand;
                 }
@@ -15643,18 +15720,17 @@ redo_curchar:
                 break;
 
             case '\\':
-                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PASS1 and NEED_UTF8 if
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PARSE and NEED_UTF8 if
                  * multi-char folds are allowed.  */
-                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp, depth+1,
                               TRUE, /* means parse just the next thing */
                               FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
                               FALSE, /* don't silence non-portable warnings.  */
                               TRUE,  /* strict */
                               FALSE, /* Require return to be an ANYOF */
-                              &current,
-                              NULL))
+                              &current))
                 {
-                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, "
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned failure to handle_sets, "
                           "flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) *flagp);
                 }
 
@@ -15679,9 +15755,9 @@ redo_curchar:
                     RExC_parse++;
                 }
 
-                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PASS1 and NEED_UTF8 if
+                /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PARSE and NEED_UTF8 if
                  * multi-char folds are allowed.  */
-                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+                if (!regclass(pRExC_state, flagp, depth+1,
                                 is_posix_class, /* parse the whole char
                                                     class only if not a
                                                     posix class */
@@ -15689,14 +15765,16 @@ redo_curchar:
                                 TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings. */
                                 TRUE, /* strict */
                                 FALSE, /* Require return to be an ANYOF */
-                                &current,
-                                NULL
-                                ))
+                                &current))
                 {
-                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, "
+                    FAIL2("panic: regclass returned failure to handle_sets, "
                           "flags=%#" UVxf, (UV) *flagp);
                 }
 
+                if (! current) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
                 /* function call leaves parse pointing to the ']', except if we
                  * faked it */
                 if (is_posix_class) {
@@ -15716,6 +15794,9 @@ redo_curchar:
 
             case ')':
                 if (av_tindex_skip_len_mg(fence_stack) < 0) {
+                    if (UCHARAT(RExC_parse - 1) == ']')  {
+                        break;
+                    }
                     RExC_parse++;
                     vFAIL("Unexpected ')'");
                 }
@@ -15902,6 +15983,9 @@ redo_curchar:
 
             default:
                 RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
+                if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end) {
+                    break;
+                }
                 vFAIL("Unexpected character");
 
           handle_operand:
@@ -15961,7 +16045,18 @@ redo_curchar:
         RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
     } /* End of loop parsing through the construct */
 
+    vFAIL("Syntax error in (?[...])");
+
   done:
+
+    if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end || RExC_parse[1] != ')') {
+        if (RExC_parse < RExC_end) {
+            RExC_parse++;
+        }
+
+        vFAIL("Unexpected ']' with no following ')' in (?[...");
+    }
+
     if (av_tindex_skip_len_mg(fence_stack) >= 0) {
         vFAIL("Unmatched (");
     }
@@ -16004,14 +16099,15 @@ redo_curchar:
     RExC_parse = SvPV(result_string, len);
     save_end = RExC_end;
     RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
+    TURN_OFF_WARNINGS_IN_SUBSTITUTE_PARSE;
 
     /* We turn off folding around the call, as the class we have constructed
      * already has all folding taken into consideration, and we don't want
      * regclass() to add to that */
     RExC_flags &= ~RXf_PMf_FOLD;
-    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PASS1 and NEED_UTF8 if multi-char
+    /* regclass() can only return RESTART_PARSE and NEED_UTF8 if multi-char
      * folds are allowed.  */
-    node = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp,depth+1,
+    node = regclass(pRExC_state, flagp, depth+1,
                     FALSE, /* means parse the whole char class */
                     FALSE, /* don't allow multi-char folds */
                     TRUE, /* silence non-portable warnings.  The above may very
@@ -16019,11 +16115,21 @@ redo_curchar:
                              they're valid on this machine */
                     FALSE, /* similarly, no need for strict */
                     FALSE, /* Require return to be an ANYOF */
-                    NULL,
                     NULL
                 );
+
+    RESTORE_WARNINGS;
+    RExC_parse = save_parse + 1;
+    RExC_end = save_end;
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(final);
+    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(result_string);
+
+    if (save_fold) {
+        RExC_flags |= RXf_PMf_FOLD;
+    }
+
     if (!node)
-        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned NULL to handle_sets, flags=%#" UVxf,
+        FAIL2("panic: regclass returned failure to handle_sets, flags=%#" UVxf,
                     PTR2UV(flagp));
 
     /* Fix up the node type if we are in locale.  (We have pretended we are
@@ -16045,24 +16151,15 @@ redo_curchar:
     if (in_locale) {
         set_regex_charset(&RExC_flags, REGEX_LOCALE_CHARSET);
 
-        assert(OP(node) == ANYOF);
+        assert(OP(REGNODE_p(node)) == ANYOF);
 
-        OP(node) = ANYOFL;
-        ANYOF_FLAGS(node)
+        OP(REGNODE_p(node)) = ANYOFL;
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(REGNODE_p(node))
                 |= ANYOFL_SHARED_UTF8_LOCALE_fold_HAS_MATCHES_nonfold_REQD;
     }
 
-    if (save_fold) {
-        RExC_flags |= RXf_PMf_FOLD;
-    }
-
-    RExC_parse = save_parse + 1;
-    RExC_end = save_end;
-    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(final);
-    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(result_string);
-
     nextchar(pRExC_state);
-    Set_Node_Length(node, RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
+    Set_Node_Length(REGNODE_p(node), RExC_parse - oregcomp_parse + 1); /* MJD */
     return node;
 }
 
@@ -16189,11 +16286,9 @@ S_add_above_Latin1_folds(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 cp, SV** invl
 
                 /* Use deprecated warning to increase the chances of this being
                  * output */
-                if (PASS2) {
-                    ckWARN2reg_d(RExC_parse,
+                ckWARN2reg_d(RExC_parse,
                         "Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%02X;"
                         " please use the perlbug utility to report;", cp);
-                }
             }
             else {
                 unsigned int i;
@@ -16214,40 +16309,33 @@ S_add_above_Latin1_folds(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 cp, SV** invl
 }
 
 STATIC void
-S_output_or_return_posix_warnings(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, AV* posix_warnings, AV** return_posix_warnings)
+S_output_posix_warnings(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, AV* posix_warnings)
 {
-    /* If the final parameter is NULL, output the elements of the array given
-     * by '*posix_warnings' as REGEXP warnings.  Otherwise, the elements are
-     * pushed onto it, (creating if necessary) */
+    /* Output the elements of the array given by '*posix_warnings' as REGEXP
+     * warnings. */
 
     SV * msg;
-    const bool first_is_fatal =  ! return_posix_warnings
-                                && ckDEAD(packWARN(WARN_REGEXP));
+    const bool first_is_fatal = ckDEAD(packWARN(WARN_REGEXP));
 
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OUTPUT_OR_RETURN_POSIX_WARNINGS;
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OUTPUT_POSIX_WARNINGS;
+
+    if (! TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(RExC_parse)) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     while ((msg = av_shift(posix_warnings)) != &PL_sv_undef) {
-        if (return_posix_warnings) {
-            if (! *return_posix_warnings) { /* mortalize to not leak if
-                                               warnings are fatal */
-                *return_posix_warnings = (AV *) sv_2mortal((SV *) newAV());
-            }
-            av_push(*return_posix_warnings, msg);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (first_is_fatal) {           /* Avoid leaking this */
-                av_undef(posix_warnings);   /* This isn't necessary if the
-                                               array is mortal, but is a
-                                               fail-safe */
-                (void) sv_2mortal(msg);
-                if (PASS2) {
-                    SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
-                }
-            }
-            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), "%s", SvPVX(msg));
-            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(msg);
+        if (first_is_fatal) {           /* Avoid leaking this */
+            av_undef(posix_warnings);   /* This isn't necessary if the
+                                            array is mortal, but is a
+                                            fail-safe */
+            (void) sv_2mortal(msg);
+            PREPARE_TO_DIE;
         }
+        Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_REGEXP), "%s", SvPVX(msg));
+        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(msg);
     }
+
+    UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(RExC_parse);
 }
 
 STATIC AV *
@@ -16319,7 +16407,7 @@ S_add_multi_match(pTHX_ AV* multi_char_matches, SV* multi_string, const STRLEN c
         }                                                               \
     } STMT_END
 
-STATIC regnode *
+STATIC regnode_offset
 S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                  const bool stop_at_1,  /* Just parse the next thing, don't
                                            look for a full character class */
@@ -16330,8 +16418,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                  const bool strict,
                  bool optimizable,                  /* ? Allow a non-ANYOF return
                                                        node */
-                 SV** ret_invlist, /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
-                 AV** return_posix_warnings
+                 SV** ret_invlist  /* Return an inversion list, not a node */
           )
 {
     /* parse a bracketed class specification.  Most of these will produce an
@@ -16355,15 +16442,18 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
      * are extra bits for \w, etc. in locale ANYOFs, as what these match is not
      * determinable at compile time
      *
-     * Returns NULL, setting *flagp to RESTART_PASS1 if the sizing scan needs
-     * to be restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded
-     * to UTF-8.  This can only happen if ret_invlist is non-NULL.
+     * On success, returns the offset at which any next node should be placed
+     * into the regex engine program being compiled.
+     *
+     * Returns 0 otherwise, setting flagp to RESTART_PARSE if the parse needs
+     * to be restarted, or'd with NEED_UTF8 if the pattern needs to be upgraded to
+     * UTF-8
      */
 
     UV prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE, save_prevvalue = OOB_UNICODE;
     IV range = 0;
     UV value = OOB_UNICODE, save_value = OOB_UNICODE;
-    regnode *ret;
+    regnode_offset ret;
     STRLEN numlen;
     int namedclass = OOB_NAMEDCLASS;
     char *rangebegin = NULL;
@@ -16441,10 +16531,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
 
     bool warn_super = ALWAYS_WARN_SUPER;
 
-    regnode * const orig_emit = RExC_emit; /* Save the original RExC_emit in
-        case we need to change the emitted regop to an EXACT. */
     const char * orig_parse = RExC_parse;
-    const SSize_t orig_size = RExC_size;
     bool posixl_matches_all = FALSE; /* Does /l class have both e.g. \W,\w ? */
 
     /* This variable is used to mark where the end in the input is of something
@@ -16455,8 +16542,12 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
     char *not_posix_region_end = RExC_parse - 1;
 
     AV* posix_warnings = NULL;
-    const bool do_posix_warnings =     return_posix_warnings
-                                   || (PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP));
+    const bool do_posix_warnings = ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP);
+    U8 op = END;    /* The returned node-type, initialized to an impossible
+                       one.  */
+    U8 anyof_flags = 0;   /* flag bits if the node is an ANYOF-type */
+    U32 posixl = 0;       /* bit field of posix classes matched under /l */
+    bool use_anyofd = FALSE; /* ? Is this to be an ANYOFD node */
 
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
@@ -16465,6 +16556,13 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
 #endif
 
+
+    /* If wants an inversion list returned, we can't optimize to something
+     * else. */
+    if (ret_invlist) {
+        optimizable = FALSE;
+    }
+
     DEBUG_PARSE("clas");
 
 #if UNICODE_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 /* no multifolds in early Unicode */      \
@@ -16473,25 +16571,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
     allow_multi_folds = FALSE;
 #endif
 
-    /* Assume we are going to generate an ANYOF node. */
-    ret = reganode(pRExC_state,
-                   (LOC)
-                    ? ANYOFL
-                    : ANYOF,
-                   0);
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       RExC_size += ANYOF_SKIP;
-       listsv = &PL_sv_undef; /* For code scanners: listsv always non-NULL. */
-    }
-    else {
-        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) = 0;
-
-       RExC_emit += ANYOF_SKIP;
-       listsv = newSVpvs_flags("# comment\n", SVs_TEMP);
-       initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
-        SvTEMP_off(listsv); /* Grr, TEMPs and mortals are conflated.  */
-    }
+    listsv = newSVpvs_flags("# comment\n", SVs_TEMP);
+    initial_listsv_len = SvCUR(listsv);
+    SvTEMP_off(listsv); /* Grr, TEMPs and mortals are conflated.  */
 
     SKIP_BRACKETED_WHITE_SPACE(skip_white, RExC_parse);
 
@@ -16512,8 +16594,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                                 &not_posix_region_end,
                                                 NULL,
                                                 TRUE /* checking only */);
-        if (PASS2 && maybe_class >= OOB_NAMEDCLASS && do_posix_warnings) {
-            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
+        if (maybe_class >= OOB_NAMEDCLASS && do_posix_warnings) {
             ckWARN4reg(not_posix_region_end,
                     "POSIX syntax [%c %c] belongs inside character classes%s",
                     *RExC_parse, *RExC_parse,
@@ -16523,7 +16604,6 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                         : " (but this one isn't fully valid)")
                     : ""
                     );
-            (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
         }
     }
 
@@ -16545,12 +16625,10 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
         {
             /* Warnings about posix class issues are considered tentative until
              * we are far enough along in the parse that we can no longer
-             * change our mind, at which point we either output them or add
-             * them, if it has so specified, to what gets returned to the
-             * caller.  This is done each time through the loop so that a later
-             * class won't zap them before they have been dealt with. */
-            output_or_return_posix_warnings(pRExC_state, posix_warnings,
-                                            return_posix_warnings);
+             * change our mind, at which point we output them.  This is done
+             * each time through the loop so that a later class won't zap them
+             * before they have been dealt with. */
+            output_posix_warnings(pRExC_state, posix_warnings);
         }
 
         if  (RExC_parse >= stop_ptr) {
@@ -16684,16 +16762,14 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                         if (*flagp & NEED_UTF8)
                             FAIL("panic: grok_bslash_N set NEED_UTF8");
 
-                        RETURN_NULL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
+                        RETURN_FAIL_ON_RESTART_FLAGP(flagp);
 
                         if (cp_count < 0) {
                             vFAIL("\\N in a character class must be a named character: \\N{...}");
                         }
                         else if (cp_count == 0) {
-                            if (PASS2) {
-                                ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
-                                        "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class");
-                            }
+                            ckWARNreg(RExC_parse,
+                              "Ignoring zero length \\N{} in character class");
                         }
                         else { /* cp_count > 1 */
                             if (! RExC_in_multi_char_class) {
@@ -16702,9 +16778,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                         RExC_parse--;
                                         vFAIL("\\N{} in inverted character class or as a range end-point is restricted to one character");
                                     }
-                                    else if (PASS2) {
-                                        ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
-                                    }
+                                    ckWARNreg(RExC_parse, "Using just the first character returned by \\N{} in character class");
                                     break; /* <value> contains the first code
                                               point. Drop out of the switch to
                                               process it */
@@ -16738,7 +16812,6 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                char *e;
                 char *i;
 
-
                 /* We will handle any undefined properties ourselves */
                 U8 swash_init_flags = _CORE_SWASH_INIT_RETURN_IF_UNDEF
                                        /* And we actually would prefer to get
@@ -16748,6 +16821,10 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                       |_CORE_SWASH_INIT_ACCEPT_INVLIST;
 
                 SvREFCNT_dec(swash); /* Free any left-overs */
+
+               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
+               REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, 0);
+
                if (RExC_parse >= RExC_end)
                    vFAIL2("Empty \\%c", (U8)value);
                if (*RExC_parse == '{') {
@@ -16797,7 +16874,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                    e = RExC_parse;
                    n = 1;
                }
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
+               {
                     char* name = RExC_parse;
                     char* base_name;    /* name after any packages are stripped */
                     char* lookup_name = NULL;
@@ -16939,7 +17016,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
 
                         /* We don't know yet what this matches, so have to flag
                          * it */
-                        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_UPPER_LATIN1_UTF8_STRING_MATCHES_non_d_RUNTIME_USER_PROP;
+                        anyof_flags |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_UPPER_LATIN1_UTF8_STRING_MATCHES_non_d_RUNTIME_USER_PROP;
                     }
                     else {
 
@@ -16988,14 +17065,11 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                             }
                        }
                     }
-                } /* End of actually getting the values in pass 2 */
+                }
 
                RExC_parse = e + 1;
                 namedclass = ANYOF_UNIPROP;  /* no official name, but it's
                                                 named */
-
-               /* \p means they want Unicode semantics */
-               REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, NULL);
                }
                break;
            case 'n':   value = '\n';                   break;
@@ -17013,14 +17087,14 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                                RExC_end,
                                               &value,
                                               &error_msg,
-                                               PASS2,   /* warnings only in
-                                                           pass 2 */
+                                               TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(RExC_parse),
                                                strict,
                                                silence_non_portable,
                                                UTF);
                    if (! valid) {
                        vFAIL(error_msg);
                    }
+                    UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(RExC_parse - 1);
                }
                 non_portable_endpoint++;
                break;
@@ -17032,18 +17106,21 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                                RExC_end,
                                               &value,
                                               &error_msg,
-                                              PASS2, /* Output warnings */
+                                              TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(RExC_parse),
                                                strict,
                                                silence_non_portable,
                                                UTF);
                     if (! valid) {
                        vFAIL(error_msg);
                    }
+                    UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(RExC_parse - 1);
                }
                 non_portable_endpoint++;
                break;
            case 'c':
-               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse++, PASS2);
+               value = grok_bslash_c(*RExC_parse, TO_OUTPUT_WARNINGS(RExC_parse));
+                UPDATE_WARNINGS_LOC(RExC_parse);
+               RExC_parse++;
                 non_portable_endpoint++;
                break;
            case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
@@ -17059,17 +17136,14 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                             RExC_parse += (UTF) ? UTF8SKIP(RExC_parse) : 1;
                             vFAIL("Need exactly 3 octal digits");
                         }
-                        else if (! SIZE_ONLY /* like \08, \178 */
-                                 && numlen < 3
+                        else if (   numlen < 3 /* like \08, \178 */
                                  && RExC_parse < RExC_end
                                  && isDIGIT(*RExC_parse)
                                  && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))
                         {
-                            SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
                             reg_warn_non_literal_string(
                                  RExC_parse + 1,
                                  form_short_octal_warning(RExC_parse, numlen));
-                            (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
                         }
                     }
                     non_portable_endpoint++;
@@ -17077,17 +17151,15 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                }
            default:
                /* Allow \_ to not give an error */
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY && isWORDCHAR(value) && value != '_') {
+               if (isWORDCHAR(value) && value != '_') {
                     if (strict) {
                         vFAIL2("Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class",
                                (int)value);
                     }
                     else {
-                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv);
                         ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
                             "Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through",
                             (int)value);
-                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
                     }
                }
                break;
@@ -17103,26 +17175,22 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             * literal, as is the character that began the false range, i.e.
             * the 'a' in the examples */
            if (range) {
-               if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                   const int w = (RExC_parse >= rangebegin)
-                                  ? RExC_parse - rangebegin
-                                  : 0;
-                    if (strict) {
-                        vFAIL2utf8f(
-                            "False [] range \"%" UTF8f "\"",
-                            UTF8fARG(UTF, w, rangebegin));
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        SAVEFREESV(RExC_rx_sv); /* in case of fatal warnings */
-                        ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
-                            "False [] range \"%" UTF8f "\"",
-                            UTF8fARG(UTF, w, rangebegin));
-                        (void)ReREFCNT_inc(RExC_rx_sv);
-                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
-                        cp_foldable_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
-                                                             prevvalue);
-                    }
-               }
+                const int w = (RExC_parse >= rangebegin)
+                                ? RExC_parse - rangebegin
+                                : 0;
+                if (strict) {
+                    vFAIL2utf8f(
+                        "False [] range \"%" UTF8f "\"",
+                        UTF8fARG(UTF, w, rangebegin));
+                }
+                else {
+                    ckWARN2reg(RExC_parse,
+                        "False [] range \"%" UTF8f "\"",
+                        UTF8fARG(UTF, w, rangebegin));
+                    cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
+                    cp_foldable_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
+                                                            prevvalue);
+                }
 
                range = 0; /* this was not a true range */
                 element_count += 2; /* So counts for three values */
@@ -17135,6 +17203,8 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                 && classnum != _CC_ASCII
 #endif
             ) {
+                SV* scratch_list = NULL;
+
                 /* What the Posix classes (like \w, [:space:]) match in locale
                  * isn't knowable under locale until actual match time.  Room
                  * must be reserved (one time per outer bracketed class) to
@@ -17144,14 +17214,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                  * by locale, and hence are dealt with separately */
                 if (! need_class) {
                     need_class = 1;
-                    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-                        RExC_size += ANYOF_POSIXL_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        RExC_emit += ANYOF_POSIXL_SKIP - ANYOF_SKIP;
-                    }
-                    ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL;
-                    ANYOF_POSIXL_ZERO(ret);
+                    anyof_flags |= ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL;
 
                     /* We can't change this into some other type of node
                      * (unless this is the only element, in which case there
@@ -17162,15 +17225,15 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
 
                 /* Coverity thinks it is possible for this to be negative; both
                  * jhi and khw think it's not, but be safer */
-                assert(! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL)
+                assert(! (anyof_flags & ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL)
                        || (namedclass + ((namedclass % 2) ? -1 : 1)) >= 0);
 
                 /* See if it already matches the complement of this POSIX
                  * class */
-                if ((ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL)
-                    && ANYOF_POSIXL_TEST(ret, namedclass + ((namedclass % 2)
-                                                            ? -1
-                                                            : 1)))
+                if (  (anyof_flags & ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL)
+                    && POSIXL_TEST(posixl, namedclass + ((namedclass % 2)
+                                                         ? -1
+                                                         : 1)))
                 {
                     posixl_matches_all = TRUE;
                     break;  /* No need to continue.  Since it matches both
@@ -17179,43 +17242,36 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                 }
 
                 /* Add this class to those that should be checked at runtime */
-                ANYOF_POSIXL_SET(ret, namedclass);
+                POSIXL_SET(posixl, namedclass);
 
                 /* The above-Latin1 characters are not subject to locale rules.
-                 * Just add them, in the second pass, to the
-                 * unconditionally-matched list */
-                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    SV* scratch_list = NULL;
-
-                    /* Get the list of the above-Latin1 code points this
-                     * matches */
-                    _invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(PL_AboveLatin1,
-                                          PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
-
-                                          /* Odd numbers are complements, like
-                                           * NDIGIT, NASCII, ... */
-                                          namedclass % 2 != 0,
-                                          &scratch_list);
-                    /* Checking if 'cp_list' is NULL first saves an extra
-                     * clone.  Its reference count will be decremented at the
-                     * next union, etc, or if this is the only instance, at the
-                     * end of the routine */
-                    if (! cp_list) {
-                        cp_list = scratch_list;
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        _invlist_union(cp_list, scratch_list, &cp_list);
-                        SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
-                    }
-                    continue;   /* Go get next character */
+                 * Just add them to the unconditionally-matched list */
+
+                /* Get the list of the above-Latin1 code points this matches */
+                _invlist_intersection_maybe_complement_2nd(PL_AboveLatin1,
+                                        PL_XPosix_ptrs[classnum],
+
+                                        /* Odd numbers are complements, like
+                                        * NDIGIT, NASCII, ... */
+                                        namedclass % 2 != 0,
+                                        &scratch_list);
+                /* Checking if 'cp_list' is NULL first saves an extra clone.
+                 * Its reference count will be decremented at the next union,
+                 * etc, or if this is the only instance, at the end of the
+                 * routine */
+                if (! cp_list) {
+                    cp_list = scratch_list;
+                }
+                else {
+                    _invlist_union(cp_list, scratch_list, &cp_list);
+                    SvREFCNT_dec_NN(scratch_list);
                 }
+                continue;   /* Go get next character */
             }
-            else if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
+            else {
 
-                /* Here, not in pass1 (in that pass we skip calculating the
-                 * contents of this class), and is not /l, or is a POSIX class
-                 * for which /l doesn't matter (or is a Unicode property, which
-                 * is skipped here). */
+                /* Here, is not /l, or is a POSIX class for which /l doesn't
+                 * matter (or is a Unicode property, which is skipped here). */
                 if (namedclass >= ANYOF_POSIXL_MAX) {  /* If a special class */
                     if (namedclass != ANYOF_UNIPROP) { /* UNIPROP = \p and \P */
 
@@ -17246,7 +17302,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                         || (DEPENDS_SEMANTICS && (   classnum == _CC_DIGIT
                                                   || classnum == _CC_XDIGIT)))
                 {
-                    /* We usually have to worry about /d a affecting what POSIX
+                    /* We usually have to worry about /d affecting what POSIX
                      * classes match, with special code needed because we won't
                      * know until runtime what all matches.  But there is no
                      * extra work needed under /u and /a; and [:ascii:] is
@@ -17328,7 +17384,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
 
                     /* a bad range like \w-, [:word:]- ? */
                     if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) {
-                        if (strict || (PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP))) {
+                        if (strict || ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
                             const int w = RExC_parse >= rangebegin
                                           ?  RExC_parse - rangebegin
                                           : 0;
@@ -17336,15 +17392,13 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                 vFAIL4("False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
                                     w, w, rangebegin);
                             }
-                            else if (PASS2) {
+                            else {
                                 vWARN4(RExC_parse,
                                     "False [] range \"%*.*s\"",
                                     w, w, rangebegin);
                             }
                         }
-                        if (!SIZE_ONLY) {
-                            cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
-                        }
+                        cp_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_list, '-');
                         element_count++;
                     } else
                         range = 1;     /* yeah, it's a range! */
@@ -17361,10 +17415,9 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
          * <prevvalue> is the beginning of the range, if any; or <value> if
          * not. */
 
-       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics.  Must be set in
-        * pass1 so is there for the whole of pass 2 */
+       /* non-Latin1 code point implies unicode semantics. */
        if (value > 255) {
-            REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, NULL);
+            REQUIRE_UNI_RULES(flagp, 0);
        }
 
         /* Ready to process either the single value, or the completed range.
@@ -17430,7 +17483,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             }
         }
 
-        if (strict && PASS2 && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
+        if (strict && ckWARN(WARN_REGEXP)) {
             if (range) {
 
                 /* If the range starts above 255, everything is portable and
@@ -17562,56 +17615,51 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
         }
 
         /* Deal with this element of the class */
-       if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
 
 #ifndef EBCDIC
-            cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
-                                                     prevvalue, value);
+        cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
+                                                    prevvalue, value);
 #else
-            /* On non-ASCII platforms, for ranges that span all of 0..255, and
-             * ones that don't require special handling, we can just add the
-             * range like we do for ASCII platforms */
-            if ((UNLIKELY(prevvalue == 0) && value >= 255)
-                || ! (prevvalue < 256
-                      && (unicode_range
-                          || (! non_portable_endpoint
-                              && ((isLOWER_A(prevvalue) && isLOWER_A(value))
-                                  || (isUPPER_A(prevvalue)
-                                      && isUPPER_A(value)))))))
-            {
-                cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
-                                                         prevvalue, value);
+        /* On non-ASCII platforms, for ranges that span all of 0..255, and ones
+         * that don't require special handling, we can just add the range like
+         * we do for ASCII platforms */
+        if ((UNLIKELY(prevvalue == 0) && value >= 255)
+            || ! (prevvalue < 256
+                    && (unicode_range
+                        || (! non_portable_endpoint
+                            && ((isLOWER_A(prevvalue) && isLOWER_A(value))
+                                || (isUPPER_A(prevvalue)
+                                    && isUPPER_A(value)))))))
+        {
+            cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
+                                                        prevvalue, value);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Here, requires special handling.  This can be because it is a
+             * range whose code points are considered to be Unicode, and so
+             * must be individually translated into native, or because its a
+             * subrange of 'A-Z' or 'a-z' which each aren't contiguous in
+             * EBCDIC, but we have defined them to include only the "expected"
+             * upper or lower case ASCII alphabetics.  Subranges above 255 are
+             * the same in native and Unicode, so can be added as a range */
+            U8 start = NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(prevvalue);
+            unsigned j;
+            U8 end = (value < 256) ? NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(value) : 255;
+            for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+                cp_foldable_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list, LATIN1_TO_NATIVE(j));
             }
-            else {
-                /* Here, requires special handling.  This can be because it is
-                 * a range whose code points are considered to be Unicode, and
-                 * so must be individually translated into native, or because
-                 * its a subrange of 'A-Z' or 'a-z' which each aren't
-                 * contiguous in EBCDIC, but we have defined them to include
-                 * only the "expected" upper or lower case ASCII alphabetics.
-                 * Subranges above 255 are the same in native and Unicode, so
-                 * can be added as a range */
-                U8 start = NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(prevvalue);
-                unsigned j;
-                U8 end = (value < 256) ? NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(value) : 255;
-                for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
-                    cp_foldable_list = add_cp_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list, LATIN1_TO_NATIVE(j));
-                }
-                if (value > 255) {
-                    cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
-                                                             256, value);
-                }
+            if (value > 255) {
+                cp_foldable_list = _add_range_to_invlist(cp_foldable_list,
+                                                            256, value);
             }
-#endif
         }
+#endif
 
        range = 0; /* this range (if it was one) is done now */
     } /* End of loop through all the text within the brackets */
 
-
     if (   posix_warnings && av_tindex_skip_len_mg(posix_warnings) >= 0) {
-        output_or_return_posix_warnings(pRExC_state, posix_warnings,
-                                        return_posix_warnings);
+        output_posix_warnings(pRExC_state, posix_warnings);
     }
 
     /* If anything in the class expands to more than one character, we have to
@@ -17624,15 +17672,16 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
        char *save_end = RExC_end;
        char *save_parse = RExC_parse;
        char *save_start = RExC_start;
-        STRLEN prefix_end = 0;      /* We copy the character class after a
-                                       prefix supplied here.  This is the size
-                                       + 1 of that prefix */
+        Size_t constructed_prefix_len = 0; /* This gives the length of the
+                                              constructed portion of the
+                                              substitute parse. */
         bool first_time = TRUE;     /* First multi-char occurrence doesn't get
                                        a "|" */
         I32 reg_flags;
 
         assert(! invert);
-        assert(RExC_precomp_adj == 0); /* Only one level of recursion allowed */
+        /* Only one level of recursion allowed */
+        assert(RExC_copy_start_in_constructed == RExC_precomp);
 
 #if 0   /* Have decided not to deal with multi-char folds in inverted classes,
            because too confusing */
@@ -17670,7 +17719,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
          * multi-character folds, have to include it in recursive parsing */
         if (element_count) {
             sv_catpvs(substitute_parse, "|[");
-            prefix_end = SvCUR(substitute_parse);
+            constructed_prefix_len = SvCUR(substitute_parse);
             sv_catpvn(substitute_parse, orig_parse, RExC_parse - orig_parse);
 
             /* Put in a closing ']' only if not going off the end, as otherwise
@@ -17693,247 +17742,25 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
         /* Set up the data structure so that any errors will be properly
          * reported.  See the comments at the definition of
          * REPORT_LOCATION_ARGS for details */
-        RExC_precomp_adj = orig_parse - RExC_precomp;
-       RExC_start =  RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
-        RExC_adjusted_start = RExC_start + prefix_end;
+        RExC_copy_start_in_input = (char *) orig_parse;
+       RExC_start = RExC_parse = SvPV(substitute_parse, len);
+        RExC_copy_start_in_constructed = RExC_start + constructed_prefix_len;
        RExC_end = RExC_parse + len;
         RExC_in_multi_char_class = 1;
-        RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
 
        ret = reg(pRExC_state, 1, &reg_flags, depth+1);
 
-        *flagp |= reg_flags & (HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED|RESTART_PASS1|NEED_UTF8);
+        *flagp |= reg_flags & (HASWIDTH|SIMPLE|SPSTART|POSTPONED|RESTART_PARSE|NEED_UTF8);
 
         /* And restore so can parse the rest of the pattern */
         RExC_parse = save_parse;
-       RExC_start = RExC_adjusted_start = save_start;
-        RExC_precomp_adj = 0;
+       RExC_start = RExC_copy_start_in_constructed = RExC_copy_start_in_input = save_start;
        RExC_end = save_end;
        RExC_in_multi_char_class = 0;
         SvREFCNT_dec_NN(multi_char_matches);
         return ret;
     }
 
-    /* Here, we've gone through the entire class and dealt with multi-char
-     * folds.  We are now in a position that we can do some checks to see if we
-     * can optimize this ANYOF node into a simpler one, even in Pass 1.
-     * Currently we only do two checks:
-     * 1) is in the unlikely event that the user has specified both, eg. \w and
-     *    \W under /l, then the class matches everything.  (This optimization
-     *    is done only to make the optimizer code run later work.)
-     * 2) if the character class contains only a single element (including a
-     *    single range), we see if there is an equivalent node for it.
-     * Other checks are possible */
-    if (   optimizable
-        && ! ret_invlist   /* Can't optimize if returning the constructed
-                              inversion list */
-        && (UNLIKELY(posixl_matches_all) || element_count == 1))
-    {
-        U8 op = END;
-        U8 arg = 0;
-
-        if (UNLIKELY(posixl_matches_all)) {
-            op = SANY;
-        }
-        else if (namedclass > OOB_NAMEDCLASS) { /* this is a single named
-                                                   class, like \w or [:digit:]
-                                                   or \p{foo} */
-
-            /* All named classes are mapped into POSIXish nodes, with its FLAG
-             * argument giving which class it is */
-            switch ((I32)namedclass) {
-                case ANYOF_UNIPROP:
-                    break;
-
-                /* These don't depend on the charset modifiers.  They always
-                 * match under /u rules */
-                case ANYOF_NHORIZWS:
-                case ANYOF_HORIZWS:
-                    namedclass = ANYOF_BLANK + namedclass - ANYOF_HORIZWS;
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-
-                case ANYOF_NVERTWS:
-                case ANYOF_VERTWS:
-                    op = POSIXU;
-                    goto join_posix;
-
-                /* The actual POSIXish node for all the rest depends on the
-                 * charset modifier.  The ones in the first set depend only on
-                 * ASCII or, if available on this platform, also locale */
-
-                case ANYOF_ASCII:
-                case ANYOF_NASCII:
-
-#ifdef HAS_ISASCII
-                    if (LOC) {
-                        op = POSIXL;
-                        goto join_posix;
-                    }
-#endif
-                    /* (named_class - ANYOF_ASCII) is 0 or 1. xor'ing with
-                     * invert converts that to 1 or 0 */
-                    op = ASCII + ((namedclass - ANYOF_ASCII) ^ invert);
-                    break;
-
-                /* The following don't have any matches in the upper Latin1
-                 * range, hence /d is equivalent to /u for them.  Making it /u
-                 * saves some branches at runtime */
-                case ANYOF_DIGIT:
-                case ANYOF_NDIGIT:
-                case ANYOF_XDIGIT:
-                case ANYOF_NXDIGIT:
-                    if (! DEPENDS_SEMANTICS) {
-                        goto treat_as_default;
-                    }
-
-                    op = POSIXU;
-                    goto join_posix;
-
-                /* The following change to CASED under /i */
-                case ANYOF_LOWER:
-                case ANYOF_NLOWER:
-                case ANYOF_UPPER:
-                case ANYOF_NUPPER:
-                    if (FOLD) {
-                        namedclass = ANYOF_CASED + (namedclass % 2);
-                    }
-                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-
-                /* The rest have more possibilities depending on the charset.
-                 * We take advantage of the enum ordering of the charset
-                 * modifiers to get the exact node type, */
-                default:
-                  treat_as_default:
-                    op = POSIXD + get_regex_charset(RExC_flags);
-                    if (op > POSIXA) { /* /aa is same as /a */
-                        op = POSIXA;
-                    }
-
-                  join_posix:
-                    /* The odd numbered ones are the complements of the
-                     * next-lower even number one */
-                    if (namedclass % 2 == 1) {
-                        invert = ! invert;
-                        namedclass--;
-                    }
-                    arg = namedclass_to_classnum(namedclass);
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-        else if (value == prevvalue) {
-
-            /* Here, the class consists of just a single code point */
-
-            if (invert) {
-                if (! LOC && value == '\n') {
-                    op = REG_ANY; /* Optimize [^\n] */
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                    MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (value < 256 || UTF) {
-
-                /* Optimize a single value into an EXACTish node, but not if it
-                 * would require converting the pattern to UTF-8. */
-                op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
-            }
-        } /* Otherwise is a range */
-        else if (! LOC) {   /* locale could vary these */
-            if (prevvalue == '0') {
-                if (value == '9') {
-                    arg = _CC_DIGIT;
-                    op = POSIXA;
-                }
-            }
-            else if (! FOLD || ASCII_FOLD_RESTRICTED) {
-                /* We can optimize A-Z or a-z, but not if they could match
-                 * something like the KELVIN SIGN under /i. */
-                if (prevvalue == 'A') {
-                    if (value == 'Z'
-#ifdef EBCDIC
-                        && ! non_portable_endpoint
-#endif
-                    ) {
-                        arg = (FOLD) ? _CC_ALPHA : _CC_UPPER;
-                        op = POSIXA;
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (prevvalue == 'a') {
-                    if (value == 'z'
-#ifdef EBCDIC
-                        && ! non_portable_endpoint
-#endif
-                    ) {
-                        arg = (FOLD) ? _CC_ALPHA : _CC_LOWER;
-                        op = POSIXA;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* Here, we have changed <op> away from its initial value iff we found
-         * an optimization */
-        if (op != END) {
-
-            /* Throw away this ANYOF regnode, and emit the calculated one,
-             * which should correspond to the beginning, not current, state of
-             * the parse */
-            const char * cur_parse = RExC_parse;
-            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
-            if ( SIZE_ONLY) {
-                if (! LOC) {
-
-                    /* To get locale nodes to not use the full ANYOF size would
-                     * require moving the code above that writes the portions
-                     * of it that aren't in other nodes to after this point.
-                     * e.g.  ANYOF_POSIXL_SET */
-                    RExC_size = orig_size;
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
-                if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD) {
-                    if (op == POSIXL) {
-                        RExC_contains_locale = 1;
-                    }
-                    if (invert) {
-                        op += NPOSIXD - POSIXD;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
-
-            if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
-                if (! SIZE_ONLY) {
-                    FLAGS(ret) = arg;
-                }
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-            }
-            else if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
-                alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value,
-                                           TRUE /* downgradable to EXACT */
-                                           );
-            }
-            else {
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-            }
-
-            RExC_parse = (char *) cur_parse;
-
-            SvREFCNT_dec(posixes);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(nposixes);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(simple_posixes);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_list);
-            SvREFCNT_dec(cp_foldable_list);
-            return ret;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)
-        return ret;
-    /****** !SIZE_ONLY (Pass 2) AFTER HERE *********/
-
     /* If folding, we calculate all characters that could fold to or from the
      * ones already on the list */
     if (cp_foldable_list) {
@@ -18147,7 +17974,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                 _invlist_subtract(only_non_utf8_list, cp_list,
                                   &only_non_utf8_list);
                 if (_invlist_len(only_non_utf8_list) != 0) {
-                    ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_MATCHES_ALL_NON_UTF8_NON_ASCII_non_d_WARN_SUPER;
+                    anyof_flags |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_MATCHES_ALL_NON_UTF8_NON_ASCII_non_d_WARN_SUPER;
                 }
                 SvREFCNT_dec_NN(only_non_utf8_list);
             }
@@ -18232,7 +18059,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
         }
 
         if (warn_super) {
-            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret)
+            anyof_flags
              |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_MATCHES_ALL_NON_UTF8_NON_ASCII_non_d_WARN_SUPER;
 
             /* Because an ANYOF node is the only one that warns, this node
@@ -18270,36 +18097,36 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
             }
         }
         if (only_utf8_locale_list) {
-            ANYOF_FLAGS(ret)
-                 |=  ANYOFL_FOLD
-                    |ANYOFL_SHARED_UTF8_LOCALE_fold_HAS_MATCHES_nonfold_REQD;
+            anyof_flags
+                 |= ANYOFL_FOLD
+                 |  ANYOFL_SHARED_UTF8_LOCALE_fold_HAS_MATCHES_nonfold_REQD;
         }
         else if (cp_list) { /* Look to see if a 0-255 code point is in list */
             UV start, end;
             invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
             if (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end) && start < 256) {
-                ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOFL_FOLD;
+                anyof_flags |= ANYOFL_FOLD;
             }
             invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
         }
     }
     else if (   DEPENDS_SEMANTICS
              && (    has_upper_latin1_only_utf8_matches
-                 || (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_SHARED_d_MATCHES_ALL_NON_UTF8_NON_ASCII_non_d_WARN_SUPER)))
+                 || (anyof_flags & ANYOF_SHARED_d_MATCHES_ALL_NON_UTF8_NON_ASCII_non_d_WARN_SUPER)))
     {
-        OP(ret) = ANYOFD;
+        use_anyofd = TRUE;
+        RExC_seen_d_op = TRUE;
         optimizable = FALSE;
     }
 
-
     /* Optimize inverted simple patterns (e.g. [^a-z]) when everything is known
      * at compile time.  Besides not inverting folded locale now, we can't
      * invert if there are things such as \w, which aren't known until runtime
      * */
-    if (cp_list
-        && invert
-        && OP(ret) != ANYOFD
-        && ! (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & (ANYOF_LOCALE_FLAGS))
+    if (     cp_list
+        &&   invert
+        && ! use_anyofd
+        && ! (anyof_flags & (ANYOF_LOCALE_FLAGS))
        && ! HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
     {
         _invlist_invert(cp_list);
@@ -18315,292 +18142,290 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
     }
 
     if (ret_invlist) {
-        assert(cp_list);
-
         *ret_invlist = cp_list;
         SvREFCNT_dec(swash);
 
-        /* Discard the generated node */
-        if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-            RExC_size = orig_size;
-        }
-        else {
-            RExC_emit = orig_emit;
-        }
-        return orig_emit;
+        return RExC_emit;
     }
 
     /* Some character classes are equivalent to other nodes.  Such nodes take
      * up less room and generally fewer operations to execute than ANYOF nodes.
-     * Above, we checked for and optimized into some such equivalents for
-     * certain common classes that are easy to test.  Getting to this point in
-     * the code means that the class didn't get optimized there.  Since this
-     * code is only executed in Pass 2, it is too late to save space--it has
-     * been allocated in Pass 1, and currently isn't given back.  XXX Why not?
-     * But turning things into an EXACTish node can allow the optimizer to join
-     * it to any adjacent such nodes.  And if the class is equivalent to things
-     * like /./, expensive run-time swashes can be avoided.  Now that we have
-     * more complete information, we can find things necessarily missed by the
-     * earlier code. */
-
-    if (optimizable && cp_list && ! invert) {
-        UV start, end;
-        U8 op = END;  /* The optimzation node-type */
+     * */
+
+    if (optimizable) {
         int posix_class = -1;   /* Illegal value */
-        const char * cur_parse= RExC_parse;
         U8 ANYOFM_mask = 0xFF;
         U32 anode_arg = 0;
+        UV start, end;
 
-        invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
-        if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
-
-            /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
-             * Unicode property that doesn't match anything is the only element
-             * in the character class (perluniprops.pod notes such properties).
-             * */
-            op = OPFAIL;
-            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+        if (UNLIKELY(posixl_matches_all)) {
+            op = SANY;
         }
-        else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
-            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+        else if (cp_list && ! invert) {
 
-                    /* Don't do this optimization if it would require changing
-                     * the pattern to UTF-8 */
-                && (start < 256 || UTF))
-            {
-                /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can optimize
-                 * into an EXACTish node */
+            invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+            if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
 
-                value = start;
+                /* Here, the list is empty.  This happens, for example, when a
+                 * Unicode property that doesn't match anything is the only
+                 * element in the character class (perluniprops.pod notes such
+                 * properties).  */
+                op = OPFAIL;
+                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+            }
+            else if (start == end) {    /* The range is a single code point */
+                if (! invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
 
-                if (! FOLD) {
-                    op = (LOC)
-                         ? EXACTL
-                         : EXACT;
-                }
-                else if (LOC) {
+                        /* Don't do this optimization if it would require
+                         * changing the pattern to UTF-8 */
+                    && (start < 256 || UTF))
+                {
+                    /* Here, the list contains a single code point.  Can
+                     * optimize into an EXACTish node */
 
-                    /* A locale node under folding with one code point can be
-                     * an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
-                     * runtime */
-                    op = EXACTFL;
-                }
-                else {
+                    value = start;
 
-                    /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only one
-                     * code point to match.  If we have to, we use an EXACT
-                     * node, but it would be better for joining with adjacent
-                     * nodes in the optimization pass if we used the same
-                     * EXACTFish node that any such are likely to be.  We can
-                     * do this iff the code point doesn't participate in any
-                     * folds.  For example, an EXACTF of a colon is the same as
-                     * an EXACT one, since nothing folds to or from a colon. */
-                    if (value < 256) {
-                        if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
-                            op = EXACT;
-                        }
+                    if (! FOLD) {
+                        op = (LOC)
+                             ? EXACTL
+                             : EXACT;
+                    }
+                    else if (LOC) {
+
+                        /* A locale node under folding with one code point can
+                         * be an EXACTFL, as its fold won't be calculated until
+                         * runtime */
+                        op = EXACTFL;
                     }
                     else {
-                        if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
-                            op = EXACT;
+
+                        /* Here, we are generally folding, but there is only
+                         * one code point to match.  If we have to, we use an
+                         * EXACT node, but it would be better for joining with
+                         * adjacent nodes in the optimization phase if we used
+                         * the same EXACTFish node that any such are likely to
+                         * be.  We can do this iff the code point doesn't
+                         * participate in any folds.  For example, an EXACTF of
+                         * a colon is the same as an EXACT one, since nothing
+                         * folds to or from a colon. */
+                        if (value < 256) {
+                            if (IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_L1(value)) {
+                                op = EXACT;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (_invlist_contains_cp(PL_utf8_foldable, value)) {
+                                op = EXACT;
+                            }
                         }
-                    }
 
-                    /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means we
-                     * can use the prevailing one */
-                    if (op == END) {
-                        op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                        /* If we haven't found the node type, above, it means
+                         * we can use the prevailing one */
+                        if (op == END) {
+                            op = compute_EXACTish(pRExC_state);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
+            }   /* End of first range contains just a single code point */
+            else if (start == 0) {
+                if (end == UV_MAX) {
+                    op = SANY;
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
+                }
+                else if (end == '\n' - 1
+                        && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
+                        && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
+                {
+                    op = REG_ANY;
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
+                }
             }
-        }   /* End of first range contains just a single code point */
-        else if (start == 0) {
-            if (end == UV_MAX) {
-                op = SANY;
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
-            }
-            else if (end == '\n' - 1
-                    && invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)
-                    && start == '\n' + 1 && end == UV_MAX)
-            {
-                op = REG_ANY;
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                MARK_NAUGHTY(1);
-            }
-        }
-        invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+            invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
 
-        if (op == END) {
+            if (op == END) {
 
-            /* Here, didn't find an optimization.  See if this matches any of
-             * the POSIX classes.  First try ASCII */
+                /* Here, didn't find an optimization.  See if this matches any
+                 * of the POSIX classes.  First try ASCII */
 
-            if (_invlistEQ(cp_list, PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII], 0)) {
-                op = ASCII;
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-            }
-            else if (_invlistEQ(cp_list, PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII], 1)) {
-                op = NASCII;
-                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-            }
-            else if (invlist_highest(cp_list) >= 0x2029) {
-
-                /* Then try the other POSIX classes.  The POSIXA ones are about
-                 * the same speed as ANYOF ops, but the ones that have
-                 * above-Latin1 code point matches are somewhat faster than
-                 * ANYOF.  So optimize those, but don't bother with the POSIXA
-                 * ones nor [:cntrl:] which has no above-Latin1 matches.  If
-                 * this ANYOF node has a lower highest possible matching code
-                 * point than any of the XPosix ones, we know that it can't
-                 * possibly be the same as any of them, so we can avoid
-                 * executing this code.  The 0x2029 above for the lowest max
-                 * was determined by manual inspection of the classes, and
-                 * comes from \v.  Suppose Unicode in a later version adds a
-                 * higher code point to \v.  All that means is that this code
-                 * can be executed unnecessarily.  It will still give the
-                 * correct answer. */
-
-                for (posix_class = 0;
-                     posix_class <= _HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC;
-                     posix_class++)
-                {
-                    int try_inverted;
+                if (_invlistEQ(cp_list, PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII], 0)) {
+                    op = ASCII;
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                }
+                else if (_invlistEQ(cp_list, PL_XPosix_ptrs[_CC_ASCII], 1)) {
+                    op = NASCII;
+                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                }
+                else {
 
-                    if (posix_class == _CC_CNTRL) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
+                    /* Then try the other POSIX classes.  The POSIXA ones are
+                     * about the same speed as ANYOF ops, but take less room;
+                     * the ones that have above-Latin1 code point matches are
+                     * somewhat faster than ANYOF. */
 
-                    for (try_inverted = 0; try_inverted < 2; try_inverted++) {
+                    for (posix_class = 0;
+                         posix_class <= _HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC;
+                         posix_class++)
+                    {
+                        int try_inverted;
 
-                        /* Check if matches normal or inverted */
-                        if (_invlistEQ(cp_list,
-                                       PL_XPosix_ptrs[posix_class],
-                                       try_inverted))
+                        for (try_inverted = 0; try_inverted < 2; try_inverted++)
                         {
-                            op = (try_inverted)
-                                 ? NPOSIXU
-                                 : POSIXU;
-                            *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
-                            goto found_posix;
+
+                            /* Check if matches POSIXA, normal or inverted */
+                            if (PL_Posix_ptrs[posix_class]) {
+                                if (_invlistEQ(cp_list,
+                                               PL_Posix_ptrs[posix_class],
+                                               try_inverted))
+                                {
+                                    op = (try_inverted)
+                                        ? NPOSIXA
+                                        : POSIXA;
+                                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                                    goto found_posix;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            /* Check if matches POSIXU, normal or inverted */
+                            if (_invlistEQ(cp_list,
+                                           PL_XPosix_ptrs[posix_class],
+                                           try_inverted))
+                            {
+                                op = (try_inverted)
+                                     ? NPOSIXU
+                                     : POSIXU;
+                                *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                                goto found_posix;
+                            }
                         }
                     }
-                }
-              found_posix: ;
-            }
-
-            /* If it didn't match a POSIX class, it might be able to be turned
-             * into an ANYOFM node.  Compare two different bytes, bit-by-bit.
-             * In some positions, the bits in each will be 1; and in other
-             * positions both will be 0; and in some positions the bit will be
-             * 1 in one byte, and 0 in the other.  Let 'n' be the number of
-             * positions where the bits differ.  We create a mask which has
-             * exactly 'n' 0 bits, each in a position where the two bytes
-             * differ.  Now take the set of all bytes that when ANDed with the
-             * mask yield the same result.  That set has 2**n elements, and is
-             * representable by just two 8 bit numbers: the result and the
-             * mask.  Importantly, matching the set can be vectorized by
-             * creating a word full of the result bytes, and a word full of the
-             * mask bytes, yielding a significant speed up.  Here, see if this
-             * node matches such a set.  As a concrete example consider [01],
-             * and the byte representing '0' which is 0x30 on ASCII machines.
-             * It has the bits 0011 0000.  Take the mask 1111 1110.  If we AND
-             * 0x31 and 0x30 with that mask we get 0x30.  Any other bytes ANDed
-             * yield something else.  So [01], which is a common usage, is
-             * optimizable into ANYOFM, and can benefit from the speed up.  We
-             * can only do this on UTF-8 invariant bytes, because the variance
-             * would throw this off.  */
-            if (   op == END
-                && invlist_highest(cp_list) <=
+                  found_posix: ;
+                }
+
+                /* If it didn't match a POSIX class, it might be able to be
+                 * turned into an ANYOFM node.  Compare two different bytes,
+                 * bit-by-bit.  In some positions, the bits in each will be 1;
+                 * and in other positions both will be 0; and in some positions
+                 * the bit will be 1 in one byte, and 0 in the other.  Let 'n'
+                 * be the number of positions where the bits differ.  We create
+                 * a mask which has exactly 'n' 0 bits, each in a position
+                 * where the two bytes differ.  Now take the set of all bytes
+                 * that when ANDed with the mask yield the same result.  That
+                 * set has 2**n elements, and is representable by just two 8
+                 * bit numbers: the result and the mask.  Importantly, matching
+                 * the set can be vectorized by creating a word full of the
+                 * result bytes, and a word full of the mask bytes, yielding a
+                 * significant speed up.  Here, see if this node matches such a
+                 * set.  As a concrete example consider [01], and the byte
+                 * representing '0' which is 0x30 on ASCII machines.  It has
+                 * the bits 0011 0000.  Take the mask 1111 1110.  If we AND
+                 * 0x31 and 0x30 with that mask we get 0x30.  Any other bytes
+                 * ANDed yield something else.  So [01], which is a common
+                 * usage, is optimizable into ANYOFM, and can benefit from the
+                 * speed up.  We can only do this on UTF-8 invariant bytes,
+                 * because the variance would throw this off.  */
+                if (op == END) {
+                    PERL_UINT_FAST8_T inverted = 0;
 #ifdef EBCDIC
-                                               0xFF
+                    const PERL_UINT_FAST8_T max_permissible = 0xFF;
 #else
-                                               0x7F
+                    const PERL_UINT_FAST8_T max_permissible = 0x7F;
 #endif
-            ) {
-                Size_t cp_count = 0;
-                bool first_time = TRUE;
-                unsigned int lowest_cp = 0xFF;
-                U8 bits_differing = 0;
-
-                /* Only needed on EBCDIC, as there, variants and non- are mixed
-                 * together.  Could #ifdef it out on ASCII, but probably the
-                 * compiler will optimize it out */
-                bool has_variant = FALSE;
-
-                /* Go through the bytes and find the bit positions that differ */
-                invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
-                while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
-                    unsigned int i = start;
-
-                    cp_count += end - start + 1;
-
-                    if (first_time) {
-                        if (! UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(i)) {
-                            has_variant = TRUE;
-                            continue;
-                        }
+                    if (invlist_highest(cp_list) > max_permissible) {
+                        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+                        inverted = 1;
+                    }
 
-                        first_time = FALSE;
-                        lowest_cp = start;
+                    if (invlist_highest(cp_list) <= max_permissible) {
+                    Size_t cp_count = 0;
+                    bool first_time = TRUE;
+                    unsigned int lowest_cp = 0xFF;
+                    U8 bits_differing = 0;
 
-                        i++;
-                    }
+                    /* Only needed on EBCDIC, as there, variants and non- are mixed
+                     * together.  Could #ifdef it out on ASCII, but probably the
+                     * compiler will optimize it out */
+                    bool has_variant = FALSE;
 
-                    /* Find the bit positions that differ from the lowest code
-                     * point in the node.  Keep track of all such positions by
-                     * OR'ing */
-                    for (; i <= end; i++) {
-                        if (! UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(i)) {
-                            has_variant = TRUE;
-                            continue;
+                    /* Go through the bytes and find the bit positions that differ */
+                    invlist_iterinit(cp_list);
+                    while (invlist_iternext(cp_list, &start, &end)) {
+                        unsigned int i = start;
+
+                        cp_count += end - start + 1;
+
+                        if (first_time) {
+                            if (! UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(i)) {
+                                has_variant = TRUE;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            first_time = FALSE;
+                            lowest_cp = start;
+
+                            i++;
                         }
 
-                        bits_differing  |= i ^ lowest_cp;
+                        /* Find the bit positions that differ from the lowest
+                         * code point in the node.  Keep track of all such
+                         * positions by OR'ing */
+                        for (; i <= end; i++) {
+                            if (! UVCHR_IS_INVARIANT(i)) {
+                                has_variant = TRUE;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            bits_differing  |= i ^ lowest_cp;
+                        }
                     }
-                }
-                invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
-
-                /* At the end of the loop, we count how many bits differ from
-                 * the bits in lowest code point, call the count 'd'.  If the
-                 * set we found contains 2**d elements, it is the closure of
-                 * all code points that differ only in those bit positions.  To
-                 * convince yourself of that, first note that the number in the
-                 * closure must be a power of 2, which we test for.  The only
-                 * way we could have that count and it be some differing set,
-                 * is if we got some code points that don't differ from the
-                 * lowest code point in any position, but do differ from each
-                 * other in some other position.  That means one code point has
-                 * a 1 in that position, and another has a 0.  But that would
-                 * mean that one of them differs from the lowest code point in
-                 * that position, which possibility we've already excluded. */
-                if ( ! has_variant
-                    && cp_count == 1U << PL_bitcount[bits_differing])
-                {
-                    assert(cp_count > 1);
-                    op = ANYOFM;
+                    invlist_iterfinish(cp_list);
+
+                    /* At the end of the loop, we count how many bits differ
+                     * from the bits in lowest code point, call the count 'd'.
+                     * If the set we found contains 2**d elements, it is the
+                     * closure of all code points that differ only in those bit
+                     * positions.  To convince yourself of that, first note
+                     * that the number in the closure must be a power of 2,
+                     * which we test for.  The only way we could have that
+                     * count and it be some differing set, is if we got some
+                     * code points that don't differ from the lowest code point
+                     * in any position, but do differ from each other in some
+                     * other position.  That means one code point has a 1 in
+                     * that position, and another has a 0.  But that would mean
+                     * that one of them differs from the lowest code point in
+                     * that position, which possibility we've already excluded.
+                     * */
+                    if ( ! has_variant
+                        && cp_count == 1U << PL_bitcount[bits_differing])
+                    {
+                        assert(inverted || cp_count > 1);
+                        op = ANYOFM + inverted;;
 
-                    /* We need to make the bits that differ be 0's */
-                    ANYOFM_mask = ~ bits_differing; /* This goes into FLAGS */
+                        /* We need to make the bits that differ be 0's */
+                        ANYOFM_mask = ~ bits_differing; /* This goes into FLAGS
+                                                         */
 
-                    /* The argument is the lowest code point */
-                    anode_arg = lowest_cp;
-                    *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                        /* The argument is the lowest code point */
+                        anode_arg = lowest_cp;
+                        *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
+                    }
                 }
+                if (inverted) {
+                    _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+                }
+            }
             }
         }
 
         if (op != END) {
-            RExC_parse = (char *)orig_parse;
-            RExC_emit = (regnode *)orig_emit;
-
             if (regarglen[op]) {
                 ret = reganode(pRExC_state, op, anode_arg);
             } else {
                 ret = reg_node(pRExC_state, op);
             }
-
-            RExC_parse = (char *)cur_parse;
+            Set_Node_Offset_Length(REGNODE_p(ret), orig_parse - RExC_start,
+                                                   RExC_parse - orig_parse);;
 
             if (PL_regkind[op] == EXACT) {
                 alloc_maybe_populate_EXACT(pRExC_state, ret, flagp, 0, value,
@@ -18608,16 +18433,29 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
                                           );
             }
             else if (PL_regkind[op] == POSIXD || PL_regkind[op] == NPOSIXD) {
-                FLAGS(ret) = posix_class;
+                FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = posix_class;
             }
             else if (PL_regkind[op] == ANYOFM) {
-                FLAGS(ret) = ANYOFM_mask;
+                FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = ANYOFM_mask;
             }
 
             SvREFCNT_dec_NN(cp_list);
             return ret;
         }
-    }
+    }   /* End of seeing if can optimize it into a different node */
+
+    /* It's going to be an ANYOF node. */
+    op = (use_anyofd)
+         ? ANYOFD
+         : ((posixl)
+            ? ANYOFPOSIXL
+            : ((LOC)
+               ? ANYOFL
+               : ANYOF));
+    ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "anyof");
+    FILL_NODE(ret, op);        /* We set the argument later */
+    RExC_emit += 1 + regarglen[op];
+    ANYOF_FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) = anyof_flags;
 
     /* Here, <cp_list> contains all the code points we can determine at
      * compile time that match under all conditions.  Go through it, and
@@ -18625,10 +18463,14 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
      * <cp_list>.  While we are at it, see if everything above 255 is in the
      * list, and if so, set a flag to speed up execution */
 
-    populate_ANYOF_from_invlist(ret, &cp_list);
+    populate_ANYOF_from_invlist(REGNODE_p(ret), &cp_list);
+
+    if (posixl) {
+        ANYOF_POSIXL_SET_TO_BITMAP(REGNODE_p(ret), posixl);
+    }
 
     if (invert) {
-        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) |= ANYOF_INVERT;
     }
 
     /* Here, the bitmap has been populated with all the Latin1 code points that
@@ -18645,7 +18487,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
        else {
            cp_list = has_upper_latin1_only_utf8_matches;
        }
-        ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_UPPER_LATIN1_UTF8_STRING_MATCHES_non_d_RUNTIME_USER_PROP;
+        ANYOF_FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) |= ANYOF_SHARED_d_UPPER_LATIN1_UTF8_STRING_MATCHES_non_d_RUNTIME_USER_PROP;
     }
 
     /* If there is a swash and more than one element, we can't use the swash in
@@ -18659,7 +18501,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
      * the class doesn't have us change swash at all, so it can include things
      * that are also in the bitmap; otherwise we have purposely deleted that
      * duplicate information */
-    set_ANYOF_arg(pRExC_state, ret, cp_list,
+    set_ANYOF_arg(pRExC_state, REGNODE_p(ret), cp_list,
                   (HAS_NONLOCALE_RUNTIME_PROPERTY_DEFINITION)
                    ? listsv : NULL,
                   only_utf8_locale_list,
@@ -18667,7 +18509,7 @@ S_regclass(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, I32 *flagp, U32 depth,
 
     *flagp |= HASWIDTH|SIMPLE;
 
-    if (ANYOF_FLAGS(ret) & ANYOF_LOCALE_FLAGS) {
+    if (ANYOF_FLAGS(REGNODE_p(ret)) & ANYOF_LOCALE_FLAGS) {
         RExC_contains_locale = 1;
     }
 
@@ -18789,7 +18631,7 @@ Perl__get_regclass_nonbitmap_data(pTHX_ const regexp *prog,
     SV *si  = NULL;         /* Input swash initialization string */
     SV* invlist = NULL;
 
-    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog, progi);
     const struct reg_data * const data = prog ? progi->data : NULL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT__GET_REGCLASS_NONBITMAP_DATA;
@@ -19106,44 +18948,70 @@ S_nextchar(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state)
     }
 }
 
-STATIC regnode *
-S_regnode_guts(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const STRLEN extra_size, const char* const name)
+STATIC void
+S_change_engine_size(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const Ptrdiff_t size)
 {
-    /* Allocate a regnode for 'op' and returns it, with 'extra_size' extra
-     * space.  In pass1, it aligns and increments RExC_size; in pass2,
-     * RExC_emit */
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CHANGE_ENGINE_SIZE;
 
-    regnode * const ret = RExC_emit;
-    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+    RExC_size += size;
 
-    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGNODE_GUTS;
+    Renewc(RExC_rxi,
+           sizeof(regexp_internal) + (RExC_size + 1) * sizeof(regnode),
+                                                /* +1 for REG_MAGIC */
+           char,
+           regexp_internal);
+    if ( RExC_rxi == NULL )
+       FAIL("Regexp out of space");
+    RXi_SET(RExC_rx, RExC_rxi);
 
-    assert(extra_size >= regarglen[op]);
+    RExC_emit_start = RExC_rxi->program;
+    if (size > 0) {
+        Zero(REGNODE_p(RExC_emit), size, regnode);
+    }
 
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
-       RExC_size += 1 + extra_size;
-       return(ret);
+#ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
+    Renew(RExC_offsets, 2*RExC_size+1, U32);
+    if (size > 0) {
+        Zero(RExC_offsets + 2*(RExC_size - size) + 1, 2 * size, U32);
     }
-    if (RExC_emit >= RExC_emit_bound)
-        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: reg_node overrun trying to emit %d, %p>=%p",
-                  op, (void*)RExC_emit, (void*)RExC_emit_bound);
+    RExC_offsets[0] = RExC_size;
+#endif
+}
+
+STATIC regnode_offset
+S_regnode_guts(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const STRLEN extra_size, const char* const name)
+{
+    /* Allocate a regnode for 'op', with 'extra_size' extra space.  It aligns
+     * and increments RExC_size and RExC_emit
+     *
+     * It returns the regnode's offset into the regex engine program */
+
+    const regnode_offset ret = RExC_emit;
 
-    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(ret);
+    GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
+
+    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGNODE_GUTS;
+
+    SIZE_ALIGN(RExC_size);
+    change_engine_size(pRExC_state, (Ptrdiff_t) 1 + extra_size);
+    NODE_ALIGN_FILL(REGNODE_p(ret));
 #ifndef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(name);
+    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(op);
 #else
+    assert(extra_size >= regarglen[op] || PL_regkind[op] == ANYOF);
+
     if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
        MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(
               ("%s:%d: (op %s) %s %" UVuf " (len %" UVuf ") (max %" UVuf ").\n",
               name, __LINE__,
               PL_reg_name[op],
-              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0]
+              (UV)(RExC_emit) > RExC_offsets[0]
                ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              (UV)(RExC_emit - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)(RExC_emit),
               (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
               (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
-       Set_Node_Offset(RExC_emit, RExC_parse + (op == END));
+       Set_Node_Offset(REGNODE_p(RExC_emit), RExC_parse + (op == END));
     }
 #endif
     return(ret);
@@ -19152,78 +19020,74 @@ S_regnode_guts(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const STRLEN extra_
 /*
 - reg_node - emit a node
 */
-STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+STATIC regnode_offset /* Location. */
 S_reg_node(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op)
 {
-    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reg_node");
+    const regnode_offset ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reg_node");
+    regnode_offset ptr = ret;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG_NODE;
 
     assert(regarglen[op] == 0);
 
-    if (PASS2) {
-        regnode *ptr = ret;
-        FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
-        RExC_emit = ptr;
-    }
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(ptr, op);
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
     return(ret);
 }
 
 /*
 - reganode - emit a node with an argument
 */
-STATIC regnode *                       /* Location. */
+STATIC regnode_offset /* Location. */
 S_reganode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, U32 arg)
 {
-    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reganode");
+    const regnode_offset ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reganode");
+    regnode_offset ptr = ret;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGANODE;
 
+    /* ANYOF are special cased to allow non-length 1 args */
     assert(regarglen[op] == 1);
 
-    if (PASS2) {
-        regnode *ptr = ret;
-        FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
-        RExC_emit = ptr;
-    }
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_ARG(ptr, op, arg);
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
     return(ret);
 }
 
-STATIC regnode *
+STATIC regnode_offset
 S_reg2Lanode(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op, const U32 arg1, const I32 arg2)
 {
     /* emit a node with U32 and I32 arguments */
 
-    regnode * const ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reg2Lanode");
+    const regnode_offset ret = regnode_guts(pRExC_state, op, regarglen[op], "reg2Lanode");
+    regnode_offset ptr = ret;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REG2LANODE;
 
     assert(regarglen[op] == 2);
 
-    if (PASS2) {
-        regnode *ptr = ret;
-        FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_2L_ARG(ptr, op, arg1, arg2);
-        RExC_emit = ptr;
-    }
+    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE_2L_ARG(ptr, op, arg1, arg2);
+    RExC_emit = ptr;
     return(ret);
 }
 
 /*
 - reginsert - insert an operator in front of already-emitted operand
 *
-* Means relocating the operand.
+* That means that on exit 'operand' is the offset of the newly inserted
+* operator, and the original operand has been relocated.
 *
 * IMPORTANT NOTE - it is the *callers* responsibility to correctly
 * set up NEXT_OFF() of the inserted node if needed. Something like this:
 *
-* reginsert(pRExC, OPFAIL, orig_emit, depth+1);
-* if (PASS2)
-*     NEXT_OFF(orig_emit) = regarglen[OPFAIL] + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
+*   reginsert(pRExC, OPFAIL, orig_emit, depth+1);
+*   NEXT_OFF(orig_emit) = regarglen[OPFAIL] + NODE_STEP_REGNODE;
 *
-* ALSO NOTE - operand->flags will be set to 0 as well.
+* ALSO NOTE - FLAGS(newly-inserted-operator) will be set to 0 as well.
 */
 STATIC void
-S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
+S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, const U8 op,
+                  const regnode_offset operand, const U32 depth)
 {
     regnode *src;
     regnode *dst;
@@ -19236,17 +19100,14 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
     PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
 /* (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == CURLY ? EXTRA_STEP_2ARGS : 0); */
-    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s",PL_reg_name[op]);
-    if (SIZE_ONLY) {
-       RExC_size += size;
-       return;
-    }
+    DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %s", PL_reg_name[op]);
     assert(!RExC_study_started); /* I believe we should never use reginsert once we have started
                                     studying. If this is wrong then we need to adjust RExC_recurse
                                     below like we do with RExC_open_parens/RExC_close_parens. */
-    src = RExC_emit;
+    change_engine_size(pRExC_state, (Ptrdiff_t) size);
+    src = REGNODE_p(RExC_emit);
     RExC_emit += size;
-    dst = RExC_emit;
+    dst = REGNODE_p(RExC_emit);
     if (RExC_open_parens) {
         int paren;
         /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("inst"," - %" IVdf, (IV)RExC_npar);*/
@@ -19258,13 +19119,13 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
              * regex, it can't move. RExC_close_parens[0] is the end
              * of the regex, it *can* move. */
             if ( paren && RExC_open_parens[paren] >= operand ) {
-                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d",size);*/
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %d", size);*/
                 RExC_open_parens[paren] += size;
             } else {
                 /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("open"," - %s","ok");*/
             }
             if ( RExC_close_parens[paren] >= operand ) {
-                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d",size);*/
+                /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %d", size);*/
                 RExC_close_parens[paren] += size;
             } else {
                 /*DEBUG_PARSE_FMT("close"," - %s","ok");*/
@@ -19274,27 +19135,27 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
     if (RExC_end_op)
         RExC_end_op += size;
 
-    while (src > operand) {
+    while (src > REGNODE_p(operand)) {
        StructCopy(--src, --dst, regnode);
 #ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
         if (RExC_offsets) {     /* MJD 20010112 */
            MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(
                  ("%s(%d): (op %s) %s copy %" UVuf " -> %" UVuf " (max %" UVuf ").\n",
-                  "reg_insert",
+                  "reginsert",
                  __LINE__,
                  PL_reg_name[op],
-                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0]
+                  (UV)(REGNODE_OFFSET(dst)) > RExC_offsets[0]
                    ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-                  (UV)(src - RExC_emit_start),
-                  (UV)(dst - RExC_emit_start),
+                  (UV)REGNODE_OFFSET(src),
+                  (UV)REGNODE_OFFSET(dst),
                   (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
-           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Offset(src));
-           Set_Node_Length_To_R(dst-RExC_emit_start, Node_Length(src));
+           Set_Node_Offset_To_R(REGNODE_OFFSET(dst), Node_Offset(src));
+           Set_Node_Length_To_R(REGNODE_OFFSET(dst), Node_Length(src));
         }
 #endif
     }
 
-    place = operand;           /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
+    place = REGNODE_p(operand);        /* Op node, where operand used to be. */
 #ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
     if (RExC_offsets) {         /* MJD */
        MJD_OFFSET_DEBUG(
@@ -19302,9 +19163,9 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
               "reginsert",
              __LINE__,
              PL_reg_name[op],
-              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start) > RExC_offsets[0]
+              (UV)REGNODE_OFFSET(place) > RExC_offsets[0]
               ? "Overwriting end of array!\n" : "OK",
-              (UV)(place - RExC_emit_start),
+              (UV)REGNODE_OFFSET(place),
               (UV)(RExC_parse - RExC_start),
               (UV)RExC_offsets[0]));
        Set_Node_Offset(place, RExC_parse);
@@ -19312,8 +19173,10 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
     }
 #endif
     src = NEXTOPER(place);
-    place->flags = 0;
-    FILL_ADVANCE_NODE(place, op);
+    FLAGS(place) = 0;
+    FILL_NODE(operand, op);
+
+    /* Zero out any arguments in the new node */
     Zero(src, offset, regnode);
 }
 
@@ -19323,11 +19186,11 @@ S_reginsert(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, U8 op, regnode *operand, U32 depth)
 */
 STATIC void
 S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * pRExC_state,
-                const regnode * const p,
-                const regnode * const val,
+                const regnode_offset p,
+                const regnode_offset val,
                 const U32 depth)
 {
-    regnode *scan;
+    regnode_offset scan;
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL;
@@ -19335,32 +19198,29 @@ S_regtail(pTHX_ RExC_state_t * pRExC_state,
     PERL_UNUSED_ARG(depth);
 #endif
 
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)
-       return;
-
     /* Find last node. */
-    scan = (regnode *) p;
+    scan = (regnode_offset) p;
     for (;;) {
-       regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+       regnode * const temp = regnext(REGNODE_p(scan));
         DEBUG_PARSE_r({
             DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tail" : ""));
-            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, scan, NULL, pRExC_state);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, REGNODE_p(scan), NULL, pRExC_state);
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "~ %s (%d) %s %s\n",
-                SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv), REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(scan)),
                     (temp == NULL ? "->" : ""),
-                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(val)] : "")
+                    (temp == NULL ? PL_reg_name[OP(REGNODE_p(val))] : "")
             );
         });
         if (temp == NULL)
             break;
-        scan = temp;
+        scan = REGNODE_OFFSET(temp);
     }
 
-    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
-        ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(REGNODE_p(scan))]) {
+        ARG_SET(REGNODE_p(scan), val - scan);
     }
     else {
-        NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+        NEXT_OFF(REGNODE_p(scan)) = val - scan;
     }
 }
 
@@ -19382,10 +19242,10 @@ to control which is which.
 /* TODO: All four parms should be const */
 
 STATIC U8
-S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
-                      const regnode *val,U32 depth)
+S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode_offset p,
+                      const regnode_offset val, U32 depth)
 {
-    regnode *scan;
+    regnode_offset scan;
     U8 exact = PSEUDO;
 #ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
     I32 min = 0;
@@ -19395,36 +19255,35 @@ S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGTAIL_STUDY;
 
 
-    if (SIZE_ONLY)
-        return exact;
-
     /* Find last node. */
 
     scan = p;
     for (;;) {
-        regnode * const temp = regnext(scan);
+        regnode * const temp = regnext(REGNODE_p(scan));
 #ifdef EXPERIMENTAL_INPLACESCAN
-        if (PL_regkind[OP(scan)] == EXACT) {
+        if (PL_regkind[OP(REGNODE_p(scan))] == EXACT) {
            bool unfolded_multi_char;   /* Unexamined in this routine */
             if (join_exact(pRExC_state, scan, &min,
-                           &unfolded_multi_char, 1, val, depth+1))
+                           &unfolded_multi_char, 1, REGNODE_p(val), depth+1))
                 return EXACT;
        }
 #endif
         if ( exact ) {
-            switch (OP(scan)) {
+            switch (OP(REGNODE_p(scan))) {
                 case EXACT:
+                case EXACT_ONLY8:
                 case EXACTL:
                 case EXACTF:
                 case EXACTFAA_NO_TRIE:
                 case EXACTFAA:
                 case EXACTFU:
+                case EXACTFU_ONLY8:
                 case EXACTFLU8:
                 case EXACTFU_SS:
                 case EXACTFL:
                         if( exact == PSEUDO )
-                            exact= OP(scan);
-                        else if ( exact != OP(scan) )
+                            exact= OP(REGNODE_p(scan));
+                        else if ( exact != OP(REGNODE_p(scan)) )
                             exact= 0;
                 case NOTHING:
                     break;
@@ -19434,31 +19293,31 @@ S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
         }
         DEBUG_PARSE_r({
             DEBUG_PARSE_MSG((scan==p ? "tsdy" : ""));
-            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, scan, NULL, pRExC_state);
+            regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, REGNODE_p(scan), NULL, pRExC_state);
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "~ %s (%d) -> %s\n",
                 SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv),
-                REG_NODE_NUM(scan),
+                REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(scan)),
                 PL_reg_name[exact]);
         });
        if (temp == NULL)
            break;
-       scan = temp;
+       scan = REGNODE_OFFSET(temp);
     }
     DEBUG_PARSE_r({
         DEBUG_PARSE_MSG("");
-        regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, val, NULL, pRExC_state);
+        regprop(RExC_rx, RExC_mysv, REGNODE_p(val), NULL, pRExC_state);
         Perl_re_printf( aTHX_
                       "~ attach to %s (%" IVdf ") offset to %" IVdf "\n",
                      SvPV_nolen_const(RExC_mysv),
-                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(val),
+                     (IV)REG_NODE_NUM(REGNODE_p(val)),
                      (IV)(val - scan)
         );
     });
-    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(scan)]) {
-       ARG_SET(scan, val - scan);
+    if (reg_off_by_arg[OP(REGNODE_p(scan))]) {
+       ARG_SET(REGNODE_p(scan), val - scan);
     }
     else {
-       NEXT_OFF(scan) = val - scan;
+       NEXT_OFF(REGNODE_p(scan)) = val - scan;
     }
 
     return exact;
@@ -19468,8 +19327,8 @@ S_regtail_study(pTHX_ RExC_state_t *pRExC_state, regnode *p,
 STATIC SV*
 S_get_ANYOFM_contents(pTHX_ const regnode * n) {
 
-    /* Returns an inversion list of all the code points matched by the ANYOFM
-     * node 'n' */
+    /* Returns an inversion list of all the code points matched by the
+     * ANYOFM/NANYOFM node 'n' */
 
     SV * cp_list = _new_invlist(-1);
     const U8 lowest = (U8) ARG(n);
@@ -19492,6 +19351,9 @@ S_get_ANYOFM_contents(pTHX_ const regnode * n) {
         }
     }
 
+    if (OP(n) == NANYOFM) {
+        _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+    }
     return cp_list;
 }
 
@@ -19511,15 +19373,15 @@ S_regdump_intflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
     for (bit=0; bit<REG_INTFLAGS_NAME_SIZE; bit++) {
         if (flags & (1<<bit)) {
             if (!set++ && lead)
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s",lead);
-            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s ",PL_reg_intflags_name[bit]);
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s", lead);
+            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s ", PL_reg_intflags_name[bit]);
         }
     }
     if (lead)  {
         if (set)
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\n");
         else
-            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s[none-set]\n", lead);
     }
 }
 
@@ -19538,13 +19400,13 @@ S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
                continue;
            }
             if (!set++ && lead)
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s",lead);
-            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s ",PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s", lead);
+            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s ", PL_reg_extflags_name[bit]);
         }
     }
     if ((cs = get_regex_charset(flags)) != REGEX_DEPENDS_CHARSET) {
             if (!set++ && lead) {
-                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s",lead);
+                Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s", lead);
             }
             switch (cs) {
                 case REGEX_UNICODE_CHARSET:
@@ -19568,7 +19430,7 @@ S_regdump_extflags(pTHX_ const char *lead, const U32 flags)
         if (set)
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\n");
         else
-            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s[none-set]\n",lead);
+            Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "%s[none-set]\n", lead);
     }
 }
 #endif
@@ -19580,7 +19442,7 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
     int i;
     SV * const sv = sv_newmortal();
     SV *dsv= sv_newmortal();
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r, ri);
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
@@ -19655,8 +19517,8 @@ Perl_regdump(pTHX_ const regexp *r)
         Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "with eval ");
     Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "\n");
     DEBUG_FLAGS_r({
-        regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ",r->extflags);
-        regdump_intflags("r->intflags: ",r->intflags);
+        regdump_extflags("r->extflags: ", r->extflags);
+        regdump_intflags("r->intflags: ", r->intflags);
     });
 #else
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUMP;
@@ -19721,7 +19583,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
 {
 #ifdef DEBUGGING
     int k;
-    RXi_GET_DECL(prog,progi);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(prog, progi);
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGPROP;
@@ -19762,7 +19624,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
         const reg_trie_data * const trie
            = (reg_trie_data*)progi->data->data[!IS_TRIE_AC(op) ? n : ac->trie];
 
-        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s",PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
+        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "-%s", PL_reg_name[o->flags]);
         DEBUG_TRIE_COMPILE_r({
           if (trie->jump)
             sv_catpvs(sv, "(JUMP)");
@@ -19886,7 +19748,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
 
         const bool inverted = flags & ANYOF_INVERT;
 
-       if (OP(o) == ANYOFL) {
+       if (OP(o) == ANYOFL || OP(o) == ANYOFPOSIXL) {
             if (ANYOFL_UTF8_LOCALE_REQD(flags)) {
                 sv_catpvs(sv, "{utf8-locale-reqd}");
             }
@@ -19954,7 +19816,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
                 sv_catpvs(sv, "{");
             }
             else if (do_sep) {
-                Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]);
+                Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s", PL_colors[1], PL_colors[0]);
             }
             sv_catsv(sv, unresolved);
             if (inverted) {
@@ -19974,7 +19836,7 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
 
             /* This is output in a separate [] */
             if (do_sep) {
-                Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s",PL_colors[1],PL_colors[0]);
+                Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv,"%s][%s", PL_colors[1], PL_colors[0]);
             }
 
             /* And, for easy of understanding, it is shown in the
@@ -20025,6 +19887,10 @@ Perl_regprop(pTHX_ const regexp *prog, SV *sv, const regnode *o, const regmatch_
         SV * cp_list = get_ANYOFM_contents(o);
 
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "[%s", PL_colors[0]);
+        if (OP(o) == NANYOFM) {
+            _invlist_invert(cp_list);
+        }
+
         put_charclass_bitmap_innards(sv, NULL, cp_list, NULL, NULL, TRUE);
        Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "%s]", PL_colors[1]);
 
@@ -20101,7 +19967,7 @@ Perl_re_intuit_string(pTHX_ REGEXP * const r)
                      "%sUsing REx %ssubstr:%s \"%s%.60s%s%s\"\n",
                      PL_colors[4],
                      RX_UTF8(r) ? "utf8 " : "",
-                     PL_colors[5],PL_colors[0],
+                     PL_colors[5], PL_colors[0],
                      s,
                      PL_colors[1],
                      (strlen(s) > PL_dump_re_max_len ? "..." : ""));
@@ -20138,6 +20004,9 @@ Perl_pregfree2(pTHX_ REGEXP *rx)
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PREGFREE2;
 
+    if (! r)
+        return;
+
     if (r->mother_re) {
         ReREFCNT_dec(r->mother_re);
     } else {
@@ -20255,7 +20124,7 @@ Perl_reg_temp_copy(pTHX_ REGEXP *dsv, REGEXP *ssv)
     drx->mother_re = ReREFCNT_inc(srx->mother_re ? srx->mother_re : ssv);
     SvREFCNT_inc_void(drx->qr_anoncv);
     if (srx->recurse_locinput)
-        Newx(drx->recurse_locinput,srx->nparens + 1,char *);
+        Newx(drx->recurse_locinput, srx->nparens + 1, char *);
 
     return dsv;
 }
@@ -20278,11 +20147,15 @@ void
 Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
 {
     struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r, ri);
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGFREE_INTERNAL;
 
+    if (! ri) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     DEBUG_COMPILE_r({
        if (!PL_colorset)
            reginitcolors();
@@ -20291,9 +20164,10 @@ Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
             RE_PV_QUOTED_DECL(s, RX_UTF8(rx),
                 dsv, RX_PRECOMP(rx), RX_PRELEN(rx), PL_dump_re_max_len);
             Perl_re_printf( aTHX_ "%sFreeing REx:%s %s\n",
-                PL_colors[4],PL_colors[5],s);
+                PL_colors[4], PL_colors[5], s);
         }
     });
+
 #ifdef RE_TRACK_PATTERN_OFFSETS
     if (ri->u.offsets)
         Safefree(ri->u.offsets);             /* 20010421 MJD */
@@ -20386,9 +20260,9 @@ Perl_regfree_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx)
     Safefree(ri);
 }
 
-#define av_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
-#define hv_dup_inc(s,t)        MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s,t))
-#define SAVEPVN(p,n)   ((p) ? savepvn(p,n) : NULL)
+#define av_dup_inc(s, t)       MUTABLE_AV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s, t))
+#define hv_dup_inc(s, t)       MUTABLE_HV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)s, t))
+#define SAVEPVN(p, n)  ((p) ? savepvn(p, n) : NULL)
 
 /*
    re_dup_guts - duplicate a regexp.
@@ -20465,10 +20339,10 @@ Perl_re_dup_guts(pTHX_ const REGEXP *sstr, REGEXP *dstr, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
     RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret) = hv_dup_inc(RXp_PAREN_NAMES(ret), param);
     ret->qr_anoncv = MUTABLE_CV(sv_dup_inc((const SV *)ret->qr_anoncv, param));
     if (r->recurse_locinput)
-        Newx(ret->recurse_locinput,r->nparens + 1,char *);
+        Newx(ret->recurse_locinput, r->nparens + 1, char *);
 
     if (ret->pprivate)
-       RXi_SET(ret,CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr,param));
+       RXi_SET(ret, CALLREGDUPE_PVT(dstr, param));
 
     if (RX_MATCH_COPIED(dstr))
        ret->subbeg  = SAVEPVN(ret->subbeg, ret->sublen);
@@ -20510,7 +20384,7 @@ Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
     struct regexp *const r = ReANY(rx);
     regexp_internal *reti;
     int len;
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r, ri);
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_REGDUPE_INTERNAL;
 
@@ -20615,7 +20489,7 @@ Perl_regdupe_internal(pTHX_ REGEXP * const rx, CLONE_PARAMS *param)
         Copy(ri->u.offsets, reti->u.offsets, 2*len+1, U32);
     }
 #else
-    SetProgLen(reti,len);
+    SetProgLen(reti, len);
 #endif
 
     return (void*)reti;
@@ -20647,10 +20521,11 @@ Perl_regnext(pTHX_ regnode *p)
 
     return(p+offset);
 }
+
 #endif
 
 STATIC void
-S_re_croak2(pTHX_ bool utf8, const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
+S_re_croak2(pTHX_ bool utf8, const char* pat1, const char* pat2,...)
 {
     va_list args;
     STRLEN l1 = strlen(pat1);
@@ -20672,7 +20547,7 @@ S_re_croak2(pTHX_ bool utf8, const char* pat1,const char* pat2,...)
     va_start(args, pat2);
     msv = vmess(buf, &args);
     va_end(args);
-    message = SvPV_const(msv,l1);
+    message = SvPV_const(msv, l1);
     if (l1 > 512)
        l1 = 512;
     Copy(message, buf, l1 , char);
@@ -21155,7 +21030,7 @@ S_put_charclass_bitmap_innards(pTHX_ SV *sv,
                 not_utf8 = invlist_clone(PL_UpperLatin1, NULL);
             }
         }
-        else if (OP(node) == ANYOFL) {
+        else if (OP(node) == ANYOFL || OP(node) == ANYOFPOSIXL) {
 
             /* If either of these flags are set, what matches isn't
              * determinable except during execution, so don't know enough here
@@ -21171,7 +21046,7 @@ S_put_charclass_bitmap_innards(pTHX_ SV *sv,
 
                 posixes = newSVpvs("");
                 for (i = 0; i < ANYOF_POSIXL_MAX; i++) {
-                    if (ANYOF_POSIXL_TEST(node,i)) {
+                    if (ANYOF_POSIXL_TEST(node, i)) {
                         sv_catpv(posixes, anyofs[i]);
                     }
                 }
@@ -21338,14 +21213,14 @@ S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
     const regnode *next;
     const regnode *optstart= NULL;
 
-    RXi_GET_DECL(r,ri);
+    RXi_GET_DECL(r, ri);
     GET_RE_DEBUG_FLAGS_DECL;
 
     PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUMPUNTIL;
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_DUMPUNTIL
-    Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n",indent,node-start,
-        last ? last-start : 0,plast ? plast-start : 0);
+    Perl_re_printf( aTHX_  "--- %d : %d - %d - %d\n", indent, node-start,
+        last ? last-start : 0, plast ? plast-start : 0);
 #endif
 
     if (plast && plast < last)
@@ -21417,7 +21292,7 @@ S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
            I32 word_idx;
             SvPVCLEAR(sv);
            for (word_idx= 0; word_idx < (I32)trie->wordcount; word_idx++) {
-               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words,word_idx,0);
+               SV ** const elem_ptr = av_fetch(trie_words, word_idx, 0);
 
                 Perl_re_indentf( aTHX_  "%s ",
                     indent+3,
@@ -21464,13 +21339,6 @@ S_dumpuntil(pTHX_ const regexp *r, const regnode *start, const regnode *node,
        else if ( op == PLUS || op == STAR) {
            DUMPUNTIL(NEXTOPER(node), NEXTOPER(node) + 1);
        }
-       else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == ANYOF) {
-           /* arglen 1 + class block */
-           node += 1 + ((ANYOF_FLAGS(node) & ANYOF_MATCHES_POSIXL)
-                          ? ANYOF_POSIXL_SKIP
-                          : ANYOF_SKIP);
-           node = NEXTOPER(node);
-       }
        else if (PL_regkind[(U8)op] == EXACT) {
             /* Literal string, where present. */
            node += NODE_SZ_STR(node) - 1;
@@ -21522,7 +21390,7 @@ Perl_init_uniprops(pTHX)
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHANUMERIC] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXALNUM]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXALPHA]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_BLANK] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXBLANK]);
-    PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] =  _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_CASED]);
+    PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CASED] = PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_ALPHA];
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_CNTRL] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXCNTRL]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_DIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXDIGIT]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_GRAPH] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXGRAPH]);
@@ -21531,7 +21399,7 @@ Perl_init_uniprops(pTHX)
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_PUNCT] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXPUNCT]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_SPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXSPACE]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_UPPER] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXUPPER]);
-    PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_VERTSPACE] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_VERTSPACE]);
+    PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_VERTSPACE] = NULL;
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_WORDCHAR] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXWORD]);
     PL_Posix_ptrs[_CC_XDIGIT] = _new_invlist_C_array(uni_prop_ptrs[UNI_POSIXXDIGIT]);