If you read this file _as_is_, just ignore the funny characters you see. It is written in the POD format (see pod/perlpod.pod) which is specially designed to be readable as is. =head1 NAME README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix (HP-UX) systems =head1 DESCRIPTION This document describes various features of HP's Unix operating system (HP-UX) that will affect how Perl version 5 (hereafter just Perl) is compiled and/or runs. =head2 Using perl as shipped with HP-UX As of application release September 2001, HP-UX 11.00 is shipped with perl-5.6.1 in /opt/perl. The first occurrence is on CD 5012-7954 and can be installed using swinstall -s /cdrom perl assuming you have mounted that CD on /cdrom. In this version the following modules are installed: ActivePerl::DocTools-0.04 HTML::Parser-3.19 XML::DOM-1.25 Archive::Tar-0.072 HTML::Tagset-3.03 XML::Parser-2.27 Compress::Zlib-1.08 MIME::Base64-2.11 XML::Simple-1.05 Convert::ASN1-0.10 Net-1.07 XML::XPath-1.09 Digest::MD5-2.11 PPM-2.1.5 XML::XSLT-0.32 File::CounterFile-0.12 SOAP::Lite-0.46 libwww-perl-5.51 Font::AFM-1.18 Storable-1.011 libxml-perl-0.07 HTML-Tree-3.11 URI-1.11 perl-ldap-0.23 The build is a portable hppa-1.1 multithread build that supports large files compiled with gcc-2.9-hppa-991112 If you perform a new installation, then Perl will be installed automatically. =head2 Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX When compiling Perl, you must use an ANSI C compiler. The C compiler that ships with all HP-UX systems is a K&R compiler that should only be used to build new kernels. Perl can be compiled with either HP's ANSI C compiler or with gcc. The former is recommended, as not only can it compile Perl with no difficulty, but also can take advantage of features listed later that require the use of HP compiler-specific command-line flags. If you decide to use gcc, make sure your installation is recent and complete, and be sure to read the Perl README file for more gcc-specific details. =head2 PA-RISC HP's current Unix systems run on its own Precision Architecture (PA-RISC) chip. HP-UX used to run on the Motorola MC68000 family of chips, but any machine with this chip in it is quite obsolete and this document will not attempt to address issues for compiling Perl on the Motorola chipset. The most recent version of PA-RISC at the time of this document's last update is 2.0. =head2 PA-RISC 1.0 The original version of PA-RISC, HP no longer sells any system with this chip. The following systems contained PA-RISC 1.0 chips: 600, 635, 645, 808, 815, 822, 825, 832, 834, 835, 840, 842, 845, 850, 852, 855, 860, 865, 870, 890 =head2 PA-RISC 1.1 An upgrade to the PA-RISC design, it shipped for many years in many different system. The following systems contain with PA-RISC 1.1 chips: 705, 710, 712, 715, 720, 722, 725, 728, 730, 735, 742, 743, 744, 745, 747, 750, 755, 770, 777, 778, 779, 800, 801, 803, 806, 807, 809, 811, 813, 816, 817, 819, 821, 826, 827, 829, 831, 837, 839, 841, 847, 849, 851, 856, 857, 859, 867, 869, 877, 887, 891, 892, 897, A180, A180C, B115, B120, B132L, B132L+, B160L, B180L, C100, C110, C115, C120, C160L, D200, D210, D220, D230, D250, D260, D310, D320, D330, D350, D360, D410, DX0, DX5, DXO, E25, E35, E45, E55, F10, F20, F30, G30, G40, G50, G60, G70, H20, H30, H40, H50, H60, H70, I30, I40, I50, I60, I70, J200, J210, J210XC, K100, K200, K210, K220, K230, K400, K410, K420, S700i, S715, S744, S760, T500, T520 =head2 PA-RISC 2.0 The most recent upgrade to the PA-RISC design, it added support for 64-bit integer data. As of the date of this document's last update, the following systems contain PA-RISC 2.0 chips (this is very likely to be out of date): 700, 780, 781, 782, 783, 785, 802, 804, 810, 820, 861, 871, 879, 889, 893, 895, 896, 898, 899, A400, A500, B1000, B2000, C130, C140, C160, C180, C180+, C180-XP, C200+, C400+, C3000, C360, C3600, CB260, D270, D280, D370, D380, D390, D650, J220, J2240, J280, J282, J400, J410, J5000, J5500XM, J5600, J7000, J7600, K250, K260, K260-EG, K270, K360, K370, K380, K450, K460, K460-EG, K460-XP, K470, K570, K580, L1000, L2000, L3000, N4000, R380, R390, RP5400, RP5430, RP5450, RP5470, RP7400, RP8400, SD16000, SD32000, SD64000, T540, T600, V2000, V2200, V2250, V2500, V2600 =head2 Itanium HP also ships servers with the 128-bit Itanium processor(s). As of the date of this document's last update, the following systems contain Itanium chips (this is very likely to be out of date): RX4610, RX9610 A complete list of models at the time the OS was built is in the file /opt/langtools/lib/sched.models. The first column corresponds to the output of the "uname -m" command (without the leading "9000/"). The second column is the PA-RISC version and the third column is the exact chip type used. (Start browsing at the bottom to prevent confusion ;-) =head2 Portability Between PA-RISC Versions An executable compiled on a PA-RISC 2.0 platform will not execute on a PA-RISC 1.1 platform, even if they are running the same version of HP-UX. If you are building Perl on a PA-RISC 2.0 platform and want that Perl to also run on a PA-RISC 1.1, the compiler flags +DAportable and +DS32 should be used. It is no longer possible to compile PA-RISC 1.0 executables on either the PA-RISC 1.1 or 2.0 platforms. The command-line flags are accepted, but the resulting executable will not run when transferred to a PA-RISC 1.0 system. =head2 Itanium Processor Family and HP-UX HP-UX also runs on the new Itanium processor. This requires the use of a different version of HP-UX (currently 11.20), and with the exception of a few differences detailed below and in later sections, Perl should compile with no problems. Although PA-RISC binaries can run on Itanium systems, you should not attempt to use a PA-RISC version of Perl on an Itanium system. This is because shared libraries created on an Itanium system cannot be loaded while running a PA-RISC executable. =head2 Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX HP-UX supports dynamically loadable libraries (shared libraries). Shared libraries end with the suffix .sl. On Itanium systems, they end with the suffix .so. Shared libraries created on a platform using a particular PA-RISC version are not usable on platforms using an earlier PA-RISC version by default. However, this backwards compatibility may be enabled using the same +DAportable compiler flag (with the same PA-RISC 1.0 caveat mentioned above). Shared libraries created on an Itanium platform cannot be loaded on a PA-RISC platform. Shared libraries created on a PA-RISC platform can only be loaded on an Itanium platform if it is a PA-RISC executable that is attempting to load the PA-RISC library. A PA-RISC shared library cannot be loaded into an Itanium executable nor vice-versa. To create a shared library, the following steps must be performed: 1. Compile source modules with +z or +Z flag to create a .o module which contains Position-Independent Code (PIC). The linker will tell you in the next step if +Z was needed. 2. Link the shared library using the -b flag. If the code calls any functions in other system libraries (e.g., libm), it must be included on this line. (Note that these steps are usually handled automatically by the extension's Makefile). If these dependent libraries are not listed at shared library creation time, you will get fatal "Unresolved symbol" errors at run time when the library is loaded. You may create a shared library that refers to another library, which may be either an archive library or a shared library. If this second library is a shared library, this is called a "dependent library". The dependent library's name is recorded in the main shared library, but it is not linked into the shared library. Instead, it is loaded when the main shared library is loaded. This can cause problems if you build an extension on one system and move it to another system where the libraries may not be located in the same place as on the first system. If the referred library is an archive library, then it is treated as a simple collection of .o modules (all of which must contain PIC). These modules are then linked into the shared library. Note that it is okay to create a library which contains a dependent library that is already linked into perl. Some extensions, like DB_File and Compress::Zlib use/require prebuilt libraries for the perl extensions/modules to work. If these libraries are built using the default configuration, it might happen that you run into an error like "invalid loader fixup" during load phase. HP is aware of this problem. Search the HP-UX cxx-dev forums for discussions about the subject. The short answer is that B (all libraries, everything) must be compiled with C<+z> or C<+Z> to be PIC (position independent code). In HP-UX 11.00 or newer the linker error message should tell the name of the offending object file. A more general approach is to intervene manually, as with an example for the DB_File module, which requires SleepyCat's libdb.sl: # cd .../db-3.2.9/build_unix # vi Makefile ... add +Z to all cflags to create shared objects CFLAGS= -c $(CPPFLAGS) +Z -Ae +O2 +Onolimit \ -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/X11R6 CXXFLAGS= -c $(CPPFLAGS) +Z -Ae +O2 +Onolimit \ -I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/X11R6 # make clean # make # mkdir tmp # cd tmp # ar x ../libdb.a # ld -b -o libdb-3.2.sl *.o # mv libdb-3.2.sl /usr/local/lib # rm *.o # cd /usr/local/lib # rm -f libdb.sl # ln -s libdb-3.2.sl libdb.sl # cd .../DB_File-1.76 # make distclean # perl Makefile.PL # make # make test # make install It is no longer possible to link PA-RISC 1.0 shared libraries (even though the command-line flags are still present). PA-RISC and Itanium object files are not interchangeable. Although you may be able to use ar to create an archive library of PA-RISC object files on an Itanium system, you cannot link against it using an Itanium link editor. =head2 The HP ANSI C Compiler When using this compiler to build Perl, you should make sure that the flag -Aa is added to the cpprun and cppstdin variables in the config.sh file (though see the section on 64-bit perl below). If you are using a recent version of the Perl distribution, these flags are set automatically. =head2 Using Large Files with Perl on HP-UX Beginning with HP-UX version 10.20, files larger than 2GB (2^31 bytes) may be created and manipulated. Three separate methods of doing this are available. Of these methods, the best method for Perl is to compile using the -Duselargefiles flag to Configure. This causes Perl to be compiled using structures and functions in which these are 64 bits wide, rather than 32 bits wide. (Note that this will only work with HP's ANSI C compiler. If you want to compile Perl using gcc, you will have to get a version of the compiler that support 64-bit operations.) There are some drawbacks to this approach. One is that any extension which calls any file-manipulating C function will need to be recompiled (just follow the usual "perl Makefile.PL; make; make test; make install" procedure). The list of functions that will need to recompiled is: creat, fgetpos, fopen, freopen, fsetpos, fstat, fstatvfs, fstatvfsdev, ftruncate, ftw, lockf, lseek, lstat, mmap, nftw, open, prealloc, stat, statvfs, statvfsdev, tmpfile, truncate, getrlimit, setrlimit Another drawback is only valid for Perl versions before 5.6.0. This drawback is that the seek and tell functions (both the builtin version and POSIX module version) will not perform correctly. It is strongly recommended that you use this flag when you run Configure. If you do not do this, but later answer the question about large files when Configure asks you, you may get a configuration that cannot be compiled, or that does not function as expected. =head2 Threaded Perl on HP-UX It is possible to compile a version of threaded Perl on any version of HP-UX before 10.30, but it is strongly suggested that you be running on HP-UX 11.00 at least. To compile Perl with threads, add -Dusethreads to the arguments of Configure. Verify that the -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=199506L compiler flag is automatically added to the list of flags. Also make sure that -lpthread is listed before -lc in the list of libraries to link Perl with. The hints provided for HP-UX during Configure will try very hard to get this right for you. HP-UX versions before 10.30 require a separate installation of a POSIX threads library package. Two examples are the HP DCE package, available on "HP-UX Hardware Extensions 3.0, Install and Core OS, Release 10.20, April 1999 (B3920-13941)" or the Freely available PTH package, available though worldwide HP-UX mirrors of precompiled packages (e.g. http://hpux.tn.tudelft.nl/hppd/hpux/) =head2 64-bit Perl on HP-UX Beginning with HP-UX 11.00, programs compiled under HP-UX can take advantage of the LP64 programming environment (LP64 means Longs and Pointers are 64 bits wide). Work is being performed on Perl to make it 64-bit compliant on all versions of Unix. Once this is complete, scalar variables will be able to hold numbers larger than 2^32 with complete precision. As of the date of this document, Perl is not 64-bit compliant on HP-UX. Should a user wish to experiment with compiling Perl in the LP64 environment, use the -Duse64bitall flag to Configure. This will force Perl to be compiled in a pure LP64 environment (via the +DD64 flag). You can also use the -Duse64bitint flag to Configure. Although there are some minor differences between compiling Perl with this flag versus the -Duse64bitall flag, they should not be noticeable from a Perl user's perspective. In both cases, it is strongly recommended that you use these flags when you run Configure. If you do not use do this, but later answer the questions about 64-bit numbers when Configure asks you, you may get a configuration that cannot be compiled, or that does not function as expected. (Note that these Configure flags will only work with HP's ANSI C compiler. If you want to compile Perl using gcc, you will have to get a version of the compiler that support 64-bit operations.) =head2 GDBM and Threads on HP-UX If you attempt to compile Perl with threads on an 11.X system and also link in the GDBM library, then Perl will immediately core dump when it starts up. The only workaround at this point is to relink the GDBM library under 11.X, then relink it into Perl. =head2 NFS filesystems and utime(2) on HP-UX If you are compiling Perl on a remotely-mounted NFS filesystem, the test io/fs.t may fail on test #18. This appears to be a bug in HP-UX and no fix is currently available. =head2 perl -P and // and HP-UX In HP-UX Perl is compiled with flags that will cause problems if the -P flag of Perl (preprocess Perl code with the C preprocessor before perl sees it) is used. The problem is that C, being a C++-style until-end-of-line comment, will disappear along with the remainder of the line. This means that common Perl constructs like s/foo//; will turn into illegal code s/foo The workaround is to use some other quoting separator than C<"/">, like for example C<"!">: s!foo!!; =head2 HP-UX Kernel Parameters (maxdsiz) for Compiling Perl By default, HP-UX comes configured with a maximum data segment size of 64MB. This is too small to correctly compile Perl with the maximum optimization levels. You can increase the size of the maxdsiz kernel parameter through the use of SAM. When using the GUI version of SAM, click on the Kernel Configuration icon, then the Configurable Parameters icon. Scroll down and select the maxdsiz line. From the Actions menu, select the Modify Configurable Parameter item. Insert the new formula into the Formula/Value box. Then follow the instructions to rebuild your kernel and reboot your system. In general, a value of 256MB (or "256*1024*1024") is sufficient for Perl to compile at maximum optimization. =head1 nss_delete core dump from op/pwent or op/grent You may get a bus error core dump from the op/pwent or op/grent tests. If compiled with -g you will see a stack trace much like the following: #0 0xc004216c in () from /usr/lib/libc.2 #1 0xc00d7550 in __nss_src_state_destr () from /usr/lib/libc.2 #2 0xc00d7768 in __nss_src_state_destr () from /usr/lib/libc.2 #3 0xc00d78a8 in nss_delete () from /usr/lib/libc.2 #4 0xc01126d8 in endpwent () from /usr/lib/libc.2 #5 0xd1950 in Perl_pp_epwent () from ./perl #6 0x94d3c in Perl_runops_standard () from ./perl #7 0x23728 in S_run_body () from ./perl #8 0x23428 in perl_run () from ./perl #9 0x2005c in main () from ./perl The key here is the C call. One workaround for this bug seems to be to create add to the file F (at least) the following lines group: files passwd: files Whether you are using NIS does not matter. Amazingly enough, the same bug affects also Solaris. =head1 AUTHOR Jeff Okamoto With much assistance regarding shared libraries from Marc Sabatella. =head1 DATE Version 0.6.4: 2001-10-09 =cut