package open; use warnings; use Carp; $open::hint_bits = 0x20000; our $VERSION = '1.01'; my $locale_encoding; sub in_locale { $^H & ($locale::hint_bits || 0)} sub _get_locale_encoding { unless (defined $locale_encoding) { # I18N::Langinfo isn't available everywhere eval { require I18N::Langinfo; I18N::Langinfo->import(qw(langinfo CODESET)); $locale_encoding = langinfo(CODESET()); }; my $country_language; no warnings 'uninitialized'; if (not $locale_encoding && in_locale()) { if ($ENV{LC_ALL} =~ /^([^.]+)\.([^.]+)$/) { ($country_language, $locale_encoding) = ($1, $2); } elsif ($ENV{LANG} =~ /^([^.]+)\.([^.]+)$/) { ($country_language, $locale_encoding) = ($1, $2); } } elsif (not $locale_encoding) { if ($ENV{LC_ALL} =~ /\butf-?8\b/i || $ENV{LANG} =~ /\butf-?8\b/i) { $locale_encoding = 'utf8'; } # Could do more heuristics based on the country and language # parts of LC_ALL and LANG (the parts before the dot (if any)), # since we have Locale::Country and Locale::Language available. # TODO: get a database of Language -> Encoding mappings # (the Estonian database at http://www.eki.ee/letter/ # would be excellent!) --jhi } if (defined $locale_encoding && $locale_encoding eq 'euc' && defined $country_language) { if ($country_language =~ /^ja_JP|japan(?:ese)?$/i) { $locale_encoding = 'euc-jp'; } elsif ($country_language =~ /^ko_KR|korean?$/i) { $locale_encoding = 'euc-kr'; } elsif ($country_language =~ /^zh_CN|chin(?:a|ese)?$/i) { $locale_encoding = 'euc-cn'; } elsif ($country_language =~ /^zh_TW|taiwan(?:ese)?$/i) { $locale_encoding = 'euc-tw'; } croak "Locale encoding 'euc' too ambiguous" if $locale_encoding eq 'euc'; } } } sub import { my ($class,@args) = @_; croak("`use open' needs explicit list of disciplines") unless @args; my $std; $^H |= $open::hint_bits; my ($in,$out) = split(/\0/,(${^OPEN} || "\0"), -1); while (@args) { my $type = shift(@args); my $dscp; if ($type =~ /^:?(utf8|locale|encoding\(.+\))$/) { $type = 'IO'; $dscp = ":$1"; } elsif ($type eq ':std') { $std = 1; next; } else { $dscp = shift(@args) || ''; } my @val; foreach my $layer (split(/\s+/,$dscp)) { $layer =~ s/^://; if ($layer eq 'locale') { use Encode; _get_locale_encoding() unless defined $locale_encoding; (warnings::warnif("layer", "Cannot figure out an encoding to use"), last) unless defined $locale_encoding; if ($locale_encoding =~ /^utf-?8$/i) { $layer = "utf8"; } else { $layer = "encoding($locale_encoding)"; } $std = 1; } else { my $target = $layer; # the layer name itself $target =~ s/^(\w+)\(.+\)$/$1/; # strip parameters unless(PerlIO::Layer::->find($target)) { warnings::warnif("layer", "Unknown discipline layer '$layer'"); } } push(@val,":$layer"); if ($layer =~ /^(crlf|raw)$/) { $^H{"open_$type"} = $layer; } } if ($type eq 'IN') { $in = join(' ',@val); } elsif ($type eq 'OUT') { $out = join(' ',@val); } elsif ($type eq 'IO') { $in = $out = join(' ',@val); } else { croak "Unknown discipline class '$type'"; } } ${^OPEN} = join("\0",$in,$out) if $in or $out; if ($std) { if ($in) { if ($in =~ /:utf8\b/) { binmode(STDIN, ":utf8"); } elsif ($in =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) { binmode(STDIN, ":$1"); } } if ($out) { if ($out =~ /:utf8\b/) { binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8"); binmode(STDERR, ":utf8"); } elsif ($out =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) { binmode(STDOUT, ":$1"); binmode(STDERR, ":$1"); } } } } 1; __END__ =head1 NAME open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output =head1 SYNOPSIS use open IN => ":crlf", OUT => ":raw"; use open OUT => ':utf8'; use open IO => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)"; use open IO => ':locale'; use open ':utf8'; use open ':locale'; use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)'; use open ':std'; =head1 DESCRIPTION Full-fledged support for I/O disciplines is now implemented provided Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its IO system (which is now the default). The C pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default "layers" (aka disciplines) for all I/O. The C pragma is used to declare one or more default layers for I/O operations. Any open(), readpipe() (aka qx//) and similar operators found within the lexical scope of this pragma will use the declared defaults. With the C subpragma you can declare the default layers of input streams, and with the C subpragma you can declare the default layers of output streams. With the C subpragma you can control both input and output streams simultaneously. If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the C<:encoding(...)> tag. if you want to set your encoding disciplines based on your locale environment variables, you can use the C<:locale> tag. For example: $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R'; # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG use open OUT => ':locale'; open(O, ">koi8"); print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1 close O; open(I, "), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1 close I; These are equivalent use open ':utf8'; use open IO => ':utf8'; as are these use open ':locale'; use open IO => ':locale'; and these use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)'; use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)'; The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and many encodings have several aliases. See L for details and the list of supported locales. Note that C<:utf8> discipline must always be specified exactly like that, it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names. When open() is given an explicit list of layers they are appended to the list declared using this pragma. The C<:std> subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with the C<:utf8> or C<:encoding> subpragmas, it converts the standard filehandles (STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR) to comply with encoding selected for input/output handles. For example, if both input and out are chosen to be C<:utf8>, a C<:std> will mean that STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are also in C<:utf8>. On the other hand, if only output is chosen to be in C<< :encoding(koi8r) >>, a C<:std> will cause only the STDOUT and STDERR to be in C. The C<:locale> subpragma implicitly turns on C<:std>. The logic of C<:locale> is as follows: =over 4 =item 1. If the platform supports the langinfo(CODESET) interface, the codeset returned is used as the default encoding for the open pragma. =item 2. If 1. didn't work but we are under the locale pragma, the environment variables LC_ALL and LANG (in that order) are matched for encodings (the part after C<.>, if any), and if any found, that is used as the default encoding for the open pragma. =item 3. If 1. and 2. didn't work, the environment variables LC_ALL and LANG (in that order) are matched for anything looking like UTF-8, and if any found, C<:utf8> is used as the default encoding for the open pragma. =back If your locale environment variables (LANGUAGE, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG) contain the strings 'UTF-8' or 'UTF8' (case-insensitive matching), the default encoding of your STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, and of B, is UTF-8. Directory handles may also support disciplines in future. =head1 NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its IO system then only the two pseudo-disciplines ":raw" and ":crlf" are available. The ":raw" discipline corresponds to "binary mode" and the ":crlf" discipline corresponds to "text mode" on platforms that distinguish between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like platforms, including Windows). These two disciplines are no-ops on platforms where binmode() is a no-op, but perform their functions everywhere if PerlIO is enabled. =head1 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS There is a class method in C C which is implemented as XS code. It is called by C to validate the layers: PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio") The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class C which is created by the C code in F. As yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl level. =head1 SEE ALSO L, L, L, L, L =cut