5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.181 2005/05/13 21:45:26 lstein Exp $';
22 $CGI::VERSION='3.10_01';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
37 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
40 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
43 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
44 sub initialize_globals {
45 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
48 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
51 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
52 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
53 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
54 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
56 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
58 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
59 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
62 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
66 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
69 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
70 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
73 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
74 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
76 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
77 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
78 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
80 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
81 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
83 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
84 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
85 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
86 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
87 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
88 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
90 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
91 # to a certain number of bytes:
94 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
97 # Automatically determined -- don't change
100 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
103 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
104 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
106 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
107 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
108 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
110 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
113 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
116 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
117 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
119 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
123 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
125 *end_form = \&endform;
128 initialize_globals();
130 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
131 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
132 # available then require() the Config library
136 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
139 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
141 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
143 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
145 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
147 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
149 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
157 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
158 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
160 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
161 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
163 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
164 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
166 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
169 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
170 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
173 # This no longer seems to be necessary
174 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
175 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
176 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
178 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
179 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
180 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
181 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
182 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} && $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} == 2) {
184 require Apache2::Response;
185 require Apache2::RequestRec;
186 require Apache2::RequestUtil;
187 require Apache2::RequestIO;
195 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
196 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
198 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
199 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
200 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
201 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
202 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
204 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
213 if ($needs_binmode) {
214 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
215 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
216 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
220 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
221 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
222 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
223 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
224 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
225 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
226 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
227 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
229 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
230 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
231 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
232 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
233 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
234 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated url self_url script_name cookie Dump
235 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
236 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
237 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
238 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
239 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
240 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
241 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
242 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
243 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
244 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
245 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
246 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
249 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
250 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
253 my($class, $method) = @_;
255 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
257 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
261 # Try to compile the function.
264 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
266 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
270 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
271 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
273 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
276 # to import symbols into caller
280 # This causes modules to clash.
284 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
285 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
287 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
288 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
289 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
290 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
292 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
293 foreach $pck (@packages) {
294 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
299 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
305 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
310 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
312 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
313 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
314 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
320 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
321 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
324 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
327 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
328 if (ref($initializer[0])
329 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
331 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache2::RequestRec')
333 $self->r(shift @initializer);
335 if (ref($initializer[0])
336 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
337 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
340 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
341 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
343 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
346 # XXX: once we have the new API
347 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
348 $self->r(Apache2::RequestUtil->request) unless $self->r;
350 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
351 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
355 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
356 $self->init(@initializer);
360 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
361 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
362 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
363 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
364 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
365 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
366 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
369 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
370 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
371 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
377 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
378 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
383 my ($self,$hook,$data) = self_or_default(@_);
384 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
385 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
389 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
390 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
391 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
392 # member of the list.
393 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
394 # the known parameters names available.
395 # If more than one argument is provided, the
396 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
397 # set the value of the parameter.
400 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
401 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
402 my($name,$value,@other);
404 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
405 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
407 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
410 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
411 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
413 foreach ($value,@other) {
414 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
417 # If values is provided, then we set it.
419 $self->add_parameter($name);
420 $self->{$name}=[@values];
426 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
427 return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0];
430 sub self_or_default {
431 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
432 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
433 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
435 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
438 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
442 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
443 if (defined($_[0]) &&
444 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
445 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
448 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
452 ########################################
453 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
454 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
456 ########################################
458 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
459 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
460 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
461 # and the values are stored as lists
462 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
463 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
467 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
469 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
472 # set autoescaping on by default
473 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
475 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
476 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
477 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
478 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
479 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
480 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_});
482 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
483 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
487 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
488 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
490 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
492 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
493 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
497 # avoid unreasonably large postings
498 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
499 # quietly read and discard the post
501 my $max = $content_length;
503 (my $bytes = $MOD_PERL
504 ? $self->r->read($buffer,$max < 10000 ? $max : 10000)
505 : read(STDIN,$buffer,$max < 10000 ? $max : 10000)
507 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
512 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
515 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
516 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
517 && !defined($initializer)
519 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
520 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
524 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
526 if (defined($initializer)) {
527 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
528 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
531 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
532 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
533 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
538 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
544 # massage back into standard format
545 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
546 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
548 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
553 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
559 # massage back into standard format
560 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
561 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
563 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
568 # last chance -- treat it as a string
569 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
570 $query_string = $initializer;
575 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
577 if ($meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
579 $query_string = $self->r->args;
581 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
582 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
587 if ($meth eq 'POST') {
588 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
589 if $content_length > 0;
590 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
591 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
592 # APPENDED to the POST data.
593 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
597 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
598 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
599 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
600 # UN*X programmers expect.
603 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
604 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
605 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
607 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
612 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
614 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
615 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
616 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
617 my($param) = 'POSTDATA' ;
618 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
619 push (@{$self->{$param}},$query_string);
620 undef $query_string ;
622 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
624 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
625 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
626 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
627 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
628 $self->parse_params($query_string);
630 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
631 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
635 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
637 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
641 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
642 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
643 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
644 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
647 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
648 $self->delete('.submit');
649 $self->delete('.cgifields');
651 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
654 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
655 # Turn a string into a filehandle
658 return undef unless $thingy;
659 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
660 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
663 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
664 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
665 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
671 # send output to the browser
673 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
677 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
683 # get/set last cgi_error
685 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
686 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
687 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
692 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
693 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
694 # us to have several of these objects.
695 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
696 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
697 next unless defined $_;
698 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
700 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
701 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
705 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
706 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
709 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
710 next unless defined $param;
711 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
712 $value = '' unless defined $value;
713 $param = unescape($param);
714 $value = unescape($value);
715 $self->add_parameter($param);
716 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
722 return unless defined $param;
723 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
724 unless defined($self->{$param});
729 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
730 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
731 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
734 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
736 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
737 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
741 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
744 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
746 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
747 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
748 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
750 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
753 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
754 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
755 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
756 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
759 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
760 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
761 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
762 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
770 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
771 my $func = &_compile;
776 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
777 my($pack,$func_name);
779 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
780 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
781 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
782 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
783 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
784 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
786 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
788 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
790 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
791 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
792 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
794 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
796 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
798 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
799 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
802 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
803 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
804 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
807 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
809 eval "package $pack; $code";
812 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
815 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
816 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
822 return '' unless $value;
823 return $XHTML ? qq( selected="selected") : qq( selected);
829 return '' unless $value;
830 return $XHTML ? qq( checked="checked") : qq( checked);
833 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
839 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
843 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
844 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
845 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
846 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
847 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
848 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
849 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
850 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
851 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
852 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
853 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
854 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
855 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
856 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
858 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
859 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
860 my($pkg) = caller(1);
861 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
862 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
863 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
869 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
870 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
874 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
879 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
880 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
885 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
886 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
887 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
891 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
892 $self->{'.etab'} ||= 1;
893 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
897 ###############################################################################
898 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
899 ###############################################################################
900 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
901 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
905 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
906 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
909 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
910 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
913 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
914 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
917 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
918 # Create a new multipart buffer
919 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
920 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
921 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
925 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
926 # Read data from a file handle
927 sub read_from_client {
928 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
929 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
931 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
932 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
936 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
938 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
941 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
942 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
943 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
945 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
947 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
948 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
951 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
956 #### Method: import_names
957 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
958 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
960 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
962 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
963 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
964 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
965 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
966 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
967 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
968 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
974 my($param,@value,$var);
975 foreach $param ($self->param) {
976 # protect against silly names
977 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
978 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
979 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
980 @value = $self->param($param);
987 #### Method: keywords
988 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
989 # returns the list of keywords.
990 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
992 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
994 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
995 # If values is provided, then we set it.
996 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
997 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
1002 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1003 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1004 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1009 return %in if wantarray;
1014 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1015 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1016 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1023 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1026 return scalar(keys %in);
1030 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1032 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1033 return $self->header();
1037 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1039 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1040 return $self->start_html(@p);
1044 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1046 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1047 return $self->end_html(@p);
1051 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1054 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1055 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1059 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1061 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1065 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1067 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1071 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1075 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1078 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1082 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1087 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1088 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1092 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1094 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1095 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1096 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1100 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1102 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1103 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1107 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1109 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1113 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1115 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
1119 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1121 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1125 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1133 # Append a new value to an existing query
1135 'append' => <<'EOF',
1138 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1139 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1141 $self->add_parameter($name);
1142 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
1144 return $self->param($name);
1148 #### Method: delete_all
1149 # Delete all parameters
1151 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1153 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1154 my @param = $self->param();
1155 $self->delete(@param);
1159 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1161 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1166 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1168 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1169 $self->delete_all(@p);
1173 #### Method: autoescape
1174 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1175 # call this method with undef as the argument
1176 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1178 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1179 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1180 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1186 #### Method: version
1187 # Return the current version
1189 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1195 #### Method: url_param
1196 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1197 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1199 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1201 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1202 my $name = shift(@p);
1203 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1204 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1205 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1206 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1207 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1210 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1211 $param = unescape($param);
1212 $value = unescape($value);
1213 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1216 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1219 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1220 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1221 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1222 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1227 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1228 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1231 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1233 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1234 my($param,$value,@result);
1235 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1236 push(@result,"<ul>");
1237 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1238 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1239 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1240 push(@result,"<ul>");
1241 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1242 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1243 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1244 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1246 push(@result,"</ul>");
1248 push(@result,"</ul>");
1249 return join("\n",@result);
1253 #### Method as_string
1255 # synonym for "dump"
1257 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1264 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1265 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1267 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1269 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1270 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1272 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1273 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1274 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1275 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1277 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1278 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1281 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1282 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1284 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1289 #### Method: save_parameters
1290 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1291 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1293 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1294 sub save_parameters {
1296 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1300 #### Method: restore_parameters
1301 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1302 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1304 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1305 sub restore_parameters {
1306 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1310 #### Method: multipart_init
1311 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1312 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1314 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1315 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1317 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1318 sub multipart_init {
1319 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1320 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1321 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1322 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1323 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1324 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1325 return $self->header(
1328 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1329 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1334 #### Method: multipart_start
1335 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1337 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1338 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1340 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1341 sub multipart_start {
1343 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1344 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1345 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1346 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1348 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1349 # need to fix it up a little.
1351 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1352 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1353 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1355 push(@header,@other);
1356 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1362 #### Method: multipart_end
1363 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1365 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1368 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1370 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1371 return $self->{'separator'};
1376 #### Method: multipart_final
1377 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1379 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1381 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1382 sub multipart_final {
1383 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1384 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1390 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1393 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1395 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1398 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1400 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1401 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1402 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1403 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1404 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1407 if (defined $charset) {
1408 $self->charset($charset);
1410 $charset = $self->charset;
1413 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1414 # need to fix it up a little.
1416 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1417 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1418 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1421 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1422 $type .= "; charset=$charset" if $type ne '' and $type =~ m!^text/! and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/ and $charset ne '';
1424 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1425 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1426 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1427 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1429 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1430 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1432 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1433 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1435 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1437 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1439 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1440 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1443 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1444 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1446 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1448 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1449 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1450 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1451 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1452 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1453 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1454 if ($MOD_PERL and not $nph) {
1455 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1464 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1467 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1469 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1470 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1471 if ($new_value ne '') {
1472 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1474 return $self->{'cache'};
1479 #### Method: redirect
1480 # Return a Location: style header
1483 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1485 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1486 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1487 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1488 $status = '302 Moved' unless defined $status;
1489 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1491 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1493 '-Status' => $status,
1496 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1497 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1499 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1500 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1505 #### Method: start_html
1506 # Canned HTML header
1509 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1510 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1511 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1512 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1513 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1514 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1515 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1516 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1517 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1518 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1519 # (a scalar or array ref)
1520 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1521 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1524 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1526 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1527 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1528 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1529 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1530 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1532 $self->element_id(0);
1533 $self->element_tab(0);
1535 $encoding = 'iso-8859-1' unless defined $encoding;
1537 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1538 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1540 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1541 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1543 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1546 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1549 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1550 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1551 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1553 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1554 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1555 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1557 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1558 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1561 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1562 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1563 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1564 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1565 $author = $self->escape($author);
1567 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1568 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1572 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1575 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1576 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1577 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1579 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1580 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1581 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1582 if (defined $author) {
1583 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1584 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1587 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1588 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1589 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1590 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1593 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1594 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1595 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1598 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1600 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1601 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1602 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1603 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits;
1605 # handle -noscript parameter
1606 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1612 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1613 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1614 return join("\n",@result);
1619 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1621 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1623 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1625 my $type = 'text/css';
1627 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1628 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1630 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1634 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$foo,@other) =
1635 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE FOO)],
1637 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1638 $type = $stype if $stype;
1639 my $other = @other ? join ' ',@other : '';
1641 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1642 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1643 foreach $src (@$src)
1645 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1646 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1650 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1651 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1652 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1656 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1657 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1659 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1660 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1664 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1665 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1672 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1674 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1677 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1678 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1679 my($src,$code,$language);
1680 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1681 ($src,$code,$language, $type) =
1682 rearrange([SRC,CODE,LANGUAGE,TYPE],
1683 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1684 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1685 # User may not have specified language
1686 $language ||= 'JavaScript';
1687 unless (defined $type) {
1688 $type = lc $language;
1689 # strip '1.2' from 'javascript1.2'
1690 $type =~ s/^(\D+).*$/text\/$1/;
1693 ($src,$code,$language, $type) = ('',$script,'JavaScript', 'text/javascript');
1696 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1697 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1698 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1700 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1702 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1703 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1705 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1706 $cdata_end = $comment;
1707 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1710 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1711 push(@satts,'language'=>$language) unless defined $type;
1712 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1713 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1714 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1720 #### Method: end_html
1721 # End an HTML document.
1722 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1724 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1726 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1731 ################################
1732 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1733 ################################
1735 #### Method: isindex
1736 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1738 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1740 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1741 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1743 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1744 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1745 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1746 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1747 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1752 #### Method: startform
1755 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1756 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1757 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1758 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1760 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1762 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1763 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1765 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method) || 'post');
1766 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1767 if (defined $action) {
1768 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1771 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->url(-absolute=>1,-path=>1));
1772 if (exists $ENV{QUERY_STRING} && length($ENV{QUERY_STRING})>0) {
1773 $action .= "?".$self->escapeHTML($ENV{QUERY_STRING},1);
1776 $action = qq(action="$action");
1777 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1778 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1779 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1784 #### Method: start_form
1785 # synonym for startform
1786 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1788 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1792 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1793 sub end_multipart_form {
1798 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1799 # synonym for startform
1800 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1801 sub start_multipart_form {
1802 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1803 if (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1805 $p{'-enctype'}=&MULTIPART;
1806 return $self->startform(%p);
1808 my($method,$action,@other) =
1809 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1810 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1816 #### Method: endform
1818 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1820 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1822 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1824 return wantarray ? ("<div>",$self->get_fields,"</div>","</form>") :
1825 "<div>".$self->get_fields ."</div>\n</form>";
1831 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1833 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1834 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1835 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1837 my $current = $override ? $default :
1838 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1840 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1841 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1842 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1843 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1844 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1845 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1846 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1847 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1848 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1849 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex" $value$s$m$other />)
1850 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1854 #### Method: textfield
1856 # $name -> Name of the text field
1857 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1859 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1860 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1862 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1864 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1866 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1867 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1872 #### Method: filefield
1874 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1875 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1876 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1878 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1880 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1882 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1883 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1888 #### Method: password
1889 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1891 # $name -> Name of the field
1892 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1894 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1895 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1897 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1899 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1900 sub password_field {
1901 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1902 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1906 #### Method: textarea
1908 # $name -> Name of the text field
1909 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1911 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1912 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1914 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1916 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1918 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1919 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1920 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1922 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1923 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1925 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1926 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1927 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
1928 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
1929 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1930 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1931 return qq{<textarea name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex"$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
1937 # Create a javascript button.
1939 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
1940 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
1941 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
1944 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
1946 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1948 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1950 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
1951 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
1953 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1954 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1955 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
1958 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
1959 $value = $value || $label;
1961 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
1962 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
1963 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1964 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1965 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" tabindex="$tabindex"$name$val$script$other />)
1966 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
1972 # Create a "submit query" button.
1974 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1975 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
1976 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
1978 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
1980 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1982 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1984 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
1986 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1987 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1989 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : ' name=".submit"';
1990 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
1991 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
1993 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
1994 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1995 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1996 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" tabindex="$tabindex"$name$val$other />)
1997 : qq(<input type="submit"$name$val$other>);
2003 # Create a "reset" button.
2005 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2007 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2009 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2011 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2012 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2013 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2014 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2015 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2016 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2017 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2019 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2020 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2021 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2022 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" tabindex="$tabindex"$name$val$other />)
2023 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2028 #### Method: defaults
2029 # Create a "defaults" button.
2031 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2033 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2035 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2036 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2039 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2041 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2043 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2045 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2046 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2047 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2048 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2049 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2050 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" tabindex="$tabindex"$value$other />)
2051 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2056 #### Method: comment
2057 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2058 # Parameters: a string
2059 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2061 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2062 return "<!-- @p -->";
2066 #### Method: checkbox
2067 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2068 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2070 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2071 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2072 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2073 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2074 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2076 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2078 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2080 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2082 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2083 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2085 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2087 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2088 defined $self->param($name))) {
2089 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2091 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2093 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2094 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2095 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2096 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2097 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2098 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2099 $self->register_parameter($name);
2100 return $XHTML ? CGI::label(qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" tabindex="$tabindex"$checked$other />$the_label})
2101 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2107 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2108 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2110 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2111 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2112 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2113 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2114 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2115 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2116 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2117 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2118 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2119 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2120 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2121 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2122 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2125 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2127 my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2128 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252';
2129 if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers
2130 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2131 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2132 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2133 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2134 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2135 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2142 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2143 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2145 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2146 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2147 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2148 return undef unless defined($string);
2149 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2151 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2152 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2158 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2159 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2166 # Internal procedure - don't use
2167 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2169 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2170 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2171 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2174 if (defined($columns)) {
2175 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2177 if (defined($rows)) {
2178 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2181 # rearrange into a pretty table
2182 $result = "<table>";
2184 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2185 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2186 foreach (@colheaders) {
2187 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2189 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2191 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2192 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2193 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2194 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2198 $result .= "</table>";
2204 #### Method: radio_group
2205 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2207 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2208 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2209 # values for each button in the group.
2210 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2211 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2212 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2213 # between the buttons.
2214 # $labels -> (optional)
2215 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2216 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2217 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2219 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2221 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2223 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2224 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2228 #### Method: checkbox_group
2229 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2231 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2232 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2233 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2234 # $defaults -> (optional)
2235 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2236 # then this will be used to decide which
2237 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2238 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2239 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2240 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2241 # between the buttons.
2242 # $labels -> (optional)
2243 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2244 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2245 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2247 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2250 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2251 sub checkbox_group {
2252 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2253 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2257 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2260 my $box_type = shift;
2262 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$attributes,
2263 $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2264 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,@other) =
2265 rearrange([ NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,
2266 ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
2267 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX
2269 my($result,$checked);
2272 my(@elements,@values);
2273 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2274 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2276 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2277 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2279 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2283 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2284 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2285 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2286 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2287 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2291 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2293 my $other = @other ? " @other" : '';
2296 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2300 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2306 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2308 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2309 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2311 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2312 my $tab = qq( tabindex="$tabs{$_}") if exists $tabs{$_};
2313 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2317 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs />$label)).${break};
2319 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs>${label}${break}/);
2322 $self->register_parameter($name);
2323 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2324 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2325 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2330 #### Method: popup_menu
2331 # Create a popup menu.
2333 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2334 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2335 # text of each menu item.
2336 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2337 # $labels -> (optional)
2338 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2339 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2340 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2342 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2344 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2346 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2348 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2349 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2350 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2351 my($result,$selected);
2353 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2354 $selected = $self->param($name);
2356 $selected = $default;
2358 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2359 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2362 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2363 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2364 $result = qq/<select name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex"$other>\n/;
2367 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2368 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2369 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2374 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2375 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2377 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2378 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2379 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2380 $result .= "<option$selectit$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2384 $result .= "</select>";
2390 #### Method: optgroup
2391 # Create a optgroup.
2393 # $name -> Label for the group
2394 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2395 # values for each option line in the group.
2396 # $labels -> (optional)
2397 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2398 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2399 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2400 # $labeled -> (optional)
2401 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2402 # in the option elements.
2403 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2404 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2405 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2406 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2407 # $novals -> (optional)
2408 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2410 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2412 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2414 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2415 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2416 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2418 my($result,@values);
2419 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2420 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2422 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2423 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2426 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2427 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2428 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2433 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2435 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2436 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2437 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2438 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2439 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2440 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2441 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2444 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2450 #### Method: scrolling_list
2451 # Create a scrolling list.
2453 # $name -> name for the list
2454 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2455 # values for each option line in the list.
2456 # $defaults -> (optional)
2457 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2458 # then this will be used to decide which
2459 # lines to turn on by default.
2460 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2461 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2462 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2463 # $labels -> (optional)
2464 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2465 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2466 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2468 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2470 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2471 sub scrolling_list {
2472 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2473 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2474 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2475 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2477 my($result,@values);
2478 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2480 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2482 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2483 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2484 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2485 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2487 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2488 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2489 $result = qq/<select name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex"$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2491 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2493 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2494 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2495 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2496 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2497 $result .= "<option$selectit$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2499 $result .= "</select>";
2500 $self->register_parameter($name);
2508 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2509 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2511 # $default->[initial values of field]
2513 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2515 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2517 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2519 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2520 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2522 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2523 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2525 my $do_override = 0;
2526 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2527 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2528 $do_override = $override;
2530 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2531 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2535 # use previous values if override is not set
2536 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2537 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2539 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2541 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2542 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2543 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2545 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2550 #### Method: image_button
2552 # $name -> Name of the button
2553 # $src -> URL of the image source
2554 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2556 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2558 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2560 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2562 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2563 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2565 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\U\"$alignment\"" : '';
2566 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2567 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2568 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2569 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2574 #### Method: self_url
2575 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2576 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2577 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2578 # script with all its state information preserved.
2580 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2582 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2583 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2588 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2589 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2590 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2598 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2601 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2603 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2604 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base) =
2605 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE'],@p);
2607 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2609 my $path = $self->path_info;
2610 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2612 # for compatibility with Apache's MultiViews
2613 if (exists($ENV{REQUEST_URI})) {
2615 $script_name = unescape($ENV{REQUEST_URI});
2616 $script_name =~ s/\?.+$//s; # strip query string
2618 if (exists($ENV{PATH_INFO})) {
2619 my $encoded_path = unescape($ENV{PATH_INFO});
2620 $script_name =~ s/\Q$encoded_path\E$//i;
2625 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2626 $url = "$protocol://";
2627 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host');
2631 $url .= server_name();
2632 my $port = $self->server_port;
2634 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2635 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2637 return $url if $base;
2638 $url .= $script_name;
2639 } elsif ($relative) {
2640 ($url) = $script_name =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2641 } elsif ($absolute) {
2642 $url = $script_name;
2645 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2646 $url .= "?" . $self->query_string if $query and $self->query_string;
2647 $url = '' unless defined $url;
2648 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2655 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2656 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2657 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2659 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2660 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2661 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2662 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2663 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2664 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2666 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2668 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2669 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires) =
2670 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES],@p);
2672 require CGI::Cookie;
2674 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2675 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2676 # cookies in our state variables.
2677 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2678 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2679 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2681 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2682 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2683 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2684 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2685 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2688 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2689 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2692 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2693 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2694 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2695 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2696 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2697 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2699 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2703 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2704 sub parse_keywordlist {
2705 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2706 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2707 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2708 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2713 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2715 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2716 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2717 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2718 $self->add_parameter($name);
2719 $self->{$name} = [];
2722 return $self->{$name};
2726 ###############################################
2727 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2728 ###############################################
2730 #### Method: path_info
2731 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2732 # after the URL (if any)
2734 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2736 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2737 if (defined($info)) {
2738 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2739 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2740 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2741 $self->{'.path_info'} = defined($ENV{'PATH_INFO'}) ?
2742 $ENV{'PATH_INFO'} : '';
2744 # hack to fix broken path info in IIS
2745 $self->{'.path_info'} =~ s/^\Q$ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'}\E// if $IIS;
2748 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2753 #### Method: request_method
2754 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2756 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2757 sub request_method {
2758 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2762 #### Method: content_type
2763 # Returns the content_type string
2765 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2767 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2771 #### Method: path_translated
2772 # Return the physical path information provided
2773 # by the URL (if any)
2775 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2776 sub path_translated {
2777 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2782 #### Method: query_string
2783 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2786 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2788 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2789 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2790 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2791 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2792 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2793 $value = escape($value);
2794 next unless defined $value;
2795 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2798 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2799 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2801 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2807 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2808 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2809 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2810 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2811 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2812 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2813 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2814 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2815 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2817 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2819 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2820 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2822 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2825 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2826 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2828 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2831 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2833 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2834 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2835 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2836 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2838 # First return the preference for directly supported
2840 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2842 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2843 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2844 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2845 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2846 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2847 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2853 #### Method: user_agent
2854 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2855 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2856 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2858 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2860 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2861 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2862 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2867 #### Method: raw_cookie
2868 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2869 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2870 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2871 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2872 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2875 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2877 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2879 require CGI::Cookie;
2881 if (defined($key)) {
2882 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
2883 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2885 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2886 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2887 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2889 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
2893 #### Method: virtual_host
2894 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
2895 # is not always the same as the server
2897 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2899 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
2900 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
2905 #### Method: remote_host
2906 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
2907 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
2908 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
2911 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2913 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
2919 #### Method: remote_addr
2920 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
2922 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2924 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
2929 #### Method: script_name
2930 # Return the partial URL to this script for
2931 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
2932 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
2935 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2937 return $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'} if defined($ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'});
2938 # These are for debugging
2939 return "/$0" unless $0=~/^\//;
2945 #### Method: referer
2946 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
2949 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2951 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2952 return $self->http('referer');
2957 #### Method: server_name
2958 # Return the name of the server
2960 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2962 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
2966 #### Method: server_software
2967 # Return the name of the server software
2969 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2970 sub server_software {
2971 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
2975 #### Method: virtual_port
2976 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
2978 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2980 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2981 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
2983 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || '80';
2985 return $self->server_port();
2990 #### Method: server_port
2991 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
2993 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2995 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
2999 #### Method: server_protocol
3000 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3002 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3003 sub server_protocol {
3004 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3009 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3010 # the list of variables if none provided
3012 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3014 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3015 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3016 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3017 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3019 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3020 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3027 # Return the value of HTTPS
3029 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3032 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3033 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3034 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3035 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3036 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3038 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3039 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3045 #### Method: protocol
3046 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3048 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3052 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3053 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3054 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3055 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3056 return "\L$protocol\E";
3060 #### Method: remote_ident
3061 # Return the identity of the remote user
3062 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3064 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3066 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3071 #### Method: auth_type
3072 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3074 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3076 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3081 #### Method: remote_user
3082 # Return the authorization name used for user
3085 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3087 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3092 #### Method: user_name
3093 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3096 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3098 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3099 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3103 #### Method: nosticky
3104 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3106 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3108 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3109 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3110 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3115 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3117 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3119 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3120 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3125 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3126 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3128 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3129 sub private_tempfiles {
3130 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3131 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3132 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3135 #### Method: close_upload_files
3136 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3138 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3139 sub close_upload_files {
3140 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3141 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3142 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3147 #### Method: default_dtd
3148 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3150 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3152 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3153 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3154 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3155 } elsif (defined $param) {
3156 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3158 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3162 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3163 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3164 sub previous_or_default {
3165 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3168 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3169 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3170 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
3171 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3172 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3173 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
3175 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3182 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3183 sub register_parameter {
3184 my($self,$param) = @_;
3185 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3189 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3192 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3193 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3198 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3199 sub read_from_cmdline {
3203 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3205 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3206 require "shellwords.pl";
3207 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3208 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3209 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3210 @words = &shellwords($input);
3217 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3218 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3220 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3222 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3227 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3232 # subroutine: read_multipart
3234 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3235 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3236 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3237 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3239 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3240 sub read_multipart {
3241 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3242 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3243 return unless $buffer;
3246 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3247 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3250 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3254 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^;]*)"/;
3257 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
3258 my($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename="([^;]*)"/;
3259 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3260 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3261 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3264 # add this parameter to our list
3265 $self->add_parameter($param);
3267 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3268 # to our parameter list.
3269 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3270 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3272 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
3276 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3278 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3279 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3280 # the file for reading.
3282 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3283 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3284 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3288 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3289 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3290 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3293 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3294 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3295 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3296 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3297 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3298 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3299 $seqno += int rand(100);
3301 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3302 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3303 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3305 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3306 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3307 # MIME parser module
3309 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3310 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3312 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3318 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3319 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3321 $totalbytes += length($data);
3322 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3324 print $filehandle $data;
3327 # back up to beginning of file
3328 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3330 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3331 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3332 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3334 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3335 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3337 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3339 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filehandle)}= {
3340 hndl => $filehandle,
3344 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3350 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3352 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3353 my @param = grep(ref && fileno($_), $self->param($param_name));
3354 return unless @param;
3355 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3359 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3361 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3362 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name} ?
3363 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name}->as_string
3368 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3370 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3371 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{info};
3375 # internal routine, don't use
3376 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3377 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3380 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3381 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3382 return $v if !ref($v);
3383 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3387 # internal routine, don't use
3388 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3389 sub _set_attributes {
3391 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3392 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3394 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3395 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3396 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3403 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3406 next if defined(&$_);
3407 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3417 #########################################################
3418 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3419 #########################################################
3421 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3430 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3437 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3438 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3440 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3443 # get rid of package name
3444 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3445 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3446 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3448 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3449 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3450 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3451 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3453 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3458 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3462 return "$self" cmp $value;
3466 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3468 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3469 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3470 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3471 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3472 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3473 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3474 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3476 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3477 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3478 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3479 return bless $ref,$pack;
3486 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3487 package MultipartBuffer;
3489 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3491 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3492 # a 4K buffer by default.
3493 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3494 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3495 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3498 #reuse the autoload function
3499 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3501 # avoid autoloader warnings
3504 ###############################################################################
3505 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3506 ###############################################################################
3507 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3508 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3511 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3513 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3514 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3515 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3517 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3518 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3519 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3520 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3521 # by then, we return.
3523 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3524 # about providing boundary strings.
3525 my $boundary_read = 0;
3528 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3529 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3531 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3532 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3533 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3535 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3537 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3538 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3539 $length -= length($boundary);
3540 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3541 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3545 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3546 CHUNKED=>!defined $length,
3547 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3548 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3552 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3553 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3555 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3557 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3558 unless ($boundary_read) {
3559 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3561 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3567 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3574 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3577 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3578 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3579 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3580 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3581 # this was a bad idea
3582 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3583 } until $ok || $bad;
3586 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3588 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3589 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3593 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3594 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3595 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3598 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3599 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3600 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3602 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3603 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3605 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3606 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3607 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3608 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3614 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3615 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3621 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3623 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3624 $returnval .= $data;
3628 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3629 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3630 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3636 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3637 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3638 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3639 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3641 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3643 # default number of bytes to read
3644 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3646 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3647 # is never split between reads.
3648 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3650 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3651 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3653 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3654 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3656 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3658 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3659 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3661 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3663 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3667 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3668 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3674 # just remove the boundary.
3675 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3676 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3681 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3682 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3683 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3684 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3685 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3687 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3690 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3691 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3693 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3694 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3695 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3700 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3701 # boundary is never split between reads
3702 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3704 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3705 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3707 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3708 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3709 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3710 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3712 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3713 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
3716 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
3717 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3719 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3720 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3721 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3722 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3723 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3724 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
3725 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3726 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3728 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3731 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
3736 # Return true when we've finished reading
3737 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3740 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3741 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3749 ####################################################################################
3750 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3751 ####################################################################################
3752 package CGITempFile;
3755 undef $TMPDIRECTORY;
3757 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3758 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3759 unless ($TMPDIRECTORY) {
3760 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3761 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
3762 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
3763 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
3764 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
3765 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
3767 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
3768 # it is problematic.
3769 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
3770 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
3771 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
3772 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
3773 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
3774 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
3777 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
3780 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
3787 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
3788 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
3789 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3793 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3794 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
3795 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
3798 ###############################################################################
3799 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3800 ###############################################################################
3801 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3802 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3805 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3807 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
3809 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
3810 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
3811 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
3813 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
3814 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
3815 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
3817 return bless \$filename;
3821 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3833 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
3834 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
3835 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
3840 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
3841 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
3842 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
3843 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3854 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
3858 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
3859 # and echoes back its values.
3861 use CGI qw/:standard/;
3863 start_html('A Simple Example'),
3864 h1('A Simple Example'),
3866 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
3867 "What's the combination?", p,
3868 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
3869 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3870 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
3871 "What's your favorite color? ",
3872 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
3873 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
3879 print "Your name is",em(param('name')),p,
3880 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
3881 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),
3887 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
3888 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
3889 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
3890 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
3891 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
3892 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
3893 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
3894 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
3895 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
3896 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
3897 style sheets, server push, and frames.
3899 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
3900 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
3902 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
3904 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
3905 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
3909 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
3911 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
3912 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
3913 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
3914 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
3915 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
3916 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
3917 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
3918 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
3919 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
3920 script and restore it later.
3922 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
3923 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
3925 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
3926 use CGI; # load CGI routines
3927 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
3928 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
3929 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3930 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3931 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
3933 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
3934 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
3935 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
3936 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
3937 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
3938 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
3939 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
3940 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
3941 need to create the CGI object.
3943 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
3944 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
3945 print header, # create the HTTP header
3946 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3947 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3948 end_html; # end the HTML
3950 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
3951 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
3952 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
3954 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
3956 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
3957 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
3958 argument calling style that looks like this:
3960 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
3962 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
3963 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
3964 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
3965 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
3966 dashes for the subsequent ones.
3968 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
3969 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
3970 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
3971 case, the single argument is the document type.
3973 print $q->header('text/html');
3975 Other such routines are documented below.
3977 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
3978 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
3979 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
3980 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
3981 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
3983 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
3984 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
3986 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
3987 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
3988 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
3989 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
3990 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
3991 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
3992 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
3993 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
3994 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
4000 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4001 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4002 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4004 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4006 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4007 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4008 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4009 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4010 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4011 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4012 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4015 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4017 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4018 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4019 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4020 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4021 have several choices:
4027 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4028 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4032 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4036 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4040 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4041 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4042 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4044 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4045 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4046 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4047 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4049 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4052 Cost: Three smackers
4053 Annoyance-level: high
4054 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4055 Content-type: text/html
4057 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4058 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4061 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4064 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4068 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4069 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4071 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4073 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4075 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4076 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4077 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4078 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4079 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4080 can be saved and restored.
4082 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4083 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4084 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4086 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4088 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4091 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4092 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4093 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4094 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4096 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4097 restore_parameters(IN);
4100 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4103 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4104 'song'=>'I love you',
4105 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4108 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4110 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4112 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4113 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4116 $old_query = new CGI;
4117 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4119 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4121 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4125 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4127 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4129 @keywords = $query->keywords
4131 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4132 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4134 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4136 @names = $query->param
4138 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4139 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4140 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4141 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4142 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4143 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4145 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4146 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4147 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4148 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4149 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4151 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4153 @values = $query->param('foo');
4157 $value = $query->param('foo');
4159 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4160 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4161 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4162 the method will return a single value.
4164 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4165 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
4166 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
4169 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4170 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4173 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4175 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4177 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4178 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4179 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4180 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4183 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4184 in more detail later:
4186 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4190 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4192 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4194 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4196 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4197 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4198 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4199 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4201 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4203 $query->import_names('R');
4205 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4206 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4207 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4208 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4211 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4212 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4213 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4214 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4216 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4217 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4218 Perl module B<import> operator.
4220 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4222 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4224 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4225 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4228 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4229 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4231 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4233 $query->delete_all();
4235 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4236 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4238 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4240 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4242 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4243 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4245 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4246 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4247 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4248 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4249 can manipulate in any way you like.
4251 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4253 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4256 print $params->{'address'};
4257 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4263 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4264 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4265 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4266 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4267 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4268 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4269 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4270 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4272 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4273 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4274 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4275 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4276 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4277 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4278 module for Perl version 4.
4280 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4281 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4283 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4285 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4287 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4288 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4289 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4292 The format of the saved file is:
4300 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4301 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4302 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4303 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4304 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4305 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4306 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4310 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4312 foreach (0..$records) {
4314 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4319 # reopen for reading
4320 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4322 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4323 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4326 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4327 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4328 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4330 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4332 for further details.
4334 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4335 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4337 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4339 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4340 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4341 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4342 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4343 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4344 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4347 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4349 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4350 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4351 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4356 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4357 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4360 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4362 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4363 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4364 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4367 use CGI <list of methods>;
4369 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4370 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4371 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4372 methods, and then use them directly:
4374 use CGI 'param','header';
4375 print header('text/plain');
4376 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4378 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4379 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4380 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4382 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4388 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4393 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4397 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4401 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4402 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4406 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4407 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4411 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4415 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4420 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4424 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4425 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4429 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4430 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4431 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4432 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4433 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4434 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4435 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4436 to start using it immediately:
4438 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4439 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4441 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4442 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4443 change in the future.
4445 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4446 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4447 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4448 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4449 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4450 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4451 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4453 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4456 start_html('Simple Script'),
4457 h1('Simple Script'),
4459 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4460 "What's the combination?",
4461 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4462 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4463 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4464 "What's your favorite color?",
4465 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4466 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4473 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4474 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4475 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4481 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4482 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4483 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4484 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4485 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4486 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4489 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4491 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4497 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4498 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4499 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4500 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4504 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4506 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4507 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4512 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4513 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4514 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4515 those destined to be crunched by Malcom Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4516 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4518 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4522 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4524 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4525 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4526 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4527 compile() method instead:
4532 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4533 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4534 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4538 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4539 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4540 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4541 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4542 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4543 will use it to set their default values.
4545 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4546 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4547 each element that you generate.
4549 =item -no_undef_params
4551 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4555 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4556 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4557 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4560 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4561 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4566 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4567 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4568 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4569 of NPH scripts below.
4571 =item -newstyle_urls
4573 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4574 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4576 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4578 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4579 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4580 pragma is specified.
4582 This became the default in version 2.64.
4584 =item -oldstyle_urls
4586 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4587 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4591 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4592 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4593 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4594 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4595 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4596 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4597 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4598 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4599 to the top of your script.
4603 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4604 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4605 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4606 then use this pragma:
4608 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4612 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4613 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4614 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4615 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4617 See the section on debugging for more details.
4619 =item -private_tempfiles
4621 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4622 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4623 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4624 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4625 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4626 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4627 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4628 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4629 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4630 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4631 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4633 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4634 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4635 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4637 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4639 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4640 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4642 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4645 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4646 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4648 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4649 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4653 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4655 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4656 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4659 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4663 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4665 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4666 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4667 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4669 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4671 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4672 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4673 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4674 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4675 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4676 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4680 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4682 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4687 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4689 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4691 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4693 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4697 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4699 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4700 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4701 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4702 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4703 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4705 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4706 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4707 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4709 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4711 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4712 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4713 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4714 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4715 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
4722 print header('image/gif');
4726 print header('text/html','204 No response');
4730 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
4732 -status=>'402 Payment required',
4736 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
4739 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
4740 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
4741 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
4742 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
4743 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
4745 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
4746 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
4747 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
4748 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
4749 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
4750 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
4752 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
4754 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
4755 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
4756 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
4757 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
4758 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
4759 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
4762 +30s 30 seconds from now
4763 +10m ten minutes from now
4764 +1h one hour from now
4765 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
4768 +10y in ten years time
4769 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
4771 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
4772 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
4773 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
4774 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
4777 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4778 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4779 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4781 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
4782 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
4783 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
4785 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
4786 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
4787 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
4788 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
4789 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
4791 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
4792 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
4795 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
4796 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
4798 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
4800 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
4802 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
4804 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
4806 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
4807 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
4808 time of day or the identity of the user.
4810 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
4811 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
4814 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
4815 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
4817 You can also use named arguments:
4819 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
4823 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4824 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4825 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
4826 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4828 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
4829 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
4831 301 Moved Permanently
4835 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
4836 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
4837 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
4838 303 will probably break redirection.
4840 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
4842 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
4843 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
4846 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
4847 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
4848 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
4851 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
4852 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
4853 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
4854 page's appearance and behavior.
4856 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
4857 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
4858 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
4859 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
4860 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
4861 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
4864 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
4865 different from the current location, as in
4867 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
4869 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4871 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
4872 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
4873 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
4874 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
4877 -target=>"answer_window"
4879 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4880 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
4881 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
4882 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
4883 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
4885 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
4886 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
4888 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
4891 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
4892 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
4895 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
4896 the <html> tag. For example:
4898 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
4900 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
4901 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
4902 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
4903 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
4905 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
4906 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
4908 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
4909 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
4910 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
4911 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
4912 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
4913 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
4915 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
4916 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
4917 head section, use this:
4919 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
4920 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));