2 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Stephen McCamant. All rights reserved.
3 # This program is free software; you can redistribute and/or modify it
4 # under the same terms as Perl itself.
6 # Note: we need to keep track of how many use declarations/BEGIN
7 # blocks this module uses, so we can avoid printing them when user
8 # asks for the BEGIN blocks in her program. Update the comments and
9 # the count in concise_specials if you add or delete one. The
10 # -MO=Concise counts as use #1.
13 use warnings; # uses #3 and #4, since warnings uses Carp
15 use Exporter (); # use #5
17 our $VERSION = "0.67";
18 our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
19 our @EXPORT_OK = qw( set_style set_style_standard add_callback
20 concise_subref concise_cv concise_main
21 add_style walk_output compile reset_sequence );
23 ( io => [qw( walk_output compile reset_sequence )],
24 style => [qw( add_style set_style_standard )],
25 cb => [qw( add_callback )],
26 mech => [qw( concise_subref concise_cv concise_main )], );
29 use B qw(class ppname main_start main_root main_cv cstring svref_2object
30 SVf_IOK SVf_NOK SVf_POK SVf_IVisUV SVf_FAKE OPf_KIDS OPf_SPECIAL
35 ["(?(#label =>\n)?)(*( )*)#class (#addr) #name (?([#targ])?) "
36 . "#svclass~(?((#svaddr))?)~#svval~(?(label \"#coplabel\")?)\n",
37 "(*( )*)goto #class (#addr)\n",
40 ["#hyphseq2 (*( (x( ;)x))*)<#classsym> "
41 . "#exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)~#flags(?(/#private)?)(x(;~->#next)x)\n"
42 , " (*( )*) goto #seq\n",
43 "(?(<#seq>)?)#exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"],
45 ["(x(;(*( )*))x)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)(x( ;\n)x)",
47 "(?(#seq)?)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)"],
49 ["#class (#addr)\n\top_next\t\t#nextaddr\n\top_sibling\t#sibaddr\n\t"
50 . "op_ppaddr\tPL_ppaddr[OP_#NAME]\n\top_type\t\t#typenum\n" .
51 ($] > 5.009 ? '' : "\top_seq\t\t#seqnum\n")
52 . "\top_flags\t#flagval\n\top_private\t#privval\n"
53 . "(?(\top_first\t#firstaddr\n)?)(?(\top_last\t\t#lastaddr\n)?)"
54 . "(?(\top_sv\t\t#svaddr\n)?)",
57 "env" => [$ENV{B_CONCISE_FORMAT}, $ENV{B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT},
58 $ENV{B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT}],
61 # Renderings, ie how Concise prints, is controlled by these vars
63 our $stylename; # selects current style from %style
64 my $order = "basic"; # how optree is walked & printed: basic, exec, tree
66 # rendering mechanics:
67 # these 'formats' are the line-rendering templates
68 # they're updated from %style when $stylename changes
69 my ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
72 my $base = 36; # how <sequence#> is displayed
73 my $big_endian = 1; # more <sequence#> display
74 my $tree_style = 0; # tree-order details
75 my $banner = 1; # print banner before optree is traversed
76 my $do_main = 0; # force printing of main routine
78 # another factor: can affect all styles!
79 our @callbacks; # allow external management
81 set_style_standard("concise");
87 ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt) = @_;
88 #warn "set_style: deprecated, use set_style_standard instead\n"; # someday
89 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @_ == 3;
93 my ($newstyle,@args) = @_;
94 die "style '$newstyle' already exists, choose a new name\n"
95 if exists $style{$newstyle};
96 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @args == 3;
97 $style{$newstyle} = [@args];
98 $stylename = $newstyle; # update rendering state
101 sub set_style_standard {
102 ($stylename) = @_; # update rendering state
103 die "err: style '$stylename' unknown\n" unless exists $style{$stylename};
104 set_style(@{$style{$stylename}});
111 # output handle, used with all Concise-output printing
112 our $walkHandle; # public for your convenience
113 BEGIN { $walkHandle = \*STDOUT }
115 sub walk_output { # updates $walkHandle
117 return $walkHandle unless $handle; # allow use as accessor
119 if (ref $handle eq 'SCALAR') {
121 die "no perlio in this build, can't call walk_output (\\\$scalar)\n"
122 unless $Config::Config{useperlio};
123 # in 5.8+, open(FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE) writes to string
124 open my $tmp, '>', $handle; # but cant re-set existing STDOUT
125 $walkHandle = $tmp; # so use my $tmp as intermediate var
128 my $iotype = ref $handle;
129 die "expecting argument/object that can print\n"
130 unless $iotype eq 'GLOB' or $iotype and $handle->can('print');
131 $walkHandle = $handle;
135 my($order, $coderef, $name) = @_;
136 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
138 return concise_stashref(@_)
139 unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
140 concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $name);
143 sub concise_stashref {
145 foreach my $k (sort keys %$h) {
147 my $coderef = *s{CODE} or next;
149 print "FUNC: ", *s, "\n";
150 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
151 next unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
152 eval { concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj) }
153 or warn "err $@ on $codeobj";
157 # This should have been called concise_subref, but it was exported
158 # under this name in versions before 0.56
159 *concise_cv = \&concise_subref;
162 my ($order, $cv, $name) = @_;
163 # name is either a string, or a CODE ref (copy of $cv arg??)
167 if (ref($cv->XSUBANY) =~ /B::(\w+)/) {
168 print $walkHandle "$name is a constant sub, optimized to a $1\n";
172 print $walkHandle "$name is XS code\n";
175 if (class($cv->START) eq "NULL") {
177 if (ref $name eq 'CODE') {
178 print $walkHandle "coderef $name has no START\n";
180 elsif (exists &$name) {
181 print $walkHandle "$name exists in stash, but has no START\n";
184 print $walkHandle "$name not in symbol table\n";
188 sequence($cv->START);
189 if ($order eq "exec") {
190 walk_exec($cv->START);
192 elsif ($order eq "basic") {
193 # walk_topdown($cv->ROOT, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
194 my $root = $cv->ROOT;
195 unless (ref $root eq 'B::NULL') {
196 walk_topdown($root, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
198 print $walkHandle "B::NULL encountered doing ROOT on $cv. avoiding disaster\n";
201 print $walkHandle tree($cv->ROOT, 0);
207 sequence(main_start);
209 if ($order eq "exec") {
210 return if class(main_start) eq "NULL";
211 walk_exec(main_start);
212 } elsif ($order eq "tree") {
213 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
214 print $walkHandle tree(main_root, 0);
215 } elsif ($order eq "basic") {
216 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
217 walk_topdown(main_root,
218 sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
222 sub concise_specials {
223 my($name, $order, @cv_s) = @_;
225 if ($name eq "BEGIN") {
226 splice(@cv_s, 0, 8); # skip 7 BEGIN blocks in this file. NOW 8 ??
227 } elsif ($name eq "CHECK") {
228 pop @cv_s; # skip the CHECK block that calls us
231 print $walkHandle "$name $i:\n";
233 concise_cv_obj($order, $cv, $name);
237 my $start_sym = "\e(0"; # "\cN" sometimes also works
238 my $end_sym = "\e(B"; # "\cO" respectively
240 my @tree_decorations =
241 ([" ", "--", "+-", "|-", "| ", "`-", "-", 1],
242 [" ", "-", "+", "+", "|", "`", "", 0],
243 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "qq", "wq", "tq", "x ", "mq", "q"), 1],
244 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "q", "w", "t", "x", "m"), "", 0],
249 # set rendering state from options and args
252 @options = grep(/^-/, @_);
253 @args = grep(!/^-/, @_);
255 for my $o (@options) {
257 if ($o eq "-basic") {
259 } elsif ($o eq "-exec") {
261 } elsif ($o eq "-tree") {
265 elsif ($o eq "-compact") {
267 } elsif ($o eq "-loose") {
269 } elsif ($o eq "-vt") {
271 } elsif ($o eq "-ascii") {
275 elsif ($o =~ /^-base(\d+)$/) {
277 } elsif ($o eq "-bigendian") {
279 } elsif ($o eq "-littleendian") {
282 elsif ($o eq "-nobanner") {
284 } elsif ($o eq "-banner") {
287 elsif ($o eq "-main") {
289 } elsif ($o eq "-nomain") {
293 elsif (exists $style{substr($o, 1)}) {
294 $stylename = substr($o, 1);
295 set_style_standard($stylename);
297 warn "Option $o unrecognized";
304 my (@args) = compileOpts(@_);
306 my @newargs = compileOpts(@_); # accept new rendering options
307 warn "disregarding non-options: @newargs\n" if @newargs;
309 for my $objname (@args) {
310 next unless $objname; # skip null args to avoid noisy responses
312 if ($objname eq "BEGIN") {
313 concise_specials("BEGIN", $order,
314 B::begin_av->isa("B::AV") ?
315 B::begin_av->ARRAY : ());
316 } elsif ($objname eq "INIT") {
317 concise_specials("INIT", $order,
318 B::init_av->isa("B::AV") ?
319 B::init_av->ARRAY : ());
320 } elsif ($objname eq "CHECK") {
321 concise_specials("CHECK", $order,
322 B::check_av->isa("B::AV") ?
323 B::check_av->ARRAY : ());
324 } elsif ($objname eq "END") {
325 concise_specials("END", $order,
326 B::end_av->isa("B::AV") ?
327 B::end_av->ARRAY : ());
330 # convert function names to subrefs
333 print $walkHandle "B::Concise::compile($objname)\n"
337 $objname = "main::" . $objname unless $objname =~ /::/;
338 print $walkHandle "$objname:\n";
340 unless (exists &$objname) {
341 print $walkHandle "err: unknown function ($objname)\n";
344 $objref = \&$objname;
346 concise_subref($order, $objref, $objname);
349 if (!@args or $do_main) {
350 print $walkHandle "main program:\n" if $do_main;
351 concise_main($order);
353 return @args; # something
358 my $lastnext; # remembers op-chain, used to insert gotos
360 my %opclass = ('OP' => "0", 'UNOP' => "1", 'BINOP' => "2", 'LOGOP' => "|",
361 'LISTOP' => "@", 'PMOP' => "/", 'SVOP' => "\$", 'GVOP' => "*",
362 'PVOP' => '"', 'LOOP' => "{", 'COP' => ";", 'PADOP' => "#");
364 no warnings 'qw'; # "Possible attempt to put comments..."; use #7
366 qw'# () sc ( @? 1 $* gv *{ m$ m@ m% m? p/ *$ $ $# & a& pt \\ s\\ rf bl
367 ` *? <> ?? ?/ r/ c/ // qr s/ /c y/ = @= C sC Cp sp df un BM po +1 +I
368 -1 -I 1+ I+ 1- I- ** * i* / i/ %$ i% x + i+ - i- . " << >> < i<
369 > i> <= i, >= i. == i= != i! <? i? s< s> s, s. s= s! s? b& b^ b| -0 -i
370 ! ~ a2 si cs rd sr e^ lg sq in %x %o ab le ss ve ix ri sf FL od ch cy
371 uf lf uc lc qm @ [f [ @[ eh vl ky dl ex % ${ @{ uk pk st jn ) )[ a@
372 a% sl +] -] [- [+ so rv GS GW MS MW .. f. .f && || ^^ ?: &= |= -> s{ s}
373 v} ca wa di rs ;; ; ;d }{ { } {} f{ it {l l} rt }l }n }r dm }g }e ^o
374 ^c ^| ^# um bm t~ u~ ~d DB db ^s se ^g ^r {w }w pf pr ^O ^K ^R ^W ^d ^v
375 ^e ^t ^k t. fc ic fl .s .p .b .c .l .a .h g1 s1 g2 s2 ?. l? -R -W -X -r
376 -w -x -e -o -O -z -s -M -A -C -S -c -b -f -d -p -l -u -g -k -t -T -B cd
377 co cr u. cm ut r. l@ s@ r@ mD uD oD rD tD sD wD cD f$ w$ p$ sh e$ k$ g3
378 g4 s4 g5 s5 T@ C@ L@ G@ A@ S@ Hg Hc Hr Hw Mg Mc Ms Mr Sg Sc So rq do {e
379 e} {t t} g6 G6 6e g7 G7 7e g8 G8 8e g9 G9 9e 6s 7s 8s 9s 6E 7E 8E 9E Pn
380 Pu GP SP EP Gn Gg GG SG EG g0 c$ lk t$ ;s n> // /= CO';
382 my $chars = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
384 sub op_flags { # common flags (see BASOP.op_flags in op.h)
387 push @v, "v" if ($x & 3) == 1;
388 push @v, "s" if ($x & 3) == 2;
389 push @v, "l" if ($x & 3) == 3;
390 push @v, "K" if $x & 4;
391 push @v, "P" if $x & 8;
392 push @v, "R" if $x & 16;
393 push @v, "M" if $x & 32;
394 push @v, "S" if $x & 64;
395 push @v, "*" if $x & 128;
401 return "-" . base_n(-$x) if $x < 0;
403 do { $str .= substr($chars, $x % $base, 1) } while $x = int($x / $base);
404 $str = reverse $str if $big_endian;
420 return "-" if not exists $sequence_num{$$op};
421 return base_n($sequence_num{$$op});
425 my($op, $sub, $level) = @_;
427 if ($op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
428 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
429 walk_topdown($kid, $sub, $level + 1);
432 elsif (class($op) eq "PMOP") {
433 my $maybe_root = $op->pmreplroot;
434 if (ref($maybe_root) and $maybe_root->isa("B::OP")) {
435 # It really is the root of the replacement, not something
436 # else stored here for lack of space elsewhere
437 walk_topdown($maybe_root, $sub, $level + 1);
443 my($ar, $level) = @_;
445 if (ref($l) eq "ARRAY") {
446 walklines($l, $level + 1);
454 my($top, $level) = @_;
457 my @todo = ([$top, \@lines]);
458 while (@todo and my($op, $targ) = @{shift @todo}) {
459 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
460 last if $opsseen{$$op}++;
462 my $name = $op->name;
463 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
466 push @todo, [$op->other, $ar];
467 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
470 push @todo, [$op->pmreplstart, $ar];
471 } elsif ($name =~ /^enter(loop|iter)$/) {
473 $labels{${$op->nextop}} = "NEXT";
474 $labels{${$op->lastop}} = "LAST";
475 $labels{${$op->redoop}} = "REDO";
477 $labels{$op->nextop->seq} = "NEXT";
478 $labels{$op->lastop->seq} = "LAST";
479 $labels{$op->redoop->seq} = "REDO";
484 walklines(\@lines, 0);
487 # The structure of this routine is purposely modeled after op.c's peep()
491 return if class($op) eq "NULL" or exists $sequence_num{$$op};
492 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
493 last if exists $sequence_num{$$op};
494 my $name = $op->name;
495 if ($name =~ /^(null|scalar|lineseq|scope)$/) {
496 next if $oldop and $ {$op->next};
498 $sequence_num{$$op} = $seq_max++;
499 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
500 my $other = $op->other;
501 $other = $other->next while $other->name eq "null";
503 } elsif (class($op) eq "LOOP") {
504 my $redoop = $op->redoop;
505 $redoop = $redoop->next while $redoop->name eq "null";
507 my $nextop = $op->nextop;
508 $nextop = $nextop->next while $nextop->name eq "null";
510 my $lastop = $op->lastop;
511 $lastop = $lastop->next while $lastop->name eq "null";
513 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
514 my $replstart = $op->pmreplstart;
515 $replstart = $replstart->next while $replstart->name eq "null";
516 sequence($replstart);
523 sub fmt_line { # generate text-line for op.
524 my($hr, $op, $text, $level) = @_;
526 $_->($hr, $op, \$text, \$level, $stylename) for @callbacks;
528 return '' if $hr->{SKIP}; # suppress line if a callback said so
529 return '' if $hr->{goto} and $hr->{goto} eq '-'; # no goto nowhere
531 # spec: (?(text1#varText2)?)
532 $text =~ s/\(\?\(([^\#]*?)\#(\w+)([^\#]*?)\)\?\)/
533 $hr->{$2} ? $1.$hr->{$2}.$3 : ""/eg;
535 # spec: (x(exec_text;basic_text)x)
536 $text =~ s/\(x\((.*?);(.*?)\)x\)/$order eq "exec" ? $1 : $2/egs;
539 $text =~ s/\(\*\(([^;]*?)\)\*\)/$1 x $level/egs;
541 # spec: (*(text1;text2)*)
542 $text =~ s/\(\*\((.*?);(.*?)\)\*\)/$1 x ($level - 1) . $2 x ($level>0)/egs;
544 # convert #Var to tag=>val form: Var\t#var
545 $text =~ s/\#([A-Z][a-z]+)(\d+)?/\t\u$1\t\L#$1$2/gs;
548 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)(\d+)/sprintf("%-$2s", $hr->{$1})/eg;
550 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)/$hr->{$1}/eg; # populate #var's
551 $text =~ s/[ \t]*~+[ \t]*/ /g; # squeeze tildes
553 return "$text\n" if $text ne "";
554 return $text; # suppress empty lines
557 our %priv; # used to display each opcode's BASEOP.op_private values
559 $priv{$_}{128} = "LVINTRO"
560 for ("pos", "substr", "vec", "threadsv", "gvsv", "rv2sv", "rv2hv", "rv2gv",
561 "rv2av", "rv2arylen", "aelem", "helem", "aslice", "hslice", "padsv",
562 "padav", "padhv", "enteriter");
563 $priv{$_}{64} = "REFC" for ("leave", "leavesub", "leavesublv", "leavewrite");
564 $priv{"aassign"}{64} = "COMMON";
565 $priv{"aassign"}{32} = "PHASH" if $] < 5.009;
566 $priv{"sassign"}{64} = "BKWARD";
567 $priv{$_}{64} = "RTIME" for ("match", "subst", "substcont", "qr");
568 @{$priv{"trans"}}{1,2,4,8,16,64} = ("<UTF", ">UTF", "IDENT", "SQUASH", "DEL",
570 $priv{"repeat"}{64} = "DOLIST";
571 $priv{"leaveloop"}{64} = "CONT";
572 @{$priv{$_}}{32,64,96} = ("DREFAV", "DREFHV", "DREFSV")
573 for (qw(rv2gv rv2sv padsv aelem helem));
574 @{$priv{"entersub"}}{16,32,64} = ("DBG","TARG","NOMOD");
575 @{$priv{$_}}{4,8,128} = ("INARGS","AMPER","NO()") for ("entersub", "rv2cv");
576 $priv{"gv"}{32} = "EARLYCV";
577 $priv{"aelem"}{16} = $priv{"helem"}{16} = "LVDEFER";
578 $priv{$_}{16} = "OURINTR" for ("gvsv", "rv2sv", "rv2av", "rv2hv", "r2gv",
580 $priv{$_}{16} = "TARGMY"
581 for (map(($_,"s$_"),"chop", "chomp"),
582 map(($_,"i_$_"), "postinc", "postdec", "multiply", "divide", "modulo",
583 "add", "subtract", "negate"), "pow", "concat", "stringify",
584 "left_shift", "right_shift", "bit_and", "bit_xor", "bit_or",
585 "complement", "atan2", "sin", "cos", "rand", "exp", "log", "sqrt",
586 "int", "hex", "oct", "abs", "length", "index", "rindex", "sprintf",
587 "ord", "chr", "crypt", "quotemeta", "join", "push", "unshift", "flock",
588 "chdir", "chown", "chroot", "unlink", "chmod", "utime", "rename",
589 "link", "symlink", "mkdir", "rmdir", "wait", "waitpid", "system",
590 "exec", "kill", "getppid", "getpgrp", "setpgrp", "getpriority",
591 "setpriority", "time", "sleep");
592 $priv{$_}{4} = "REVERSED" for ("enteriter", "iter");
593 @{$priv{"const"}}{4,8,16,32,64,128} = ("SHORT","STRICT","ENTERED",'$[',"BARE","WARN");
594 $priv{"flip"}{64} = $priv{"flop"}{64} = "LINENUM";
595 $priv{"list"}{64} = "GUESSED";
596 $priv{"delete"}{64} = "SLICE";
597 $priv{"exists"}{64} = "SUB";
598 @{$priv{"sort"}}{1,2,4,8,16,32,64} = ("NUM", "INT", "REV", "INPLACE","DESC","QSORT","STABLE");
599 $priv{"threadsv"}{64} = "SVREFd";
600 @{$priv{$_}}{16,32,64,128} = ("INBIN","INCR","OUTBIN","OUTCR")
601 for ("open", "backtick");
602 $priv{"exit"}{128} = "VMS";
603 $priv{$_}{2} = "FTACCESS"
604 for ("ftrread", "ftrwrite", "ftrexec", "fteread", "ftewrite", "fteexec");
605 $priv{"entereval"}{2} = "HAS_HH";
607 # Stacked filetests are post 5.8.x
608 $priv{$_}{4} = "FTSTACKED"
609 for ("ftrread", "ftrwrite", "ftrexec", "fteread", "ftewrite", "fteexec",
610 "ftis", "fteowned", "ftrowned", "ftzero", "ftsize", "ftmtime",
611 "ftatime", "ftctime", "ftsock", "ftchr", "ftblk", "ftfile", "ftdir",
612 "ftpipe", "ftlink", "ftsuid", "ftsgid", "ftsvtx", "fttty", "fttext",
614 # Lexical $_ is post 5.8.x
615 $priv{$_}{2} = "GREPLEX"
616 for ("mapwhile", "mapstart", "grepwhile", "grepstart");
622 for my $flag (128, 96, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1) {
623 if ($priv{$name}{$flag} and $x & $flag and $x >= $flag) {
625 push @s, $priv{$name}{$flag};
629 return join(",", @s);
633 my($sv, $hr, $preferpv) = @_;
634 $hr->{svclass} = class($sv);
635 $hr->{svclass} = "UV"
636 if $hr->{svclass} eq "IV" and $sv->FLAGS & SVf_IVisUV;
637 Carp::cluck("bad concise_sv: $sv") unless $sv and $$sv;
638 $hr->{svaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $$sv);
639 if ($hr->{svclass} eq "GV") {
641 my $stash = $gv->STASH->NAME;
642 if ($stash eq "main") {
645 $stash = $stash . "::";
647 $hr->{svval} = "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
648 return "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
650 while (class($sv) eq "RV") {
651 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
654 if (class($sv) eq "SPECIAL") {
655 $hr->{svval} .= ["Null", "sv_undef", "sv_yes", "sv_no"]->[$$sv];
656 } elsif ($preferpv && $sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
657 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
658 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_NOK) {
659 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->NV;
660 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_IOK) {
661 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->int_value;
662 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
663 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
664 } elsif (class($sv) eq "HV") {
665 $hr->{svval} .= 'HASH';
668 $hr->{svval} = 'undef' unless defined $hr->{svval};
669 my $out = $hr->{svclass};
670 return $out .= " $hr->{svval}" ;
675 my ($op, $level, $format) = @_;
677 $h{exname} = $h{name} = $op->name;
678 $h{NAME} = uc $h{name};
679 $h{class} = class($op);
680 $h{extarg} = $h{targ} = $op->targ;
681 $h{extarg} = "" unless $h{extarg};
682 if ($h{name} eq "null" and $h{targ}) {
683 # targ holds the old type
684 $h{exname} = "ex-" . substr(ppname($h{targ}), 3);
686 } elsif ($op->name =~ /^leave(sub(lv)?|write)?$/) {
687 # targ potentially holds a reference count
688 if ($op->private & 64) {
689 my $refs = "ref" . ($h{targ} != 1 ? "s" : "");
690 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "$h{targ} $refs";
693 my $padname = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[0]->ARRAY)[$h{targ}];
694 if (defined $padname and class($padname) ne "SPECIAL") {
695 $h{targarg} = $padname->PVX;
696 if ($padname->FLAGS & SVf_FAKE) {
698 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:FAKE";
700 # These changes relate to the jumbo closure fix.
701 # See changes 19939 and 20005
703 $fake .= 'a' if $padname->IVX & 1; # PAD_FAKELEX_ANON
704 $fake .= 'm' if $padname->IVX & 2; # PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI
705 $fake .= ':' . $padname->NVX if $curcv->CvFLAGS & CVf_ANON;
706 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:FAKE:$fake";
710 my $intro = $padname->NVX - $cop_seq_base;
711 my $finish = int($padname->IVX) - $cop_seq_base;
712 $finish = "end" if $finish == 999999999 - $cop_seq_base;
713 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:$intro,$finish";
716 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "t" . $h{targ};
720 $h{svclass} = $h{svaddr} = $h{svval} = "";
721 if ($h{class} eq "PMOP") {
722 my $precomp = $op->precomp;
723 if (defined $precomp) {
724 $precomp = cstring($precomp); # Escape literal control sequences
725 $precomp = "/$precomp/";
729 my $pmreplroot = $op->pmreplroot;
731 if (ref($pmreplroot) eq "B::GV") {
732 # with C<@stash_array = split(/pat/, str);>,
733 # *stash_array is stored in /pat/'s pmreplroot.
734 $h{arg} = "($precomp => \@" . $pmreplroot->NAME . ")";
735 } elsif (!ref($pmreplroot) and $pmreplroot) {
736 # same as the last case, except the value is actually a
737 # pad offset for where the GV is kept (this happens under
739 my $gv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$pmreplroot];
740 $h{arg} = "($precomp => \@" . $gv->NAME . ")";
741 } elsif ($ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
743 $pmreplstart = "replstart->" . seq($op->pmreplstart);
744 $h{arg} = "(" . join(" ", $precomp, $pmreplstart) . ")";
746 $h{arg} = "($precomp)";
748 } elsif ($h{class} eq "PVOP" and $h{name} ne "trans") {
749 $h{arg} = '("' . $op->pv . '")';
750 $h{svval} = '"' . $op->pv . '"';
751 } elsif ($h{class} eq "COP") {
752 my $label = $op->label;
753 $h{coplabel} = $label;
754 $label = $label ? "$label: " : "";
757 $loc .= ":" . $op->line;
758 my($stash, $cseq) = ($op->stash->NAME, $op->cop_seq - $cop_seq_base);
759 my $arybase = $op->arybase;
760 $arybase = $arybase ? ' $[=' . $arybase : "";
761 $h{arg} = "($label$stash $cseq $loc$arybase)";
762 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOOP") {
763 $h{arg} = "(next->" . seq($op->nextop) . " last->" . seq($op->lastop)
764 . " redo->" . seq($op->redoop) . ")";
765 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOGOP") {
767 $h{arg} = "(other->" . seq($op->other) . ")";
769 elsif ($h{class} eq "SVOP" or $h{class} eq "PADOP") {
770 unless ($h{name} eq 'aelemfast' and $op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
771 my $idx = ($h{class} eq "SVOP") ? $op->targ : $op->padix;
772 my $preferpv = $h{name} eq "method_named";
773 if ($h{class} eq "PADOP" or !${$op->sv}) {
774 my $sv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$idx];
775 $h{arg} = "[" . concise_sv($sv, \%h, $preferpv) . "]";
776 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "";
778 $h{arg} = "(" . concise_sv($op->sv, \%h, $preferpv) . ")";
782 $h{seq} = $h{hyphseq} = seq($op);
783 $h{seq} = "" if $h{seq} eq "-";
786 $h{static} = $op->static;
787 $h{label} = $labels{$$op};
789 $h{seqnum} = $op->seq;
790 $h{label} = $labels{$op->seq};
792 $h{next} = $op->next;
793 $h{next} = (class($h{next}) eq "NULL") ? "(end)" : seq($h{next});
794 $h{nextaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->next});
795 $h{sibaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->sibling});
796 $h{firstaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->first}) if $op->can("first");
797 $h{lastaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->last}) if $op->can("last");
799 $h{classsym} = $opclass{$h{class}};
800 $h{flagval} = $op->flags;
801 $h{flags} = op_flags($op->flags);
802 $h{privval} = $op->private;
803 $h{private} = private_flags($h{name}, $op->private);
804 $h{addr} = sprintf("%#x", $$op);
805 $h{typenum} = $op->type;
806 $h{noise} = $linenoise[$op->type];
808 return fmt_line(\%h, $op, $format, $level);
812 my($op, $level) = @_;
813 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
814 # insert a 'goto' line
815 my $synth = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
816 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext),
817 "goto" => seq($lastnext), # simplify goto '-' removal
819 print $walkHandle fmt_line($synth, $op, $gotofmt, $level+1);
821 $lastnext = $op->next;
822 print $walkHandle concise_op($op, $level, $format);
825 # B::OP::terse (see Terse.pm) now just calls this
827 my($op, $level) = @_;
829 # This isn't necessarily right, but there's no easy way to get
830 # from an OP to the right CV. This is a limitation of the
831 # ->terse() interface style, and there isn't much to do about
832 # it. In particular, we can die in concise_op if the main pad
833 # isn't long enough, or has the wrong kind of entries, compared to
834 # the pad a sub was compiled with. The fix for that would be to
835 # make a backwards compatible "terse" format that never even
836 # looked at the pad, just like the old B::Terse. I don't think
837 # that's worth the effort, though.
838 $curcv = main_cv unless $curcv;
840 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
842 my $h = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
843 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext)};
845 fmt_line($h, $op, $style{"terse"}[1], $level+1);
847 $lastnext = $op->next;
849 concise_op($op, $level, $style{"terse"}[0]);
855 my $style = $tree_decorations[$tree_style];
856 my($space, $single, $kids, $kid, $nokid, $last, $lead, $size) = @$style;
857 my $name = concise_op($op, $level, $treefmt);
858 if (not $op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
862 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
863 push @lines, tree($kid, $level+1);
866 for ($i = $#lines; substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " "; $i--) {
867 $lines[$i] = $space . $lines[$i];
870 $lines[$i] = $last . $lines[$i];
872 if (substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " ") {
873 $lines[$i] = $nokid . $lines[$i];
875 $lines[$i] = $kid . $lines[$i];
878 $lines[$i] = $kids . $lines[$i];
880 $lines[0] = $single . $lines[0];
882 return("$name$lead" . shift @lines,
883 map(" " x (length($name)+$size) . $_, @lines));
886 # *** Warning: fragile kludge ahead ***
887 # Because the B::* modules run in the same interpreter as the code
888 # they're compiling, their presence tends to distort the view we have of
889 # the code we're looking at. In particular, perl gives sequence numbers
890 # to COPs. If the program we're looking at were run on its own, this
891 # would start at 1. Because all of B::Concise and all the modules it
892 # uses are compiled first, though, by the time we get to the user's
893 # program the sequence number is already pretty high, which could be
894 # distracting if you're trying to tell OPs apart. Therefore we'd like to
895 # subtract an offset from all the sequence numbers we display, to
896 # restore the simpler view of the world. The trick is to know what that
897 # offset will be, when we're still compiling B::Concise! If we
898 # hardcoded a value, it would have to change every time B::Concise or
899 # other modules we use do. To help a little, what we do here is compile
900 # a little code at the end of the module, and compute the base sequence
901 # number for the user's program as being a small offset later, so all we
902 # have to worry about are changes in the offset.
904 # [For 5.8.x and earlier perl is generating sequence numbers for all ops,
905 # and using them to reference labels]
908 # When you say "perl -MO=Concise -e '$a'", the output should look like:
910 # 4 <@> leave[t1] vKP/REFC ->(end)
912 #^ smallest OP sequence number should be 1
913 # 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
914 # ^ smallest COP sequence number should be 1
915 # - <1> ex-rv2sv vK/1 ->4
916 # 3 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->4
918 # If the second of the marked numbers there isn't 1, it means you need
919 # to update the corresponding magic number in the next line.
920 # Remember, this needs to stay the last things in the module.
922 # Why is this different for MacOS? Does it matter?
923 my $cop_seq_mnum = $^O eq 'MacOS' ? 12 : 11;
924 $cop_seq_base = svref_2object(eval 'sub{0;}')->START->cop_seq + $cop_seq_mnum;
932 B::Concise - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
936 perl -MO=Concise[,OPTIONS] foo.pl
938 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
942 This compiler backend prints the internal OPs of a Perl program's syntax
943 tree in one of several space-efficient text formats suitable for debugging
944 the inner workings of perl or other compiler backends. It can print OPs in
945 the order they appear in the OP tree, in the order they will execute, or
946 in a text approximation to their tree structure, and the format of the
947 information displayed is customizable. Its function is similar to that of
948 perl's B<-Dx> debugging flag or the B<B::Terse> module, but it is more
949 sophisticated and flexible.
953 Here's two outputs (or 'renderings'), using the -exec and -basic
954 (i.e. default) formatting conventions on the same code snippet.
956 % perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e '$a = $b + 42'
958 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v
964 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC
966 In this -exec rendering, each opcode is executed in the order shown.
967 The add opcode, marked with '*', is discussed in more detail.
969 The 1st column is the op's sequence number, starting at 1, and is
970 displayed in base 36 by default. Here they're purely linear; the
971 sequences are very helpful when looking at code with loops and
974 The symbol between angle brackets indicates the op's type, for
975 example; <2> is a BINOP, <@> a LISTOP, and <#> is a PADOP, which is
976 used in threaded perls. (see L</"OP class abbreviations">).
978 The opname, as in B<'add[t1]'>, may be followed by op-specific
979 information in parentheses or brackets (ex B<'[t1]'>).
981 The op-flags (ex B<'sK/2'>) are described in (L</"OP flags
984 % perl -MO=Concise -e '$a = $b + 42'
985 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
987 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
988 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
989 * 5 <2> add[t1] sK/2 ->6
990 - <1> ex-rv2sv sK/1 ->4
992 4 <$> const(IV 42) s ->5
993 - <1> ex-rv2sv sKRM*/1 ->7
996 The default rendering is top-down, so they're not in execution order.
997 This form reflects the way the stack is used to parse and evaluate
998 expressions; the add operates on the two terms below it in the tree.
1000 Nullops appear as C<ex-opname>, where I<opname> is an op that has been
1001 optimized away by perl. They're displayed with a sequence-number of
1002 '-', because they are not executed (they don't appear in previous
1003 example), they're printed here because they reflect the parse.
1005 The arrow points to the sequence number of the next op; they're not
1006 displayed in -exec mode, for obvious reasons.
1008 Note that because this rendering was done on a non-threaded perl, the
1009 PADOPs in the previous examples are now SVOPs, and some (but not all)
1010 of the square brackets have been replaced by round ones. This is a
1011 subtle feature to provide some visual distinction between renderings
1012 on threaded and un-threaded perls.
1017 Arguments that don't start with a hyphen are taken to be the names of
1018 subroutines to print the OPs of; if no such functions are specified,
1019 the main body of the program (outside any subroutines, and not
1020 including use'd or require'd files) is rendered. Passing C<BEGIN>,
1021 C<CHECK>, C<INIT>, or C<END> will cause all of the corresponding
1022 special blocks to be printed.
1024 Options affect how things are rendered (ie printed). They're presented
1025 here by their visual effect, 1st being strongest. They're grouped
1026 according to how they interrelate; within each group the options are
1027 mutually exclusive (unless otherwise stated).
1029 =head2 Options for Opcode Ordering
1031 These options control the 'vertical display' of opcodes. The display
1032 'order' is also called 'mode' elsewhere in this document.
1038 Print OPs in the order they appear in the OP tree (a preorder
1039 traversal, starting at the root). The indentation of each OP shows its
1040 level in the tree, and the '->' at the end of the line indicates the
1041 next opcode in execution order. This mode is the default, so the flag
1042 is included simply for completeness.
1046 Print OPs in the order they would normally execute (for the majority
1047 of constructs this is a postorder traversal of the tree, ending at the
1048 root). In most cases the OP that usually follows a given OP will
1049 appear directly below it; alternate paths are shown by indentation. In
1050 cases like loops when control jumps out of a linear path, a 'goto'
1055 Print OPs in a text approximation of a tree, with the root of the tree
1056 at the left and 'left-to-right' order of children transformed into
1057 'top-to-bottom'. Because this mode grows both to the right and down,
1058 it isn't suitable for large programs (unless you have a very wide
1063 =head2 Options for Line-Style
1065 These options select the line-style (or just style) used to render
1066 each opcode, and dictates what info is actually printed into each line.
1072 Use the author's favorite set of formatting conventions. This is the
1077 Use formatting conventions that emulate the output of B<B::Terse>. The
1078 basic mode is almost indistinguishable from the real B<B::Terse>, and the
1079 exec mode looks very similar, but is in a more logical order and lacks
1080 curly brackets. B<B::Terse> doesn't have a tree mode, so the tree mode
1081 is only vaguely reminiscent of B<B::Terse>.
1085 Use formatting conventions in which the name of each OP, rather than being
1086 written out in full, is represented by a one- or two-character abbreviation.
1087 This is mainly a joke.
1091 Use formatting conventions reminiscent of B<B::Debug>; these aren't
1092 very concise at all.
1096 Use formatting conventions read from the environment variables
1097 C<B_CONCISE_FORMAT>, C<B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT>, and C<B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT>.
1101 =head2 Options for tree-specific formatting
1107 Use a tree format in which the minimum amount of space is used for the
1108 lines connecting nodes (one character in most cases). This squeezes out
1109 a few precious columns of screen real estate.
1113 Use a tree format that uses longer edges to separate OP nodes. This format
1114 tends to look better than the compact one, especially in ASCII, and is
1119 Use tree connecting characters drawn from the VT100 line-drawing set.
1120 This looks better if your terminal supports it.
1124 Draw the tree with standard ASCII characters like C<+> and C<|>. These don't
1125 look as clean as the VT100 characters, but they'll work with almost any
1126 terminal (or the horizontal scrolling mode of less(1)) and are suitable
1127 for text documentation or email. This is the default.
1131 These are pairwise exclusive, i.e. compact or loose, vt or ascii.
1133 =head2 Options controlling sequence numbering
1139 Print OP sequence numbers in base I<n>. If I<n> is greater than 10, the
1140 digit for 11 will be 'a', and so on. If I<n> is greater than 36, the digit
1141 for 37 will be 'A', and so on until 62. Values greater than 62 are not
1142 currently supported. The default is 36.
1146 Print sequence numbers with the most significant digit first. This is the
1147 usual convention for Arabic numerals, and the default.
1149 =item B<-littleendian>
1151 Print seqence numbers with the least significant digit first. This is
1152 obviously mutually exclusive with bigendian.
1156 =head2 Other options
1158 These are pairwise exclusive.
1164 Include the main program in the output, even if subroutines were also
1165 specified. This rendering is normally suppressed when a subroutine
1166 name or reference is given.
1170 This restores the default behavior after you've changed it with '-main'
1171 (it's not normally needed). If no subroutine name/ref is given, main is
1172 rendered, regardless of this flag.
1176 Renderings usually include a banner line identifying the function name
1177 or stringified subref. This suppresses the printing of the banner.
1179 TBC: Remove the stringified coderef; while it provides a 'cookie' for
1180 each function rendered, the cookies used should be 1,2,3.. not a
1181 random hex-address. It also complicates string comparison of two
1186 restores default banner behavior.
1188 =item B<-banneris> => subref
1190 TBC: a hookpoint (and an option to set it) for a user-supplied
1191 function to produce a banner appropriate for users needs. It's not
1192 ideal, because the rendering-state variables, which are a natural
1193 candidate for use in concise.t, are unavailable to the user.
1197 =head2 Option Stickiness
1199 If you invoke Concise more than once in a program, you should know that
1200 the options are 'sticky'. This means that the options you provide in
1201 the first call will be remembered for the 2nd call, unless you
1202 re-specify or change them.
1204 =head1 ABBREVIATIONS
1206 The concise style uses symbols to convey maximum info with minimal
1207 clutter (like hex addresses). With just a little practice, you can
1208 start to see the flowers, not just the branches, in the trees.
1210 =head2 OP class abbreviations
1212 These symbols appear before the op-name, and indicate the
1213 B:: namespace that represents the ops in your Perl code.
1215 0 OP (aka BASEOP) An OP with no children
1216 1 UNOP An OP with one child
1217 2 BINOP An OP with two children
1218 | LOGOP A control branch OP
1219 @ LISTOP An OP that could have lots of children
1220 / PMOP An OP with a regular expression
1221 $ SVOP An OP with an SV
1222 " PVOP An OP with a string
1223 { LOOP An OP that holds pointers for a loop
1224 ; COP An OP that marks the start of a statement
1225 # PADOP An OP with a GV on the pad
1227 =head2 OP flags abbreviations
1229 OP flags are either public or private. The public flags alter the
1230 behavior of each opcode in consistent ways, and are represented by 0
1231 or more single characters.
1233 v OPf_WANT_VOID Want nothing (void context)
1234 s OPf_WANT_SCALAR Want single value (scalar context)
1235 l OPf_WANT_LIST Want list of any length (list context)
1237 K OPf_KIDS There is a firstborn child.
1238 P OPf_PARENS This operator was parenthesized.
1239 (Or block needs explicit scope entry.)
1240 R OPf_REF Certified reference.
1241 (Return container, not containee).
1242 M OPf_MOD Will modify (lvalue).
1243 S OPf_STACKED Some arg is arriving on the stack.
1244 * OPf_SPECIAL Do something weird for this op (see op.h)
1246 Private flags, if any are set for an opcode, are displayed after a '/'
1248 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1249 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1251 They're opcode specific, and occur less often than the public ones, so
1252 they're represented by short mnemonics instead of single-chars; see
1253 F<op.h> for gory details, or try this quick 2-liner:
1255 $> perl -MB::Concise -de 1
1256 DB<1> |x \%B::Concise::priv
1258 =head1 FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS
1260 For each line-style ('concise', 'terse', 'linenoise', etc.) there are
1261 3 format-specs which control how OPs are rendered.
1263 The first is the 'default' format, which is used in both basic and exec
1264 modes to print all opcodes. The 2nd, goto-format, is used in exec
1265 mode when branches are encountered. They're not real opcodes, and are
1266 inserted to look like a closing curly brace. The tree-format is tree
1269 When a line is rendered, the correct format-spec is copied and scanned
1270 for the following items; data is substituted in, and other
1271 manipulations like basic indenting are done, for each opcode rendered.
1273 There are 3 kinds of items that may be populated; special patterns,
1274 #vars, and literal text, which is copied verbatim. (Yes, it's a set
1277 =head2 Special Patterns
1279 These items are the primitives used to perform indenting, and to
1280 select text from amongst alternatives.
1284 =item B<(x(>I<exec_text>B<;>I<basic_text>B<)x)>
1286 Generates I<exec_text> in exec mode, or I<basic_text> in basic mode.
1288 =item B<(*(>I<text>B<)*)>
1290 Generates one copy of I<text> for each indentation level.
1292 =item B<(*(>I<text1>B<;>I<text2>B<)*)>
1294 Generates one fewer copies of I<text1> than the indentation level, followed
1295 by one copy of I<text2> if the indentation level is more than 0.
1297 =item B<(?(>I<text1>B<#>I<var>I<Text2>B<)?)>
1299 If the value of I<var> is true (not empty or zero), generates the
1300 value of I<var> surrounded by I<text1> and I<Text2>, otherwise
1305 Any number of tildes and surrounding whitespace will be collapsed to
1312 These #vars represent opcode properties that you may want as part of
1313 your rendering. The '#' is intended as a private sigil; a #var's
1314 value is interpolated into the style-line, much like "read $this".
1316 These vars take 3 forms:
1322 A property named 'var' is assumed to exist for the opcodes, and is
1323 interpolated into the rendering.
1325 =item B<#>I<var>I<N>
1327 Generates the value of I<var>, left justified to fill I<N> spaces.
1328 Note that this means while you can have properties 'foo' and 'foo2',
1329 you cannot render 'foo2', but you could with 'foo2a'. You would be
1330 wise not to rely on this behavior going forward ;-)
1334 This ucfirst form of #var generates a tag-value form of itself for
1335 display; it converts '#Var' into a 'Var => #var' style, which is then
1336 handled as described above. (Imp-note: #Vars cannot be used for
1337 conditional-fills, because the => #var transform is done after the check
1342 The following variables are 'defined' by B::Concise; when they are
1343 used in a style, their respective values are plugged into the
1344 rendering of each opcode.
1346 Only some of these are used by the standard styles, the others are
1347 provided for you to delve into optree mechanics, should you wish to
1348 add a new style (see L</add_style> below) that uses them. You can
1349 also add new ones using L</add_callback>.
1355 The address of the OP, in hexadecimal.
1359 The OP-specific information of the OP (such as the SV for an SVOP, the
1360 non-local exit pointers for a LOOP, etc.) enclosed in parentheses.
1364 The B-determined class of the OP, in all caps.
1368 A single symbol abbreviating the class of the OP.
1372 The label of the statement or block the OP is the start of, if any.
1376 The name of the OP, or 'ex-foo' if the OP is a null that used to be a foo.
1380 The target of the OP, or nothing for a nulled OP.
1384 The address of the OP's first child, in hexadecimal.
1388 The OP's flags, abbreviated as a series of symbols.
1392 The numeric value of the OP's flags.
1396 The sequence number of the OP, or a hyphen if it doesn't have one.
1400 'NEXT', 'LAST', or 'REDO' if the OP is a target of one of those in exec
1401 mode, or empty otherwise.
1405 The address of the OP's last child, in hexadecimal.
1413 The OP's name, in all caps.
1417 The sequence number of the OP's next OP.
1421 The address of the OP's next OP, in hexadecimal.
1425 A one- or two-character abbreviation for the OP's name.
1429 The OP's private flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible.
1433 The numeric value of the OP's private flags.
1437 The sequence number of the OP. Note that this is a sequence number
1438 generated by B::Concise.
1442 5.8.x and earlier only. 5.9 and later do not provide this.
1444 The real sequence number of the OP, as a regular number and not adjusted
1445 to be relative to the start of the real program. (This will generally be
1446 a fairly large number because all of B<B::Concise> is compiled before
1451 Whether or not the op has been optimised by the peephole optimiser.
1453 Only available in 5.9 and later.
1457 Whether or not the op is statically defined. This flag is used by the
1458 B::C compiler backend and indicates that the op should not be freed.
1460 Only available in 5.9 and later.
1464 The address of the OP's next youngest sibling, in hexadecimal.
1468 The address of the OP's SV, if it has an SV, in hexadecimal.
1472 The class of the OP's SV, if it has one, in all caps (e.g., 'IV').
1476 The value of the OP's SV, if it has one, in a short human-readable format.
1480 The numeric value of the OP's targ.
1484 The name of the variable the OP's targ refers to, if any, otherwise the
1485 letter t followed by the OP's targ in decimal.
1487 =item B<#targarglife>
1489 Same as B<#targarg>, but followed by the COP sequence numbers that delimit
1490 the variable's lifetime (or 'end' for a variable in an open scope) for a
1495 The numeric value of the OP's type, in decimal.
1499 =head1 One-Liner Command tips
1503 =item perl -MO=Concise,bar foo.pl
1505 Renders only bar() from foo.pl. To see main, drop the ',bar'. To see
1508 =item perl -MDigest::MD5=md5 -MO=Concise,md5 -e1
1510 Identifies md5 as an XS function. The export is needed so that BC can
1513 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,_POSIX_ARG_MAX -e1
1515 Identifies _POSIX_ARG_MAX as a constant sub, optimized to an IV.
1516 Although POSIX isn't entirely consistent across platforms, this is
1517 likely to be present in virtually all of them.
1519 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'print _POSIX_SAVED_IDS'
1521 This renders a print statement, which includes a call to the function.
1522 It's identical to rendering a file with a use call and that single
1523 statement, except for the filename which appears in the nextstate ops.
1525 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'sub a{_POSIX_SAVED_IDS}'
1527 This is B<very> similar to previous, only the first two ops differ. This
1528 subroutine rendering is more representative, insofar as a single main
1529 program will have many subs.
1533 =head1 Using B::Concise outside of the O framework
1535 The common (and original) usage of B::Concise was for command-line
1536 renderings of simple code, as given in EXAMPLE. But you can also use
1537 B<B::Concise> from your code, and call compile() directly, and
1538 repeatedly. By doing so, you can avoid the compile-time only
1539 operation of O.pm, and even use the debugger to step through
1540 B::Concise::compile() itself.
1542 Once you're doing this, you may alter Concise output by adding new
1543 rendering styles, and by optionally adding callback routines which
1544 populate new variables, if such were referenced from those (just
1547 =head2 Example: Altering Concise Renderings
1549 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1550 add_style($yourStyleName => $defaultfmt, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
1553 my ($h, $op, $format, $level, $stylename) = @_;
1554 $h->{variable} = some_func($op);
1556 $walker = B::Concise::compile(@options,@subnames,@subrefs);
1561 B<set_style> accepts 3 arguments, and updates the three format-specs
1562 comprising a line-style (basic-exec, goto, tree). It has one minor
1563 drawback though; it doesn't register the style under a new name. This
1564 can become an issue if you render more than once and switch styles.
1565 Thus you may prefer to use add_style() and/or set_style_standard()
1568 =head2 set_style_standard($name)
1570 This restores one of the standard line-styles: C<terse>, C<concise>,
1571 C<linenoise>, C<debug>, C<env>, into effect. It also accepts style
1572 names previously defined with add_style().
1576 This subroutine accepts a new style name and three style arguments as
1577 above, and creates, registers, and selects the newly named style. It is
1578 an error to re-add a style; call set_style_standard() to switch between
1581 =head2 add_callback()
1583 If your newly minted styles refer to any new #variables, you'll need
1584 to define a callback subroutine that will populate (or modify) those
1585 variables. They are then available for use in the style you've
1588 The callbacks are called for each opcode visited by Concise, in the
1589 same order as they are added. Each subroutine is passed five
1592 1. A hashref, containing the variable names and values which are
1593 populated into the report-line for the op
1594 2. the op, as a B<B::OP> object
1595 3. a reference to the format string
1596 4. the formatting (indent) level
1597 5. the selected stylename
1599 To define your own variables, simply add them to the hash, or change
1600 existing values if you need to. The level and format are passed in as
1601 references to scalars, but it is unlikely that they will need to be
1602 changed or even used.
1604 =head2 Running B::Concise::compile()
1606 B<compile> accepts options as described above in L</OPTIONS>, and
1607 arguments, which are either coderefs, or subroutine names.
1609 It constructs and returns a $treewalker coderef, which when invoked,
1610 traverses, or walks, and renders the optrees of the given arguments to
1611 STDOUT. You can reuse this, and can change the rendering style used
1612 each time; thereafter the coderef renders in the new style.
1614 B<walk_output> lets you change the print destination from STDOUT to
1615 another open filehandle, or into a string passed as a ref (unless
1616 you've built perl with -Uuseperlio).
1618 my $walker = B::Concise::compile('-terse','aFuncName', \&aSubRef); # 1
1619 walk_output(\my $buf);
1620 $walker->(); # 1 renders -terse
1621 set_style_standard('concise'); # 2
1622 $walker->(); # 2 renders -concise
1623 $walker->(@new); # 3 renders whatever
1624 print "3 different renderings: terse, concise, and @new: $buf\n";
1626 When $walker is called, it traverses the subroutines supplied when it
1627 was created, and renders them using the current style. You can change
1628 the style afterwards in several different ways:
1630 1. call C<compile>, altering style or mode/order
1631 2. call C<set_style_standard>
1632 3. call $walker, passing @new options
1634 Passing new options to the $walker is the easiest way to change
1635 amongst any pre-defined styles (the ones you add are automatically
1636 recognized as options), and is the only way to alter rendering order
1637 without calling compile again. Note however that rendering state is
1638 still shared amongst multiple $walker objects, so they must still be
1639 used in a coordinated manner.
1641 =head2 B::Concise::reset_sequence()
1643 This function (not exported) lets you reset the sequence numbers (note
1644 that they're numbered arbitrarily, their goal being to be human
1645 readable). Its purpose is mostly to support testing, i.e. to compare
1646 the concise output from two identical anonymous subroutines (but
1647 different instances). Without the reset, B::Concise, seeing that
1648 they're separate optrees, generates different sequence numbers in
1653 Errors in rendering (non-existent function-name, non-existent coderef)
1654 are written to the STDOUT, or wherever you've set it via
1657 Errors using the various *style* calls, and bad args to walk_output(),
1658 result in die(). Use an eval if you wish to catch these errors and
1659 continue processing.
1663 Stephen McCamant, E<lt>smcc@CSUA.Berkeley.EDUE<gt>.