4 perlrecharclass - Perl Regular Expression Character Classes
8 The top level documentation about Perl regular expressions
11 This manual page discusses the syntax and use of character
12 classes in Perl regular expressions.
14 A character class is a way of denoting a set of characters
15 in such a way that one character of the set is matched.
16 It's important to remember that: matching a character class
17 consumes exactly one character in the source string. (The source
18 string is the string the regular expression is matched against.)
20 There are three types of character classes in Perl regular
21 expressions: the dot, backslash sequences, and the form enclosed in square
22 brackets. Keep in mind, though, that often the term "character class" is used
23 to mean just the bracketed form. Certainly, most Perl documentation does that.
27 The dot (or period), C<.> is probably the most used, and certainly
28 the most well-known character class. By default, a dot matches any
29 character, except for the newline. The default can be changed to
30 add matching the newline by using the I<single line> modifier: either
31 for the entire regular expression with the C</s> modifier, or
32 locally with C<(?s)>. (The experimental C<\N> backslash sequence, described
33 below, matches any character except newline without regard to the
34 I<single line> modifier.)
36 Here are some examples:
40 "" =~ /./ # No match (dot has to match a character)
41 "\n" =~ /./ # No match (dot does not match a newline)
42 "\n" =~ /./s # Match (global 'single line' modifier)
43 "\n" =~ /(?s:.)/ # Match (local 'single line' modifier)
44 "ab" =~ /^.$/ # No match (dot matches one character)
46 =head2 Backslash sequences
47 X<\w> X<\W> X<\s> X<\S> X<\d> X<\D> X<\p> X<\P>
48 X<\N> X<\v> X<\V> X<\h> X<\H>
51 A backslash sequence is a sequence of characters, the first one of which is a
52 backslash. Perl ascribes special meaning to many such sequences, and some of
53 these are character classes. That is, they match a single character each,
54 provided that the character belongs to the specific set of characters defined
57 Here's a list of the backslash sequences that are character classes. They
58 are discussed in more detail below. (For the backslash sequences that aren't
59 character classes, see L<perlrebackslash>.)
61 \d Match a decimal digit character.
62 \D Match a non-decimal-digit character.
63 \w Match a "word" character.
64 \W Match a non-"word" character.
65 \s Match a whitespace character.
66 \S Match a non-whitespace character.
67 \h Match a horizontal whitespace character.
68 \H Match a character that isn't horizontal whitespace.
69 \v Match a vertical whitespace character.
70 \V Match a character that isn't vertical whitespace.
71 \N Match a character that isn't a newline. Experimental.
72 \pP, \p{Prop} Match a character that has the given Unicode property.
73 \PP, \P{Prop} Match a character that doesn't have the Unicode property
77 C<\d> matches a single character that is considered to be a decimal I<digit>.
78 What is considered a decimal digit depends on several factors, detailed
79 below in L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors
80 indicate a Unicode interpretation, C<\d> not only matches the digits
81 '0' - '9', but also Arabic, Devanagari and digits from other languages.
82 Otherwise, if there is a locale in effect, it will match whatever
83 characters the locale considers decimal digits. Without a locale, C<\d>
84 matches just the digits '0' to '9'.
86 Unicode digits may cause some confusion, and some security issues. In UTF-8
87 strings, unless the C<"a"> regular expression modifier is specified,
88 C<\d> matches the same characters matched by
89 C<\p{General_Category=Decimal_Number}>, or synonymously,
90 C<\p{General_Category=Digit}>. Starting with Unicode version 4.1, this is the
91 same set of characters matched by C<\p{Numeric_Type=Decimal}>.
93 But Unicode also has a different property with a similar name,
94 C<\p{Numeric_Type=Digit}>, which matches a completely different set of
95 characters. These characters are things such as subscripts.
97 The design intent is for C<\d> to match all the digits (and no other characters)
98 that can be used with "normal" big-endian positional decimal syntax, whereby a
99 sequence of such digits {N0, N1, N2, ...Nn} has the numeric value (...(N0 * 10
100 + N1) * 10 + N2) * 10 ... + Nn). In Unicode 5.2, the Tamil digits (U+0BE6 -
101 U+0BEF) can also legally be used in old-style Tamil numbers in which they would
102 appear no more than one in a row, separated by characters that mean "times 10",
103 "times 100", etc. (See L<http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn21>.)
105 Some of the non-European digits that C<\d> matches look like European ones, but
106 have different values. For example, BENGALI DIGIT FOUR (U+09EA) looks
107 very much like an ASCII DIGIT EIGHT (U+0038).
109 It may be useful for security purposes for an application to require that all
110 digits in a row be from the same script. See L<Unicode::UCD/charscript()>.
112 Any character that isn't matched by C<\d> will be matched by C<\D>.
114 =head3 Word characters
116 A C<\w> matches a single alphanumeric character (an alphabetic character, or a
117 decimal digit) or a connecting punctuation character, such as an
118 underscore ("_"). It does not match a whole word. To match a whole
119 word, use C<\w+>. This isn't the same thing as matching an English word, but
120 in the ASCII range it is the same as a string of Perl-identifier
121 characters. What is considered a
122 word character depends on several factors, detailed below in L</Locale,
123 EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors indicate a Unicode
124 interpretation, C<\w> matches the characters that are considered word
125 characters in the Unicode database. That is, it not only matches ASCII letters,
126 but also Thai letters, Greek letters, etc. This includes connector
127 punctuation (like the underscore) which connect two words together, or
128 marks, such as a C<COMBINING TILDE>, which are generally used to add
129 diacritical marks to letters. If a Unicode interpretation
130 is not indicated, C<\w> matches those characters that are considered
131 word characters by the current locale or EBCDIC code page. Without a
132 locale or EBCDIC code page, C<\w> matches the ASCII letters, digits and
135 There are a number of security issues with the full Unicode list of word
136 characters. See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr36>.
138 Also, for a somewhat finer-grained set of characters that are in programming
139 language identifiers beyond the ASCII range, you may wish to instead use the
140 more customized Unicode properties, "ID_Start", ID_Continue", "XID_Start", and
141 "XID_Continue". See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr31>.
143 Any character that isn't matched by C<\w> will be matched by C<\W>.
147 C<\s> matches any single character that is considered whitespace. The exact
148 set of characters matched by C<\s> depends on several factors, detailed
149 below in L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors
150 indicate a Unicode interpretation, C<\s> matches what is considered
151 whitespace in the Unicode database; the complete list is in the table
152 below. Otherwise, if there is a locale or EBCDIC code page in effect,
153 C<\s> matches whatever is considered whitespace by the current locale or
154 EBCDIC code page. Without a locale or EBCDIC code page, C<\s> matches
155 the horizontal tab (C<\t>), the newline (C<\n>), the form feed (C<\f>),
156 the carriage return (C<\r>), and the space. (Note that it doesn't match
157 the vertical tab, C<\cK>.) Perhaps the most notable possible surprise
158 is that C<\s> matches a non-breaking space only if a Unicode
159 interpretation is indicated, or the locale or EBCDIC code page that is
160 in effect has that character.
162 Any character that isn't matched by C<\s> will be matched by C<\S>.
164 C<\h> will match any character that is considered horizontal whitespace;
165 this includes the space and the tab characters and a number other characters,
166 all of which are listed in the table below. C<\H> will match any character
167 that is not considered horizontal whitespace.
169 C<\v> will match any character that is considered vertical whitespace;
170 this includes the carriage return and line feed characters (newline) plus several
171 other characters, all listed in the table below.
172 C<\V> will match any character that is not considered vertical whitespace.
174 C<\R> matches anything that can be considered a newline under Unicode
175 rules. It's not a character class, as it can match a multi-character
176 sequence. Therefore, it cannot be used inside a bracketed character
177 class; use C<\v> instead (vertical whitespace).
178 Details are discussed in L<perlrebackslash>.
180 Note that unlike C<\s>, C<\d> and C<\w>, C<\h> and C<\v> always match
181 the same characters, without regard to other factors, such as if the
182 source string is in UTF-8 format or not.
184 One might think that C<\s> is equivalent to C<[\h\v]>. This is not true. The
185 vertical tab (C<"\x0b">) is not matched by C<\s>, it is however considered
186 vertical whitespace. Furthermore, if the source string is not in UTF-8 format,
187 and any locale or EBCDIC code page that is in effect doesn't include them, the
188 next line (ASCII-platform C<"\x85">) and the no-break space (ASCII-platform
189 C<"\xA0">) characters are not matched by C<\s>, but are by C<\v> and C<\h>
190 respectively. If the C<"a"> modifier is not in effect, and the source
191 string is in UTF-8 format, both the next line and
192 the no-break space are matched by C<\s>.
194 The following table is a complete listing of characters matched by
195 C<\s>, C<\h> and C<\v> as of Unicode 5.2.
197 The first column gives the code point of the character (in hex format),
198 the second column gives the (Unicode) name. The third column indicates
199 by which class(es) the character is matched (assuming no locale or EBCDIC code
200 page is in effect that changes the C<\s> matching).
202 0x00009 CHARACTER TABULATION h s
203 0x0000a LINE FEED (LF) vs
204 0x0000b LINE TABULATION v
205 0x0000c FORM FEED (FF) vs
206 0x0000d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) vs
208 0x00085 NEXT LINE (NEL) vs [1]
209 0x000a0 NO-BREAK SPACE h s [1]
210 0x01680 OGHAM SPACE MARK h s
211 0x0180e MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR h s
216 0x02004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE h s
217 0x02005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE h s
218 0x02006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE h s
219 0x02007 FIGURE SPACE h s
220 0x02008 PUNCTUATION SPACE h s
221 0x02009 THIN SPACE h s
222 0x0200a HAIR SPACE h s
223 0x02028 LINE SEPARATOR vs
224 0x02029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR vs
225 0x0202f NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE h s
226 0x0205f MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE h s
227 0x03000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE h s
233 NEXT LINE and NO-BREAK SPACE only match C<\s> if the source string is in
234 UTF-8 format and the C<"a"> modifier is not in effect; or the locale or
235 EBCDIC code page that is in effect includes them.
239 It is worth noting that C<\d>, C<\w>, etc, match single characters, not
240 complete numbers or words. To match a number (that consists of digits),
241 use C<\d+>; to match a word, use C<\w+>.
245 C<\N> is new in 5.12, and is experimental. It, like the dot, will match any
246 character that is not a newline. The difference is that C<\N> is not influenced
247 by the I<single line> regular expression modifier (see L</The dot> above). Note
248 that the form C<\N{...}> may mean something completely different. When the
249 C<{...}> is a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>, it means to match a non-newline
250 character that many times. For example, C<\N{3}> means to match 3
251 non-newlines; C<\N{5,}> means to match 5 or more non-newlines. But if C<{...}>
252 is not a legal quantifier, it is presumed to be a named character. See
253 L<charnames> for those. For example, none of C<\N{COLON}>, C<\N{4F}>, and
254 C<\N{F4}> contain legal quantifiers, so Perl will try to find characters whose
255 names are, respectively, C<COLON>, C<4F>, and C<F4>.
257 =head3 Unicode Properties
259 C<\pP> and C<\p{Prop}> are character classes to match characters that fit given
260 Unicode properties. One letter property names can be used in the C<\pP> form,
261 with the property name following the C<\p>, otherwise, braces are required.
262 When using braces, there is a single form, which is just the property name
263 enclosed in the braces, and a compound form which looks like C<\p{name=value}>,
264 which means to match if the property "name" for the character has the particular
266 For instance, a match for a number can be written as C</\pN/> or as
267 C</\p{Number}/>, or as C</\p{Number=True}/>.
268 Lowercase letters are matched by the property I<Lowercase_Letter> which
269 has as short form I<Ll>. They need the braces, so are written as C</\p{Ll}/> or
270 C</\p{Lowercase_Letter}/>, or C</\p{General_Category=Lowercase_Letter}/>
271 (the underscores are optional).
272 C</\pLl/> is valid, but means something different.
273 It matches a two character string: a letter (Unicode property C<\pL>),
274 followed by a lowercase C<l>.
276 For more details, see L<perlunicode/Unicode Character Properties>; for a
277 complete list of possible properties, see
278 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>.
279 It is also possible to define your own properties. This is discussed in
280 L<perlunicode/User-Defined Character Properties>.
285 "a" =~ /\w/ # Match, "a" is a 'word' character.
286 "7" =~ /\w/ # Match, "7" is a 'word' character as well.
287 "a" =~ /\d/ # No match, "a" isn't a digit.
288 "7" =~ /\d/ # Match, "7" is a digit.
289 " " =~ /\s/ # Match, a space is whitespace.
290 "a" =~ /\D/ # Match, "a" is a non-digit.
291 "7" =~ /\D/ # No match, "7" is not a non-digit.
292 " " =~ /\S/ # No match, a space is not non-whitespace.
294 " " =~ /\h/ # Match, space is horizontal whitespace.
295 " " =~ /\v/ # No match, space is not vertical whitespace.
296 "\r" =~ /\v/ # Match, a return is vertical whitespace.
298 "a" =~ /\pL/ # Match, "a" is a letter.
299 "a" =~ /\p{Lu}/ # No match, /\p{Lu}/ matches upper case letters.
301 "\x{0e0b}" =~ /\p{Thai}/ # Match, \x{0e0b} is the character
302 # 'THAI CHARACTER SO SO', and that's in
303 # Thai Unicode class.
304 "a" =~ /\P{Lao}/ # Match, as "a" is not a Laotian character.
307 =head2 Bracketed Character Classes
309 The third form of character class you can use in Perl regular expressions
310 is the bracketed character class. In its simplest form, it lists the characters
311 that may be matched, surrounded by square brackets, like this: C<[aeiou]>.
312 This matches one of C<a>, C<e>, C<i>, C<o> or C<u>. Like the other
313 character classes, exactly one character will be matched. To match
314 a longer string consisting of characters mentioned in the character
315 class, follow the character class with a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>. For
316 instance, C<[aeiou]+> matches a string of one or more lowercase English vowels.
318 Repeating a character in a character class has no
319 effect; it's considered to be in the set only once.
323 "e" =~ /[aeiou]/ # Match, as "e" is listed in the class.
324 "p" =~ /[aeiou]/ # No match, "p" is not listed in the class.
325 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]$/ # No match, a character class only matches
326 # a single character.
327 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]+$/ # Match, due to the quantifier.
329 =head3 Special Characters Inside a Bracketed Character Class
331 Most characters that are meta characters in regular expressions (that
332 is, characters that carry a special meaning like C<.>, C<*>, or C<(>) lose
333 their special meaning and can be used inside a character class without
334 the need to escape them. For instance, C<[()]> matches either an opening
335 parenthesis, or a closing parenthesis, and the parens inside the character
336 class don't group or capture.
338 Characters that may carry a special meaning inside a character class are:
339 C<\>, C<^>, C<->, C<[> and C<]>, and are discussed below. They can be
340 escaped with a backslash, although this is sometimes not needed, in which
341 case the backslash may be omitted.
343 The sequence C<\b> is special inside a bracketed character class. While
344 outside the character class, C<\b> is an assertion indicating a point
345 that does not have either two word characters or two non-word characters
346 on either side, inside a bracketed character class, C<\b> matches a
356 C<\N{U+I<hex char>}>,
361 are also special and have the same meanings as they do outside a
362 bracketed character class. (However, inside a bracketed character
363 class, if C<\N{I<NAME>}> expands to a sequence of characters, only the first
364 one in the sequence is used, with a warning.)
366 Also, a backslash followed by two or three octal digits is considered an octal
369 A C<[> is not special inside a character class, unless it's the start of a
370 POSIX character class (see L</POSIX Character Classes> below). It normally does
373 A C<]> is normally either the end of a POSIX character class (see
374 L</POSIX Character Classes> below), or it signals the end of the bracketed
375 character class. If you want to include a C<]> in the set of characters, you
376 must generally escape it.
377 However, if the C<]> is the I<first> (or the second if the first
378 character is a caret) character of a bracketed character class, it
379 does not denote the end of the class (as you cannot have an empty class)
380 and is considered part of the set of characters that can be matched without
385 "+" =~ /[+?*]/ # Match, "+" in a character class is not special.
386 "\cH" =~ /[\b]/ # Match, \b inside in a character class
387 # is equivalent to a backspace.
388 "]" =~ /[][]/ # Match, as the character class contains.
390 "[]" =~ /[[]]/ # Match, the pattern contains a character class
391 # containing just ], and the character class is
394 =head3 Character Ranges
396 It is not uncommon to want to match a range of characters. Luckily, instead
397 of listing all the characters in the range, one may use the hyphen (C<->).
398 If inside a bracketed character class you have two characters separated
399 by a hyphen, it's treated as if all the characters between the two are in
400 the class. For instance, C<[0-9]> matches any ASCII digit, and C<[a-m]>
401 matches any lowercase letter from the first half of the ASCII alphabet.
403 Note that the two characters on either side of the hyphen are not
404 necessarily both letters or both digits. Any character is possible,
405 although not advisable. C<['-?]> contains a range of characters, but
406 most people will not know which characters that will be. Furthermore,
407 such ranges may lead to portability problems if the code has to run on
408 a platform that uses a different character set, such as EBCDIC.
410 If a hyphen in a character class cannot syntactically be part of a range, for
411 instance because it is the first or the last character of the character class,
412 or if it immediately follows a range, the hyphen isn't special, and will be
413 considered a character that is to be matched literally. You have to escape the
414 hyphen with a backslash if you want to have a hyphen in your set of characters
415 to be matched, and its position in the class is such that it could be
416 considered part of a range.
420 [a-z] # Matches a character that is a lower case ASCII letter.
421 [a-fz] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive) or
423 [-z] # Matches either a hyphen ('-') or the letter 'z'.
424 [a-f-m] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive), the
425 # hyphen ('-'), or the letter 'm'.
426 ['-?] # Matches any of the characters '()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?
427 # (But not on an EBCDIC platform).
432 It is also possible to instead list the characters you do not want to
433 match. You can do so by using a caret (C<^>) as the first character in the
434 character class. For instance, C<[^a-z]> matches a character that is not a
435 lowercase ASCII letter.
437 This syntax make the caret a special character inside a bracketed character
438 class, but only if it is the first character of the class. So if you want
439 to have the caret as one of the characters you want to match, you either
440 have to escape the caret, or not list it first.
444 "e" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # No match, the 'e' is listed.
445 "x" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # Match, as 'x' isn't a lowercase vowel.
446 "^" =~ /[^^]/ # No match, matches anything that isn't a caret.
447 "^" =~ /[x^]/ # Match, caret is not special here.
449 =head3 Backslash Sequences
451 You can put any backslash sequence character class (with the exception of
452 C<\N> and C<\R>) inside a bracketed character class, and it will act just
453 as if you put all the characters matched by the backslash sequence inside the
454 character class. For instance, C<[a-f\d]> will match any decimal digit, or any
455 of the lowercase letters between 'a' and 'f' inclusive.
457 C<\N> within a bracketed character class must be of the forms C<\N{I<name>}>
458 or C<\N{U+I<hex char>}>, and NOT be the form that matches non-newlines,
459 for the same reason that a dot C<.> inside a bracketed character class loses
460 its special meaning: it matches nearly anything, which generally isn't what you
466 /[\p{Thai}\d]/ # Matches a character that is either a Thai
467 # character, or a digit.
468 /[^\p{Arabic}()]/ # Matches a character that is neither an Arabic
469 # character, nor a parenthesis.
471 Backslash sequence character classes cannot form one of the endpoints
472 of a range. Thus, you can't say:
474 /[\p{Thai}-\d]/ # Wrong!
476 =head3 POSIX Character Classes
477 X<character class> X<\p> X<\p{}>
478 X<alpha> X<alnum> X<ascii> X<blank> X<cntrl> X<digit> X<graph>
479 X<lower> X<print> X<punct> X<space> X<upper> X<word> X<xdigit>
481 POSIX character classes have the form C<[:class:]>, where I<class> is
482 name, and the C<[:> and C<:]> delimiters. POSIX character classes only appear
483 I<inside> bracketed character classes, and are a convenient and descriptive
484 way of listing a group of characters, though they can suffer from
485 portability issues (see below and L<Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>).
487 Be careful about the syntax,
490 $string =~ /[[:alpha:]]/
492 # Incorrect (will warn):
493 $string =~ /[:alpha:]/
495 The latter pattern would be a character class consisting of a colon,
496 and the letters C<a>, C<l>, C<p> and C<h>.
497 POSIX character classes can be part of a larger bracketed character class. For
502 is valid and matches '0', '1', any alphabetic character, and the percent sign.
504 Perl recognizes the following POSIX character classes:
506 alpha Any alphabetical character ("[A-Za-z]").
507 alnum Any alphanumerical character. ("[A-Za-z0-9]")
508 ascii Any character in the ASCII character set.
509 blank A GNU extension, equal to a space or a horizontal tab ("\t").
510 cntrl Any control character. See Note [2] below.
511 digit Any decimal digit ("[0-9]"), equivalent to "\d".
512 graph Any printable character, excluding a space. See Note [3] below.
513 lower Any lowercase character ("[a-z]").
514 print Any printable character, including a space. See Note [4] below.
515 punct Any graphical character excluding "word" characters. Note [5].
516 space Any whitespace character. "\s" plus the vertical tab ("\cK").
517 upper Any uppercase character ("[A-Z]").
518 word A Perl extension ("[A-Za-z0-9_]"), equivalent to "\w".
519 xdigit Any hexadecimal digit ("[0-9a-fA-F]").
521 Most POSIX character classes have two Unicode-style C<\p> property
522 counterparts. (They are not official Unicode properties, but Perl extensions
523 derived from official Unicode properties.) The table below shows the relation
524 between POSIX character classes and these counterparts.
526 One counterpart, in the column labelled "ASCII-range Unicode" in
527 the table, will only match characters in the ASCII character set.
529 The other counterpart, in the column labelled "Full-range Unicode", matches any
530 appropriate characters in the full Unicode character set. For example,
531 C<\p{Alpha}> will match not just the ASCII alphabetic characters, but any
532 character in the entire Unicode character set that is considered to be
533 alphabetic. The column labelled "backslash sequence" is a (short) synonym for
534 the Full-range Unicode form.
536 (Each of the counterparts has various synonyms as well.
537 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}> lists all the
538 synonyms, plus all the characters matched by each of the ASCII-range
539 properties. For example C<\p{AHex}> is a synonym for C<\p{ASCII_Hex_Digit}>,
540 and any C<\p> property name can be prefixed with "Is" such as C<\p{IsAlpha}>.)
542 Both the C<\p> forms are unaffected by any locale that is in effect, or whether
543 the string is in UTF-8 format or not, or whether the platform is EBCDIC or not.
544 In contrast, the POSIX character classes are affected, unless the
545 regular expression is compiled with the C<"a"> modifier. If the C<"a">
546 modifier is not in effect, and the source string is in UTF-8 format, the
547 POSIX classes behave like their "Full-range" Unicode counterparts. If
548 C<"a"> modifier is in effect; or the source string is not in UTF-8
549 format, and no locale is in effect, and the platform is not EBCDIC, all
550 the POSIX classes behave like their ASCII-range counterparts.
551 Otherwise, they behave based on the rules of the locale or EBCDIC code
554 It is proposed to change this behavior in a future release of Perl so that the
555 the UTF-8-ness of the source string will be irrelevant to the behavior of the
556 POSIX character classes. This means they will always behave in strict
557 accordance with the official POSIX standard. That is, if either locale or
558 EBCDIC code page is present, they will behave in accordance with those; if
559 absent, the classes will match only their ASCII-range counterparts. If you
560 wish to comment on this proposal, send email to C<perl5-porters@perl.org>.
562 [[:...:]] ASCII-range Full-range backslash Note
563 Unicode Unicode sequence
564 -----------------------------------------------------
565 alpha \p{PosixAlpha} \p{XPosixAlpha}
566 alnum \p{PosixAlnum} \p{XPosixAlnum}
568 blank \p{PosixBlank} \p{XPosixBlank} \h [1]
569 or \p{HorizSpace} [1]
570 cntrl \p{PosixCntrl} \p{XPosixCntrl} [2]
571 digit \p{PosixDigit} \p{XPosixDigit} \d
572 graph \p{PosixGraph} \p{XPosixGraph} [3]
573 lower \p{PosixLower} \p{XPosixLower}
574 print \p{PosixPrint} \p{XPosixPrint} [4]
575 punct \p{PosixPunct} \p{XPosixPunct} [5]
576 \p{PerlSpace} \p{XPerlSpace} \s [6]
577 space \p{PosixSpace} \p{XPosixSpace} [6]
578 upper \p{PosixUpper} \p{XPosixUpper}
579 word \p{PosixWord} \p{XPosixWord} \w
580 xdigit \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit} \p{XPosixXDigit}
586 C<\p{Blank}> and C<\p{HorizSpace}> are synonyms.
590 Control characters don't produce output as such, but instead usually control
591 the terminal somehow: for example newline and backspace are control characters.
592 In the ASCII range, characters whose ordinals are between 0 and 31 inclusive,
593 plus 127 (C<DEL>) are control characters.
595 On EBCDIC platforms, it is likely that the code page will define C<[[:cntrl:]]>
596 to be the EBCDIC equivalents of the ASCII controls, plus the controls
597 that in Unicode have ordinals from 128 through 159.
601 Any character that is I<graphical>, that is, visible. This class consists
602 of all the alphanumerical characters and all punctuation characters.
606 All printable characters, which is the set of all the graphical characters
607 plus whitespace characters that are not also controls.
611 C<\p{PosixPunct}> and C<[[:punct:]]> in the ASCII range match all the
612 non-controls, non-alphanumeric, non-space characters:
613 C<[-!"#$%&'()*+,./:;<=E<gt>?@[\\\]^_`{|}~]> (although if a locale is in effect,
614 it could alter the behavior of C<[[:punct:]]>).
616 The similarly named property, C<\p{Punct}>, matches a somewhat different
617 set in the ASCII range, namely
618 C<[-!"#%&'()*,./:;?@[\\\]_{}]>. That is, it is missing C<[$+E<lt>=E<gt>^`|~]>.
619 This is because Unicode splits what POSIX considers to be punctuation into two
620 categories, Punctuation and Symbols.
622 C<\p{XPosixPunct}> and (in Unicode mode) C<[[:punct:]]>, match what
623 C<\p{PosixPunct}> matches in the ASCII range, plus what C<\p{Punct}>
624 matches. This is different than strictly matching according to
625 C<\p{Punct}>. Another way to say it is that
626 for a UTF-8 string, C<[[:punct:]]> matches all the characters that Unicode
627 considers to be punctuation, plus all the ASCII-range characters that Unicode
628 considers to be symbols.
632 C<\p{SpacePerl}> and C<\p{Space}> differ only in that C<\p{Space}> additionally
633 matches the vertical tab, C<\cK>. Same for the two ASCII-only range forms.
637 There are various other synonyms that can be used for these besides
638 C<\p{HorizSpace}> and \C<\p{XPosixBlank}>. For example
639 C<\p{PosixAlpha}> can be written as C<\p{Alpha}>. All are listed
640 in L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>.
643 X<character class, negation>
645 A Perl extension to the POSIX character class is the ability to
646 negate it. This is done by prefixing the class name with a caret (C<^>).
649 POSIX ASCII-range Full-range backslash
650 Unicode Unicode sequence
651 -----------------------------------------------------
652 [[:^digit:]] \P{PosixDigit} \P{XPosixDigit} \D
653 [[:^space:]] \P{PosixSpace} \P{XPosixSpace}
654 \P{PerlSpace} \P{XPerlSpace} \S
655 [[:^word:]] \P{PerlWord} \P{XPosixWord} \W
657 The backslash sequence can mean either ASCII- or Full-range Unicode,
658 depending on various factors. See L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>
661 =head4 [= =] and [. .]
663 Perl will recognize the POSIX character classes C<[=class=]>, and
664 C<[.class.]>, but does not (yet?) support them. Use of
665 such a construct will lead to an error.
670 /[[:digit:]]/ # Matches a character that is a digit.
671 /[01[:lower:]]/ # Matches a character that is either a
672 # lowercase letter, or '0' or '1'.
673 /[[:digit:][:^xdigit:]]/ # Matches a character that can be anything
674 # except the letters 'a' to 'f'. This is
675 # because the main character class is composed
676 # of two POSIX character classes that are ORed
677 # together, one that matches any digit, and
678 # the other that matches anything that isn't a
679 # hex digit. The result matches all
680 # characters except the letters 'a' to 'f' and
684 =head2 Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8
686 Some of the character classes have a somewhat different behaviour
687 depending on the internal encoding of the source string, if the regular
688 expression is marked as having Unicode semantics, the locale that is in
689 effect, and if the program is running on an EBCDIC platform.
691 C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s> and the POSIX character classes (and their
692 negations, including C<\W>, C<\D>, C<\S>) have this behaviour. (Since
693 the backslash sequences C<\b> and C<\B> are defined in terms of C<\w>
694 and C<\W>, they also are affected.)
696 Starting in Perl 5.14, if the regular expression is compiled with the
697 C<"a"> modifier, the behavior doesn't differ regardless of any other
698 factors. C<\d> matches the 10 digits 0-9; C<\D> any character but those
699 10; C<\s>, exactly the five characters "[ \f\n\r\t]"; C<\w> only the 63
700 characters "[A-Za-z0-9_]"; and the C<"[[:posix:]]"> classes only the
701 appropriate ASCII characters, the same characters as are matched by the
702 corresponding C<\p{}> property given in the "ASCII-range Unicode" column
703 in the table above. (The behavior of all of their complements follows
706 Otherwise, a regular expression is marked for Unicode semantics if it is
707 encoded in utf8 (usually as a result of including a literal character
708 whose code point is above 255), or if it contains a C<\N{U+...}> or
709 C<\N{I<name>}> construct, or (starting in Perl 5.14) if it was compiled
710 in the scope of a C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> pragma and not in
711 the scope of a C<S<use locale>> pragma, or has the C<"u"> regular
714 Note that one can specify C<"use re '/l'"> for example, for any regular
715 expression modifier, and this has precedence over either of the
716 C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> or C<S<use locale>> pragmas.
718 The differences in behavior between locale and non-locale semantics
719 can affect any character whose code point is 255 or less. The
720 differences in behavior between Unicode and non-Unicode semantics
721 affects only ASCII platforms, and only when matching against characters
722 whose code points are between 128 and 255 inclusive. See
723 L<perlunicode/The "Unicode Bug">.
725 For portability reasons, unless the C<"a"> modifier is specified,
726 it may be better to not use C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s> or the POSIX character
727 classes and use the Unicode properties instead.
728 That way you can control whether you want matching of just characters in
729 the ASCII character set, or any Unicode characters.
730 C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> will allow seamless Unicode behavior
731 no matter what the internal encodings are, but won't allow restricting
732 to just the ASCII characters.
736 $str = "\xDF"; # $str is not in UTF-8 format.
737 $str =~ /^\w/; # No match, as $str isn't in UTF-8 format.
738 $str .= "\x{0e0b}"; # Now $str is in UTF-8 format.
739 $str =~ /^\w/; # Match! $str is now in UTF-8 format.
741 $str =~ /^\w/; # Still a match! $str remains in UTF-8 format.