11 # subroutine expand_os_specific expands $^O-specific preprocessing information
12 # so that it will not be re-calculated at runtime in Dynaloader.pm
14 # Syntax of preprocessor should be kept extremely simple:
15 # - directives are in double angle brackets <<...>>
16 # - <<=string>> will be just evaluated
17 # - for $^O-specific there are two forms:
20 # this directive should be closed with respectively
23 # construct <<|$^O-ne-osname>> means #else
24 # nested <<$^O...>>-constructs are allowed but nested values must be for
27 # -- added by VKON, 03-10-2004 to separate $^O-specific between OSes
28 # (so that Win32 never checks for $^O eq 'VMS' for example)
30 # The $^O tests test both for $^O and for $Config{osname}.
31 # The latter is better for some for cross-compilation setups.
33 sub expand_os_specific {
37 s/<<\$\^O-(eq|ne)-(\w+)>>(.*?)<<\/\$\^O-\1-\2>>/
38 my ($op, $os, $expr) = ($1,$2,$3);
39 if ($op ne 'eq' and $op ne 'ne') {die "wrong eq-ne arg in $&"};
40 if ($expr =~ m[^(.*?)<<\|\$\^O-$op-$os>>(.*?)$]s) {
42 my ($if,$el) = ($1,$2);
43 if (($op eq 'eq' and ($^O eq $os || $Config{osname} eq $os)) || ($op eq 'ne' and ($^O ne $os || $Config{osname} ne $os))) {
52 if (($op eq 'eq' and ($^O eq $os || $Config{osname} eq $os)) || ($op eq 'ne' and ($^O ne $os || $Config{osname} ne $os))) {
60 if (/<<(=|\$\^O-)/) {die "bad <<\$^O-eq/ne-osname>> expression.".
61 " Unclosed brackets?";
67 unlink "DynaLoader.pm" if -f "DynaLoader.pm";
68 open OUT, ">DynaLoader.pm" or die $!;
71 # Generated from DynaLoader_pm.PL, this file is unique for every OS
75 # And Gandalf said: 'Many folk like to know beforehand what is to
76 # be set on the table; but those who have laboured to prepare the
77 # feast like to keep their secret; for wonder makes the words of
80 # (Quote from Tolkien suggested by Anno Siegel.)
82 # See pod text at end of file for documentation.
83 # See also ext/DynaLoader/README in source tree for other information.
85 # Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk, August 1994
93 if (!$ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_CONFIG_VARS}) {
94 print OUT "use Config;\n";
99 # enable debug/trace messages from DynaLoader perl code
100 $dl_debug = $ENV{PERL_DL_DEBUG} || 0 unless defined $dl_debug;
103 # Flags to alter dl_load_file behaviour. Assigned bits:
104 # 0x01 make symbols available for linking later dl_load_file's.
105 # (only known to work on Solaris 2 using dlopen(RTLD_GLOBAL))
106 # (ignored under VMS; effect is built-in to image linking)
107 # (ignored under Android; the linker always uses RTLD_LOCAL)
109 # This is called as a class method $module->dl_load_flags. The
110 # definition here will be inherited and result on "default" loading
111 # behaviour unless a sub-class of DynaLoader defines its own version.
114 sub dl_load_flags { 0x00 }
118 if ($ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_CONFIG_VARS}) {
119 print OUT "(\$dl_dlext, \$dl_so, \$dlsrc) = (",
120 to_string($Config{'dlext'}), ",",
121 to_string($Config{'so'}), ",",
122 to_string($Config{'dlsrc'}), ")\n;" ;
126 ($dl_dlext, $dl_so, $dlsrc) = @Config::Config{qw(dlext so dlsrc)};
130 print OUT expand_os_specific(<<'EOT');
133 # Some systems need special handling to expand file specifications
134 # (VMS support by Charles Bailey <bailey@HMIVAX.HUMGEN.UPENN.EDU>)
135 # See dl_expandspec() for more details. Should be harmless but
136 # inefficient to define on systems that don't need it.
137 $Is_VMS = $^O eq 'VMS';
139 $do_expand = <<$^O-eq-VMS>>1<<|$^O-eq-VMS>>0<</$^O-eq-VMS>>;
141 @dl_require_symbols = (); # names of symbols we need<<$^O-eq-freemint>>
142 @dl_resolve_using = (); # names of files to link with<</$^O-eq-freemint>><<$^O-eq-hpux>>
143 @dl_resolve_using = (); # names of files to link with<</$^O-eq-hpux>>
144 @dl_library_path = (); # path to look for files
146 #XSLoader.pm may have added elements before we were required
147 #@dl_shared_objects = (); # shared objects for symbols we have
148 #@dl_librefs = (); # things we have loaded
149 #@dl_modules = (); # Modules we have loaded
153 my $cfg_dl_library_path = <<'EOT';
154 push(@dl_library_path, split(' ', $Config::Config{libpth}));
157 sub dquoted_comma_list {
158 join(", ", map {'"'.quotemeta($_).'"'} @_);
161 if ($ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_CONFIG_VARS}) {
162 eval $cfg_dl_library_path;
163 if (!$ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_ENV_VARS}) {
164 my $dl_library_path = dquoted_comma_list(@dl_library_path);
166 # The below \@dl_library_path has been expanded (%Config) in Perl build time.
168 \@dl_library_path = ($dl_library_path);
175 # Initialise \@dl_library_path with the 'standard' library path
176 # for this platform as determined by Configure.
184 my $ldlibpthname_defined;
187 if ($ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_CONFIG_VARS}) {
188 $ldlibpthname = to_string($Config::Config{ldlibpthname});
189 $ldlibpthname_defined = to_string(defined $Config::Config{ldlibpthname} ? 1 : 0);
190 $pthsep = to_string($Config::Config{path_sep});
193 $ldlibpthname = q($Config::Config{ldlibpthname});
194 $ldlibpthname_defined = q(defined $Config::Config{ldlibpthname});
195 $pthsep = q($Config::Config{path_sep});
198 my \$ldlibpthname = $ldlibpthname;
199 my \$ldlibpthname_defined = $ldlibpthname_defined;
200 my \$pthsep = $pthsep;
204 my $env_dl_library_path = <<'EOT';
205 if ($ldlibpthname_defined &&
206 exists $ENV{$ldlibpthname}) {
207 push(@dl_library_path, split(/$pthsep/, $ENV{$ldlibpthname}));
210 # E.g. HP-UX supports both its native SHLIB_PATH *and* LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
212 if ($ldlibpthname_defined &&
213 $ldlibpthname ne 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH' &&
214 exists $ENV{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}) {
215 push(@dl_library_path, split(/$pthsep/, $ENV{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}));
219 if ($ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_CONFIG_VARS} && $ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_ENV_VARS}) {
220 eval $env_dl_library_path;
224 # Add to \@dl_library_path any extra directories we can gather from environment
232 if ($ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_CONFIG_VARS} && $ENV{PERL_BUILD_EXPAND_ENV_VARS}) {
233 my $dl_library_path = dquoted_comma_list(@dl_library_path);
235 # The below \@dl_library_path has been expanded (%Config, %ENV)
236 # in Perl build time.
238 \@dl_library_path = ($dl_library_path);
243 if ( $Config::Config{d_libname_unique} ) {
244 printf OUT <<'EOT', length($Config::Config{dlext}) + 1;
248 my $name_max = 255; # No easy way to get this here
250 my $libname = "PL_" . join("__", @$parts);
252 return $libname if (length($libname)+$so_len) <= $name_max;
254 # It's too darned big, so we need to go strip. We use the same
255 # algorithm as xsubpp does. First, strip out doubled __
256 $libname =~ s/__/_/g;
257 return $libname if (length($libname)+$so_len) <= $name_max;
259 # Strip duplicate letters
260 1 while $libname =~ s/(.)\1/\U$1/i;
261 return $libname if (length($libname)+$so_len) <= $name_max;
263 # Still too long. Truncate.
264 $libname = substr($libname, 0, $name_max - $so_len);
270 # following long string contains $^O-specific stuff, which is factored out
271 print OUT expand_os_specific(<<'EOT');
272 # No prizes for guessing why we don't say 'bootstrap DynaLoader;' here.
273 # NOTE: All dl_*.xs (including dl_none.xs) define a dl_error() XSUB
274 boot_DynaLoader('DynaLoader') if defined(&boot_DynaLoader) &&
278 print STDERR "DynaLoader.pm loaded (@INC, @dl_library_path)\n";
279 print STDERR "DynaLoader not linked into this perl\n"
280 unless defined(&boot_DynaLoader);
283 1; # End of main code
286 sub croak { require Carp; Carp::croak(@_) }
288 sub bootstrap_inherit {
290 local *isa = *{"$module\::ISA"};
291 local @isa = (@isa, 'DynaLoader');
292 # Cannot goto due to delocalization. Will report errors on a wrong line?
297 # use local vars to enable $module.bs script to edit values
299 local($module) = $args[0];
304 Carp::confess("Usage: DynaLoader::bootstrap(module)");
307 # A common error on platforms which don't support dynamic loading.
308 # Since it's fatal and potentially confusing we give a detailed message.
309 croak("Can't load module $module, dynamic loading not available in this perl.\n".
310 " (You may need to build a new perl executable which either supports\n".
311 " dynamic loading or has the $module module statically linked into it.)\n")
312 unless defined(&dl_load_file);
316 # Can dynaload, but cannot dynaload Perl modules...
317 die 'Dynaloaded Perl modules are not available in this build of Perl' if $OS2::is_static;
320 my @modparts = split(/::/,$module);
321 my $modfname = $modparts[-1];
323 # Some systems have restrictions on files names for DLL's etc.
324 # mod2fname returns appropriate file base name (typically truncated)
325 # It may also edit @modparts if required.
326 $modfname = &mod2fname(\@modparts) if defined &mod2fname;
329 # Truncate the module name to 8.3 format for NetWare
330 if ((length($modfname) > 8)) {
331 $modfname = substr($modfname, 0, 8);
335 my $modpname = join('/',@modparts);
337 print STDERR "DynaLoader::bootstrap for $module ",
338 "(auto/$modpname/$modfname.$dl_dlext)\n"
342 <<$^O-eq-VMS>>chop($_ = VMS::Filespec::unixpath($_));<</$^O-eq-VMS>>
343 my $dir = "$_/auto/$modpname";
345 next unless -d $dir; # skip over uninteresting directories
347 # check for common cases to avoid autoload of dl_findfile
348 my $try = "$dir/$modfname.$dl_dlext";
349 last if $file = ($do_expand) ? dl_expandspec($try) : ((-f $try) && $try);
351 # no luck here, save dir for possible later dl_findfile search
354 # last resort, let dl_findfile have a go in all known locations
355 $file = dl_findfile(map("-L$_",@dirs,@INC), $modfname) unless $file;
357 croak("Can't locate loadable object for module $module in \@INC (\@INC contains: @INC)")
358 unless $file; # wording similar to error from 'require'
360 <<$^O-eq-VMS>>$file = uc($file) if $Config::Config{d_vms_case_sensitive_symbols};<</$^O-eq-VMS>>
361 my $bootname = "boot_$module";
362 $bootname =~ s/\W/_/g;
363 @dl_require_symbols = ($bootname);
365 # Execute optional '.bootstrap' perl script for this module.
366 # The .bs file can be used to configure @dl_resolve_using etc to
367 # match the needs of the individual module on this architecture.
369 $bs =~ s/(\.\w+)?(;\d*)?$/\.bs/; # look for .bs 'beside' the library
370 if (-s $bs) { # only read file if it's not empty
371 print STDERR "BS: $bs ($^O, $dlsrc)\n" if $dl_debug;
373 warn "$bs: $@\n" if $@;
379 if ($boot_symbol_ref = dl_find_symbol(0, $bootname)) {
380 goto boot; #extension library has already been loaded, e.g. darwin
384 # Many dynamic extension loading problems will appear to come from
385 # this section of code: XYZ failed at line 123 of DynaLoader.pm.
386 # Often these errors are actually occurring in the initialisation
387 # C code of the extension XS file. Perl reports the error as being
388 # in this perl code simply because this was the last perl code
391 my $flags = $module->dl_load_flags;
393 # See the note above regarding the linker.
396 my $libref = dl_load_file($file, $flags) or
397 croak("Can't load '$file' for module $module: ".dl_error());
399 push(@dl_librefs,$libref); # record loaded object
401 my @unresolved = dl_undef_symbols();
404 Carp::carp("Undefined symbols present after loading $file: @unresolved\n");
407 $boot_symbol_ref = dl_find_symbol($libref, $bootname) or
408 croak("Can't find '$bootname' symbol in $file\n");
410 push(@dl_modules, $module); # record loaded module
413 my $xs = dl_install_xsub("${module}::bootstrap", $boot_symbol_ref, $file);
415 # See comment block above
417 push(@dl_shared_objects, $file); # record files loaded
423 # This function does not automatically consider the architecture
424 # or the perl library auto directories.
426 my (@dirs, $dir); # which directories to search
427 my (@found); # full paths to real files we have found
428 #my $dl_ext= <<=to_string($Config::Config{'dlext'})>>; # $Config::Config{'dlext'} suffix for perl extensions
429 #my $dl_so = <<=to_string($Config::Config{'so'})>>; # $Config::Config{'so'} suffix for shared libraries
431 print STDERR "dl_findfile(@args)\n" if $dl_debug;
433 # accumulate directories but process files as they appear
434 arg: foreach(@args) {
435 # Special fast case: full filepath requires no search
437 if (m%[:>/\]]% && -f $_) {
438 push(@found,dl_expandspec(VMS::Filespec::vmsify($_)));
439 last arg unless wantarray;
446 last arg unless wantarray;
451 # Deal with directories first:
452 # Using a -L prefix is the preferred option (faster and more robust)
453 if (m:^-L:) { s/^-L//; push(@dirs, $_); next; }
455 # Otherwise we try to try to spot directories by a heuristic
456 # (this is a more complicated issue than it first appears)
457 if (m:/: && -d $_) { push(@dirs, $_); next; }
460 # VMS: we may be using native VMS directory syntax instead of
461 # Unix emulation, so check this as well
462 if (/[:>\]]/ && -d $_) { push(@dirs, $_); next; }
465 # Only files should get this far...
466 my(@names, $name); # what filenames to look for
467 if (m:-l: ) { # convert -lname to appropriate library name
469 push(@names,"lib$_.$dl_so");
470 push(@names,"lib$_.a");
471 } else { # Umm, a bare name. Try various alternatives:
472 # these should be ordered with the most likely first
473 push(@names,"$_.$dl_dlext") unless m/\.$dl_dlext$/o;
474 push(@names,"$_.$dl_so") unless m/\.$dl_so$/o;
476 push(@names,"cyg$_.$dl_so") unless m:/:;
478 push(@names,"lib$_.$dl_so") unless m:/:;
484 if ($0 =~ /^([a-z]):/i) {
486 @dirs = map { "$drive:$_" } @dirs;
487 @dl_library_path = map { "$drive:$_" } @dl_library_path;
490 foreach $dir (@dirs, @dl_library_path) {
493 chop($dir = VMS::Filespec::unixpath($dir));
495 foreach $name (@names) {
496 my($file) = "$dir$dirsep$name";
497 print STDERR " checking in $dir for $name\n" if $dl_debug;
498 $file = ($do_expand) ? dl_expandspec($file) : (-f $file && $file);
499 #$file = _check_file($file);
502 next arg; # no need to look any further
509 print STDERR " dl_findfile ignored non-existent directory: $_\n" unless -d $_;
511 print STDERR "dl_findfile found: @found\n";
513 return $found[0] unless wantarray;
519 # dl_expandspec should be defined in dl_vms.xs
523 # Optional function invoked if DynaLoader.pm sets $do_expand.
524 # Most systems do not require or use this function.
525 # Some systems may implement it in the dl_*.xs file in which case
526 # this Perl version should be excluded at build time.
528 # This function is designed to deal with systems which treat some
529 # 'filenames' in a special way. For example VMS 'Logical Names'
530 # (something like unix environment variables - but different).
531 # This function should recognise such names and expand them into
533 # Must return undef if $spec is invalid or file does not exist.
535 my $file = $spec; # default output to input
537 return undef unless -f $file;
538 print STDERR "dl_expandspec($spec) => $file\n" if $dl_debug;
543 sub dl_find_symbol_anywhere
547 foreach $libref (@dl_librefs) {
548 my $symref = dl_find_symbol($libref,$sym);
549 return $symref if $symref;
558 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
564 @ISA = qw(... DynaLoader ...);
565 bootstrap YourPackage;
567 # optional method for 'global' loading
568 sub dl_load_flags { 0x01 }
573 This document defines a standard generic interface to the dynamic
574 linking mechanisms available on many platforms. Its primary purpose is
575 to implement automatic dynamic loading of Perl modules.
577 This document serves as both a specification for anyone wishing to
578 implement the DynaLoader for a new platform and as a guide for
579 anyone wishing to use the DynaLoader directly in an application.
581 The DynaLoader is designed to be a very simple high-level
582 interface that is sufficiently general to cover the requirements
583 of SunOS, HP-UX, Linux, VMS and other platforms.
585 It is also hoped that the interface will cover the needs of OS/2, NT
586 etc and also allow pseudo-dynamic linking (using C<ld -A> at runtime).
588 It must be stressed that the DynaLoader, by itself, is practically
589 useless for accessing non-Perl libraries because it provides almost no
590 Perl-to-C 'glue'. There is, for example, no mechanism for calling a C
591 library function or supplying arguments. A C::DynaLib module
592 is available from CPAN sites which performs that function for some
593 common system types. And since the year 2000, there's also Inline::C,
594 a module that allows you to write Perl subroutines in C. Also available
595 from your local CPAN site.
597 DynaLoader Interface Summary
608 bootstrap($modulename) Perl
609 @filepaths = dl_findfile(@names) Perl
610 $flags = $modulename->dl_load_flags Perl
611 $symref = dl_find_symbol_anywhere($symbol) Perl
613 $libref = dl_load_file($filename, $flags) C
614 $status = dl_unload_file($libref) C
615 $symref = dl_find_symbol($libref, $symbol) C
616 @symbols = dl_undef_symbols() C
617 dl_install_xsub($name, $symref [, $filename]) C
618 $message = dl_error C
622 =item @dl_library_path
624 The standard/default list of directories in which dl_findfile() will
625 search for libraries etc. Directories are searched in order:
626 $dl_library_path[0], [1], ... etc
628 @dl_library_path is initialised to hold the list of 'normal' directories
629 (F</usr/lib>, etc) determined by B<Configure> (C<$Config{'libpth'}>). This should
630 ensure portability across a wide range of platforms.
632 @dl_library_path should also be initialised with any other directories
633 that can be determined from the environment at runtime (such as
634 LD_LIBRARY_PATH for SunOS).
636 After initialisation @dl_library_path can be manipulated by an
637 application using push and unshift before calling dl_findfile().
638 Unshift can be used to add directories to the front of the search order
639 either to save search time or to override libraries with the same name
640 in the 'normal' directories.
642 The load function that dl_load_file() calls may require an absolute
643 pathname. The dl_findfile() function and @dl_library_path can be
644 used to search for and return the absolute pathname for the
645 library/object that you wish to load.
647 =item @dl_resolve_using
649 A list of additional libraries or other shared objects which can be
650 used to resolve any undefined symbols that might be generated by a
651 later call to load_file().
653 This is only required on some platforms which do not handle dependent
654 libraries automatically. For example the Socket Perl extension
655 library (F<auto/Socket/Socket.so>) contains references to many socket
656 functions which need to be resolved when it's loaded. Most platforms
657 will automatically know where to find the 'dependent' library (e.g.,
658 F</usr/lib/libsocket.so>). A few platforms need to be told the
659 location of the dependent library explicitly. Use @dl_resolve_using
664 @dl_resolve_using = dl_findfile('-lsocket');
666 =item @dl_require_symbols
668 A list of one or more symbol names that are in the library/object file
669 to be dynamically loaded. This is only required on some platforms.
673 An array of the handles returned by successful calls to dl_load_file(),
674 made by bootstrap, in the order in which they were loaded.
675 Can be used with dl_find_symbol() to look for a symbol in any of
680 An array of module (package) names that have been bootstrap'ed.
682 =item @dl_shared_objects
684 An array of file names for the shared objects that were loaded.
690 $message = dl_error();
692 Error message text from the last failed DynaLoader function. Note
693 that, similar to errno in unix, a successful function call does not
696 Implementations should detect the error as soon as it occurs in any of
697 the other functions and save the corresponding message for later
698 retrieval. This will avoid problems on some platforms (such as SunOS)
699 where the error message is very temporary (e.g., dlerror()).
703 Internal debugging messages are enabled when $dl_debug is set true.
704 Currently setting $dl_debug only affects the Perl side of the
705 DynaLoader. These messages should help an application developer to
706 resolve any DynaLoader usage problems.
708 $dl_debug is set to C<$ENV{'PERL_DL_DEBUG'}> if defined.
710 For the DynaLoader developer/porter there is a similar debugging
711 variable added to the C code (see dlutils.c) and enabled if Perl was
712 built with the B<-DDEBUGGING> flag. This can also be set via the
713 PERL_DL_DEBUG environment variable. Set to 1 for minimal information or
718 When specified (localised) in a module's F<.pm> file, indicates the extension
719 which the module's loadable object will have. For example:
721 local $DynaLoader::dl_dlext = 'unusual_ext';
723 would indicate that the module's loadable object has an extension of
724 C<unusual_ext> instead of the more usual C<$Config{dlext}>. NOTE: This also
725 requires that the module's F<Makefile.PL> specify (in C<WriteMakefile()>):
727 DLEXT => 'unusual_ext',
733 @filepaths = dl_findfile(@names)
735 Determine the full paths (including file suffix) of one or more
736 loadable files given their generic names and optionally one or more
737 directories. Searches directories in @dl_library_path by default and
738 returns an empty list if no files were found.
740 Names can be specified in a variety of platform independent forms. Any
741 names in the form B<-lname> are converted into F<libname.*>, where F<.*> is
742 an appropriate suffix for the platform.
744 If a name does not already have a suitable prefix and/or suffix then
745 the corresponding file will be searched for by trying combinations of
746 prefix and suffix appropriate to the platform: "$name.o", "lib$name.*"
749 If any directories are included in @names they are searched before
750 @dl_library_path. Directories may be specified as B<-Ldir>. Any other
751 names are treated as filenames to be searched for.
753 Using arguments of the form C<-Ldir> and C<-lname> is recommended.
757 @dl_resolve_using = dl_findfile(qw(-L/usr/5lib -lposix));
760 =item dl_expandspec()
764 $filepath = dl_expandspec($spec)
766 Some unusual systems, such as VMS, require special filename handling in
767 order to deal with symbolic names for files (i.e., VMS's Logical Names).
769 To support these systems a dl_expandspec() function can be implemented
770 either in the F<dl_*.xs> file or code can be added to the dl_expandspec()
771 function in F<DynaLoader.pm>. See F<DynaLoader_pm.PL> for more information.
777 $libref = dl_load_file($filename, $flags)
779 Dynamically load $filename, which must be the path to a shared object
780 or library. An opaque 'library reference' is returned as a handle for
781 the loaded object. Returns undef on error.
783 The $flags argument to alters dl_load_file behaviour.
786 0x01 make symbols available for linking later dl_load_file's.
787 (only known to work on Solaris 2 using dlopen(RTLD_GLOBAL))
788 (ignored under VMS; this is a normal part of image linking)
790 (On systems that provide a handle for the loaded object such as SunOS
791 and HPUX, $libref will be that handle. On other systems $libref will
792 typically be $filename or a pointer to a buffer containing $filename.
793 The application should not examine or alter $libref in any way.)
795 This is the function that does the real work. It should use the
796 current values of @dl_require_symbols and @dl_resolve_using if required.
798 SunOS: dlopen($filename)
799 HP-UX: shl_load($filename)
800 Linux: dld_create_reference(@dl_require_symbols); dld_link($filename)
801 VMS: lib$find_image_symbol($filename,$dl_require_symbols[0])
803 (The dlopen() function is also used by Solaris and some versions of
804 Linux, and is a common choice when providing a "wrapper" on other
805 mechanisms as is done in the OS/2 port.)
807 =item dl_unload_file()
811 $status = dl_unload_file($libref)
813 Dynamically unload $libref, which must be an opaque 'library reference' as
814 returned from dl_load_file. Returns one on success and zero on failure.
815 This function is optional and may not necessarily be provided on all platforms.
817 If it is defined and perl is compiled with the C macro C<DL_UNLOAD_ALL_AT_EXIT>
818 defined, then it is called automatically when the interpreter exits for
819 every shared object or library loaded by DynaLoader::bootstrap. All such
820 library references are stored in @dl_librefs by DynaLoader::Bootstrap as it
821 loads the libraries. The files are unloaded in last-in, first-out order.
823 This unloading is usually necessary when embedding a shared-object perl (e.g.
824 one configured with -Duseshrplib) within a larger application, and the perl
825 interpreter is created and destroyed several times within the lifetime of the
826 application. In this case it is possible that the system dynamic linker will
827 unload and then subsequently reload the shared libperl without relocating any
828 references to it from any files DynaLoaded by the previous incarnation of the
829 interpreter. As a result, any shared objects opened by DynaLoader may point to
830 a now invalid 'ghost' of the libperl shared object, causing apparently random
831 memory corruption and crashes. This behaviour is most commonly seen when using
832 Apache and mod_perl built with the APXS mechanism.
834 SunOS: dlclose($libref)
839 (The dlclose() function is also used by Solaris and some versions of
840 Linux, and is a common choice when providing a "wrapper" on other
841 mechanisms as is done in the OS/2 port.)
843 =item dl_load_flags()
847 $flags = dl_load_flags $modulename;
849 Designed to be a method call, and to be overridden by a derived class
850 (i.e. a class which has DynaLoader in its @ISA). The definition in
851 DynaLoader itself returns 0, which produces standard behavior from
854 =item dl_find_symbol()
858 $symref = dl_find_symbol($libref, $symbol)
860 Return the address of the symbol $symbol or C<undef> if not found. If the
861 target system has separate functions to search for symbols of different
862 types then dl_find_symbol() should search for function symbols first and
865 The exact manner in which the address is returned in $symref is not
866 currently defined. The only initial requirement is that $symref can
867 be passed to, and understood by, dl_install_xsub().
869 SunOS: dlsym($libref, $symbol)
870 HP-UX: shl_findsym($libref, $symbol)
871 Linux: dld_get_func($symbol) and/or dld_get_symbol($symbol)
872 VMS: lib$find_image_symbol($libref,$symbol)
875 =item dl_find_symbol_anywhere()
879 $symref = dl_find_symbol_anywhere($symbol)
881 Applies dl_find_symbol() to the members of @dl_librefs and returns
882 the first match found.
884 =item dl_undef_symbols()
888 @symbols = dl_undef_symbols()
890 Return a list of symbol names which remain undefined after load_file().
891 Returns C<()> if not known. Don't worry if your platform does not provide
892 a mechanism for this. Most do not need it and hence do not provide it,
893 they just return an empty list.
896 =item dl_install_xsub()
900 dl_install_xsub($perl_name, $symref [, $filename])
902 Create a new Perl external subroutine named $perl_name using $symref as
903 a pointer to the function which implements the routine. This is simply
904 a direct call to newXS()/newXS_flags(). Returns a reference to the installed
907 The $filename parameter is used by Perl to identify the source file for
908 the function if required by die(), caller() or the debugger. If
909 $filename is not defined then "DynaLoader" will be used.
916 bootstrap($module [...])
918 This is the normal entry point for automatic dynamic loading in Perl.
920 It performs the following actions:
926 locates an auto/$module directory by searching @INC
930 uses dl_findfile() to determine the filename to load
934 sets @dl_require_symbols to C<("boot_$module")>
938 executes an F<auto/$module/$module.bs> file if it exists
939 (typically used to add to @dl_resolve_using any files which
940 are required to load the module on the current platform)
944 calls dl_load_flags() to determine how to load the file.
948 calls dl_load_file() to load the file
952 calls dl_undef_symbols() and warns if any symbols are undefined
956 calls dl_find_symbol() for "boot_$module"
960 calls dl_install_xsub() to install it as "${module}::bootstrap"
964 calls &{"${module}::bootstrap"} to bootstrap the module (actually
965 it uses the function reference returned by dl_install_xsub for speed)
969 All arguments to bootstrap() are passed to the module's bootstrap function.
970 The default code generated by F<xsubpp> expects $module [, $version]
971 If the optional $version argument is not given, it defaults to
972 C<$XS_VERSION // $VERSION> in the module's symbol table. The default code
973 compares the Perl-space version with the version of the compiled XS code,
974 and croaks with an error if they do not match.
981 Tim Bunce, 11 August 1994.
983 This interface is based on the work and comments of (in no particular
984 order): Larry Wall, Robert Sanders, Dean Roehrich, Jeff Okamoto, Anno
985 Siegel, Thomas Neumann, Paul Marquess, Charles Bailey, myself and others.
987 Larry Wall designed the elegant inherited bootstrap mechanism and
988 implemented the first Perl 5 dynamic loader using it.
990 Solaris global loading added by Nick Ing-Simmons with design/coding
991 assistance from Tim Bunce, January 1996.