4 perlrecharclass - Perl Regular Expression Character Classes
8 The top level documentation about Perl regular expressions
11 This manual page discusses the syntax and use of character
12 classes in Perl regular expressions.
14 A character class is a way of denoting a set of characters
15 in such a way that one character of the set is matched.
16 It's important to remember that: matching a character class
17 consumes exactly one character in the source string. (The source
18 string is the string the regular expression is matched against.)
20 There are three types of character classes in Perl regular
21 expressions: the dot, backslash sequences, and the form enclosed in square
22 brackets. Keep in mind, though, that often the term "character class" is used
23 to mean just the bracketed form. Certainly, most Perl documentation does that.
27 The dot (or period), C<.> is probably the most used, and certainly
28 the most well-known character class. By default, a dot matches any
29 character, except for the newline. The default can be changed to
30 add matching the newline by using the I<single line> modifier: either
31 for the entire regular expression with the C</s> modifier, or
32 locally with C<(?s)>. (The experimental C<\N> backslash sequence, described
33 below, matches any character except newline without regard to the
34 I<single line> modifier.)
36 Here are some examples:
40 "" =~ /./ # No match (dot has to match a character)
41 "\n" =~ /./ # No match (dot does not match a newline)
42 "\n" =~ /./s # Match (global 'single line' modifier)
43 "\n" =~ /(?s:.)/ # Match (local 'single line' modifier)
44 "ab" =~ /^.$/ # No match (dot matches one character)
46 =head2 Backslash sequences
47 X<\w> X<\W> X<\s> X<\S> X<\d> X<\D> X<\p> X<\P>
48 X<\N> X<\v> X<\V> X<\h> X<\H>
51 A backslash sequence is a sequence of characters, the first one of which is a
52 backslash. Perl ascribes special meaning to many such sequences, and some of
53 these are character classes. That is, they match a single character each,
54 provided that the character belongs to the specific set of characters defined
57 Here's a list of the backslash sequences that are character classes. They
58 are discussed in more detail below. (For the backslash sequences that aren't
59 character classes, see L<perlrebackslash>.)
61 \d Match a decimal digit character.
62 \D Match a non-decimal-digit character.
63 \w Match a "word" character.
64 \W Match a non-"word" character.
65 \s Match a whitespace character.
66 \S Match a non-whitespace character.
67 \h Match a horizontal whitespace character.
68 \H Match a character that isn't horizontal whitespace.
69 \v Match a vertical whitespace character.
70 \V Match a character that isn't vertical whitespace.
71 \N Match a character that isn't a newline. Experimental.
72 \pP, \p{Prop} Match a character that has the given Unicode property.
73 \PP, \P{Prop} Match a character that doesn't have the Unicode property
77 C<\d> matches a single character considered to be a decimal I<digit>.
78 What is considered a decimal digit depends on several factors, detailed
79 below in L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors
80 indicate a Unicode interpretation, C<\d> not only matches the digits
81 '0' - '9', but also Arabic, Devanagari, and digits from other languages.
82 Otherwise, if a locale is in effect, it matches whatever characters that
83 locale considers decimal digits. Only when neither a Unicode interpretation
84 nor locale prevails does C<\d> match only the digits '0' to '9' alone.
86 Unicode digits may cause some confusion, and some security issues. In UTF-8
87 strings, unless the C<"a"> regular expression modifier is specified,
88 C<\d> matches the same characters matched by
89 C<\p{General_Category=Decimal_Number}>, or synonymously,
90 C<\p{General_Category=Digit}>. Starting with Unicode version 4.1, this is the
91 same set of characters matched by C<\p{Numeric_Type=Decimal}>.
93 But Unicode also has a different property with a similar name,
94 C<\p{Numeric_Type=Digit}>, which matches a completely different set of
95 characters. These characters are things such as subscripts.
97 The design intent is for C<\d> to match all digits (and no other characters)
98 that can be used with "normal" big-endian positional decimal syntax, whereby a
99 sequence of such digits {N0, N1, N2, ...Nn} has the numeric value (...(N0 * 10
100 + N1) * 10 + N2) * 10 ... + Nn). In Unicode 5.2, the Tamil digits (U+0BE6 -
101 U+0BEF) can also legally be used in old-style Tamil numbers in which they would
102 appear no more than one in a row, separated by characters that mean "times 10",
103 "times 100", etc. (See L<http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn21>.)
105 Some non-European digits that C<\d> matches look like European ones, but
106 have different values. For example, BENGALI DIGIT FOUR (U+09EA) looks
107 very much like an ASCII DIGIT EIGHT (U+0038).
109 It may be useful for security purposes for an application to require that all
110 digits in a row be from the same script. This can be checked by using
111 L<Unicode::UCD/num()>.
113 Any character not matched by C<\d> is matched by C<\D>.
115 =head3 Word characters
117 A C<\w> matches a single alphanumeric character (an alphabetic character, or a
118 decimal digit) or a connecting punctuation character, such as an
119 underscore ("_"). It does not match a whole word. To match a whole
120 word, use C<\w+>. This isn't the same thing as matching an English word, but
121 in the ASCII range it is the same as a string of Perl-identifier
122 characters. What is considered a
123 word character depends on several factors, detailed below in L</Locale,
124 EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors indicate a Unicode
125 interpretation, C<\w> matches the characters considered word
126 characters in the Unicode database. That is, it not only matches ASCII letters,
127 but also Thai letters, Greek letters, etc. This includes connector
128 punctuation (like the underscore) which connect two words together, or
129 diacritics, such as a C<COMBINING TILDE> and the modifier letters, which
130 are generally used to add auxiliary markings to letters. If a Unicode
131 interpretation is not indicated, C<\w> matches those characters considered
132 word characters by the current locale or EBCDIC code page. Without a
133 locale or EBCDIC code page, C<\w> matches the underscore and ASCII letters
136 There are a number of security issues with the full Unicode list of word
137 characters. See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr36>.
139 Also, for a somewhat finer-grained set of characters that are in programming
140 language identifiers beyond the ASCII range, you may wish to instead use the
141 more customized Unicode properties, "ID_Start", ID_Continue", "XID_Start", and
142 "XID_Continue". See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr31>.
144 Any character not matched by C<\w> is matched by C<\W>.
148 C<\s> matches any single character considered whitespace. The exact
149 set of characters matched by C<\s> depends on several factors, detailed
150 below in L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors
151 indicate a Unicode interpretation, C<\s> matches what is considered
152 whitespace in the Unicode database; the complete list is in the table
153 below. Otherwise, if a locale or EBCDIC code page is in effect,
154 C<\s> matches whatever is considered whitespace by the current locale or
155 EBCDIC code page. Without a locale or EBCDIC code page, C<\s> matches
156 the horizontal tab (C<\t>), the newline (C<\n>), the form feed (C<\f>),
157 the carriage return (C<\r>), and the space. (Note that it doesn't match
158 the vertical tab, C<\cK>.) Perhaps the most notable possible surprise
159 is that C<\s> matches a non-breaking space B<only> if a Unicode
160 interpretation is indicated, or the locale or EBCDIC code page that is
161 in effect happens to have that character.
163 Any character not matched by C<\s> is matched by C<\S>.
165 C<\h> matches any character considered horizontal whitespace;
166 this includes the space and tab characters and several others
167 listed in the table below. C<\H> matches any character
168 not considered horizontal whitespace.
170 C<\v> matches any character considered vertical whitespace;
171 this includes the carriage return and line feed characters (newline)
172 plus several other characters, all listed in the table below.
173 C<\V> matches any character not considered vertical whitespace.
175 C<\R> matches anything that can be considered a newline under Unicode
176 rules. It's not a character class, as it can match a multi-character
177 sequence. Therefore, it cannot be used inside a bracketed character
178 class; use C<\v> instead (vertical whitespace).
179 Details are discussed in L<perlrebackslash>.
181 Note that unlike C<\s>, C<\d> and C<\w>, C<\h> and C<\v> always match
182 the same characters, without regard to other factors, such as whether the
183 source string is in UTF-8 format.
185 One might think that C<\s> is equivalent to C<[\h\v]>. This is not true. The
186 vertical tab (C<"\x0b">) is not matched by C<\s>, it is however considered
187 vertical whitespace. Furthermore, if the source string is not in UTF-8 format,
188 and any locale or EBCDIC code page that is in effect doesn't include them, the
189 next line (ASCII-platform C<"\x85">) and the no-break space (ASCII-platform
190 C<"\xA0">) characters are not matched by C<\s>, but are by C<\v> and C<\h>
191 respectively. If the C<"a"> modifier is not in effect and the source
192 string is in UTF-8 format, both the next line and the no-break space
193 are matched by C<\s>.
195 The following table is a complete listing of characters matched by
196 C<\s>, C<\h> and C<\v> as of Unicode 5.2.
198 The first column gives the code point of the character (in hex format),
199 the second column gives the (Unicode) name. The third column indicates
200 by which class(es) the character is matched (assuming no locale or EBCDIC code
201 page is in effect that changes the C<\s> matching).
203 0x00009 CHARACTER TABULATION h s
204 0x0000a LINE FEED (LF) vs
205 0x0000b LINE TABULATION v
206 0x0000c FORM FEED (FF) vs
207 0x0000d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) vs
209 0x00085 NEXT LINE (NEL) vs [1]
210 0x000a0 NO-BREAK SPACE h s [1]
211 0x01680 OGHAM SPACE MARK h s
212 0x0180e MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR h s
217 0x02004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE h s
218 0x02005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE h s
219 0x02006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE h s
220 0x02007 FIGURE SPACE h s
221 0x02008 PUNCTUATION SPACE h s
222 0x02009 THIN SPACE h s
223 0x0200a HAIR SPACE h s
224 0x02028 LINE SEPARATOR vs
225 0x02029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR vs
226 0x0202f NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE h s
227 0x0205f MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE h s
228 0x03000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE h s
234 NEXT LINE and NO-BREAK SPACE only match C<\s> if the source string is in
235 UTF-8 format and the C<"a"> modifier is not in effect, or if the locale
236 or EBCDIC code page in effect includes them.
240 It is worth noting that C<\d>, C<\w>, etc, match single characters, not
241 complete numbers or words. To match a number (that consists of digits),
242 use C<\d+>; to match a word, use C<\w+>.
246 C<\N> is new in 5.12, and is experimental. It, like the dot, matches any
247 character that is not a newline. The difference is that C<\N> is not influenced
248 by the I<single line> regular expression modifier (see L</The dot> above). Note
249 that the form C<\N{...}> may mean something completely different. When the
250 C<{...}> is a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>, it means to match a non-newline
251 character that many times. For example, C<\N{3}> means to match 3
252 non-newlines; C<\N{5,}> means to match 5 or more non-newlines. But if C<{...}>
253 is not a legal quantifier, it is presumed to be a named character. See
254 L<charnames> for those. For example, none of C<\N{COLON}>, C<\N{4F}>, and
255 C<\N{F4}> contain legal quantifiers, so Perl will try to find characters whose
256 names are respectively C<COLON>, C<4F>, and C<F4>.
258 =head3 Unicode Properties
260 C<\pP> and C<\p{Prop}> are character classes to match characters that fit given
261 Unicode properties. One letter property names can be used in the C<\pP> form,
262 with the property name following the C<\p>, otherwise, braces are required.
263 When using braces, there is a single form, which is just the property name
264 enclosed in the braces, and a compound form which looks like C<\p{name=value}>,
265 which means to match if the property "name" for the character has that particular
267 For instance, a match for a number can be written as C</\pN/> or as
268 C</\p{Number}/>, or as C</\p{Number=True}/>.
269 Lowercase letters are matched by the property I<Lowercase_Letter> which
270 has as short form I<Ll>. They need the braces, so are written as C</\p{Ll}/> or
271 C</\p{Lowercase_Letter}/>, or C</\p{General_Category=Lowercase_Letter}/>
272 (the underscores are optional).
273 C</\pLl/> is valid, but means something different.
274 It matches a two character string: a letter (Unicode property C<\pL>),
275 followed by a lowercase C<l>.
277 Note that almost all properties are immune to case-insensitive matching.
278 That is, adding a C</i> regular expression modifier does not change what
279 they match. There are two sets affected. The first set is
282 and C<Titlecase_Letter>,
283 all of which match C<Cased_Letter> under C</i> matching.
288 all of which match C<Cased> under C</i> matching.
289 (The difference between these sets is that some things, such as Roman
290 Numerals, come in both upper and lower case so they are C<Cased>, but
291 aren't considered to be letters, so they aren't C<Cased_Letter>s. They're
292 actually C<Letter_Number>s.)
293 This set also includes its subsets C<PosixUpper> and C<PosixLower>, both
294 of which under C</i> matching match C<PosixAlpha>.
296 For more details on Unicode properties, see L<perlunicode/Unicode
297 Character Properties>; for a
298 complete list of possible properties, see
299 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>,
300 which notes all forms that have C</i> differences.
301 It is also possible to define your own properties. This is discussed in
302 L<perlunicode/User-Defined Character Properties>.
306 "a" =~ /\w/ # Match, "a" is a 'word' character.
307 "7" =~ /\w/ # Match, "7" is a 'word' character as well.
308 "a" =~ /\d/ # No match, "a" isn't a digit.
309 "7" =~ /\d/ # Match, "7" is a digit.
310 " " =~ /\s/ # Match, a space is whitespace.
311 "a" =~ /\D/ # Match, "a" is a non-digit.
312 "7" =~ /\D/ # No match, "7" is not a non-digit.
313 " " =~ /\S/ # No match, a space is not non-whitespace.
315 " " =~ /\h/ # Match, space is horizontal whitespace.
316 " " =~ /\v/ # No match, space is not vertical whitespace.
317 "\r" =~ /\v/ # Match, a return is vertical whitespace.
319 "a" =~ /\pL/ # Match, "a" is a letter.
320 "a" =~ /\p{Lu}/ # No match, /\p{Lu}/ matches upper case letters.
322 "\x{0e0b}" =~ /\p{Thai}/ # Match, \x{0e0b} is the character
323 # 'THAI CHARACTER SO SO', and that's in
324 # Thai Unicode class.
325 "a" =~ /\P{Lao}/ # Match, as "a" is not a Laotian character.
328 =head2 Bracketed Character Classes
330 The third form of character class you can use in Perl regular expressions
331 is the bracketed character class. In its simplest form, it lists the characters
332 that may be matched, surrounded by square brackets, like this: C<[aeiou]>.
333 This matches one of C<a>, C<e>, C<i>, C<o> or C<u>. Like the other
334 character classes, exactly one character is matched. To match
335 a longer string consisting of characters mentioned in the character
336 class, follow the character class with a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>. For
337 instance, C<[aeiou]+> matches one or more lowercase English vowels.
339 Repeating a character in a character class has no
340 effect; it's considered to be in the set only once.
344 "e" =~ /[aeiou]/ # Match, as "e" is listed in the class.
345 "p" =~ /[aeiou]/ # No match, "p" is not listed in the class.
346 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]$/ # No match, a character class only matches
347 # a single character.
348 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]+$/ # Match, due to the quantifier.
350 =head3 Special Characters Inside a Bracketed Character Class
352 Most characters that are meta characters in regular expressions (that
353 is, characters that carry a special meaning like C<.>, C<*>, or C<(>) lose
354 their special meaning and can be used inside a character class without
355 the need to escape them. For instance, C<[()]> matches either an opening
356 parenthesis, or a closing parenthesis, and the parens inside the character
357 class don't group or capture.
359 Characters that may carry a special meaning inside a character class are:
360 C<\>, C<^>, C<->, C<[> and C<]>, and are discussed below. They can be
361 escaped with a backslash, although this is sometimes not needed, in which
362 case the backslash may be omitted.
364 The sequence C<\b> is special inside a bracketed character class. While
365 outside the character class, C<\b> is an assertion indicating a point
366 that does not have either two word characters or two non-word characters
367 on either side, inside a bracketed character class, C<\b> matches a
377 C<\N{U+I<hex char>}>,
382 are also special and have the same meanings as they do outside a
383 bracketed character class. (However, inside a bracketed character
384 class, if C<\N{I<NAME>}> expands to a sequence of characters, only the first
385 one in the sequence is used, with a warning.)
387 Also, a backslash followed by two or three octal digits is considered an octal
390 A C<[> is not special inside a character class, unless it's the start of a
391 POSIX character class (see L</POSIX Character Classes> below). It normally does
394 A C<]> is normally either the end of a POSIX character class (see
395 L</POSIX Character Classes> below), or it signals the end of the bracketed
396 character class. If you want to include a C<]> in the set of characters, you
397 must generally escape it.
399 However, if the C<]> is the I<first> (or the second if the first
400 character is a caret) character of a bracketed character class, it
401 does not denote the end of the class (as you cannot have an empty class)
402 and is considered part of the set of characters that can be matched without
407 "+" =~ /[+?*]/ # Match, "+" in a character class is not special.
408 "\cH" =~ /[\b]/ # Match, \b inside in a character class
409 # is equivalent to a backspace.
410 "]" =~ /[][]/ # Match, as the character class contains.
412 "[]" =~ /[[]]/ # Match, the pattern contains a character class
413 # containing just ], and the character class is
416 =head3 Character Ranges
418 It is not uncommon to want to match a range of characters. Luckily, instead
419 of listing all characters in the range, one may use the hyphen (C<->).
420 If inside a bracketed character class you have two characters separated
421 by a hyphen, it's treated as if all characters between the two were in
422 the class. For instance, C<[0-9]> matches any ASCII digit, and C<[a-m]>
423 matches any lowercase letter from the first half of the old ASCII alphabet.
425 Note that the two characters on either side of the hyphen are not
426 necessarily both letters or both digits. Any character is possible,
427 although not advisable. C<['-?]> contains a range of characters, but
428 most people will not know which characters that means. Furthermore,
429 such ranges may lead to portability problems if the code has to run on
430 a platform that uses a different character set, such as EBCDIC.
432 If a hyphen in a character class cannot syntactically be part of a range, for
433 instance because it is the first or the last character of the character class,
434 or if it immediately follows a range, the hyphen isn't special, and so is
435 considered a character to be matched literally. If you want a hyphen in
436 your set of characters to be matched and its position in the class is such
437 that it could be considered part of a range, you must escape that hyphen
442 [a-z] # Matches a character that is a lower case ASCII letter.
443 [a-fz] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive) or
445 [-z] # Matches either a hyphen ('-') or the letter 'z'.
446 [a-f-m] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive), the
447 # hyphen ('-'), or the letter 'm'.
448 ['-?] # Matches any of the characters '()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?
449 # (But not on an EBCDIC platform).
454 It is also possible to instead list the characters you do not want to
455 match. You can do so by using a caret (C<^>) as the first character in the
456 character class. For instance, C<[^a-z]> matches any character that is not a
457 lowercase ASCII letter, which therefore includes almost a hundred thousand
460 This syntax make the caret a special character inside a bracketed character
461 class, but only if it is the first character of the class. So if you want
462 the caret as one of the characters to match, either escape the caret or
463 else not list it first.
467 "e" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # No match, the 'e' is listed.
468 "x" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # Match, as 'x' isn't a lowercase vowel.
469 "^" =~ /[^^]/ # No match, matches anything that isn't a caret.
470 "^" =~ /[x^]/ # Match, caret is not special here.
472 =head3 Backslash Sequences
474 You can put any backslash sequence character class (with the exception of
475 C<\N> and C<\R>) inside a bracketed character class, and it will act just
476 as if you had put all characters matched by the backslash sequence inside the
477 character class. For instance, C<[a-f\d]> matches any decimal digit, or any
478 of the lowercase letters between 'a' and 'f' inclusive.
480 C<\N> within a bracketed character class must be of the forms C<\N{I<name>}>
481 or C<\N{U+I<hex char>}>, and NOT be the form that matches non-newlines,
482 for the same reason that a dot C<.> inside a bracketed character class loses
483 its special meaning: it matches nearly anything, which generally isn't what you
489 /[\p{Thai}\d]/ # Matches a character that is either a Thai
490 # character, or a digit.
491 /[^\p{Arabic}()]/ # Matches a character that is neither an Arabic
492 # character, nor a parenthesis.
494 Backslash sequence character classes cannot form one of the endpoints
495 of a range. Thus, you can't say:
497 /[\p{Thai}-\d]/ # Wrong!
499 =head3 POSIX Character Classes
500 X<character class> X<\p> X<\p{}>
501 X<alpha> X<alnum> X<ascii> X<blank> X<cntrl> X<digit> X<graph>
502 X<lower> X<print> X<punct> X<space> X<upper> X<word> X<xdigit>
504 POSIX character classes have the form C<[:class:]>, where I<class> is
505 name, and the C<[:> and C<:]> delimiters. POSIX character classes only appear
506 I<inside> bracketed character classes, and are a convenient and descriptive
507 way of listing a group of characters, though they can suffer from
508 portability issues (see below and L<Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>).
510 Be careful about the syntax,
513 $string =~ /[[:alpha:]]/
515 # Incorrect (will warn):
516 $string =~ /[:alpha:]/
518 The latter pattern would be a character class consisting of a colon,
519 and the letters C<a>, C<l>, C<p> and C<h>.
520 POSIX character classes can be part of a larger bracketed character class.
525 is valid and matches '0', '1', any alphabetic character, and the percent sign.
527 Perl recognizes the following POSIX character classes:
529 alpha Any alphabetical character ("[A-Za-z]").
530 alnum Any alphanumeric character. ("[A-Za-z0-9]")
531 ascii Any character in the ASCII character set.
532 blank A GNU extension, equal to a space or a horizontal tab ("\t").
533 cntrl Any control character. See Note [2] below.
534 digit Any decimal digit ("[0-9]"), equivalent to "\d".
535 graph Any printable character, excluding a space. See Note [3] below.
536 lower Any lowercase character ("[a-z]").
537 print Any printable character, including a space. See Note [4] below.
538 punct Any graphical character excluding "word" characters. Note [5].
539 space Any whitespace character. "\s" plus the vertical tab ("\cK").
540 upper Any uppercase character ("[A-Z]").
541 word A Perl extension ("[A-Za-z0-9_]"), equivalent to "\w".
542 xdigit Any hexadecimal digit ("[0-9a-fA-F]").
544 Most POSIX character classes have two Unicode-style C<\p> property
545 counterparts. (They are not official Unicode properties, but Perl extensions
546 derived from official Unicode properties.) The table below shows the relation
547 between POSIX character classes and these counterparts.
549 One counterpart, in the column labelled "ASCII-range Unicode" in
550 the table, matches only characters in the ASCII character set.
552 The other counterpart, in the column labelled "Full-range Unicode", matches any
553 appropriate characters in the full Unicode character set. For example,
554 C<\p{Alpha}> matches not just the ASCII alphabetic characters, but any
555 character in the entire Unicode character set considered alphabetic.
556 The column labelled "backslash sequence" is a (short) synonym for
557 the Full-range Unicode form.
559 (Each of the counterparts has various synonyms as well.
560 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}> lists all
561 synonyms, plus all characters matched by each ASCII-range property.
562 For example, C<\p{AHex}> is a synonym for C<\p{ASCII_Hex_Digit}>,
563 and any C<\p> property name can be prefixed with "Is" such as C<\p{IsAlpha}>.)
565 Both the C<\p> forms are unaffected by any locale in effect, or whether
566 the string is in UTF-8 format or not, or whether the platform is EBCDIC or not.
567 In contrast, the POSIX character classes are affected, unless the
568 regular expression is compiled with the C<"a"> modifier. If the C<"a">
569 modifier is not in effect, and the source string is in UTF-8 format, the
570 POSIX classes behave like their "Full-range" Unicode counterparts. If
571 C<"a"> modifier is in effect; or the source string is not in UTF-8
572 format, and no locale is in effect, and the platform is not EBCDIC, all
573 the POSIX classes behave like their ASCII-range counterparts.
574 Otherwise, they behave based on the rules of the locale or EBCDIC code
577 It is proposed to change this behavior in a future release of Perl so that the
578 the UTF-8-ness of the source string will be irrelevant to the behavior of the
579 POSIX character classes. This means they will always behave in strict
580 accordance with the official POSIX standard. That is, if either locale or
581 EBCDIC code page is present, they will behave in accordance with those; if
582 absent, the classes will match only their ASCII-range counterparts. If you
583 wish to comment on this proposal, send email to C<perl5-porters@perl.org>.
585 [[:...:]] ASCII-range Full-range backslash Note
586 Unicode Unicode sequence
587 -----------------------------------------------------
588 alpha \p{PosixAlpha} \p{XPosixAlpha}
589 alnum \p{PosixAlnum} \p{XPosixAlnum}
591 blank \p{PosixBlank} \p{XPosixBlank} \h [1]
592 or \p{HorizSpace} [1]
593 cntrl \p{PosixCntrl} \p{XPosixCntrl} [2]
594 digit \p{PosixDigit} \p{XPosixDigit} \d
595 graph \p{PosixGraph} \p{XPosixGraph} [3]
596 lower \p{PosixLower} \p{XPosixLower}
597 print \p{PosixPrint} \p{XPosixPrint} [4]
598 punct \p{PosixPunct} \p{XPosixPunct} [5]
599 \p{PerlSpace} \p{XPerlSpace} \s [6]
600 space \p{PosixSpace} \p{XPosixSpace} [6]
601 upper \p{PosixUpper} \p{XPosixUpper}
602 word \p{PosixWord} \p{XPosixWord} \w
603 xdigit \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit} \p{XPosixXDigit}
609 C<\p{Blank}> and C<\p{HorizSpace}> are synonyms.
613 Control characters don't produce output as such, but instead usually control
614 the terminal somehow: for example, newline and backspace are control characters.
615 In the ASCII range, characters whose ordinals are between 0 and 31 inclusive,
616 plus 127 (C<DEL>) are control characters.
618 On EBCDIC platforms, it is likely that the code page will define C<[[:cntrl:]]>
619 to be the EBCDIC equivalents of the ASCII controls, plus the controls
620 that in Unicode have ordinals from 128 through 159.
624 Any character that is I<graphical>, that is, visible. This class consists
625 of all alphanumeric characters and all punctuation characters.
629 All printable characters, which is the set of all graphical characters
630 plus those whitespace characters which are not also controls.
634 C<\p{PosixPunct}> and C<[[:punct:]]> in the ASCII range match all
635 non-controls, non-alphanumeric, non-space characters:
636 C<[-!"#$%&'()*+,./:;<=E<gt>?@[\\\]^_`{|}~]> (although if a locale is in effect,
637 it could alter the behavior of C<[[:punct:]]>).
639 The similarly named property, C<\p{Punct}>, matches a somewhat different
640 set in the ASCII range, namely
641 C<[-!"#%&'()*,./:;?@[\\\]_{}]>. That is, it is missing C<[$+E<lt>=E<gt>^`|~]>.
642 This is because Unicode splits what POSIX considers to be punctuation into two
643 categories, Punctuation and Symbols.
645 C<\p{XPosixPunct}> and (in Unicode mode) C<[[:punct:]]>, match what
646 C<\p{PosixPunct}> matches in the ASCII range, plus what C<\p{Punct}>
647 matches. This is different than strictly matching according to
648 C<\p{Punct}>. Another way to say it is that
649 for a UTF-8 string, C<[[:punct:]]> matches all characters that Unicode
650 considers punctuation, plus all ASCII-range characters that Unicode
655 C<\p{SpacePerl}> and C<\p{Space}> differ only in that C<\p{Space}> additionally
656 matches the vertical tab, C<\cK>. Same for the two ASCII-only range forms.
660 There are various other synonyms that can be used for these besides
661 C<\p{HorizSpace}> and \C<\p{XPosixBlank}>. For example,
662 C<\p{PosixAlpha}> can be written as C<\p{Alpha}>. All are listed
663 in L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>.
666 X<character class, negation>
668 A Perl extension to the POSIX character class is the ability to
669 negate it. This is done by prefixing the class name with a caret (C<^>).
672 POSIX ASCII-range Full-range backslash
673 Unicode Unicode sequence
674 -----------------------------------------------------
675 [[:^digit:]] \P{PosixDigit} \P{XPosixDigit} \D
676 [[:^space:]] \P{PosixSpace} \P{XPosixSpace}
677 \P{PerlSpace} \P{XPerlSpace} \S
678 [[:^word:]] \P{PerlWord} \P{XPosixWord} \W
680 The backslash sequence can mean either ASCII- or Full-range Unicode,
681 depending on various factors. See L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>
684 =head4 [= =] and [. .]
686 Perl recognizes the POSIX character classes C<[=class=]> and
687 C<[.class.]>, but does not (yet?) support them. Any attempt to use
688 either construct raises an exception.
692 /[[:digit:]]/ # Matches a character that is a digit.
693 /[01[:lower:]]/ # Matches a character that is either a
694 # lowercase letter, or '0' or '1'.
695 /[[:digit:][:^xdigit:]]/ # Matches a character that can be anything
696 # except the letters 'a' to 'f'. This is
697 # because the main character class is composed
698 # of two POSIX character classes that are ORed
699 # together, one that matches any digit, and
700 # the other that matches anything that isn't a
701 # hex digit. The result matches all
702 # characters except the letters 'a' to 'f' and
706 =head2 Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8
708 Some of the character classes have a somewhat different behaviour
709 depending on the internal encoding of the source string, whether the regular
710 expression is marked as having Unicode semantics, whatever locale is in
711 effect, and whether the program is running on an EBCDIC platform.
713 C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s> and the POSIX character classes (and their
714 negations, including C<\W>, C<\D>, C<\S>) have this behaviour. (Since
715 the backslash sequences C<\b> and C<\B> are defined in terms of C<\w>
716 and C<\W>, they also are affected.)
718 Starting in Perl 5.14, if the regular expression is compiled with the
719 C<"a"> modifier, the behavior doesn't differ regardless of any other
720 factors. C<\d> matches the 10 digits 0-9; C<\D> any character but those
721 10; C<\s>, exactly the five characters "[ \f\n\r\t]"; C<\w> only the 63
722 characters "[A-Za-z0-9_]"; and the C<"[[:posix:]]"> classes only the
723 appropriate ASCII characters, the same characters as are matched by the
724 corresponding C<\p{}> property given in the "ASCII-range Unicode" column
725 in the table above. (The behavior of all of their complements follows
728 Otherwise, a regular expression is marked for Unicode semantics if it is
729 encoded in utf8 (usually as a result of including a literal character
730 whose code point is above 255), or if it contains a C<\N{U+...}> or
731 C<\N{I<name>}> construct, or (starting in Perl 5.14) if it was compiled
732 in the scope of a C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> pragma and not in
733 the scope of a C<S<use locale>> pragma, or has the C<"u"> regular
736 Note that one can specify C<"use re '/l'"> for example, for any regular
737 expression modifier, and this has precedence over either of the
738 C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> or C<S<use locale>> pragmas.
740 The differences in behavior between locale and non-locale semantics
741 can affect any character whose code point is 255 or less. The
742 differences in behavior between Unicode and non-Unicode semantics
743 affects only ASCII platforms, and only when matching against characters
744 whose code points are between 128 and 255 inclusive. See
745 L<perlunicode/The "Unicode Bug">.
747 For portability reasons, unless the C<"a"> modifier is specified,
748 it may be better to not use C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s> or the POSIX character
749 classes and use the Unicode properties instead.
751 That way you can control whether you want matching of characters in
752 the ASCII character set alone, or whether to match Unicode characters.
753 C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> allows seamless Unicode behavior
754 no matter the internal encodings, but won't allow restricting
755 to ASCII characters only.
759 $str = "\xDF"; # $str is not in UTF-8 format.
760 $str =~ /^\w/; # No match, as $str isn't in UTF-8 format.
761 $str .= "\x{0e0b}"; # Now $str is in UTF-8 format.
762 $str =~ /^\w/; # Match! $str is now in UTF-8 format.
764 $str =~ /^\w/; # Still a match! $str remains in UTF-8 format.