4 use warnings::register;
6 use vars qw($VERSION %declared);
9 #=======================================================================
11 # Some names are evil choices.
12 my %keywords = map +($_, 1), qw{ BEGIN INIT CHECK END DESTROY AUTOLOAD };
13 $keywords{UNITCHECK}++ if $] > 5.009;
15 my %forced_into_main = map +($_, 1),
16 qw{ STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT ENV INC SIG };
18 my %forbidden = (%keywords, %forced_into_main);
20 my $str_end = $] >= 5.006 ? "\\z" : "\\Z";
21 my $normal_constant_name = qr/^_?[^\W_0-9]\w*$str_end/;
22 my $tolerable = qr/^[A-Za-z_]\w*$str_end/;
23 my $boolean = qr/^[01]?$str_end/;
26 # We'd like to do use constant _CAN_PCS => $] > 5.009002
27 # but that's a bit tricky before we load the constant module :-)
28 # By doing this, we save 1 run time check for *every* call to import.
30 my $const = $] > 5.009002;
31 *_CAN_PCS = sub () {$const};
34 #=======================================================================
35 # import() - import symbols into user's namespace
37 # What we actually do is define a function in the caller's namespace
38 # which returns the value. The function we create will normally
39 # be inlined as a constant, thereby avoiding further sub calling
41 #=======================================================================
44 return unless @_; # Ignore 'use constant;'
46 my $multiple = ref $_[0];
53 $symtab = \%{$pkg . '::'};
57 if (ref $_[0] ne 'HASH') {
59 Carp::croak("Invalid reference type '".ref(shift)."' not 'HASH'");
63 unless (defined $_[0]) {
65 Carp::croak("Can't use undef as constant name");
67 $constants->{+shift} = undef;
70 foreach my $name ( keys %$constants ) {
71 # Normal constant name
72 if ($name =~ $normal_constant_name and !$forbidden{$name}) {
75 # Name forced into main, but we're not in main. Fatal.
76 } elsif ($forced_into_main{$name} and $pkg ne 'main') {
78 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' is forced into main::");
80 # Starts with double underscore. Fatal.
81 } elsif ($name =~ /^__/) {
83 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' begins with '__'");
85 # Maybe the name is tolerable
86 } elsif ($name =~ $tolerable) {
87 # Then we'll warn only if you've asked for warnings
88 if (warnings::enabled()) {
89 if ($keywords{$name}) {
90 warnings::warn("Constant name '$name' is a Perl keyword");
91 } elsif ($forced_into_main{$name}) {
92 warnings::warn("Constant name '$name' is " .
93 "forced into package main::");
97 # Looks like a boolean
98 # use constant FRED == fred;
99 } elsif ($name =~ $boolean) {
102 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' is invalid");
104 Carp::croak("Constant name looks like boolean value");
108 # Must have bad characters
110 Carp::croak("Constant name '$name' has invalid characters");
115 my $full_name = "${pkg}::$name";
116 $declared{$full_name}++;
117 if ($multiple || @_ == 1) {
118 my $scalar = $multiple ? $constants->{$name} : $_[0];
120 # Work around perl bug #xxxxx: Sub names (actually glob
121 # names in general) ignore the UTF8 flag. So we have to
122 # turn it off to get the "right" symbol table entry.
123 utf8::is_utf8 $name and utf8::encode $name;
125 # The constant serves to optimise this entire block out on
127 if (_CAN_PCS && $symtab && !exists $symtab->{$name}) {
128 # No typeglob yet, so we can use a reference as space-
129 # efficient proxy for a constant subroutine
130 # The check in Perl_ck_rvconst knows that inlinable
131 # constants from cv_const_sv are read only. So we have to:
132 Internals::SvREADONLY($scalar, 1);
133 $symtab->{$name} = \$scalar;
136 *$full_name = sub () { $scalar };
140 *$full_name = sub () { @list };
142 *$full_name = sub () { };
146 # Flush the cache exactly once if we make any direct symbol table changes.
147 mro::method_changed_in($pkg) if _CAN_PCS && $flush_mro;
156 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
160 use constant PI => 4 * atan2(1, 1);
161 use constant DEBUG => 0;
163 print "Pi equals ", PI, "...\n" if DEBUG;
177 use constant WEEKDAYS => qw(
178 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
181 print "Today is ", (WEEKDAYS)[ (localtime)[WDAY] ], ".\n";
185 This pragma allows you to declare constants at compile-time.
187 When you declare a constant such as C<PI> using the method shown
188 above, each machine your script runs upon can have as many digits
189 of accuracy as it can use. Also, your program will be easier to
190 read, more likely to be maintained (and maintained correctly), and
191 far less likely to send a space probe to the wrong planet because
192 nobody noticed the one equation in which you wrote C<3.14195>.
194 When a constant is used in an expression, Perl replaces it with its
195 value at compile time, and may then optimize the expression further.
196 In particular, any code in an C<if (CONSTANT)> block will be optimized
197 away if the constant is false.
201 As with all C<use> directives, defining a constant happens at
202 compile time. Thus, it's probably not correct to put a constant
203 declaration inside of a conditional statement (like C<if ($foo)
204 { use constant ... }>).
206 Constants defined using this module cannot be interpolated into
207 strings like variables. However, concatenation works just fine:
209 print "Pi equals PI...\n"; # WRONG: does not expand "PI"
210 print "Pi equals ".PI."...\n"; # right
212 Even though a reference may be declared as a constant, the reference may
213 point to data which may be changed, as this code shows.
215 use constant ARRAY => [ 1,2,3,4 ];
217 ARRAY->[1] = " be changed";
220 Dereferencing constant references incorrectly (such as using an array
221 subscript on a constant hash reference, or vice versa) will be trapped at
224 Constants belong to the package they are defined in. To refer to a
225 constant defined in another package, specify the full package name, as
226 in C<Some::Package::CONSTANT>. Constants may be exported by modules,
227 and may also be called as either class or instance methods, that is,
228 as C<< Some::Package->CONSTANT >> or as C<< $obj->CONSTANT >> where
229 C<$obj> is an instance of C<Some::Package>. Subclasses may define
230 their own constants to override those in their base class.
232 The use of all caps for constant names is merely a convention,
233 although it is recommended in order to make constants stand out
234 and to help avoid collisions with other barewords, keywords, and
235 subroutine names. Constant names must begin with a letter or
236 underscore. Names beginning with a double underscore are reserved. Some
237 poor choices for names will generate warnings, if warnings are enabled at
240 =head2 List constants
242 Constants may be lists of more (or less) than one value. A constant
243 with no values evaluates to C<undef> in scalar context. Note that
244 constants with more than one value do I<not> return their last value in
245 scalar context as one might expect. They currently return the number
246 of values, but B<this may change in the future>. Do not use constants
247 with multiple values in scalar context.
249 B<NOTE:> This implies that the expression defining the value of a
250 constant is evaluated in list context. This may produce surprises:
252 use constant TIMESTAMP => localtime; # WRONG!
253 use constant TIMESTAMP => scalar localtime; # right
255 The first line above defines C<TIMESTAMP> as a 9-element list, as
256 returned by C<localtime()> in list context. To set it to the string
257 returned by C<localtime()> in scalar context, an explicit C<scalar>
260 List constants are lists, not arrays. To index or slice them, they
261 must be placed in parentheses.
263 my @workdays = WEEKDAYS[1 .. 5]; # WRONG!
264 my @workdays = (WEEKDAYS)[1 .. 5]; # right
266 =head2 Defining multiple constants at once
268 Instead of writing multiple C<use constant> statements, you may define
269 multiple constants in a single statement by giving, instead of the
270 constant name, a reference to a hash where the keys are the names of
271 the constants to be defined. Obviously, all constants defined using
272 this method must have a single value.
275 FOO => "A single value",
276 BAR => "This", "won't", "work!", # Error!
279 This is a fundamental limitation of the way hashes are constructed in
280 Perl. The error messages produced when this happens will often be
281 quite cryptic -- in the worst case there may be none at all, and
282 you'll only later find that something is broken.
284 When defining multiple constants, you cannot use the values of other
285 constants defined in the same declaration. This is because the
286 calling package doesn't know about any constant within that group
287 until I<after> the C<use> statement is finished.
290 BITMASK => 0xAFBAEBA8,
291 NEGMASK => ~BITMASK, # Error!
294 =head2 Magic constants
296 Magical values and references can be made into constants at compile
297 time, allowing for way cool stuff like this. (These error numbers
298 aren't totally portable, alas.)
300 use constant E2BIG => ($! = 7);
301 print E2BIG, "\n"; # something like "Arg list too long"
302 print 0+E2BIG, "\n"; # "7"
304 You can't produce a tied constant by giving a tied scalar as the
305 value. References to tied variables, however, can be used as
306 constants without any problems.
308 =head1 TECHNICAL NOTES
310 In the current implementation, scalar constants are actually
311 inlinable subroutines. As of version 5.004 of Perl, the appropriate
312 scalar constant is inserted directly in place of some subroutine
313 calls, thereby saving the overhead of a subroutine call. See
314 L<perlsub/"Constant Functions"> for details about how and when this
317 In the rare case in which you need to discover at run time whether a
318 particular constant has been declared via this module, you may use
319 this function to examine the hash C<%constant::declared>. If the given
320 constant name does not include a package name, the current package is
324 use constant 1.01; # don't omit this!
326 $name =~ s/^::/main::/;
328 my $full_name = $name =~ /::/ ? $name : "${pkg}::$name";
329 $constant::declared{$full_name};
334 In the current version of Perl, list constants are not inlined
335 and some symbols may be redefined without generating a warning.
337 It is not possible to have a subroutine or a keyword with the same
338 name as a constant in the same package. This is probably a Good Thing.
340 A constant with a name in the list C<STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT
341 ENV INC SIG> is not allowed anywhere but in package C<main::>, for
344 Unlike constants in some languages, these cannot be overridden
345 on the command line or via environment variables.
347 You can get into trouble if you use constants in a context which
348 automatically quotes barewords (as is true for any subroutine call).
349 For example, you can't say C<$hash{CONSTANT}> because C<CONSTANT> will
350 be interpreted as a string. Use C<$hash{CONSTANT()}> or
351 C<$hash{+CONSTANT}> to prevent the bareword quoting mechanism from
352 kicking in. Similarly, since the C<< => >> operator quotes a bareword
353 immediately to its left, you have to say C<< CONSTANT() => 'value' >>
354 (or simply use a comma in place of the big arrow) instead of
355 C<< CONSTANT => 'value' >>.
359 L<Readonly> - Facility for creating read-only scalars, arrays, hashes.
361 L<Const> - Facility for creating read-only variables. Similar to C<Readonly>,
362 but uses C<SvREADONLY> instead of C<tie>.
364 L<Attribute::Constant> - Make read-only variables via attribute
366 L<Scalar::Readonly> - Perl extension to the C<SvREADONLY> scalar flag
368 L<Hash::Util> - A selection of general-utility hash subroutines (mostly
369 to lock/unlock keys and values)
373 Please report any bugs or feature requests via the perlbug(1) utility.
377 Tom Phoenix, E<lt>F<rootbeer@redcat.com>E<gt>, with help from
380 Multiple constant declarations at once added by Casey West,
381 E<lt>F<casey@geeknest.com>E<gt>.
383 Documentation mostly rewritten by Ilmari Karonen,
384 E<lt>F<perl@itz.pp.sci.fi>E<gt>.
386 This program is maintained by the Perl 5 Porters.
387 The CPAN distribution is maintained by SE<eacute>bastien Aperghis-Tramoni
388 E<lt>F<sebastien@aperghis.net>E<gt>.
390 =head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
392 Copyright (C) 1997, 1999 Tom Phoenix
394 This module is free software; you can redistribute it or modify it
395 under the same terms as Perl itself.