3 $utf8::hint_bits = 0x00800000;
8 $^H |= $utf8::hint_bits;
12 $^H &= ~$utf8::hint_bits;
16 require "utf8_heavy.pl";
17 goto &$AUTOLOAD if defined &$AUTOLOAD;
19 Carp::croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD called");
27 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
34 # Convert the internal representation of a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8.
36 $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string);
37 $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]);
39 # Change each character of a Perl scalar to/from a series of
40 # characters that represent the UTF-8 bytes of each original character.
42 utf8::encode($string); # "\x{100}" becomes "\xc4\x80"
43 utf8::decode($string); # "\xc4\x80" becomes "\x{100}"
45 $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING); # since Perl 5.8.1
46 $flag = utf8::valid(STRING);
50 The C<use utf8> pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the
51 program text in the current lexical scope (allow UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based
52 platforms). The C<no utf8> pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating
53 the source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope.
55 B<Do not use this pragma for anything else than telling Perl that your
56 script is written in UTF-8.> The utility functions described below are
57 directly usable without C<use utf8;>.
59 Because it is not possible to reliably tell UTF-8 from native 8 bit
60 encodings, you need either a Byte Order Mark at the beginning of your
61 source code, or C<use utf8;>, to instruct perl.
63 When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this pragma will
64 effectively become a no-op. For convenience in what follows the term
65 I<UTF-X> is used to refer to UTF-8 on ASCII and ISO Latin based
66 platforms and UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms.
68 See also the effects of the C<-C> switch and its cousin, the
69 C<$ENV{PERL_UNICODE}>, in L<perlrun>.
71 Enabling the C<utf8> pragma has the following effect:
77 Bytes in the source text that have their high-bit set will be treated
78 as being part of a literal UTF-X sequence. This includes most
79 literals such as identifier names, string constants, and constant
80 regular expression patterns.
82 On EBCDIC platforms characters in the Latin 1 character set are
83 treated as being part of a literal UTF-EBCDIC character.
87 Note that if you have bytes with the eighth bit on in your script
88 (for example embedded Latin-1 in your string literals), C<use utf8>
89 will be unhappy since the bytes are most probably not well-formed
90 UTF-X. If you want to have such bytes under C<use utf8>, you can disable
91 this pragma until the end the block (or file, if at top level) by
94 =head2 Utility functions
96 The following functions are defined in the C<utf8::> package by the
97 Perl core. You do not need to say C<use utf8> to use these and in fact
98 you should not say that unless you really want to have UTF-8 source code.
102 =item * $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string)
104 Converts in-place the internal representation of the string from an octet
105 sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC) to I<UTF-X>. The
106 logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If I<$string> is already
107 stored as I<UTF-X>, then this is a no-op. Returns the
108 number of octets necessary to represent the string as I<UTF-X>. Can be
109 used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is on, so that C<\w> or C<lc()>
110 work as Unicode on strings containing characters in the range 0x80-0xFF
111 (on ASCII and derivatives).
113 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
114 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
117 =item * $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK])
119 Converts in-place the internal representation of the string from
120 I<UTF-X> to the equivalent octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1
121 or EBCDIC). The logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If
122 I<$string> is already stored as native 8 bit, then this is a no-op. Can
124 make sure that the UTF-8 flag is off, e.g. when you want to make sure
125 that the substr() or length() function works with the usually faster
128 Fails if the original I<UTF-X> sequence cannot be represented in the
129 native 8 bit encoding. On failure dies or, if the value of C<FAIL_OK> is
132 Returns true on success.
134 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
135 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
138 =item * utf8::encode($string)
140 Converts in-place the character sequence to the corresponding octet
141 sequence in I<UTF-X>. That is, every (possibly wide) character gets
142 replaced with a sequence of one or more characters that represent the
143 individual I<UTF-X> bytes of the character. The UTF8 flag is turned off.
146 my $a = "\x{100}"; # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100
147 utf8::encode($a); # $a contains two characters, with ords 0xc4 and 0x80
149 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
150 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
153 =item * $success = utf8::decode($string)
155 Attempts to convert in-place the octet sequence in I<UTF-X> to the
156 corresponding character sequence. That is, it replaces each sequence of
157 characters in the string whose ords represent a valid UTF-X byte
158 sequence, with the corresponding single character. The UTF-8 flag is
159 turned on only if the source string contains multiple-byte I<UTF-X>
160 characters. If I<$string> is invalid as I<UTF-X>, returns false;
161 otherwise returns true.
163 my $a = "\xc4\x80"; # $a contains two characters, with ords 0xc4 and 0x80
164 utf8::decode($a); # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100
166 B<Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings.>
167 Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also
170 =item * $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING)
172 (Since Perl 5.8.1) Test whether STRING is encoded internally in UTF-8.
173 Functionally the same as Encode::is_utf8().
175 =item * $flag = utf8::valid(STRING)
177 [INTERNAL] Test whether STRING is in a consistent state regarding
178 UTF-8. Will return true if it is well-formed UTF-8 and has the UTF-8 flag
179 on B<or> if STRING is held as bytes (both these states are 'consistent').
180 Main reason for this routine is to allow Perl's testsuite to check
181 that operations have left strings in a consistent state. You most
182 probably want to use utf8::is_utf8() instead.
186 C<utf8::encode> is like C<utf8::upgrade>, but the UTF8 flag is
187 cleared. See L<perlunicode> for more on the UTF8 flag and the C API
188 functions C<sv_utf8_upgrade>, C<sv_utf8_downgrade>, C<sv_utf8_encode>,
189 and C<sv_utf8_decode>, which are wrapped by the Perl functions
190 C<utf8::upgrade>, C<utf8::downgrade>, C<utf8::encode> and
191 C<utf8::decode>. Also, the functions utf8::is_utf8, utf8::valid,
192 utf8::encode, utf8::decode, utf8::upgrade, and utf8::downgrade are
193 actually internal, and thus always available, without a C<require utf8>
198 One can have Unicode in identifier names, but not in package/class or
199 subroutine names. While some limited functionality towards this does
200 exist as of Perl 5.8.0, that is more accidental than designed; use of
201 Unicode for the said purposes is unsupported.
203 One reason of this unfinishedness is its (currently) inherent
204 unportability: since both package names and subroutine names may need
205 to be mapped to file and directory names, the Unicode capability of
206 the filesystem becomes important-- and there unfortunately aren't
211 L<perlunitut>, L<perluniintro>, L<perlrun>, L<bytes>, L<perlunicode>