7 use bytes (); # for $bytes::hint_bits
10 # Icky 3.2 names with parentheses.
11 'LINE FEED' => 0x0A, # LINE FEED (LF)
12 'FORM FEED' => 0x0C, # FORM FEED (FF)
13 'CARRIAGE RETURN' => 0x0D, # CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
14 'NEXT LINE' => 0x85, # NEXT LINE (NEL)
16 # Some variant names from Wikipedia
17 'SINGLE-SHIFT 2' => 0x8E,
18 'SINGLE-SHIFT 3' => 0x8F,
19 'PRIVATE USE 1' => 0x91,
20 'PRIVATE USE 2' => 0x92,
21 'START OF PROTECTED AREA' => 0x96,
22 'END OF PROTECTED AREA' => 0x97,
24 # Convenience. Standard abbreviations for the controls
26 'SOH' => 0x01, # START OF HEADING
27 'STX' => 0x02, # START OF TEXT
28 'ETX' => 0x03, # END OF TEXT
29 'EOT' => 0x04, # END OF TRANSMISSION
30 'ENQ' => 0x05, # ENQUIRY
31 'ACK' => 0x06, # ACKNOWLEDGE
33 'BS' => 0x08, # BACKSPACE
34 'HT' => 0x09, # HORIZONTAL TABULATION
35 'LF' => 0x0A, # LINE FEED (LF)
36 'VT' => 0x0B, # VERTICAL TABULATION
37 'FF' => 0x0C, # FORM FEED (FF)
38 'CR' => 0x0D, # CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
39 'SO' => 0x0E, # SHIFT OUT
40 'SI' => 0x0F, # SHIFT IN
41 'DLE' => 0x10, # DATA LINK ESCAPE
42 'DC1' => 0x11, # DEVICE CONTROL ONE
43 'DC2' => 0x12, # DEVICE CONTROL TWO
44 'DC3' => 0x13, # DEVICE CONTROL THREE
45 'DC4' => 0x14, # DEVICE CONTROL FOUR
46 'NAK' => 0x15, # NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE
47 'SYN' => 0x16, # SYNCHRONOUS IDLE
48 'ETB' => 0x17, # END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK
49 'CAN' => 0x18, # CANCEL
50 'EOM' => 0x19, # END OF MEDIUM
51 'SUB' => 0x1A, # SUBSTITUTE
52 'ESC' => 0x1B, # ESCAPE
53 'FS' => 0x1C, # FILE SEPARATOR
54 'GS' => 0x1D, # GROUP SEPARATOR
55 'RS' => 0x1E, # RECORD SEPARATOR
56 'US' => 0x1F, # UNIT SEPARATOR
57 'DEL' => 0x7F, # DELETE
58 'BPH' => 0x82, # BREAK PERMITTED HERE
59 'NBH' => 0x83, # NO BREAK HERE
60 'NEL' => 0x85, # NEXT LINE (NEL)
61 'SSA' => 0x86, # START OF SELECTED AREA
62 'ESA' => 0x87, # END OF SELECTED AREA
63 'HTS' => 0x88, # CHARACTER TABULATION SET
64 'HTJ' => 0x89, # CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION
65 'VTS' => 0x8A, # LINE TABULATION SET
66 'PLD' => 0x8B, # PARTIAL LINE FORWARD
67 'PLU' => 0x8C, # PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD
68 'RI ' => 0x8D, # REVERSE LINE FEED
69 'SS2' => 0x8E, # SINGLE SHIFT TWO
70 'SS3' => 0x8F, # SINGLE SHIFT THREE
71 'DCS' => 0x90, # DEVICE CONTROL STRING
72 'PU1' => 0x91, # PRIVATE USE ONE
73 'PU2' => 0x92, # PRIVATE USE TWO
74 'STS' => 0x93, # SET TRANSMIT STATE
75 'CCH' => 0x94, # CANCEL CHARACTER
76 'MW ' => 0x95, # MESSAGE WAITING
77 'SPA' => 0x96, # START OF GUARDED AREA
78 'EPA' => 0x97, # END OF GUARDED AREA
79 'SOS' => 0x98, # START OF STRING
80 'SCI' => 0x9A, # SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCER
81 'CSI' => 0x9B, # CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCER
82 'ST ' => 0x9C, # STRING TERMINATOR
83 'OSC' => 0x9D, # OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND
84 'PM ' => 0x9E, # PRIVACY MESSAGE
85 'APC' => 0x9F, # APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND
87 # There are no names for these in the Unicode standard;
88 # perhaps should be deprecated, but then again there are
89 # no alternative names, so am not deprecating. And if
90 # did, the code would have to change to not recommend an
91 # alternative for these.
92 'PADDING CHARACTER' => 0x80,
94 'HIGH OCTET PRESET' => 0x81,
98 'SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER' => 0x99,
101 # More convenience. For further convenience,
102 # it is suggested some way of using the NamesList
103 # aliases be implemented, but there are ambiguities in
105 'BOM' => 0xFEFF, # BYTE ORDER MARK
106 'BYTE ORDER MARK'=> 0xFEFF,
107 'CGJ' => 0x034F, # COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER
108 'FVS1' => 0x180B, # MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE
109 'FVS2' => 0x180C, # MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO
110 'FVS3' => 0x180D, # MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE
111 'LRE' => 0x202A, # LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
112 'LRM' => 0x200E, # LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
113 'LRO' => 0x202D, # LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE
114 'MMSP' => 0x205F, # MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE
115 'MVS' => 0x180E, # MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
116 'NBSP' => 0x00A0, # NO-BREAK SPACE
117 'NNBSP' => 0x202F, # NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE
118 'PDF' => 0x202C, # POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
119 'RLE' => 0x202B, # RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
120 'RLM' => 0x200F, # RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
121 'RLO' => 0x202E, # RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE
122 'SHY' => 0x00AD, # SOFT HYPHEN
123 'VS1' => 0xFE00, # VARIATION SELECTOR-1
124 'VS2' => 0xFE01, # VARIATION SELECTOR-2
125 'VS3' => 0xFE02, # VARIATION SELECTOR-3
126 'VS4' => 0xFE03, # VARIATION SELECTOR-4
127 'VS5' => 0xFE04, # VARIATION SELECTOR-5
128 'VS6' => 0xFE05, # VARIATION SELECTOR-6
129 'VS7' => 0xFE06, # VARIATION SELECTOR-7
130 'VS8' => 0xFE07, # VARIATION SELECTOR-8
131 'VS9' => 0xFE08, # VARIATION SELECTOR-9
132 'VS10' => 0xFE09, # VARIATION SELECTOR-10
133 'VS11' => 0xFE0A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-11
134 'VS12' => 0xFE0B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-12
135 'VS13' => 0xFE0C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-13
136 'VS14' => 0xFE0D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-14
137 'VS15' => 0xFE0E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-15
138 'VS16' => 0xFE0F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-16
139 'VS17' => 0xE0100, # VARIATION SELECTOR-17
140 'VS18' => 0xE0101, # VARIATION SELECTOR-18
141 'VS19' => 0xE0102, # VARIATION SELECTOR-19
142 'VS20' => 0xE0103, # VARIATION SELECTOR-20
143 'VS21' => 0xE0104, # VARIATION SELECTOR-21
144 'VS22' => 0xE0105, # VARIATION SELECTOR-22
145 'VS23' => 0xE0106, # VARIATION SELECTOR-23
146 'VS24' => 0xE0107, # VARIATION SELECTOR-24
147 'VS25' => 0xE0108, # VARIATION SELECTOR-25
148 'VS26' => 0xE0109, # VARIATION SELECTOR-26
149 'VS27' => 0xE010A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-27
150 'VS28' => 0xE010B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-28
151 'VS29' => 0xE010C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-29
152 'VS30' => 0xE010D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-30
153 'VS31' => 0xE010E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-31
154 'VS32' => 0xE010F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-32
155 'VS33' => 0xE0110, # VARIATION SELECTOR-33
156 'VS34' => 0xE0111, # VARIATION SELECTOR-34
157 'VS35' => 0xE0112, # VARIATION SELECTOR-35
158 'VS36' => 0xE0113, # VARIATION SELECTOR-36
159 'VS37' => 0xE0114, # VARIATION SELECTOR-37
160 'VS38' => 0xE0115, # VARIATION SELECTOR-38
161 'VS39' => 0xE0116, # VARIATION SELECTOR-39
162 'VS40' => 0xE0117, # VARIATION SELECTOR-40
163 'VS41' => 0xE0118, # VARIATION SELECTOR-41
164 'VS42' => 0xE0119, # VARIATION SELECTOR-42
165 'VS43' => 0xE011A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-43
166 'VS44' => 0xE011B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-44
167 'VS45' => 0xE011C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-45
168 'VS46' => 0xE011D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-46
169 'VS47' => 0xE011E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-47
170 'VS48' => 0xE011F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-48
171 'VS49' => 0xE0120, # VARIATION SELECTOR-49
172 'VS50' => 0xE0121, # VARIATION SELECTOR-50
173 'VS51' => 0xE0122, # VARIATION SELECTOR-51
174 'VS52' => 0xE0123, # VARIATION SELECTOR-52
175 'VS53' => 0xE0124, # VARIATION SELECTOR-53
176 'VS54' => 0xE0125, # VARIATION SELECTOR-54
177 'VS55' => 0xE0126, # VARIATION SELECTOR-55
178 'VS56' => 0xE0127, # VARIATION SELECTOR-56
179 'VS57' => 0xE0128, # VARIATION SELECTOR-57
180 'VS58' => 0xE0129, # VARIATION SELECTOR-58
181 'VS59' => 0xE012A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-59
182 'VS60' => 0xE012B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-60
183 'VS61' => 0xE012C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-61
184 'VS62' => 0xE012D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-62
185 'VS63' => 0xE012E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-63
186 'VS64' => 0xE012F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-64
187 'VS65' => 0xE0130, # VARIATION SELECTOR-65
188 'VS66' => 0xE0131, # VARIATION SELECTOR-66
189 'VS67' => 0xE0132, # VARIATION SELECTOR-67
190 'VS68' => 0xE0133, # VARIATION SELECTOR-68
191 'VS69' => 0xE0134, # VARIATION SELECTOR-69
192 'VS70' => 0xE0135, # VARIATION SELECTOR-70
193 'VS71' => 0xE0136, # VARIATION SELECTOR-71
194 'VS72' => 0xE0137, # VARIATION SELECTOR-72
195 'VS73' => 0xE0138, # VARIATION SELECTOR-73
196 'VS74' => 0xE0139, # VARIATION SELECTOR-74
197 'VS75' => 0xE013A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-75
198 'VS76' => 0xE013B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-76
199 'VS77' => 0xE013C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-77
200 'VS78' => 0xE013D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-78
201 'VS79' => 0xE013E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-79
202 'VS80' => 0xE013F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-80
203 'VS81' => 0xE0140, # VARIATION SELECTOR-81
204 'VS82' => 0xE0141, # VARIATION SELECTOR-82
205 'VS83' => 0xE0142, # VARIATION SELECTOR-83
206 'VS84' => 0xE0143, # VARIATION SELECTOR-84
207 'VS85' => 0xE0144, # VARIATION SELECTOR-85
208 'VS86' => 0xE0145, # VARIATION SELECTOR-86
209 'VS87' => 0xE0146, # VARIATION SELECTOR-87
210 'VS88' => 0xE0147, # VARIATION SELECTOR-88
211 'VS89' => 0xE0148, # VARIATION SELECTOR-89
212 'VS90' => 0xE0149, # VARIATION SELECTOR-90
213 'VS91' => 0xE014A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-91
214 'VS92' => 0xE014B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-92
215 'VS93' => 0xE014C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-93
216 'VS94' => 0xE014D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-94
217 'VS95' => 0xE014E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-95
218 'VS96' => 0xE014F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-96
219 'VS97' => 0xE0150, # VARIATION SELECTOR-97
220 'VS98' => 0xE0151, # VARIATION SELECTOR-98
221 'VS99' => 0xE0152, # VARIATION SELECTOR-99
222 'VS100' => 0xE0153, # VARIATION SELECTOR-100
223 'VS101' => 0xE0154, # VARIATION SELECTOR-101
224 'VS102' => 0xE0155, # VARIATION SELECTOR-102
225 'VS103' => 0xE0156, # VARIATION SELECTOR-103
226 'VS104' => 0xE0157, # VARIATION SELECTOR-104
227 'VS105' => 0xE0158, # VARIATION SELECTOR-105
228 'VS106' => 0xE0159, # VARIATION SELECTOR-106
229 'VS107' => 0xE015A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-107
230 'VS108' => 0xE015B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-108
231 'VS109' => 0xE015C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-109
232 'VS110' => 0xE015D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-110
233 'VS111' => 0xE015E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-111
234 'VS112' => 0xE015F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-112
235 'VS113' => 0xE0160, # VARIATION SELECTOR-113
236 'VS114' => 0xE0161, # VARIATION SELECTOR-114
237 'VS115' => 0xE0162, # VARIATION SELECTOR-115
238 'VS116' => 0xE0163, # VARIATION SELECTOR-116
239 'VS117' => 0xE0164, # VARIATION SELECTOR-117
240 'VS118' => 0xE0165, # VARIATION SELECTOR-118
241 'VS119' => 0xE0166, # VARIATION SELECTOR-119
242 'VS120' => 0xE0167, # VARIATION SELECTOR-120
243 'VS121' => 0xE0168, # VARIATION SELECTOR-121
244 'VS122' => 0xE0169, # VARIATION SELECTOR-122
245 'VS123' => 0xE016A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-123
246 'VS124' => 0xE016B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-124
247 'VS125' => 0xE016C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-125
248 'VS126' => 0xE016D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-126
249 'VS127' => 0xE016E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-127
250 'VS128' => 0xE016F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-128
251 'VS129' => 0xE0170, # VARIATION SELECTOR-129
252 'VS130' => 0xE0171, # VARIATION SELECTOR-130
253 'VS131' => 0xE0172, # VARIATION SELECTOR-131
254 'VS132' => 0xE0173, # VARIATION SELECTOR-132
255 'VS133' => 0xE0174, # VARIATION SELECTOR-133
256 'VS134' => 0xE0175, # VARIATION SELECTOR-134
257 'VS135' => 0xE0176, # VARIATION SELECTOR-135
258 'VS136' => 0xE0177, # VARIATION SELECTOR-136
259 'VS137' => 0xE0178, # VARIATION SELECTOR-137
260 'VS138' => 0xE0179, # VARIATION SELECTOR-138
261 'VS139' => 0xE017A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-139
262 'VS140' => 0xE017B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-140
263 'VS141' => 0xE017C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-141
264 'VS142' => 0xE017D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-142
265 'VS143' => 0xE017E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-143
266 'VS144' => 0xE017F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-144
267 'VS145' => 0xE0180, # VARIATION SELECTOR-145
268 'VS146' => 0xE0181, # VARIATION SELECTOR-146
269 'VS147' => 0xE0182, # VARIATION SELECTOR-147
270 'VS148' => 0xE0183, # VARIATION SELECTOR-148
271 'VS149' => 0xE0184, # VARIATION SELECTOR-149
272 'VS150' => 0xE0185, # VARIATION SELECTOR-150
273 'VS151' => 0xE0186, # VARIATION SELECTOR-151
274 'VS152' => 0xE0187, # VARIATION SELECTOR-152
275 'VS153' => 0xE0188, # VARIATION SELECTOR-153
276 'VS154' => 0xE0189, # VARIATION SELECTOR-154
277 'VS155' => 0xE018A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-155
278 'VS156' => 0xE018B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-156
279 'VS157' => 0xE018C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-157
280 'VS158' => 0xE018D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-158
281 'VS159' => 0xE018E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-159
282 'VS160' => 0xE018F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-160
283 'VS161' => 0xE0190, # VARIATION SELECTOR-161
284 'VS162' => 0xE0191, # VARIATION SELECTOR-162
285 'VS163' => 0xE0192, # VARIATION SELECTOR-163
286 'VS164' => 0xE0193, # VARIATION SELECTOR-164
287 'VS165' => 0xE0194, # VARIATION SELECTOR-165
288 'VS166' => 0xE0195, # VARIATION SELECTOR-166
289 'VS167' => 0xE0196, # VARIATION SELECTOR-167
290 'VS168' => 0xE0197, # VARIATION SELECTOR-168
291 'VS169' => 0xE0198, # VARIATION SELECTOR-169
292 'VS170' => 0xE0199, # VARIATION SELECTOR-170
293 'VS171' => 0xE019A, # VARIATION SELECTOR-171
294 'VS172' => 0xE019B, # VARIATION SELECTOR-172
295 'VS173' => 0xE019C, # VARIATION SELECTOR-173
296 'VS174' => 0xE019D, # VARIATION SELECTOR-174
297 'VS175' => 0xE019E, # VARIATION SELECTOR-175
298 'VS176' => 0xE019F, # VARIATION SELECTOR-176
299 'VS177' => 0xE01A0, # VARIATION SELECTOR-177
300 'VS178' => 0xE01A1, # VARIATION SELECTOR-178
301 'VS179' => 0xE01A2, # VARIATION SELECTOR-179
302 'VS180' => 0xE01A3, # VARIATION SELECTOR-180
303 'VS181' => 0xE01A4, # VARIATION SELECTOR-181
304 'VS182' => 0xE01A5, # VARIATION SELECTOR-182
305 'VS183' => 0xE01A6, # VARIATION SELECTOR-183
306 'VS184' => 0xE01A7, # VARIATION SELECTOR-184
307 'VS185' => 0xE01A8, # VARIATION SELECTOR-185
308 'VS186' => 0xE01A9, # VARIATION SELECTOR-186
309 'VS187' => 0xE01AA, # VARIATION SELECTOR-187
310 'VS188' => 0xE01AB, # VARIATION SELECTOR-188
311 'VS189' => 0xE01AC, # VARIATION SELECTOR-189
312 'VS190' => 0xE01AD, # VARIATION SELECTOR-190
313 'VS191' => 0xE01AE, # VARIATION SELECTOR-191
314 'VS192' => 0xE01AF, # VARIATION SELECTOR-192
315 'VS193' => 0xE01B0, # VARIATION SELECTOR-193
316 'VS194' => 0xE01B1, # VARIATION SELECTOR-194
317 'VS195' => 0xE01B2, # VARIATION SELECTOR-195
318 'VS196' => 0xE01B3, # VARIATION SELECTOR-196
319 'VS197' => 0xE01B4, # VARIATION SELECTOR-197
320 'VS198' => 0xE01B5, # VARIATION SELECTOR-198
321 'VS199' => 0xE01B6, # VARIATION SELECTOR-199
322 'VS200' => 0xE01B7, # VARIATION SELECTOR-200
323 'VS201' => 0xE01B8, # VARIATION SELECTOR-201
324 'VS202' => 0xE01B9, # VARIATION SELECTOR-202
325 'VS203' => 0xE01BA, # VARIATION SELECTOR-203
326 'VS204' => 0xE01BB, # VARIATION SELECTOR-204
327 'VS205' => 0xE01BC, # VARIATION SELECTOR-205
328 'VS206' => 0xE01BD, # VARIATION SELECTOR-206
329 'VS207' => 0xE01BE, # VARIATION SELECTOR-207
330 'VS208' => 0xE01BF, # VARIATION SELECTOR-208
331 'VS209' => 0xE01C0, # VARIATION SELECTOR-209
332 'VS210' => 0xE01C1, # VARIATION SELECTOR-210
333 'VS211' => 0xE01C2, # VARIATION SELECTOR-211
334 'VS212' => 0xE01C3, # VARIATION SELECTOR-212
335 'VS213' => 0xE01C4, # VARIATION SELECTOR-213
336 'VS214' => 0xE01C5, # VARIATION SELECTOR-214
337 'VS215' => 0xE01C6, # VARIATION SELECTOR-215
338 'VS216' => 0xE01C7, # VARIATION SELECTOR-216
339 'VS217' => 0xE01C8, # VARIATION SELECTOR-217
340 'VS218' => 0xE01C9, # VARIATION SELECTOR-218
341 'VS219' => 0xE01CA, # VARIATION SELECTOR-219
342 'VS220' => 0xE01CB, # VARIATION SELECTOR-220
343 'VS221' => 0xE01CC, # VARIATION SELECTOR-221
344 'VS222' => 0xE01CD, # VARIATION SELECTOR-222
345 'VS223' => 0xE01CE, # VARIATION SELECTOR-223
346 'VS224' => 0xE01CF, # VARIATION SELECTOR-224
347 'VS225' => 0xE01D0, # VARIATION SELECTOR-225
348 'VS226' => 0xE01D1, # VARIATION SELECTOR-226
349 'VS227' => 0xE01D2, # VARIATION SELECTOR-227
350 'VS228' => 0xE01D3, # VARIATION SELECTOR-228
351 'VS229' => 0xE01D4, # VARIATION SELECTOR-229
352 'VS230' => 0xE01D5, # VARIATION SELECTOR-230
353 'VS231' => 0xE01D6, # VARIATION SELECTOR-231
354 'VS232' => 0xE01D7, # VARIATION SELECTOR-232
355 'VS233' => 0xE01D8, # VARIATION SELECTOR-233
356 'VS234' => 0xE01D9, # VARIATION SELECTOR-234
357 'VS235' => 0xE01DA, # VARIATION SELECTOR-235
358 'VS236' => 0xE01DB, # VARIATION SELECTOR-236
359 'VS237' => 0xE01DC, # VARIATION SELECTOR-237
360 'VS238' => 0xE01DD, # VARIATION SELECTOR-238
361 'VS239' => 0xE01DE, # VARIATION SELECTOR-239
362 'VS240' => 0xE01DF, # VARIATION SELECTOR-240
363 'VS241' => 0xE01E0, # VARIATION SELECTOR-241
364 'VS242' => 0xE01E1, # VARIATION SELECTOR-242
365 'VS243' => 0xE01E2, # VARIATION SELECTOR-243
366 'VS244' => 0xE01E3, # VARIATION SELECTOR-244
367 'VS245' => 0xE01E4, # VARIATION SELECTOR-245
368 'VS246' => 0xE01E5, # VARIATION SELECTOR-246
369 'VS247' => 0xE01E6, # VARIATION SELECTOR-247
370 'VS248' => 0xE01E7, # VARIATION SELECTOR-248
371 'VS249' => 0xE01E8, # VARIATION SELECTOR-249
372 'VS250' => 0xE01E9, # VARIATION SELECTOR-250
373 'VS251' => 0xE01EA, # VARIATION SELECTOR-251
374 'VS252' => 0xE01EB, # VARIATION SELECTOR-252
375 'VS253' => 0xE01EC, # VARIATION SELECTOR-253
376 'VS254' => 0xE01ED, # VARIATION SELECTOR-254
377 'VS255' => 0xE01EE, # VARIATION SELECTOR-255
378 'VS256' => 0xE01EF, # VARIATION SELECTOR-256
379 'WJ' => 0x2060, # WORD JOINER
380 'ZWJ' => 0x200D, # ZERO WIDTH JOINER
381 'ZWNJ' => 0x200C, # ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER
382 'ZWSP' => 0x200B, # ZERO WIDTH SPACE
385 my %deprecated_aliases = (
386 # Pre-3.2 compatibility (only for the first 256 characters).
387 # Use of these gives deprecated message.
388 'HORIZONTAL TABULATION' => 0x09, # CHARACTER TABULATION
389 'VERTICAL TABULATION' => 0x0B, # LINE TABULATION
390 'FILE SEPARATOR' => 0x1C, # INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR
391 'GROUP SEPARATOR' => 0x1D, # INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE
392 'RECORD SEPARATOR' => 0x1E, # INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO
393 'UNIT SEPARATOR' => 0x1F, # INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE
394 'HORIZONTAL TABULATION SET' => 0x88, # CHARACTER TABULATION SET
395 'HORIZONTAL TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION' => 0x89, # CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION
396 'PARTIAL LINE DOWN' => 0x8B, # PARTIAL LINE FORWARD
397 'PARTIAL LINE UP' => 0x8C, # PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD
398 'VERTICAL TABULATION SET' => 0x8A, # LINE TABULATION SET
399 'REVERSE INDEX' => 0x8D, # REVERSE LINE FEED
403 my $txt; # The table of official character names
405 my %full_names_cache; # Holds already-looked-up names, so don't have to
406 # re-look them up again. The previous versions of charnames had scoping
407 # bugs. For example if we use script A in one scope and find and cache
408 # what Z resolves to, we can't use that cache in a different scope that
409 # uses script B instead of A, as Z might be an entirely different letter
410 # there; or there might be different aliases in effect in different
411 # scopes, or :short may be in effect or not effect in different scopes,
412 # or various combinations thereof. This was solved in this version
413 # mostly by moving things to %^H. But some things couldn't be moved
414 # there. One of them was the cache of runtime looked-up names, in part
415 # because %^H is read-only at runtime. I (khw) don't know why the cache
416 # was run-time only in the previous versions: perhaps oversight; perhaps
417 # that compile time looking doesn't happen in a loop so didn't think it
418 # was worthwhile; perhaps not wanting to make the cache too large. But
419 # I decided to make it compile time as well; this could easily be
421 # Anyway, this hash is not scoped, and is added to at runtime. It
422 # doesn't have scoping problems because the data in it is restricted to
423 # official names, which are always invariant, and we only set it and
424 # look at it at during :full lookups, so is unaffected by any other
425 # scoped options. I put this in to maintain parity with the older
426 # version. If desired, a %short_names cache could also be made, as well
427 # as one for each script, say in %script_names_cache, with each key
428 # being a hash for a script named in a 'use charnames' statement. I
429 # decided not to do that for now, just because it's added complication,
430 # and because I'm just trying to maintain parity, not extend it.
432 # Designed so that test decimal first, and then hex. Leading zeros
433 # imply non-decimal, as do non-[0-9]
434 my $decimal_qr = qr/^[1-9]\d*$/;
436 # Returns the hex number in $1.
437 my $hex_qr = qr/^(?:[Uu]\+|0[xX])?([[:xdigit:]]+)$/;
441 require Carp; goto &Carp::croak;
446 require Carp; goto &Carp::carp;
449 sub alias (@) # Set up a single alias
451 my $alias = ref $_[0] ? $_[0] : { @_ };
452 foreach my $name (keys %$alias) {
453 my $value = $alias->{$name};
454 next unless defined $value; # Omit if screwed up.
456 # Is slightly slower to just after this statement see if it is
457 # decimal, since we already know it is after having converted from
458 # hex, but makes the code easier to maintain, and is called
459 # infrequently, only at compile-time
460 if ($value !~ $decimal_qr && $value =~ $hex_qr) {
461 $value = CORE::hex $1;
463 if ($value =~ $decimal_qr) {
464 $^H{charnames_ord_aliases}{$name} = $value;
466 # Use a canonical form.
467 $^H{charnames_inverse_ords}{sprintf("%05X", $value)} = $name;
470 # XXX validate syntax when deprecation cycle complete. ie. start
471 # with an alpha only, etc.
472 $^H{charnames_name_aliases}{$name} = $value;
477 sub not_legal_use_bytes_msg {
478 my ($name, $ord) = @_;
479 return sprintf("Character 0x%04x with name '$name' is above 0xFF with 'use bytes' in effect", $ord);
482 sub alias_file ($) # Reads a file containing alias definitions
484 my ($arg, $file) = @_;
485 if (-f $arg && File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute ($arg)) {
488 elsif ($arg =~ m/^\w+$/) {
489 $file = "unicore/${arg}_alias.pl";
492 croak "Charnames alias files can only have identifier characters";
494 if (my @alias = do $file) {
495 @alias == 1 && !defined $alias[0] and
496 croak "$file cannot be used as alias file for charnames";
498 croak "$file did not return a (valid) list of alias pairs";
505 # For use when don't import anything. This structure must be kept in
506 # sync with the one that import() fills up.
508 charnames_stringified_names => "",
509 charnames_stringified_ords => "",
510 charnames_scripts => "",
512 charnames_short => 0,
516 sub lookup_name ($;$) {
518 # Finds the ordinal of a character name, first in the aliases, then in
519 # the large table. If not found, returns undef if runtime; if
520 # compile, complains and returns the Unicode replacement character.
522 my $runtime = (@_ > 1); # compile vs run time
524 my ($name, $hints_ref) = @_;
531 # If we didn't import anything (which happens with 'use charnames ()',
532 # substitute a dummy structure.
533 $hints_ref = \%dummy_H if ! defined $hints_ref
534 || ! defined $hints_ref->{charnames_full};
536 # At runtime, but currently not at compile time, $^H gets
537 # stringified, so un-stringify back to the original data structures.
538 # These get thrown away by perl before the next invocation
539 # Also fill in the hash with the non-stringified data.
540 # N.B. New fields must be also added to %dummy_H
542 %{$^H{charnames_name_aliases}} = split ',',
543 $hints_ref->{charnames_stringified_names};
544 %{$^H{charnames_ord_aliases}} = split ',',
545 $hints_ref->{charnames_stringified_ords};
546 $^H{charnames_scripts} = $hints_ref->{charnames_scripts};
547 $^H{charnames_full} = $hints_ref->{charnames_full};
548 $^H{charnames_short} = $hints_ref->{charnames_short};
551 # User alias should be checked first or else can't override ours, and if we
552 # add any, could conflict with theirs.
553 if (exists $^H{charnames_ord_aliases}{$name}) {
554 $utf8 = $^H{charnames_ord_aliases}{$name};
556 elsif (exists $^H{charnames_name_aliases}{$name}) {
557 $name = $^H{charnames_name_aliases}{$name};
558 $save_input = $name; # Cache the result for any error message
560 elsif (exists $system_aliases{$name}) {
561 $utf8 = $system_aliases{$name};
563 elsif (exists $deprecated_aliases{$name}) {
565 warnings::warnif('deprecated', "Unicode character name \"$name\" is deprecated, use \"" . viacode($deprecated_aliases{$name}) . "\" instead");
566 $utf8 = $deprecated_aliases{$name};
571 if (! defined $utf8) {
573 # See if has looked this up earlier.
574 if ($^H{charnames_full} && exists $full_names_cache{$name}) {
575 $utf8 = $full_names_cache{$name};
579 ## Suck in the code/name list as a big string.
581 ## "00052\tLATIN CAPITAL LETTER R\n"
582 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
584 ## @off will hold the index into the code/name string of the start and
585 ## end of the name as we find it.
587 ## If :full, look for the name exactly; runtime implies full
588 my $found_full_in_table = 0; # Tells us if can cache the result
589 if ($^H{charnames_full}) {
591 # See if the name is one which is algorithmically determinable.
592 # The subroutine is included in Name.pl. The table contained in
593 # $txt doesn't contain these. Experiments show that checking
594 # for these before checking for the regular names has no
595 # noticeable impact on performance for the regular names, but
596 # the other way around slows down finding these immensely.
597 # Algorithmically determinables are not placed in the cache (that
598 # $found_full_in_table indicates) because that uses up memory,
599 # and finding these again is fast.
600 if (! defined ($utf8 = name_to_code_point_special($name))) {
602 # Not algorthmically determinable; look up in the table.
603 if ($txt =~ /\t\Q$name\E$/m) {
604 @off = ($-[0] + 1, $+[0]); # The 1 is for the tab
605 $found_full_in_table = 1;
610 # If we didn't get it above, keep looking
611 if (! $found_full_in_table && ! defined $utf8) {
613 # If :short is allowed, see if input is like "greek:Sigma".
615 if (($^H{charnames_short})
616 && $name =~ /^ \s* (.+?) \s* : \s* (.+?) \s* $ /xs)
618 $scripts_trie = "\U\Q$1";
622 $scripts_trie = $^H{charnames_scripts};
625 my $case = $name =~ /[[:upper:]]/ ? "CAPITAL" : "SMALL";
627 /\t (?: $scripts_trie ) \ (?:$case\ )? LETTER \ \U\Q$name\E $/xm)
629 # Here we still don't have it, give up.
632 # May have zapped input name, get it again.
633 $name = (defined $save_input) ? $save_input : $_[0];
634 carp "Unknown charname '$name'";
638 @off = ($-[0] + 1, $+[0]); # The 1 is for the tab
641 if (! defined $utf8) {
643 # Now know where in the string the name starts.
644 # The code, 5 hex digits long (and a tab), is before that.
645 $utf8 = CORE::hex substr($txt, $off[0] - 6, 5);
648 # Cache the input so as to not have to search the large table
649 # again, but only if it came from the one search that we cache.
650 $full_names_cache{$name} = $utf8 if $found_full_in_table;
654 return $utf8 if $runtime || $utf8 <= 255 || ! ($^H & $bytes::hint_bits);
656 # Here is compile time, "use bytes" is in effect, and the character
657 # won't fit in a byte
658 # Prefer any official name over the input one.
660 $name = substr($txt, $off[0], $off[1] - $off[0]) if @off;
663 $name = (defined $save_input) ? $save_input : $_[0];
665 croak not_legal_use_bytes_msg($name, $utf8);
671 # For \N{...}. Looks up the character name and returns its ordinal if
672 # found, undef otherwise. If not in 'use bytes', forces into utf8
674 my $ord = lookup_name($name);
675 return if ! defined $ord;
676 return chr $ord if $^H & $bytes::hint_bits;
678 no warnings 'utf8'; # allow even illegal characters
679 return pack "U", $ord;
684 shift; ## ignore class name
687 carp("`use charnames' needs explicit imports list");
689 $^H{charnames} = \&charnames ;
690 $^H{charnames_ord_aliases} = {};
691 $^H{charnames_name_aliases} = {};
692 $^H{charnames_inverse_ords} = {};
693 # New fields must be added to %dummy_H, and the code in lookup_name()
694 # that copies fields from the runtime structure
697 ## fill %h keys with our @_ args.
699 my ($promote, %h, @args) = (0);
700 while (my $arg = shift) {
701 if ($arg eq ":alias") {
703 croak ":alias needs an argument in charnames";
706 ref $alias eq "HASH" or
707 croak "Only HASH reference supported as argument to :alias";
711 if ($alias =~ m{:(\w+)$}) {
712 $1 eq "full" || $1 eq "short" and
713 croak ":alias cannot use existing pragma :$1 (reversed order?)";
714 alias_file ($1) and $promote = 1;
720 if (substr($arg, 0, 1) eq ':' and ! ($arg eq ":full" || $arg eq ":short")) {
721 warn "unsupported special '$arg' in charnames";
726 @args == 0 && $promote and @args = (":full");
727 @h{@args} = (1) x @args;
729 $^H{charnames_full} = delete $h{':full'} || 0; # Don't leave undefined,
732 $^H{charnames_short} = delete $h{':short'} || 0;
733 my @scripts = map uc, keys %h;
736 ## If utf8? warnings are enabled, and some scripts were given,
737 ## see if at least we can find one letter from each script.
739 if (warnings::enabled('utf8') && @scripts) {
740 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
742 for my $script (@scripts) {
743 if (not $txt =~ m/\t$script (?:CAPITAL |SMALL )?LETTER /) {
744 warnings::warn('utf8', "No such script: '$script'");
745 $script = quotemeta $script; # Escape it, for use in the re.
750 # %^H gets stringified, so serialize it ourselves so can extract the
751 # real data back later.
752 $^H{charnames_stringified_ords} = join ",", %{$^H{charnames_ord_aliases}};
753 $^H{charnames_stringified_names} = join ",", %{$^H{charnames_name_aliases}};
754 $^H{charnames_stringified_inverse_ords} = join ",", %{$^H{charnames_inverse_ords}};
755 $^H{charnames_scripts} = join "|", @scripts; # Stringifiy them as a trie
758 # Cache of already looked-up values. This is set to only contain
759 # official values, and user aliases can't override them, so scoping is
765 # Returns the name of the code point argument
768 carp "charnames::viacode() expects one argument";
774 # This is derived from Unicode::UCD, where it is nearly the same as the
775 # function _getcode(), but here it makes sure that even a hex argument
776 # has the proper number of leading zeros, which is critical in
777 # matching against $txt below
778 # Must check if decimal first; see comments at that definition
780 if ($arg =~ $decimal_qr) {
781 $hex = sprintf "%05X", $arg;
782 } elsif ($arg =~ $hex_qr) {
783 # Below is the line that differs from the _getcode() source
784 $hex = sprintf "%05X", hex $1;
786 carp("unexpected arg \"$arg\" to charnames::viacode()");
790 return $viacode{$hex} if exists $viacode{$hex};
792 # If the code point is above the max in the table, there's no point
793 # looking through it. Checking the length first is slightly faster
794 if (length($hex) <= 5 || CORE::hex($hex) <= 0x10FFFF) {
795 $txt = do "unicore/Name.pl" unless $txt;
797 # See if the name is algorithmically determinable.
798 my $algorithmic = code_point_to_name_special(CORE::hex $hex);
799 if (defined $algorithmic) {
800 $viacode{$hex} = $algorithmic;
804 # Return the official name, if exists. It's unclear to me (khw) at
805 # this juncture if it is better to return a user-defined override, so
806 # leaving it as is for now.
807 if ($txt =~ m/^$hex\t/m) {
809 # The name starts with the next character and goes up to the
810 # next new-line. Using capturing parentheses above instead of
811 # @+ more than doubles the execution time in Perl 5.13
812 $viacode{$hex} = substr($txt, $+[0], index($txt, "\n", $+[0]) - $+[0]);
813 return $viacode{$hex};
817 # See if there is a user name for it, before giving up completely.
818 # First get the scoped aliases, give up if have none.
819 my $H_ref = (caller(0))[10];
820 return if ! defined $H_ref
821 || ! exists $H_ref->{charnames_stringified_inverse_ords};
823 my %code_point_aliases = split ',',
824 $H_ref->{charnames_stringified_inverse_ords};
825 if (! exists $code_point_aliases{$hex}) {
826 if (CORE::hex($hex) > 0x10FFFF) {
827 carp "Unicode characters only allocated up to U+10FFFF (you asked for U+$hex)";
832 return $code_point_aliases{$hex};
838 carp "charnames::vianame() expects one name argument";
842 # Looks up the character name and returns its ordinal if
843 # found, undef otherwise.
847 if ($arg =~ /^U\+([0-9a-fA-F]+)$/) {
849 # khw claims that this is bad. The function should return either a
850 # an ord or a chr for all inputs; not be bipolar.
851 my $ord = CORE::hex $1;
852 return chr $ord if $ord <= 255 || ! ((caller 0)[8] & $bytes::hint_bits);
853 carp not_legal_use_bytes_msg($arg, $ord);
857 return lookup_name($arg, (caller(0))[10]);
866 charnames - access to Unicode character names; define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes
870 use charnames ':full';
871 print "\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA} is called sigma.\n";
873 use charnames ':short';
874 print "\N{greek:Sigma} is an upper-case sigma.\n";
876 use charnames qw(cyrillic greek);
877 print "\N{sigma} is Greek sigma, and \N{be} is Cyrillic b.\n";
879 use charnames ":full", ":alias" => {
880 e_ACUTE => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE",
881 mychar => 0xE8000, # Private use area
883 print "\N{e_ACUTE} is a small letter e with an acute.\n";
884 print "\\N{mychar} allows me to name private use characters.\n";
887 print charnames::viacode(0x1234); # prints "ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE"
888 printf "%04X", charnames::vianame("GOTHIC LETTER AHSA"); # prints
893 Pragma C<use charnames> is used to gain access to the names of the
894 Unicode characters, and to allow you to define your own character names.
896 All forms of the pragma enable use of the
897 L</charnames::vianame(I<name>)> function for run-time lookup of a
898 character name to get its ordinal (code point), and the inverse
899 function, L</charnames::viacode(I<code>)>.
901 Forms other than C<S<"use charnames ();">> enable the use of of
902 C<\N{I<CHARNAME>}> sequences to compile a Unicode character into a
903 string based on its name.
905 Note that C<\N{U+I<...>}>, where the I<...> is a hexadecimal number,
906 also inserts a character into a string, but doesn't require the use of
907 this pragma. The character it inserts is the one whose code point
908 (ordinal value) is equal to the number. For example, C<"\N{U+263a}"> is
909 the Unicode (white background, black foreground) smiley face; it doesn't
910 require this pragma, whereas the equivalent, C<"\N{WHITE SMILING FACE}">
912 Also, C<\N{I<...>}> can mean a regex quantifier instead of a character
913 name, when the I<...> is a number (or comma separated pair of numbers;
914 see L<perlreref/QUANTIFIERS>), and is not related to this pragma.
916 The C<charnames> pragma supports arguments C<:full>, C<:short>, script
917 names and customized aliases. If C<:full> is present, for expansion of
918 C<\N{I<CHARNAME>}>, the string I<CHARNAME> is first looked up in the list of
919 standard Unicode character names. If C<:short> is present, and
920 I<CHARNAME> has the form C<I<SCRIPT>:I<CNAME>>, then I<CNAME> is looked up
921 as a letter in script I<SCRIPT>. If C<use charnames> is used
922 with script name arguments, then for C<\N{I<CHARNAME>}> the name
923 I<CHARNAME> is looked up as a letter in the given scripts (in the
924 specified order). Customized aliases can override these, and are explained in
927 For lookup of I<CHARNAME> inside a given script I<SCRIPTNAME>
928 this pragma looks for the names
930 SCRIPTNAME CAPITAL LETTER CHARNAME
931 SCRIPTNAME SMALL LETTER CHARNAME
932 SCRIPTNAME LETTER CHARNAME
934 in the table of standard Unicode names. If I<CHARNAME> is lowercase,
935 then the C<CAPITAL> variant is ignored, otherwise the C<SMALL> variant
938 Note that C<\N{...}> is compile-time; it's a special form of string
939 constant used inside double-quotish strings; this means that you cannot
940 use variables inside the C<\N{...}>. If you want similar run-time
941 functionality, use L<charnames::vianame()|/charnames::vianame(I<name>)>.
943 For the C0 and C1 control characters (U+0000..U+001F, U+0080..U+009F)
944 there are no official Unicode names but you can use instead the ISO 6429
945 names (LINE FEED, ESCAPE, and so forth, and their abbreviations, LF,
946 ESC, ...). In Unicode 3.2 (as of Perl 5.8) some naming changes took
947 place, and ISO 6429 was updated, see L</ALIASES>.
949 If the input name is unknown, C<\N{NAME}> raises a warning and
950 substitutes the Unicode REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (U+FFFD).
952 It is a fatal error if C<use bytes> is in effect and the input name is
953 that of a character that won't fit into a byte (i.e., whose ordinal is
956 Otherwise, any string that includes a C<\N{I<charname>}> or
957 C<S<\N{U+I<code point>}>> will automatically have Unicode semantics (see
958 L<perlunicode/Byte and Character Semantics>).
962 A few aliases have been defined for convenience: instead of having
963 to use the official names
970 (yes, with parentheses), one can use
981 All the other standard abbreviations for the controls, such as C<ACK> for
982 C<ACKNOWLEDGE> also can be used.
989 and these abbreviations
991 Abbreviation Full Name
993 CGJ COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER
994 FVS1 MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE
995 FVS2 MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO
996 FVS3 MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE
997 LRE LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
998 LRM LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
999 LRO LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE
1000 MMSP MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE
1001 MVS MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
1003 NNBSP NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE
1004 PDF POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
1005 RLE RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
1006 RLM RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
1007 RLO RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE
1009 VS1 VARIATION SELECTOR-1
1013 VS256 VARIATION SELECTOR-256
1015 ZWJ ZERO WIDTH JOINER
1016 ZWNJ ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER
1017 ZWSP ZERO WIDTH SPACE
1019 For backward compatibility one can use the old names for
1020 certain C0 and C1 controls
1024 FILE SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR
1025 GROUP SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE
1026 HORIZONTAL TABULATION CHARACTER TABULATION
1027 HORIZONTAL TABULATION SET CHARACTER TABULATION SET
1028 HORIZONTAL TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION CHARACTER TABULATION
1030 PARTIAL LINE DOWN PARTIAL LINE FORWARD
1031 PARTIAL LINE UP PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD
1032 RECORD SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO
1033 REVERSE INDEX REVERSE LINE FEED
1034 UNIT SEPARATOR INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE
1035 VERTICAL TABULATION LINE TABULATION
1036 VERTICAL TABULATION SET LINE TABULATION SET
1038 but the old names in addition to giving the character
1039 will also give a warning about being deprecated.
1041 And finally, certain published variants are usable, including some for
1042 controls that have no Unicode names:
1046 END OF PROTECTED AREA END OF GUARDED AREA, U+0097
1047 HIGH OCTET PRESET U+0081
1052 PADDING CHARACTER U+0080
1053 PRIVATE USE 1 PRIVATE USE ONE, U+0091
1054 PRIVATE USE 2 PRIVATE USE TWO, U+0092
1056 SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER U+0099
1057 SINGLE-SHIFT 2 SINGLE SHIFT TWO, U+008E
1058 SINGLE-SHIFT 3 SINGLE SHIFT THREE, U+008F
1059 START OF PROTECTED AREA START OF GUARDED AREA, U+0096
1061 =head1 CUSTOM ALIASES
1063 You can add customized aliases to standard (C<:full>) Unicode naming
1064 conventions. The aliases override any standard definitions, so, if
1065 you're twisted enough, you can change C<"\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A}"> to
1068 Note that an alias should not be something that is a legal curly
1069 brace-enclosed quantifier (see L<perlreref/QUANTIFIERS>). For example
1070 C<\N{123}> means to match 123 non-newline characters, and is not treated as a
1071 charnames alias. Aliases are discouraged from beginning with anything
1072 other than an alphabetic character and from containing anything other
1073 than alphanumerics, spaces, dashes, parentheses, and underscores.
1074 Currently they must be ASCII.
1076 An alias can map to either an official Unicode character name or to a
1077 numeric code point (ordinal). The latter is useful for assigning names
1078 to code points in Unicode private use areas such as U+E800 through
1080 A numeric code point must be a non-negative integer or a string beginning
1081 with C<"U+"> or C<"0x"> with the remainder considered to be a
1082 hexadecimal integer. A literal numeric constant must be unsigned; it
1083 will be interpreted as hex if it has a leading zero or contains
1084 non-decimal hex digits; otherwise it will be interpreted as decimal.
1086 Aliases are added either by the use of anonymous hashes:
1088 use charnames ":alias" => {
1089 e_ACUTE => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE",
1092 my $str = "\N{e_ACUTE}";
1094 or by using a file containing aliases:
1096 use charnames ":alias" => "pro";
1098 will try to read C<"unicore/pro_alias.pl"> from the C<@INC> path. This
1099 file should return a list in plain perl:
1102 A_GRAVE => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE",
1103 A_CIRCUM => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX",
1104 A_DIAERES => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS",
1105 A_TILDE => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE",
1106 A_BREVE => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE",
1107 A_RING => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE",
1108 A_MACRON => "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON",
1109 mychar2 => "U+E8001",
1112 Both these methods insert C<":full"> automatically as the first argument (if no
1113 other argument is given), and you can give the C<":full"> explicitly as
1116 use charnames ":full", ":alias" => "pro";
1118 =head1 charnames::viacode(I<code>)
1120 Returns the full name of the character indicated by the numeric code.
1123 print charnames::viacode(0x2722);
1125 prints "FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK".
1127 The name returned is the official name for the code point, if
1128 available, otherwise your custom alias for it. This means that your
1129 alias will only be returned for code points that don't have an official
1130 Unicode name (nor Unicode version 1 name), such as private use code
1131 points, and the 4 control characters U+0080, U+0081, U+0084, and U+0099.
1132 If you define more than one name for the code point, it is indeterminate
1133 which one will be returned.
1135 The function returns C<undef> if no name is known for the code point.
1136 In Unicode the proper name of these is the empty string, which
1137 C<undef> stringifies to. (If you ask for a code point past the legal
1138 Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF that you haven't assigned an alias to, you
1139 get C<undef> plus a warning.)
1141 The input number must be a non-negative integer or a string beginning
1142 with C<"U+"> or C<"0x"> with the remainder considered to be a
1143 hexadecimal integer. A literal numeric constant must be unsigned; it
1144 will be interpreted as hex if it has a leading zero or contains
1145 non-decimal hex digits; otherwise it will be interpreted as decimal.
1147 Notice that the name returned for of U+FEFF is "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK
1148 SPACE", not "BYTE ORDER MARK".
1150 =head1 charnames::vianame(I<name>)
1152 Returns the code point indicated by the name.
1155 printf "%04X", charnames::vianame("FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK");
1159 C<vianame> takes the identical inputs that C<\N{...}> does under the
1160 L<C<:full> option|/DESCRIPTION> to C<charnames>. In addition, any other
1161 options for the controlling C<"use charnames"> in the same scope apply,
1162 like any L<script list, C<:short> option|/DESCRIPTION>, or L<custom
1163 aliases|/CUSTOM ALIASES> you may have defined.
1165 There are just a few differences. The main one is that under
1166 most (see L</BUGS> for the others) circumstances, vianame returns
1167 an ord, whereas C<\\N{...}> is seamlessly placed as a chr into the
1168 string in which it appears. This leads to a second difference.
1169 Since an ord is returned, it can be that of any character, even one
1170 that isn't legal under the C<S<use bytes>> pragma.
1172 The final difference is that if the input name is unknown C<vianame>
1173 returns C<undef> instead of the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, and it does not
1174 raise a warning message.
1176 =head1 CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
1178 The mechanism of translation of C<\N{...}> escapes is general and not
1179 hardwired into F<charnames.pm>. A module can install custom
1180 translations (inside the scope which C<use>s the module) with the
1181 following magic incantation:
1185 $^H{charnames} = \&translator;
1188 Here translator() is a subroutine which takes I<CHARNAME> as an
1189 argument, and returns text to insert into the string instead of the
1190 C<\N{I<CHARNAME>}> escape. Since the text to insert should be different
1191 in C<bytes> mode and out of it, the function should check the current
1192 state of C<bytes>-flag as in:
1194 use bytes (); # for $bytes::hint_bits
1196 if ($^H & $bytes::hint_bits) {
1197 return bytes_translator(@_);
1200 return utf8_translator(@_);
1204 See L</CUSTOM ALIASES> above for restrictions on I<CHARNAME>.
1206 Of course, C<vianame> and C<viacode> would need to be overridden as
1211 vianame returns a chr if the input name is of the form C<U+...>, and an ord
1212 otherwise. It is proposed to change this to always return an ord. Send email
1213 to C<perl5-porters@perl.org> to comment on this proposal. If S<C<use
1214 bytes>> is in effect when a chr is returned, and if that chr won't fit
1215 into a byte, C<undef> is returned instead.
1217 Names must be ASCII characters only, which means that you are out of luck if
1218 you want to create aliases in a language where some or all the characters of
1219 the desired aliases are non-ASCII.
1221 Unicode standard named sequences are not recognized, such as
1222 C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND GRAVE>
1223 (which should mean C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON> with an additional
1224 C<COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT>).
1226 Since evaluation of the translation function (see L</CUSTOM
1227 TRANSLATORS>) happens in the middle of compilation (of a string
1228 literal), the translation function should not do any C<eval>s or
1229 C<require>s. This restriction should be lifted (but is low priority) in
1230 a future version of Perl.
1234 # ex: set ts=8 sts=2 sw=2 et: