4 perlrecharclass - Perl Regular Expression Character Classes
8 The top level documentation about Perl regular expressions
11 This manual page discusses the syntax and use of character
12 classes in Perl regular expressions.
14 A character class is a way of denoting a set of characters
15 in such a way that one character of the set is matched.
16 It's important to remember that: matching a character class
17 consumes exactly one character in the source string. (The source
18 string is the string the regular expression is matched against.)
20 There are three types of character classes in Perl regular
21 expressions: the dot, backslash sequences, and the form enclosed in square
22 brackets. Keep in mind, though, that often the term "character class" is used
23 to mean just the bracketed form. Certainly, most Perl documentation does that.
27 The dot (or period), C<.> is probably the most used, and certainly
28 the most well-known character class. By default, a dot matches any
29 character, except for the newline. The default can be changed to
30 add matching the newline by using the I<single line> modifier: either
31 for the entire regular expression with the C</s> modifier, or
32 locally with C<(?s)>. (The experimental C<\N> backslash sequence, described
33 below, matches any character except newline without regard to the
34 I<single line> modifier.)
36 Here are some examples:
40 "" =~ /./ # No match (dot has to match a character)
41 "\n" =~ /./ # No match (dot does not match a newline)
42 "\n" =~ /./s # Match (global 'single line' modifier)
43 "\n" =~ /(?s:.)/ # Match (local 'single line' modifier)
44 "ab" =~ /^.$/ # No match (dot matches one character)
46 =head2 Backslash sequences
47 X<\w> X<\W> X<\s> X<\S> X<\d> X<\D> X<\p> X<\P>
48 X<\N> X<\v> X<\V> X<\h> X<\H>
51 A backslash sequence is a sequence of characters, the first one of which is a
52 backslash. Perl ascribes special meaning to many such sequences, and some of
53 these are character classes. That is, they match a single character each,
54 provided that the character belongs to the specific set of characters defined
57 Here's a list of the backslash sequences that are character classes. They
58 are discussed in more detail below. (For the backslash sequences that aren't
59 character classes, see L<perlrebackslash>.)
61 \d Match a decimal digit character.
62 \D Match a non-decimal-digit character.
63 \w Match a "word" character.
64 \W Match a non-"word" character.
65 \s Match a whitespace character.
66 \S Match a non-whitespace character.
67 \h Match a horizontal whitespace character.
68 \H Match a character that isn't horizontal whitespace.
69 \v Match a vertical whitespace character.
70 \V Match a character that isn't vertical whitespace.
71 \N Match a character that isn't a newline. Experimental.
72 \pP, \p{Prop} Match a character that has the given Unicode property.
73 \PP, \P{Prop} Match a character that doesn't have the Unicode property
77 C<\d> matches a single character that is considered to be a decimal I<digit>.
78 What is considered a decimal digit depends on several factors, detailed
79 below in L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors
80 indicate a Unicode interpretation, C<\d> not only matches the digits
81 '0' - '9', but also Arabic, Devanagari and digits from other languages.
82 Otherwise, if there is a locale in effect, it will match whatever
83 characters the locale considers decimal digits. Without a locale, C<\d>
84 matches just the digits '0' to '9'.
86 Unicode digits may cause some confusion, and some security issues. In UTF-8
87 strings, C<\d> matches the same characters matched by
88 C<\p{General_Category=Decimal_Number}>, or synonymously,
89 C<\p{General_Category=Digit}>. Starting with Unicode version 4.1, this is the
90 same set of characters matched by C<\p{Numeric_Type=Decimal}>.
92 But Unicode also has a different property with a similar name,
93 C<\p{Numeric_Type=Digit}>, which matches a completely different set of
94 characters. These characters are things such as subscripts.
96 The design intent is for C<\d> to match all the digits (and no other characters)
97 that can be used with "normal" big-endian positional decimal syntax, whereby a
98 sequence of such digits {N0, N1, N2, ...Nn} has the numeric value (...(N0 * 10
99 + N1) * 10 + N2) * 10 ... + Nn). In Unicode 5.2, the Tamil digits (U+0BE6 -
100 U+0BEF) can also legally be used in old-style Tamil numbers in which they would
101 appear no more than one in a row, separated by characters that mean "times 10",
102 "times 100", etc. (See L<http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn21>.)
104 Some of the non-European digits that C<\d> matches look like European ones, but
105 have different values. For example, BENGALI DIGIT FOUR (U+09EA) looks
106 very much like an ASCII DIGIT EIGHT (U+0038).
108 It may be useful for security purposes for an application to require that all
109 digits in a row be from the same script. See L<Unicode::UCD/charscript()>.
111 Any character that isn't matched by C<\d> will be matched by C<\D>.
113 =head3 Word characters
115 A C<\w> matches a single alphanumeric character (an alphabetic character, or a
116 decimal digit) or an underscore (C<_>), not a whole word. To match a whole
117 word, use C<\w+>. This isn't the same thing as matching an English word, but
118 is the same as a string of Perl-identifier characters. What is considered a
119 word character depends on several factors, detailed below in L</Locale,
120 EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors indicate a Unicode
121 interpretation, C<\w> matches the characters that are considered word
122 characters in the Unicode database. That is, it not only matches ASCII letters,
123 but also Thai letters, Greek letters, etc. If a Unicode interpretation
124 is not indicated, C<\w> matches those characters that are considered
125 word characters by the current locale or EBCDIC code page. Without a
126 locale or EBCDIC code page, C<\w> matches the ASCII letters, digits and
129 There are a number of security issues with the full Unicode list of word
130 characters. See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr36>.
132 Also, for a somewhat finer-grained set of characters that are in programming
133 language identifiers beyond the ASCII range, you may wish to instead use the
134 more customized Unicode properties, "ID_Start", ID_Continue", "XID_Start", and
135 "XID_Continue". See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr31>.
137 Any character that isn't matched by C<\w> will be matched by C<\W>.
141 C<\s> matches any single character that is considered whitespace. The exact
142 set of characters matched by C<\s> depends on several factors, detailed
143 below in L</Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>. If those factors
144 indicate a Unicode interpretation, C<\s> matches what is considered
145 whitespace in the Unicode database; the complete list is in the table
146 below. Otherwise, if there is a locale or EBCDIC code page in effect,
147 C<\s> matches whatever is considered whitespace by the current locale or
148 EBCDIC code page. Without a locale or EBCDIC code page, C<\s> matches
149 the horizontal tab (C<\t>), the newline (C<\n>), the form feed (C<\f>),
150 the carriage return (C<\r>), and the space. (Note that it doesn't match
151 the vertical tab, C<\cK>.) Perhaps the most notable possible surprise
152 is that C<\s> matches a non-breaking space only if a Unicode
153 interpretation is indicated, or the locale or EBCDIC code page that is
154 in effect has that character.
156 Any character that isn't matched by C<\s> will be matched by C<\S>.
158 C<\h> will match any character that is considered horizontal whitespace;
159 this includes the space and the tab characters and a number other characters,
160 all of which are listed in the table below. C<\H> will match any character
161 that is not considered horizontal whitespace.
163 C<\v> will match any character that is considered vertical whitespace;
164 this includes the carriage return and line feed characters (newline) plus several
165 other characters, all listed in the table below.
166 C<\V> will match any character that is not considered vertical whitespace.
168 C<\R> matches anything that can be considered a newline under Unicode
169 rules. It's not a character class, as it can match a multi-character
170 sequence. Therefore, it cannot be used inside a bracketed character
171 class; use C<\v> instead (vertical whitespace).
172 Details are discussed in L<perlrebackslash>.
174 Note that unlike C<\s>, C<\d> and C<\w>, C<\h> and C<\v> always match
175 the same characters, without regard to other factors, such as if the
176 source string is in UTF-8 format or not.
178 One might think that C<\s> is equivalent to C<[\h\v]>. This is not true. The
179 vertical tab (C<"\x0b">) is not matched by C<\s>, it is however considered
180 vertical whitespace. Furthermore, if the source string is not in UTF-8 format,
181 and any locale or EBCDIC code page that is in effect doesn't include them, the
182 next line (ASCII-platform C<"\x85">) and the no-break space (ASCII-platform
183 C<"\xA0">) characters are not matched by C<\s>, but are by C<\v> and C<\h>
184 respectively. If the source string is in UTF-8 format, both the next line and
185 the no-break space are matched by C<\s>.
187 The following table is a complete listing of characters matched by
188 C<\s>, C<\h> and C<\v> as of Unicode 5.2.
190 The first column gives the code point of the character (in hex format),
191 the second column gives the (Unicode) name. The third column indicates
192 by which class(es) the character is matched (assuming no locale or EBCDIC code
193 page is in effect that changes the C<\s> matching).
195 0x00009 CHARACTER TABULATION h s
196 0x0000a LINE FEED (LF) vs
197 0x0000b LINE TABULATION v
198 0x0000c FORM FEED (FF) vs
199 0x0000d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) vs
201 0x00085 NEXT LINE (NEL) vs [1]
202 0x000a0 NO-BREAK SPACE h s [1]
203 0x01680 OGHAM SPACE MARK h s
204 0x0180e MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR h s
209 0x02004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE h s
210 0x02005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE h s
211 0x02006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE h s
212 0x02007 FIGURE SPACE h s
213 0x02008 PUNCTUATION SPACE h s
214 0x02009 THIN SPACE h s
215 0x0200a HAIR SPACE h s
216 0x02028 LINE SEPARATOR vs
217 0x02029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR vs
218 0x0202f NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE h s
219 0x0205f MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE h s
220 0x03000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE h s
226 NEXT LINE and NO-BREAK SPACE only match C<\s> if the source string is in
227 UTF-8 format, or the locale or EBCDIC code page that is in effect includes them.
231 It is worth noting that C<\d>, C<\w>, etc, match single characters, not
232 complete numbers or words. To match a number (that consists of integers),
233 use C<\d+>; to match a word, use C<\w+>.
237 C<\N> is new in 5.12, and is experimental. It, like the dot, will match any
238 character that is not a newline. The difference is that C<\N> is not influenced
239 by the I<single line> regular expression modifier (see L</The dot> above). Note
240 that the form C<\N{...}> may mean something completely different. When the
241 C<{...}> is a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>, it means to match a non-newline
242 character that many times. For example, C<\N{3}> means to match 3
243 non-newlines; C<\N{5,}> means to match 5 or more non-newlines. But if C<{...}>
244 is not a legal quantifier, it is presumed to be a named character. See
245 L<charnames> for those. For example, none of C<\N{COLON}>, C<\N{4F}>, and
246 C<\N{F4}> contain legal quantifiers, so Perl will try to find characters whose
247 names are, respectively, C<COLON>, C<4F>, and C<F4>.
249 =head3 Unicode Properties
251 C<\pP> and C<\p{Prop}> are character classes to match characters that fit given
252 Unicode properties. One letter property names can be used in the C<\pP> form,
253 with the property name following the C<\p>, otherwise, braces are required.
254 When using braces, there is a single form, which is just the property name
255 enclosed in the braces, and a compound form which looks like C<\p{name=value}>,
256 which means to match if the property "name" for the character has the particular
258 For instance, a match for a number can be written as C</\pN/> or as
259 C</\p{Number}/>, or as C</\p{Number=True}/>.
260 Lowercase letters are matched by the property I<Lowercase_Letter> which
261 has as short form I<Ll>. They need the braces, so are written as C</\p{Ll}/> or
262 C</\p{Lowercase_Letter}/>, or C</\p{General_Category=Lowercase_Letter}/>
263 (the underscores are optional).
264 C</\pLl/> is valid, but means something different.
265 It matches a two character string: a letter (Unicode property C<\pL>),
266 followed by a lowercase C<l>.
268 For more details, see L<perlunicode/Unicode Character Properties>; for a
269 complete list of possible properties, see
270 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>.
271 It is also possible to define your own properties. This is discussed in
272 L<perlunicode/User-Defined Character Properties>.
277 "a" =~ /\w/ # Match, "a" is a 'word' character.
278 "7" =~ /\w/ # Match, "7" is a 'word' character as well.
279 "a" =~ /\d/ # No match, "a" isn't a digit.
280 "7" =~ /\d/ # Match, "7" is a digit.
281 " " =~ /\s/ # Match, a space is whitespace.
282 "a" =~ /\D/ # Match, "a" is a non-digit.
283 "7" =~ /\D/ # No match, "7" is not a non-digit.
284 " " =~ /\S/ # No match, a space is not non-whitespace.
286 " " =~ /\h/ # Match, space is horizontal whitespace.
287 " " =~ /\v/ # No match, space is not vertical whitespace.
288 "\r" =~ /\v/ # Match, a return is vertical whitespace.
290 "a" =~ /\pL/ # Match, "a" is a letter.
291 "a" =~ /\p{Lu}/ # No match, /\p{Lu}/ matches upper case letters.
293 "\x{0e0b}" =~ /\p{Thai}/ # Match, \x{0e0b} is the character
294 # 'THAI CHARACTER SO SO', and that's in
295 # Thai Unicode class.
296 "a" =~ /\P{Lao}/ # Match, as "a" is not a Laotian character.
299 =head2 Bracketed Character Classes
301 The third form of character class you can use in Perl regular expressions
302 is the bracketed character class. In its simplest form, it lists the characters
303 that may be matched, surrounded by square brackets, like this: C<[aeiou]>.
304 This matches one of C<a>, C<e>, C<i>, C<o> or C<u>. Like the other
305 character classes, exactly one character will be matched. To match
306 a longer string consisting of characters mentioned in the character
307 class, follow the character class with a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>. For
308 instance, C<[aeiou]+> matches a string of one or more lowercase English vowels.
310 Repeating a character in a character class has no
311 effect; it's considered to be in the set only once.
315 "e" =~ /[aeiou]/ # Match, as "e" is listed in the class.
316 "p" =~ /[aeiou]/ # No match, "p" is not listed in the class.
317 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]$/ # No match, a character class only matches
318 # a single character.
319 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]+$/ # Match, due to the quantifier.
321 =head3 Special Characters Inside a Bracketed Character Class
323 Most characters that are meta characters in regular expressions (that
324 is, characters that carry a special meaning like C<.>, C<*>, or C<(>) lose
325 their special meaning and can be used inside a character class without
326 the need to escape them. For instance, C<[()]> matches either an opening
327 parenthesis, or a closing parenthesis, and the parens inside the character
328 class don't group or capture.
330 Characters that may carry a special meaning inside a character class are:
331 C<\>, C<^>, C<->, C<[> and C<]>, and are discussed below. They can be
332 escaped with a backslash, although this is sometimes not needed, in which
333 case the backslash may be omitted.
335 The sequence C<\b> is special inside a bracketed character class. While
336 outside the character class, C<\b> is an assertion indicating a point
337 that does not have either two word characters or two non-word characters
338 on either side, inside a bracketed character class, C<\b> matches a
348 C<\N{U+I<wide hex char>}>,
353 are also special and have the same meanings as they do outside a
354 bracketed character class. (However, inside a bracketed character
355 class, if C<\N{I<NAME>}> expands to a sequence of characters, only the first
356 one in the sequence is used, with a warning.)
358 Also, a backslash followed by two or three octal digits is considered an octal
361 A C<[> is not special inside a character class, unless it's the start of a
362 POSIX character class (see L</POSIX Character Classes> below). It normally does
365 A C<]> is normally either the end of a POSIX character class (see
366 L</POSIX Character Classes> below), or it signals the end of the bracketed
367 character class. If you want to include a C<]> in the set of characters, you
368 must generally escape it.
369 However, if the C<]> is the I<first> (or the second if the first
370 character is a caret) character of a bracketed character class, it
371 does not denote the end of the class (as you cannot have an empty class)
372 and is considered part of the set of characters that can be matched without
377 "+" =~ /[+?*]/ # Match, "+" in a character class is not special.
378 "\cH" =~ /[\b]/ # Match, \b inside in a character class
379 # is equivalent to a backspace.
380 "]" =~ /[][]/ # Match, as the character class contains.
382 "[]" =~ /[[]]/ # Match, the pattern contains a character class
383 # containing just ], and the character class is
386 =head3 Character Ranges
388 It is not uncommon to want to match a range of characters. Luckily, instead
389 of listing all the characters in the range, one may use the hyphen (C<->).
390 If inside a bracketed character class you have two characters separated
391 by a hyphen, it's treated as if all the characters between the two are in
392 the class. For instance, C<[0-9]> matches any ASCII digit, and C<[a-m]>
393 matches any lowercase letter from the first half of the ASCII alphabet.
395 Note that the two characters on either side of the hyphen are not
396 necessary both letters or both digits. Any character is possible,
397 although not advisable. C<['-?]> contains a range of characters, but
398 most people will not know which characters that will be. Furthermore,
399 such ranges may lead to portability problems if the code has to run on
400 a platform that uses a different character set, such as EBCDIC.
402 If a hyphen in a character class cannot syntactically be part of a range, for
403 instance because it is the first or the last character of the character class,
404 or if it immediately follows a range, the hyphen isn't special, and will be
405 considered a character that is to be matched literally. You have to escape the
406 hyphen with a backslash if you want to have a hyphen in your set of characters
407 to be matched, and its position in the class is such that it could be
408 considered part of a range.
412 [a-z] # Matches a character that is a lower case ASCII letter.
413 [a-fz] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive) or
415 [-z] # Matches either a hyphen ('-') or the letter 'z'.
416 [a-f-m] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive), the
417 # hyphen ('-'), or the letter 'm'.
418 ['-?] # Matches any of the characters '()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?
419 # (But not on an EBCDIC platform).
424 It is also possible to instead list the characters you do not want to
425 match. You can do so by using a caret (C<^>) as the first character in the
426 character class. For instance, C<[^a-z]> matches a character that is not a
427 lowercase ASCII letter.
429 This syntax make the caret a special character inside a bracketed character
430 class, but only if it is the first character of the class. So if you want
431 to have the caret as one of the characters you want to match, you either
432 have to escape the caret, or not list it first.
436 "e" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # No match, the 'e' is listed.
437 "x" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # Match, as 'x' isn't a lowercase vowel.
438 "^" =~ /[^^]/ # No match, matches anything that isn't a caret.
439 "^" =~ /[x^]/ # Match, caret is not special here.
441 =head3 Backslash Sequences
443 You can put any backslash sequence character class (with the exception of
444 C<\N>) inside a bracketed character class, and it will act just
445 as if you put all the characters matched by the backslash sequence inside the
446 character class. For instance, C<[a-f\d]> will match any decimal digit, or any
447 of the lowercase letters between 'a' and 'f' inclusive.
449 C<\N> within a bracketed character class must be of the forms C<\N{I<name>}>
450 or C<\N{U+I<wide hex char>}>, and NOT be the form that matches non-newlines,
451 for the same reason that a dot C<.> inside a bracketed character class loses
452 its special meaning: it matches nearly anything, which generally isn't what you
458 /[\p{Thai}\d]/ # Matches a character that is either a Thai
459 # character, or a digit.
460 /[^\p{Arabic}()]/ # Matches a character that is neither an Arabic
461 # character, nor a parenthesis.
463 Backslash sequence character classes cannot form one of the endpoints
464 of a range. Thus, you can't say:
466 /[\p{Thai}-\d]/ # Wrong!
468 =head3 POSIX Character Classes
469 X<character class> X<\p> X<\p{}>
470 X<alpha> X<alnum> X<ascii> X<blank> X<cntrl> X<digit> X<graph>
471 X<lower> X<print> X<punct> X<space> X<upper> X<word> X<xdigit>
473 POSIX character classes have the form C<[:class:]>, where I<class> is
474 name, and the C<[:> and C<:]> delimiters. POSIX character classes only appear
475 I<inside> bracketed character classes, and are a convenient and descriptive
476 way of listing a group of characters, though they currently suffer from
477 portability issues (see below and L<Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8>).
479 Be careful about the syntax,
482 $string =~ /[[:alpha:]]/
484 # Incorrect (will warn):
485 $string =~ /[:alpha:]/
487 The latter pattern would be a character class consisting of a colon,
488 and the letters C<a>, C<l>, C<p> and C<h>.
489 POSIX character classes can be part of a larger bracketed character class. For
494 is valid and matches '0', '1', any alphabetic character, and the percent sign.
496 Perl recognizes the following POSIX character classes:
498 alpha Any alphabetical character ("[A-Za-z]").
499 alnum Any alphanumerical character. ("[A-Za-z0-9]")
500 ascii Any character in the ASCII character set.
501 blank A GNU extension, equal to a space or a horizontal tab ("\t").
502 cntrl Any control character. See Note [2] below.
503 digit Any decimal digit ("[0-9]"), equivalent to "\d".
504 graph Any printable character, excluding a space. See Note [3] below.
505 lower Any lowercase character ("[a-z]").
506 print Any printable character, including a space. See Note [4] below.
507 punct Any graphical character excluding "word" characters. Note [5].
508 space Any whitespace character. "\s" plus the vertical tab ("\cK").
509 upper Any uppercase character ("[A-Z]").
510 word A Perl extension ("[A-Za-z0-9_]"), equivalent to "\w".
511 xdigit Any hexadecimal digit ("[0-9a-fA-F]").
513 Most POSIX character classes have two Unicode-style C<\p> property
514 counterparts. (They are not official Unicode properties, but Perl extensions
515 derived from official Unicode properties.) The table below shows the relation
516 between POSIX character classes and these counterparts.
518 One counterpart, in the column labelled "ASCII-range Unicode" in
519 the table, will only match characters in the ASCII character set.
521 The other counterpart, in the column labelled "Full-range Unicode", matches any
522 appropriate characters in the full Unicode character set. For example,
523 C<\p{Alpha}> will match not just the ASCII alphabetic characters, but any
524 character in the entire Unicode character set that is considered to be
527 (Each of the counterparts has various synonyms as well.
528 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}> lists all the
529 synonyms, plus all the characters matched by each of the ASCII-range
530 properties. For example C<\p{AHex}> is a synonym for C<\p{ASCII_Hex_Digit}>,
531 and any C<\p> property name can be prefixed with "Is" such as C<\p{IsAlpha}>.)
533 Both the C<\p> forms are unaffected by any locale that is in effect, or whether
534 the string is in UTF-8 format or not, or whether the platform is EBCDIC or not.
535 In contrast, the POSIX character classes are affected. If the source string is
536 in UTF-8 format, the POSIX classes (with the exception of C<[[:punct:]]>, see
537 Note [5] below) behave like their "Full-range" Unicode counterparts. If the
538 source string is not in UTF-8 format, and no locale is in effect, and the
539 platform is not EBCDIC, all the POSIX classes behave like their ASCII-range
540 counterparts. Otherwise, they behave based on the rules of the locale or
543 It is proposed to change this behavior in a future release of Perl so that the
544 the UTF8ness of the source string will be irrelevant to the behavior of the
545 POSIX character classes. This means they will always behave in strict
546 accordance with the official POSIX standard. That is, if either locale or
547 EBCDIC code page is present, they will behave in accordance with those; if
548 absent, the classes will match only their ASCII-range counterparts. If you
549 disagree with this proposal, send email to C<perl5-porters@perl.org>.
551 [[:...:]] ASCII-range Full-range backslash Note
552 Unicode Unicode sequence
553 -----------------------------------------------------
554 alpha \p{PosixAlpha} \p{Alpha}
555 alnum \p{PosixAlnum} \p{Alnum}
557 blank \p{PosixBlank} \p{Blank} = [1]
558 \p{HorizSpace} \h [1]
559 cntrl \p{PosixCntrl} \p{Cntrl} [2]
560 digit \p{PosixDigit} \p{Digit} \d
561 graph \p{PosixGraph} \p{Graph} [3]
562 lower \p{PosixLower} \p{Lower}
563 print \p{PosixPrint} \p{Print} [4]
564 punct \p{PosixPunct} \p{Punct} [5]
565 \p{PerlSpace} \p{SpacePerl} \s [6]
566 space \p{PosixSpace} \p{Space} [6]
567 upper \p{PosixUpper} \p{Upper}
568 word \p{PerlWord} \p{Word} \w
569 xdigit \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit} \p{XDigit}
575 C<\p{Blank}> and C<\p{HorizSpace}> are synonyms.
579 Control characters don't produce output as such, but instead usually control
580 the terminal somehow: for example newline and backspace are control characters.
581 In the ASCII range, characters whose ordinals are between 0 and 31 inclusive,
582 plus 127 (C<DEL>) are control characters.
584 On EBCDIC platforms, it is likely that the code page will define C<[[:cntrl:]]>
585 to be the EBCDIC equivalents of the ASCII controls, plus the controls
586 that in Unicode have ordinals from 128 through 159.
590 Any character that is I<graphical>, that is, visible. This class consists
591 of all the alphanumerical characters and all punctuation characters.
595 All printable characters, which is the set of all the graphical characters
596 plus whitespace characters that are not also controls.
600 C<\p{PosixPunct}> and C<[[:punct:]]> in the ASCII range match all the
601 non-controls, non-alphanumeric, non-space characters:
602 C<[-!"#$%&'()*+,./:;<=E<gt>?@[\\\]^_`{|}~]> (although if a locale is in effect,
603 it could alter the behavior of C<[[:punct:]]>).
605 C<\p{Punct}> matches a somewhat different set in the ASCII range, namely
606 C<[-!"#%&'()*,./:;?@[\\\]_{}]>. That is, it is missing C<[$+E<lt>=E<gt>^`|~]>.
607 This is because Unicode splits what POSIX considers to be punctuation into two
608 categories, Punctuation and Symbols.
610 When the matching string is in UTF-8 format, C<[[:punct:]]> matches what it
611 matches in the ASCII range, plus what C<\p{Punct}> matches. This is different
612 than strictly matching according to C<\p{Punct}>. Another way to say it is that
613 for a UTF-8 string, C<[[:punct:]]> matches all the characters that Unicode
614 considers to be punctuation, plus all the ASCII-range characters that Unicode
615 considers to be symbols.
619 C<\p{SpacePerl}> and C<\p{Space}> differ only in that C<\p{Space}> additionally
620 matches the vertical tab, C<\cK>. Same for the two ASCII-only range forms.
625 X<character class, negation>
627 A Perl extension to the POSIX character class is the ability to
628 negate it. This is done by prefixing the class name with a caret (C<^>).
631 POSIX ASCII-range Full-range backslash
632 Unicode Unicode sequence
633 -----------------------------------------------------
634 [[:^digit:]] \P{PosixDigit} \P{Digit} \D
635 [[:^space:]] \P{PosixSpace} \P{Space}
636 \P{PerlSpace} \P{SpacePerl} \S
637 [[:^word:]] \P{PerlWord} \P{Word} \W
639 =head4 [= =] and [. .]
641 Perl will recognize the POSIX character classes C<[=class=]>, and
642 C<[.class.]>, but does not (yet?) support them. Use of
643 such a construct will lead to an error.
648 /[[:digit:]]/ # Matches a character that is a digit.
649 /[01[:lower:]]/ # Matches a character that is either a
650 # lowercase letter, or '0' or '1'.
651 /[[:digit:][:^xdigit:]]/ # Matches a character that can be anything
652 # except the letters 'a' to 'f'. This is
653 # because the main character class is composed
654 # of two POSIX character classes that are ORed
655 # together, one that matches any digit, and
656 # the other that matches anything that isn't a
657 # hex digit. The result matches all
658 # characters except the letters 'a' to 'f' and
662 =head2 Locale, EBCDIC, Unicode and UTF-8
664 Some of the character classes have a somewhat different behaviour depending
665 on the internal encoding of the source string, if the regular expression
666 is marked as having Unicode semantics, the locale that is in effect,
667 and if the program is running on an EBCDIC platform.
669 C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s> and the POSIX character classes (and their negations,
670 including C<\W>, C<\D>, C<\S>) have this behaviour. (Since the backslash
671 sequences C<\b> and C<\B> are defined in terms of C<\w> and C<\W>, they also are
674 The rule is that if the source string is in UTF-8 format or the regular
675 expression is marked as indicating Unicode semantics (see the next
676 paragraph), the character classes match according to the Unicode
677 properties. Otherwise, the character classes match according to
678 whatever locale or EBCDIC code page is in effect. If there is no locale
679 nor EBCDIC, they match the ASCII defaults (0 to 9 for C<\d>; 52 letters,
680 10 digits and underscore for C<\w>; etc.).
682 A regular expression is marked for Unicode semantics if it is encoded in
683 utf8 (usually as a result of including a literal character whose code
684 point is above 255), or if it contains a C<\N{U+...}> or C<\N{I<name>}>
685 construct, or (starting in Perl 5.14) if it was compiled in the scope of a
686 C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> pragma, or has the C<"u"> regular
689 The differences in behavior between locale and non-locale semantics
690 can affect any character whose code point is 255 or less. The
691 differences in behavior between Unicode and non-Unicode semantics
692 affects only ASCII platforms, and only when matching against characters
693 whose code points are between 128 and 255 inclusive. See
694 L<perlunicode/The "Unicode Bug">.
696 For portability reasons, it may be better to not use C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s>
697 or the POSIX character classes, and use the Unicode properties instead.
698 That way you can control whether you want matching of just characters in
699 the ASCII character set, or any Unicode characters.
700 C<S<use feature "unicode_strings">> will allow seamless Unicode behavior
701 no matter what the internal encodings are, but won't allow restricting
702 to just the ASCII characters.
706 $str = "\xDF"; # $str is not in UTF-8 format.
707 $str =~ /^\w/; # No match, as $str isn't in UTF-8 format.
708 $str .= "\x{0e0b}"; # Now $str is in UTF-8 format.
709 $str =~ /^\w/; # Match! $str is now in UTF-8 format.
711 $str =~ /^\w/; # Still a match! $str remains in UTF-8 format.