4 perlrecharclass - Perl Regular Expression Character Classes
8 The top level documentation about Perl regular expressions
11 This manual page discusses the syntax and use of character
12 classes in Perl regular expressions.
14 A character class is a way of denoting a set of characters
15 in such a way that one character of the set is matched.
16 It's important to remember that: matching a character class
17 consumes exactly one character in the source string. (The source
18 string is the string the regular expression is matched against.)
20 There are three types of character classes in Perl regular
21 expressions: the dot, backslash sequences, and the form enclosed in square
22 brackets. Keep in mind, though, that often the term "character class" is used
23 to mean just the bracketed form. Certainly, most Perl documentation does that.
27 The dot (or period), C<.> is probably the most used, and certainly
28 the most well-known character class. By default, a dot matches any
29 character, except for the newline. That default can be changed to
30 add matching the newline by using the I<single line> modifier: either
31 for the entire regular expression with the C</s> modifier, or
32 locally with C<(?s)>. (The C<L</\N>> backslash sequence, described
33 below, matches any character except newline without regard to the
34 I<single line> modifier.)
36 Here are some examples:
40 "" =~ /./ # No match (dot has to match a character)
41 "\n" =~ /./ # No match (dot does not match a newline)
42 "\n" =~ /./s # Match (global 'single line' modifier)
43 "\n" =~ /(?s:.)/ # Match (local 'single line' modifier)
44 "ab" =~ /^.$/ # No match (dot matches one character)
46 =head2 Backslash sequences
47 X<\w> X<\W> X<\s> X<\S> X<\d> X<\D> X<\p> X<\P>
48 X<\N> X<\v> X<\V> X<\h> X<\H>
51 A backslash sequence is a sequence of characters, the first one of which is a
52 backslash. Perl ascribes special meaning to many such sequences, and some of
53 these are character classes. That is, they match a single character each,
54 provided that the character belongs to the specific set of characters defined
57 Here's a list of the backslash sequences that are character classes. They
58 are discussed in more detail below. (For the backslash sequences that aren't
59 character classes, see L<perlrebackslash>.)
61 \d Match a decimal digit character.
62 \D Match a non-decimal-digit character.
63 \w Match a "word" character.
64 \W Match a non-"word" character.
65 \s Match a whitespace character.
66 \S Match a non-whitespace character.
67 \h Match a horizontal whitespace character.
68 \H Match a character that isn't horizontal whitespace.
69 \v Match a vertical whitespace character.
70 \V Match a character that isn't vertical whitespace.
71 \N Match a character that isn't a newline.
72 \pP, \p{Prop} Match a character that has the given Unicode property.
73 \PP, \P{Prop} Match a character that doesn't have the Unicode property
77 C<\N>, available starting in v5.12, like the dot, matches any
78 character that is not a newline. The difference is that C<\N> is not influenced
79 by the I<single line> regular expression modifier (see L</The dot> above). Note
80 that the form C<\N{...}> may mean something completely different. When the
81 C<{...}> is a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>, it means to match a non-newline
82 character that many times. For example, C<\N{3}> means to match 3
83 non-newlines; C<\N{5,}> means to match 5 or more non-newlines. But if C<{...}>
84 is not a legal quantifier, it is presumed to be a named character. See
85 L<charnames> for those. For example, none of C<\N{COLON}>, C<\N{4F}>, and
86 C<\N{F4}> contain legal quantifiers, so Perl will try to find characters whose
87 names are respectively C<COLON>, C<4F>, and C<F4>.
91 C<\d> matches a single character considered to be a decimal I<digit>.
92 If the C</a> regular expression modifier is in effect, it matches [0-9].
94 matches anything that is matched by C<\p{Digit}>, which includes [0-9].
95 (An unlikely possible exception is that under locale matching rules, the
96 current locale might not have C<[0-9]> matched by C<\d>, and/or might match
97 other characters whose code point is less than 256. The only such locale
98 definitions that are legal would be to match C<[0-9]> plus another set of
99 10 consecutive digit characters; anything else would be in violation of
100 the C language standard, but Perl doesn't currently assume anything in
103 What this means is that unless the C</a> modifier is in effect C<\d> not
104 only matches the digits '0' - '9', but also Arabic, Devanagari, and
105 digits from other languages. This may cause some confusion, and some
108 Some digits that C<\d> matches look like some of the [0-9] ones, but
109 have different values. For example, BENGALI DIGIT FOUR (U+09EA) looks
110 very much like an ASCII DIGIT EIGHT (U+0038). An application that
111 is expecting only the ASCII digits might be misled, or if the match is
112 C<\d+>, the matched string might contain a mixture of digits from
113 different writing systems that look like they signify a number different
114 than they actually do. L<Unicode::UCD/num()> can
116 calculate the value, returning C<undef> if the input string contains
119 What C<\p{Digit}> means (and hence C<\d> except under the C</a>
120 modifier) is C<\p{General_Category=Decimal_Number}>, or synonymously,
121 C<\p{General_Category=Digit}>. Starting with Unicode version 4.1, this
122 is the same set of characters matched by C<\p{Numeric_Type=Decimal}>.
123 But Unicode also has a different property with a similar name,
124 C<\p{Numeric_Type=Digit}>, which matches a completely different set of
125 characters. These characters are things such as C<CIRCLED DIGIT ONE>
126 or subscripts, or are from writing systems that lack all ten digits.
128 The design intent is for C<\d> to exactly match the set of characters
129 that can safely be used with "normal" big-endian positional decimal
130 syntax, where, for example 123 means one 'hundred', plus two 'tens',
131 plus three 'ones'. This positional notation does not necessarily apply
132 to characters that match the other type of "digit",
133 C<\p{Numeric_Type=Digit}>, and so C<\d> doesn't match them.
135 The Tamil digits (U+0BE6 - U+0BEF) can also legally be
136 used in old-style Tamil numbers in which they would appear no more than
137 one in a row, separated by characters that mean "times 10", "times 100",
138 etc. (See L<http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn21>.)
140 Any character not matched by C<\d> is matched by C<\D>.
142 =head3 Word characters
144 A C<\w> matches a single alphanumeric character (an alphabetic character, or a
145 decimal digit); or a connecting punctuation character, such as an
146 underscore ("_"); or a "mark" character (like some sort of accent) that
147 attaches to one of those. It does not match a whole word. To match a
148 whole word, use C<\w+>. This isn't the same thing as matching an
149 English word, but in the ASCII range it is the same as a string of
150 Perl-identifier characters.
154 =item If the C</a> modifier is in effect ...
156 C<\w> matches the 63 characters [a-zA-Z0-9_].
162 =item For code points above 255 ...
164 C<\w> matches the same as C<\p{Word}> matches in this range. That is,
165 it matches Thai letters, Greek letters, etc. This includes connector
166 punctuation (like the underscore) which connect two words together, or
167 diacritics, such as a C<COMBINING TILDE> and the modifier letters, which
168 are generally used to add auxiliary markings to letters.
170 =item For code points below 256 ...
174 =item if locale rules are in effect ...
176 C<\w> matches the platform's native underscore character plus whatever
177 the locale considers to be alphanumeric.
179 =item if Unicode rules are in effect ...
181 C<\w> matches exactly what C<\p{Word}> matches.
185 C<\w> matches [a-zA-Z0-9_].
193 Which rules apply are determined as described in L<perlre/Which character set modifier is in effect?>.
195 There are a number of security issues with the full Unicode list of word
196 characters. See L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr36>.
198 Also, for a somewhat finer-grained set of characters that are in programming
199 language identifiers beyond the ASCII range, you may wish to instead use the
200 more customized L</Unicode Properties>, C<\p{ID_Start}>,
201 C<\p{ID_Continue}>, C<\p{XID_Start}>, and C<\p{XID_Continue}>. See
202 L<http://unicode.org/reports/tr31>.
204 Any character not matched by C<\w> is matched by C<\W>.
208 C<\s> matches any single character considered whitespace.
212 =item If the C</a> modifier is in effect ...
214 In all Perl versions, C<\s> matches the 5 characters [\t\n\f\r ]; that
215 is, the horizontal tab,
216 the newline, the form feed, the carriage return, and the space.
217 Starting in Perl v5.18, experimentally, it also matches the vertical tab, C<\cK>.
218 See note C<[1]> below for a discussion of this.
224 =item For code points above 255 ...
226 C<\s> matches exactly the code points above 255 shown with an "s" column
229 =item For code points below 256 ...
233 =item if locale rules are in effect ...
235 C<\s> matches whatever the locale considers to be whitespace.
237 =item if Unicode rules are in effect ...
239 C<\s> matches exactly the characters shown with an "s" column in the
244 C<\s> matches [\t\n\f\r ] and, starting, experimentally in Perl
245 v5.18, the vertical tab, C<\cK>.
246 (See note C<[1]> below for a discussion of this.)
247 Note that this list doesn't include the non-breaking space.
255 Which rules apply are determined as described in L<perlre/Which character set modifier is in effect?>.
257 Any character not matched by C<\s> is matched by C<\S>.
259 C<\h> matches any character considered horizontal whitespace;
260 this includes the platform's space and tab characters and several others
261 listed in the table below. C<\H> matches any character
262 not considered horizontal whitespace. They use the platform's native
263 character set, and do not consider any locale that may otherwise be in
266 C<\v> matches any character considered vertical whitespace;
267 this includes the platform's carriage return and line feed characters (newline)
268 plus several other characters, all listed in the table below.
269 C<\V> matches any character not considered vertical whitespace.
270 They use the platform's native character set, and do not consider any
271 locale that may otherwise be in use.
273 C<\R> matches anything that can be considered a newline under Unicode
274 rules. It's not a character class, as it can match a multi-character
275 sequence. Therefore, it cannot be used inside a bracketed character
276 class; use C<\v> instead (vertical whitespace). It uses the platform's
277 native character set, and does not consider any locale that may
279 Details are discussed in L<perlrebackslash>.
281 Note that unlike C<\s> (and C<\d> and C<\w>), C<\h> and C<\v> always match
282 the same characters, without regard to other factors, such as the active
283 locale or whether the source string is in UTF-8 format.
285 One might think that C<\s> is equivalent to C<[\h\v]>. This is indeed true
286 starting in Perl v5.18, but prior to that, the sole difference was that the
287 vertical tab (C<"\cK">) was not matched by C<\s>.
289 The following table is a complete listing of characters matched by
290 C<\s>, C<\h> and C<\v> as of Unicode 6.3.
292 The first column gives the Unicode code point of the character (in hex format),
293 the second column gives the (Unicode) name. The third column indicates
294 by which class(es) the character is matched (assuming no locale is in
295 effect that changes the C<\s> matching).
297 0x0009 CHARACTER TABULATION h s
298 0x000a LINE FEED (LF) vs
299 0x000b LINE TABULATION vs [1]
300 0x000c FORM FEED (FF) vs
301 0x000d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) vs
303 0x0085 NEXT LINE (NEL) vs [2]
304 0x00a0 NO-BREAK SPACE h s [2]
305 0x1680 OGHAM SPACE MARK h s
310 0x2004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE h s
311 0x2005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE h s
312 0x2006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE h s
313 0x2007 FIGURE SPACE h s
314 0x2008 PUNCTUATION SPACE h s
315 0x2009 THIN SPACE h s
316 0x200a HAIR SPACE h s
317 0x2028 LINE SEPARATOR vs
318 0x2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR vs
319 0x202f NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE h s
320 0x205f MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE h s
321 0x3000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE h s
327 Prior to Perl v5.18, C<\s> did not match the vertical tab. The change
328 in v5.18 is considered an experiment, which means it could be backed out
329 in v5.22 if experience indicates that it breaks too much
330 existing code. If this change adversely affects you, send email to
331 C<perlbug@perl.org>; if it affects you positively, email
332 C<perlthanks@perl.org>. In the meantime, C<[^\S\cK]> (obscurely)
333 matches what C<\s> traditionally did.
337 NEXT LINE and NO-BREAK SPACE may or may not match C<\s> depending
338 on the rules in effect. See
339 L<the beginning of this section|/Whitespace>.
343 =head3 Unicode Properties
345 C<\pP> and C<\p{Prop}> are character classes to match characters that fit given
346 Unicode properties. One letter property names can be used in the C<\pP> form,
347 with the property name following the C<\p>, otherwise, braces are required.
348 When using braces, there is a single form, which is just the property name
349 enclosed in the braces, and a compound form which looks like C<\p{name=value}>,
350 which means to match if the property "name" for the character has that particular
352 For instance, a match for a number can be written as C</\pN/> or as
353 C</\p{Number}/>, or as C</\p{Number=True}/>.
354 Lowercase letters are matched by the property I<Lowercase_Letter> which
355 has the short form I<Ll>. They need the braces, so are written as C</\p{Ll}/> or
356 C</\p{Lowercase_Letter}/>, or C</\p{General_Category=Lowercase_Letter}/>
357 (the underscores are optional).
358 C</\pLl/> is valid, but means something different.
359 It matches a two character string: a letter (Unicode property C<\pL>),
360 followed by a lowercase C<l>.
362 If locale rules are not in effect, the use of
363 a Unicode property will force the regular expression into using Unicode
364 rules, if it isn't already.
366 Note that almost all properties are immune to case-insensitive matching.
367 That is, adding a C</i> regular expression modifier does not change what
368 they match. There are two sets that are affected. The first set is
371 and C<Titlecase_Letter>,
372 all of which match C<Cased_Letter> under C</i> matching.
377 all of which match C<Cased> under C</i> matching.
378 (The difference between these sets is that some things, such as Roman
379 numerals, come in both upper and lower case, so they are C<Cased>, but
380 aren't considered to be letters, so they aren't C<Cased_Letter>s. They're
381 actually C<Letter_Number>s.)
382 This set also includes its subsets C<PosixUpper> and C<PosixLower>, both
383 of which under C</i> match C<PosixAlpha>.
385 For more details on Unicode properties, see L<perlunicode/Unicode
386 Character Properties>; for a
387 complete list of possible properties, see
388 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>,
389 which notes all forms that have C</i> differences.
390 It is also possible to define your own properties. This is discussed in
391 L<perlunicode/User-Defined Character Properties>.
393 Unicode properties are defined (surprise!) only on Unicode code points.
394 Starting in v5.20, when matching against C<\p> and C<\P>, Perl treats
395 non-Unicode code points (those above the legal Unicode maximum of
396 0x10FFFF) as if they were typical unassigned Unicode code points.
398 Prior to v5.20, Perl raised a warning and made all matches fail on
399 non-Unicode code points. This could be somewhat surprising:
401 chr(0x110000) =~ \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit=True} # Fails on Perls < v5.20.
402 chr(0x110000) =~ \p{ASCII_Hex_Digit=False} # Also fails on Perls
405 Even though these two matches might be thought of as complements, until
406 v5.20 they were so only on Unicode code points.
410 "a" =~ /\w/ # Match, "a" is a 'word' character.
411 "7" =~ /\w/ # Match, "7" is a 'word' character as well.
412 "a" =~ /\d/ # No match, "a" isn't a digit.
413 "7" =~ /\d/ # Match, "7" is a digit.
414 " " =~ /\s/ # Match, a space is whitespace.
415 "a" =~ /\D/ # Match, "a" is a non-digit.
416 "7" =~ /\D/ # No match, "7" is not a non-digit.
417 " " =~ /\S/ # No match, a space is not non-whitespace.
419 " " =~ /\h/ # Match, space is horizontal whitespace.
420 " " =~ /\v/ # No match, space is not vertical whitespace.
421 "\r" =~ /\v/ # Match, a return is vertical whitespace.
423 "a" =~ /\pL/ # Match, "a" is a letter.
424 "a" =~ /\p{Lu}/ # No match, /\p{Lu}/ matches upper case letters.
426 "\x{0e0b}" =~ /\p{Thai}/ # Match, \x{0e0b} is the character
427 # 'THAI CHARACTER SO SO', and that's in
428 # Thai Unicode class.
429 "a" =~ /\P{Lao}/ # Match, as "a" is not a Laotian character.
431 It is worth emphasizing that C<\d>, C<\w>, etc, match single characters, not
432 complete numbers or words. To match a number (that consists of digits),
433 use C<\d+>; to match a word, use C<\w+>. But be aware of the security
434 considerations in doing so, as mentioned above.
436 =head2 Bracketed Character Classes
438 The third form of character class you can use in Perl regular expressions
439 is the bracketed character class. In its simplest form, it lists the characters
440 that may be matched, surrounded by square brackets, like this: C<[aeiou]>.
441 This matches one of C<a>, C<e>, C<i>, C<o> or C<u>. Like the other
442 character classes, exactly one character is matched.* To match
443 a longer string consisting of characters mentioned in the character
444 class, follow the character class with a L<quantifier|perlre/Quantifiers>. For
445 instance, C<[aeiou]+> matches one or more lowercase English vowels.
447 Repeating a character in a character class has no
448 effect; it's considered to be in the set only once.
452 "e" =~ /[aeiou]/ # Match, as "e" is listed in the class.
453 "p" =~ /[aeiou]/ # No match, "p" is not listed in the class.
454 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]$/ # No match, a character class only matches
455 # a single character.
456 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]+$/ # Match, due to the quantifier.
460 * There is an exception to a bracketed character class matching a
461 single character only. When the class is to match caselessly under C</i>
462 matching rules, and a character that is explicitly mentioned inside the
464 multiple-character sequence caselessly under Unicode rules, the class
465 (when not L<inverted|/Negation>) will also match that sequence. For
466 example, Unicode says that the letter C<LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S>
467 should match the sequence C<ss> under C</i> rules. Thus,
469 'ss' =~ /\A\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S}\z/i # Matches
470 'ss' =~ /\A[aeioust\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S}]\z/i # Matches
472 For this to happen, the character must be explicitly specified, and not
473 be part of a multi-character range (not even as one of its endpoints).
474 (L</Character Ranges> will be explained shortly.) Therefore,
476 'ss' =~ /\A[\0-\x{ff}]\z/i # Doesn't match
477 'ss' =~ /\A[\0-\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S}]\z/i # No match
478 'ss' =~ /\A[\xDF-\xDF]\z/i # Matches on ASCII platforms, since \XDF
479 # is LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S, and the
480 # range is just a single element
482 Note that it isn't a good idea to specify these types of ranges anyway.
484 =head3 Special Characters Inside a Bracketed Character Class
486 Most characters that are meta characters in regular expressions (that
487 is, characters that carry a special meaning like C<.>, C<*>, or C<(>) lose
488 their special meaning and can be used inside a character class without
489 the need to escape them. For instance, C<[()]> matches either an opening
490 parenthesis, or a closing parenthesis, and the parens inside the character
491 class don't group or capture.
493 Characters that may carry a special meaning inside a character class are:
494 C<\>, C<^>, C<->, C<[> and C<]>, and are discussed below. They can be
495 escaped with a backslash, although this is sometimes not needed, in which
496 case the backslash may be omitted.
498 The sequence C<\b> is special inside a bracketed character class. While
499 outside the character class, C<\b> is an assertion indicating a point
500 that does not have either two word characters or two non-word characters
501 on either side, inside a bracketed character class, C<\b> matches a
511 C<\N{U+I<hex char>}>,
516 are also special and have the same meanings as they do outside a
517 bracketed character class. (However, inside a bracketed character
518 class, if C<\N{I<NAME>}> expands to a sequence of characters, only the first
519 one in the sequence is used, with a warning.)
521 Also, a backslash followed by two or three octal digits is considered an octal
524 A C<[> is not special inside a character class, unless it's the start of a
525 POSIX character class (see L</POSIX Character Classes> below). It normally does
528 A C<]> is normally either the end of a POSIX character class (see
529 L</POSIX Character Classes> below), or it signals the end of the bracketed
530 character class. If you want to include a C<]> in the set of characters, you
531 must generally escape it.
533 However, if the C<]> is the I<first> (or the second if the first
534 character is a caret) character of a bracketed character class, it
535 does not denote the end of the class (as you cannot have an empty class)
536 and is considered part of the set of characters that can be matched without
541 "+" =~ /[+?*]/ # Match, "+" in a character class is not special.
542 "\cH" =~ /[\b]/ # Match, \b inside in a character class.
543 # is equivalent to a backspace.
544 "]" =~ /[][]/ # Match, as the character class contains.
546 "[]" =~ /[[]]/ # Match, the pattern contains a character class
547 # containing just ], and the character class is
550 =head3 Character Ranges
552 It is not uncommon to want to match a range of characters. Luckily, instead
553 of listing all characters in the range, one may use the hyphen (C<->).
554 If inside a bracketed character class you have two characters separated
555 by a hyphen, it's treated as if all characters between the two were in
556 the class. For instance, C<[0-9]> matches any ASCII digit, and C<[a-m]>
557 matches any lowercase letter from the first half of the ASCII alphabet.
559 Note that the two characters on either side of the hyphen are not
560 necessarily both letters or both digits. Any character is possible,
561 although not advisable. C<['-?]> contains a range of characters, but
562 most people will not know which characters that means. Furthermore,
563 such ranges may lead to portability problems if the code has to run on
564 a platform that uses a different character set, such as EBCDIC.
566 If a hyphen in a character class cannot syntactically be part of a range, for
567 instance because it is the first or the last character of the character class,
568 or if it immediately follows a range, the hyphen isn't special, and so is
569 considered a character to be matched literally. If you want a hyphen in
570 your set of characters to be matched and its position in the class is such
571 that it could be considered part of a range, you must escape that hyphen
576 [a-z] # Matches a character that is a lower case ASCII letter.
577 [a-fz] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive) or
579 [-z] # Matches either a hyphen ('-') or the letter 'z'.
580 [a-f-m] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive), the
581 # hyphen ('-'), or the letter 'm'.
582 ['-?] # Matches any of the characters '()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?
583 # (But not on an EBCDIC platform).
588 It is also possible to instead list the characters you do not want to
589 match. You can do so by using a caret (C<^>) as the first character in the
590 character class. For instance, C<[^a-z]> matches any character that is not a
591 lowercase ASCII letter, which therefore includes more than a million
592 Unicode code points. The class is said to be "negated" or "inverted".
594 This syntax make the caret a special character inside a bracketed character
595 class, but only if it is the first character of the class. So if you want
596 the caret as one of the characters to match, either escape the caret or
597 else don't list it first.
599 In inverted bracketed character classes, Perl ignores the Unicode rules
600 that normally say that certain characters should match a sequence of
601 multiple characters under caseless C</i> matching. Following those
602 rules could lead to highly confusing situations:
604 "ss" =~ /^[^\xDF]+$/ui; # Matches!
606 This should match any sequences of characters that aren't C<\xDF> nor
607 what C<\xDF> matches under C</i>. C<"s"> isn't C<\xDF>, but Unicode
608 says that C<"ss"> is what C<\xDF> matches under C</i>. So which one
609 "wins"? Do you fail the match because the string has C<ss> or accept it
610 because it has an C<s> followed by another C<s>? Perl has chosen the
615 "e" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # No match, the 'e' is listed.
616 "x" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # Match, as 'x' isn't a lowercase vowel.
617 "^" =~ /[^^]/ # No match, matches anything that isn't a caret.
618 "^" =~ /[x^]/ # Match, caret is not special here.
620 =head3 Backslash Sequences
622 You can put any backslash sequence character class (with the exception of
623 C<\N> and C<\R>) inside a bracketed character class, and it will act just
624 as if you had put all characters matched by the backslash sequence inside the
625 character class. For instance, C<[a-f\d]> matches any decimal digit, or any
626 of the lowercase letters between 'a' and 'f' inclusive.
628 C<\N> within a bracketed character class must be of the forms C<\N{I<name>}>
629 or C<\N{U+I<hex char>}>, and NOT be the form that matches non-newlines,
630 for the same reason that a dot C<.> inside a bracketed character class loses
631 its special meaning: it matches nearly anything, which generally isn't what you
637 /[\p{Thai}\d]/ # Matches a character that is either a Thai
638 # character, or a digit.
639 /[^\p{Arabic}()]/ # Matches a character that is neither an Arabic
640 # character, nor a parenthesis.
642 Backslash sequence character classes cannot form one of the endpoints
643 of a range. Thus, you can't say:
645 /[\p{Thai}-\d]/ # Wrong!
647 =head3 POSIX Character Classes
648 X<character class> X<\p> X<\p{}>
649 X<alpha> X<alnum> X<ascii> X<blank> X<cntrl> X<digit> X<graph>
650 X<lower> X<print> X<punct> X<space> X<upper> X<word> X<xdigit>
652 POSIX character classes have the form C<[:class:]>, where I<class> is the
653 name, and the C<[:> and C<:]> delimiters. POSIX character classes only appear
654 I<inside> bracketed character classes, and are a convenient and descriptive
655 way of listing a group of characters.
657 Be careful about the syntax,
660 $string =~ /[[:alpha:]]/
662 # Incorrect (will warn):
663 $string =~ /[:alpha:]/
665 The latter pattern would be a character class consisting of a colon,
666 and the letters C<a>, C<l>, C<p> and C<h>.
668 POSIX character classes can be part of a larger bracketed character class.
673 is valid and matches '0', '1', any alphabetic character, and the percent sign.
675 Perl recognizes the following POSIX character classes:
677 alpha Any alphabetical character ("[A-Za-z]").
678 alnum Any alphanumeric character ("[A-Za-z0-9]").
679 ascii Any character in the ASCII character set.
680 blank A GNU extension, equal to a space or a horizontal tab ("\t").
681 cntrl Any control character. See Note [2] below.
682 digit Any decimal digit ("[0-9]"), equivalent to "\d".
683 graph Any printable character, excluding a space. See Note [3] below.
684 lower Any lowercase character ("[a-z]").
685 print Any printable character, including a space. See Note [4] below.
686 punct Any graphical character excluding "word" characters. Note [5].
687 space Any whitespace character. "\s" including the vertical tab
689 upper Any uppercase character ("[A-Z]").
690 word A Perl extension ("[A-Za-z0-9_]"), equivalent to "\w".
691 xdigit Any hexadecimal digit ("[0-9a-fA-F]").
693 Most POSIX character classes have two Unicode-style C<\p> property
694 counterparts. (They are not official Unicode properties, but Perl extensions
695 derived from official Unicode properties.) The table below shows the relation
696 between POSIX character classes and these counterparts.
698 One counterpart, in the column labelled "ASCII-range Unicode" in
699 the table, matches only characters in the ASCII character set.
701 The other counterpart, in the column labelled "Full-range Unicode", matches any
702 appropriate characters in the full Unicode character set. For example,
703 C<\p{Alpha}> matches not just the ASCII alphabetic characters, but any
704 character in the entire Unicode character set considered alphabetic.
705 An entry in the column labelled "backslash sequence" is a (short)
708 [[:...:]] ASCII-range Full-range backslash Note
709 Unicode Unicode sequence
710 -----------------------------------------------------
711 alpha \p{PosixAlpha} \p{XPosixAlpha}
712 alnum \p{PosixAlnum} \p{XPosixAlnum}
714 blank \p{PosixBlank} \p{XPosixBlank} \h [1]
715 or \p{HorizSpace} [1]
716 cntrl \p{PosixCntrl} \p{XPosixCntrl} [2]
717 digit \p{PosixDigit} \p{XPosixDigit} \d
718 graph \p{PosixGraph} \p{XPosixGraph} [3]
719 lower \p{PosixLower} \p{XPosixLower}
720 print \p{PosixPrint} \p{XPosixPrint} [4]
721 punct \p{PosixPunct} \p{XPosixPunct} [5]
722 \p{PerlSpace} \p{XPerlSpace} \s [6]
723 space \p{PosixSpace} \p{XPosixSpace} [6]
724 upper \p{PosixUpper} \p{XPosixUpper}
725 word \p{PosixWord} \p{XPosixWord} \w
726 xdigit \p{PosixXDigit} \p{XPosixXDigit}
732 C<\p{Blank}> and C<\p{HorizSpace}> are synonyms.
736 Control characters don't produce output as such, but instead usually control
737 the terminal somehow: for example, newline and backspace are control characters.
738 In the ASCII range, characters whose code points are between 0 and 31 inclusive,
739 plus 127 (C<DEL>) are control characters.
743 Any character that is I<graphical>, that is, visible. This class consists
744 of all alphanumeric characters and all punctuation characters.
748 All printable characters, which is the set of all graphical characters
749 plus those whitespace characters which are not also controls.
753 C<\p{PosixPunct}> and C<[[:punct:]]> in the ASCII range match all
754 non-controls, non-alphanumeric, non-space characters:
755 C<[-!"#$%&'()*+,./:;<=E<gt>?@[\\\]^_`{|}~]> (although if a locale is in effect,
756 it could alter the behavior of C<[[:punct:]]>).
758 The similarly named property, C<\p{Punct}>, matches a somewhat different
759 set in the ASCII range, namely
760 C<[-!"#%&'()*,./:;?@[\\\]_{}]>. That is, it is missing the nine
761 characters C<[$+E<lt>=E<gt>^`|~]>.
762 This is because Unicode splits what POSIX considers to be punctuation into two
763 categories, Punctuation and Symbols.
765 C<\p{XPosixPunct}> and (under Unicode rules) C<[[:punct:]]>, match what
766 C<\p{PosixPunct}> matches in the ASCII range, plus what C<\p{Punct}>
767 matches. This is different than strictly matching according to
768 C<\p{Punct}>. Another way to say it is that
769 if Unicode rules are in effect, C<[[:punct:]]> matches all characters
770 that Unicode considers punctuation, plus all ASCII-range characters that
771 Unicode considers symbols.
775 C<\p{XPerlSpace}> and C<\p{Space}> match identically starting with Perl
776 v5.18. In earlier versions, these differ only in that in non-locale
777 matching, C<\p{XPerlSpace}> does not match the vertical tab, C<\cK>.
778 Same for the two ASCII-only range forms.
782 There are various other synonyms that can be used besides the names
783 listed in the table. For example, C<\p{PosixAlpha}> can be written as
784 C<\p{Alpha}>. All are listed in
785 L<perluniprops/Properties accessible through \p{} and \P{}>.
787 Both the C<\p> counterparts always assume Unicode rules are in effect.
788 On ASCII platforms, this means they assume that the code points from 128
789 to 255 are Latin-1, and that means that using them under locale rules is
790 unwise unless the locale is guaranteed to be Latin-1 or UTF-8. In contrast, the
791 POSIX character classes are useful under locale rules. They are
792 affected by the actual rules in effect, as follows:
796 =item If the C</a> modifier, is in effect ...
798 Each of the POSIX classes matches exactly the same as their ASCII-range
805 =item For code points above 255 ...
807 The POSIX class matches the same as its Full-range counterpart.
809 =item For code points below 256 ...
813 =item if locale rules are in effect ...
815 The POSIX class matches according to the locale, except:
821 also includes the platform's native underscore character, no matter what
826 on platforms that don't have the POSIX C<ascii> extension, this matches
827 just the platform's native ASCII-range characters.
831 on platforms that don't have the POSIX C<blank> extension, this matches
832 just the platform's native tab and space characters.
836 =item if Unicode rules are in effect ...
838 The POSIX class matches the same as the Full-range counterpart.
842 The POSIX class matches the same as the ASCII range counterpart.
850 Which rules apply are determined as described in
851 L<perlre/Which character set modifier is in effect?>.
853 It is proposed to change this behavior in a future release of Perl so that
854 whether or not Unicode rules are in effect would not change the
855 behavior: Outside of locale, the POSIX classes
856 would behave like their ASCII-range counterparts. If you wish to
857 comment on this proposal, send email to C<perl5-porters@perl.org>.
859 =head4 Negation of POSIX character classes
860 X<character class, negation>
862 A Perl extension to the POSIX character class is the ability to
863 negate it. This is done by prefixing the class name with a caret (C<^>).
866 POSIX ASCII-range Full-range backslash
867 Unicode Unicode sequence
868 -----------------------------------------------------
869 [[:^digit:]] \P{PosixDigit} \P{XPosixDigit} \D
870 [[:^space:]] \P{PosixSpace} \P{XPosixSpace}
871 \P{PerlSpace} \P{XPerlSpace} \S
872 [[:^word:]] \P{PerlWord} \P{XPosixWord} \W
874 The backslash sequence can mean either ASCII- or Full-range Unicode,
875 depending on various factors as described in L<perlre/Which character set modifier is in effect?>.
877 =head4 [= =] and [. .]
879 Perl recognizes the POSIX character classes C<[=class=]> and
880 C<[.class.]>, but does not (yet?) support them. Any attempt to use
881 either construct raises an exception.
885 /[[:digit:]]/ # Matches a character that is a digit.
886 /[01[:lower:]]/ # Matches a character that is either a
887 # lowercase letter, or '0' or '1'.
888 /[[:digit:][:^xdigit:]]/ # Matches a character that can be anything
889 # except the letters 'a' to 'f' and 'A' to
890 # 'F'. This is because the main character
891 # class is composed of two POSIX character
892 # classes that are ORed together, one that
893 # matches any digit, and the other that
894 # matches anything that isn't a hex digit.
895 # The OR adds the digits, leaving only the
896 # letters 'a' to 'f' and 'A' to 'F' excluded.
898 =head3 Extended Bracketed Character Classes
902 This is a fancy bracketed character class that can be used for more
903 readable and less error-prone classes, and to perform set operations,
904 such as intersection. An example is
906 /(?[ \p{Thai} & \p{Digit} ])/
908 This will match all the digit characters that are in the Thai script.
910 This is an experimental feature available starting in 5.18, and is
911 subject to change as we gain field experience with it. Any attempt to
912 use it will raise a warning, unless disabled via
914 no warnings "experimental::regex_sets";
916 Comments on this feature are welcome; send email to
917 C<perl5-porters@perl.org>.
919 We can extend the example above:
921 /(?[ ( \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ) & \p{Digit} ])/
923 This matches digits that are in either the Thai or Laotian scripts.
925 Notice the white space in these examples. This construct always has
926 the C<E<sol>x> modifier turned on within it.
928 The available binary operators are:
932 | another name for '+', hence means union
933 - subtraction (the result matches the set consisting of those
934 code points matched by the first operand, excluding any that
935 are also matched by the second operand)
936 ^ symmetric difference (the union minus the intersection). This
937 is like an exclusive or, in that the result is the set of code
938 points that are matched by either, but not both, of the
941 There is one unary operator:
945 All the binary operators left associate, and are of equal precedence.
946 The unary operator right associates, and has higher precedence. Use
947 parentheses to override the default associations. Some feedback we've
948 received indicates a desire for intersection to have higher precedence
949 than union. This is something that feedback from the field may cause us
950 to change in future releases; you may want to parenthesize copiously to
951 avoid such changes affecting your code, until this feature is no longer
952 considered experimental.
954 The main restriction is that everything is a metacharacter. Thus,
955 you cannot refer to single characters by doing something like this:
957 /(?[ a + b ])/ # Syntax error!
959 The easiest way to specify an individual typable character is to enclose
964 (This is the same thing as C<[ab]>.) You could also have said the
969 (You can, of course, specify single characters by using, C<\x{...}>,
972 This last example shows the use of this construct to specify an ordinary
973 bracketed character class without additional set operations. Note the
974 white space within it; C<E<sol>x> is turned on even within bracketed
975 character classes, except you can't have comments inside them. Hence,
979 matches the literal character "#". To specify a literal white space character,
980 you can escape it with a backslash, like:
982 /(?[ [ a e i o u \ ] ])/
984 This matches the English vowels plus the SPACE character.
985 All the other escapes accepted by normal bracketed character classes are
986 accepted here as well; but unrecognized escapes that generate warnings
987 in normal classes are fatal errors here.
989 All warnings from these class elements are fatal, as well as some
990 practices that don't currently warn. For example you cannot say
992 /(?[ [ \xF ] ])/ # Syntax error!
994 You have to have two hex digits after a braceless C<\x> (use a leading
995 zero to make two). These restrictions are to lower the incidence of
996 typos causing the class to not match what you thought it would.
998 If a regular bracketed character class contains a C<\p{}> or C<\P{}> and
999 is matched against a non-Unicode code point, a warning may be
1000 raised, as the result is not Unicode-defined. No such warning will come
1001 when using this extended form.
1003 The final difference between regular bracketed character classes and
1004 these, is that it is not possible to get these to match a
1005 multi-character fold. Thus,
1009 does not match the string C<ss>.
1011 You don't have to enclose POSIX class names inside double brackets,
1012 hence both of the following work:
1014 /(?[ [:word:] - [:lower:] ])/
1015 /(?[ [[:word:]] - [[:lower:]] ])/
1017 Any contained POSIX character classes, including things like C<\w> and C<\D>
1018 respect the C<E<sol>a> (and C<E<sol>aa>) modifiers.
1020 C<< (?[ ]) >> is a regex-compile-time construct. Any attempt to use
1021 something which isn't knowable at the time the containing regular
1022 expression is compiled is a fatal error. In practice, this means
1023 just three limitations:
1029 This construct cannot be used within the scope of
1030 C<use locale> (or the C<E<sol>l> regex modifier).
1035 L<user-defined property|perlunicode/"User-Defined Character Properties">
1036 used must be already defined by the time the regular expression is
1037 compiled (but note that this construct can be used instead of such
1042 A regular expression that otherwise would compile
1043 using C<E<sol>d> rules, and which uses this construct will instead
1044 use C<E<sol>u>. Thus this construct tells Perl that you don't want
1045 C<E<sol>d> rules for the entire regular expression containing it.
1049 Note that skipping white space applies only to the interior of this
1050 construct. There must not be any space between any of the characters
1051 that form the initial C<(?[>. Nor may there be space between the
1052 closing C<])> characters.
1054 Just as in all regular expressions, the pattern can be built up by
1055 including variables that are interpolated at regex compilation time.
1056 Care must be taken to ensure that you are getting what you expect. For
1059 my $thai_or_lao = '\p{Thai} + \p{Lao}';
1061 qr/(?[ \p{Digit} & $thai_or_lao ])/;
1065 qr/(?[ \p{Digit} & \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ])/;
1067 But this does not have the effect that someone reading the code would
1068 likely expect, as the intersection applies just to C<\p{Thai}>,
1069 excluding the Laotian. Pitfalls like this can be avoided by
1070 parenthesizing the component pieces:
1072 my $thai_or_lao = '( \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} )';
1074 But any modifiers will still apply to all the components:
1076 my $lower = '\p{Lower} + \p{Digit}';
1077 qr/(?[ \p{Greek} & $lower ])/i;
1079 matches upper case things. You can avoid surprises by making the
1080 components into instances of this construct by compiling them:
1082 my $thai_or_lao = qr/(?[ \p{Thai} + \p{Lao} ])/;
1083 my $lower = qr/(?[ \p{Lower} + \p{Digit} ])/;
1085 When these are embedded in another pattern, what they match does not
1086 change, regardless of parenthesization or what modifiers are in effect
1087 in that outer pattern.
1089 Due to the way that Perl parses things, your parentheses and brackets
1090 may need to be balanced, even including comments. If you run into any
1091 examples, please send them to C<perlbug@perl.org>, so that we can have a
1092 concrete example for this man page.
1094 We may change it so that things that remain legal uses in normal bracketed
1095 character classes might become illegal within this experimental
1096 construct. One proposal, for example, is to forbid adjacent uses of the
1097 same character, as in C<(?[ [aa] ])>. The motivation for such a change
1098 is that this usage is likely a typo, as the second "a" adds nothing.