3 # From Tom Phoenix <rootbeer@teleport.com> 22 Feb 1997
4 # Based upon a test script by kgb@ast.cam.ac.uk (Karl Glazebrook)
6 # Looking for the hints? You're in the right place.
7 # The hints are near each test, so search for "TEST #", where
8 # the pound sign is replaced by the number of the test.
10 # I'd like to include some more robust tests, but anything
11 # too subtle to be detected here would require a time-consuming
12 # test. Also, of course, we're here to detect only flaws in Perl;
13 # if there are flaws in the underlying system rand, that's not
14 # our responsibility. But if you want better tests, see
15 # The Art of Computer Programming, Donald E. Knuth, volume 2,
16 # chapter 3. ISBN 0-201-03822-6 (v. 2)
21 set_up_inc( qw(. ../lib) );
27 my $reps = 100_000; # How many times to try rand each time.
28 # May be changed, but should be over 500.
29 # The more the better! (But slower.)
31 my $bits = 8; # how many significant bits we check on each random number
32 my $nslots = (1<< $bits); # how many different numbers
34 plan(tests => 7 + $nslots);
36 # First, let's see whether randbits is set right and that rand() returns
37 # an even distribution of values
40 my @slots = (0) x $nslots;
41 my $prob = 1/$nslots; # probability of a particular slot being
42 # on a particular iteration
44 # We are going to generate $reps random numbers, each in the range
45 # 0..$nslots-1. They should be evenly distributed. We use @slots to
46 # count the number of occurrences of each number. For each count, we
47 # check that it is in the range we expect. For example for reps =
48 # 100_000 and using 8 bits, we expect each count to be around
49 # 100_000/256 = 390. How much around it we tolerate depends on the
50 # standard deviation, and how many deviations we allow. If we allow
51 # 6-sigmas, then that means that in only 1 run in 506e6 will be get a
52 # failure by chance, assuming a fair random number generator. Given
53 # that we test each slot, the overall chance of a false negative in
54 # this test script is about 1 in 2e6, assuming 256 slots.
56 # the actual count in a slot should follow a binomial distribution
57 # (e.g. rolling 18 dice, we 'expect' to see 3 sixes, but there's
58 # actually a 24% chance of 3, a 20% change of 2 or 4, a 12%
59 # chance of 1 or 5, and a 4% chance of 0 or 6 of them).
61 # This makes it easy to calculate the expected mean a standard
63 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution#Variance
65 my $mean = $reps * $prob;
66 my $stddev = sqrt($reps * $prob * (1 - $prob));
67 my $sigma6 = $stddev * 6.0; # very unlikely to be outside that range
68 my $min = $mean - $sigma6;
69 my $max = $mean + $sigma6;
71 note("reps=$reps; slots=$nslots; min=$min mean=$mean max=$max");
75 if ($n < 0.0 or $n >= 1.0) {
77 WHOA THERE! \$Config{drand01} is set to '$Config{drand01}',
78 but that apparently produces values ($n) < 0.0 or >= 1.0.
79 Make sure \$Config{drand01} is a valid expression in the
80 C-language, and produces values in the range [0.0,1.0).
86 $slots[int($n * $nslots)]++;
89 for my $i (0..$nslots - 1) {
90 # this test should randomly fail very rarely. If it fails
91 # for you, try re-running this test script a few more times;
92 # if it goes away, it was likely a random (ha ha!) glitch.
93 # If you keep seeing failures, it means your random number
94 # generator is producing a very uneven spread of values.
95 ok($slots[$i] >= $min && $slots[$i] <= $max, "checking slot $i")
96 or diag("slot $i; count $slots[$i] outside expected range $min..$max");
101 # Now, let's see whether rand accepts its argument
104 $max = $min = rand(100);
107 $max = $n if $n > $max;
108 $min = $n if $n < $min;
111 # This test checks to see that rand(100) really falls
112 # within the range 0 - 100, and that the numbers produced
113 # have a reasonably-large range among them.
115 cmp_ok($min, '>=', 0, "rand(100) >= 0");
116 cmp_ok($max, '<', 100, "rand(100) < 100");
117 cmp_ok($max - $min, '>=', 65, "rand(100) in 65 range");
120 # This test checks that rand without an argument
121 # is equivalent to rand(1).
123 $_ = 12345; # Just for fun.
127 is(rand(1), $r, 'rand() without args is rand(1)');
130 # This checks that rand without an argument is not
131 # rand($_). (In case somebody got overzealous.)
133 cmp_ok($r, '<', 1, 'rand() without args is under 1');
136 { # [perl #115928] use a standard rand() implementation
138 is(int rand(1000), 41, "our own implementation behaves consistently");
139 is(int rand(1000), 454, "and still consistently");