1 # -*- Mode: cperl; coding: utf-8; cperl-indent-level: 4 -*-
2 # vim: ts=4 sts=4 sw=4:
5 $CPAN::VERSION = '1.94_63';
6 $CPAN::VERSION =~ s/_//;
8 # we need to run chdir all over and we would get at wrong libraries
12 if (File::Spec->can("rel2abs")) {
14 $inc = File::Spec->rel2abs($inc) unless ref $inc;
19 use CPAN::HandleConfig;
25 use CPAN::Distribution;
26 use CPAN::Distrostatus;
28 use CPAN::Index 1.93; # https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=43349
35 use CPAN::DeferredCode;
37 use CPAN::LWP::UserAgent;
38 use CPAN::Exception::RecursiveDependency;
39 use CPAN::Exception::yaml_not_installed;
46 use ExtUtils::MakeMaker qw(prompt); # for some unknown reason,
47 # 5.005_04 does not work without
49 use File::Basename ();
56 use Sys::Hostname qw(hostname);
57 use Text::ParseWords ();
60 # protect against "called too early"
67 require Mac::BuildTools if $^O eq 'MacOS';
68 if ($ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING} && $$ != $ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING}) {
69 $ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING_IN_RECURSION} ||= $ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING};
70 my @rec = _uniq split(/,/, $ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING_IN_RECURSION}), $$;
71 $ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING_IN_RECURSION} = join ",", @rec;
72 # warn "# Note: Recursive call of CPAN.pm detected\n";
73 my $w = sprintf "# Note: CPAN.pm is running in process %d now", pop @rec;
79 my $sleep = @rec > 7 ? 300 : ($sleep{scalar @rec}||0);
80 my $verbose = @rec >= 4;
82 $w .= sprintf " which has been called by process %d", pop @rec;
85 $w .= ".\n\n# Sleeping $sleep seconds to protect other processes\n";
92 printf "\r#%5d", --$sleep;
97 $ENV{PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING}=$$;
98 $ENV{PERL5_CPANPLUS_IS_RUNNING}=$$; # https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=23735
100 END { $CPAN::End++; &cleanup; }
103 $CPAN::Frontend ||= "CPAN::Shell";
104 unless (@CPAN::Defaultsites) {
105 @CPAN::Defaultsites = map {
106 CPAN::URL->new(TEXT => $_, FROM => "DEF")
108 "http://www.perl.org/CPAN/",
109 "ftp://ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/";
111 # $CPAN::iCwd (i for initial)
112 $CPAN::iCwd ||= CPAN::anycwd();
113 $CPAN::Perl ||= CPAN::find_perl();
114 $CPAN::Defaultdocs ||= "http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?";
115 $CPAN::Defaultrecent ||= "http://search.cpan.org/uploads.rdf";
116 $CPAN::Defaultrecent ||= "http://cpan.uwinnipeg.ca/htdocs/cpan.xml";
118 # our globals are getting a mess
144 @CPAN::ISA = qw(CPAN::Debug Exporter);
146 # note that these functions live in CPAN::Shell and get executed via
147 # AUTOLOAD when called directly
174 sub soft_chdir_with_alternatives ($);
177 $autoload_recursion ||= 0;
179 #-> sub CPAN::AUTOLOAD ;
180 sub AUTOLOAD { ## no critic
181 $autoload_recursion++;
185 warn "Refusing to autoload '$l' while signal pending";
186 $autoload_recursion--;
189 if ($autoload_recursion > 1) {
190 my $fullcommand = join " ", map { "'$_'" } $l, @_;
191 warn "Refusing to autoload $fullcommand in recursion\n";
192 $autoload_recursion--;
196 @export{@EXPORT} = '';
197 CPAN::HandleConfig->load unless $CPAN::Config_loaded++;
198 if (exists $export{$l}) {
201 die(qq{Unknown CPAN command "$AUTOLOAD". }.
202 qq{Type ? for help.\n});
204 $autoload_recursion--;
209 my $x = *SAVEOUT; # avoid warning
210 open($x,">&STDOUT") or die "dup failed";
216 while(defined($_=shift)) {
218 my ($m) = s/^>// ? ">" : "";
220 $_=shift unless length;
221 die "no dest" unless defined;
222 open(STDOUT,">$m$_") or die "open:$_:$!\n";
224 } elsif ( s/^\s*\|\s*// ) {
226 while(defined($_[0])){
227 $pipe .= ' ' . shift;
229 open(STDOUT,$pipe) or die "open:$pipe:$!\n";
238 return unless $redir;
240 ## redirect: unredirect and propagate errors. explicit close to wait for pipe.
242 open(STDOUT,">&SAVEOUT");
251 return grep { !$seen{$_}++ } @list;
254 #-> sub CPAN::shell ;
257 $Suppress_readline = ! -t STDIN unless defined $Suppress_readline;
258 CPAN::HandleConfig->load unless $CPAN::Config_loaded++;
260 my $oprompt = shift || CPAN::Prompt->new;
261 my $prompt = $oprompt;
262 my $commandline = shift || "";
263 $CPAN::CurrentCommandId ||= 1;
266 unless ($Suppress_readline) {
267 require Term::ReadLine;
270 $term->ReadLine eq "Term::ReadLine::Stub"
272 $term = Term::ReadLine->new('CPAN Monitor');
274 if ($term->ReadLine eq "Term::ReadLine::Gnu") {
275 my $attribs = $term->Attribs;
276 $attribs->{attempted_completion_function} = sub {
277 &CPAN::Complete::gnu_cpl;
280 $readline::rl_completion_function =
281 $readline::rl_completion_function = 'CPAN::Complete::cpl';
283 if (my $histfile = $CPAN::Config->{'histfile'}) {{
284 unless ($term->can("AddHistory")) {
285 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Terminal does not support AddHistory.\n");
288 $META->readhist($term,$histfile);
290 for ($CPAN::Config->{term_ornaments}) { # alias
291 local $Term::ReadLine::termcap_nowarn = 1;
292 $term->ornaments($_) if defined;
294 # $term->OUT is autoflushed anyway
295 my $odef = select STDERR;
303 my @cwd = grep { defined $_ and length $_ }
305 File::Spec->can("tmpdir") ? File::Spec->tmpdir() : (),
306 File::Spec->rootdir();
307 my $try_detect_readline;
308 $try_detect_readline = $term->ReadLine eq "Term::ReadLine::Stub" if $term;
309 unless ($CPAN::Config->{inhibit_startup_message}) {
310 my $rl_avail = $Suppress_readline ? "suppressed" :
311 ($term->ReadLine ne "Term::ReadLine::Stub") ? "enabled" :
312 "available (maybe install Bundle::CPAN or Bundle::CPANxxl?)";
313 $CPAN::Frontend->myprint(
315 cpan shell -- CPAN exploration and modules installation (v%s)
323 my($continuation) = "";
324 my $last_term_ornaments;
325 SHELLCOMMAND: while () {
326 if ($Suppress_readline) {
327 if ($Echo_readline) {
331 last SHELLCOMMAND unless defined ($_ = <> );
332 if ($Echo_readline) {
333 # backdoor: I could not find a way to record sessions
338 last SHELLCOMMAND unless
339 defined ($_ = $term->readline($prompt, $commandline));
341 $_ = "$continuation$_" if $continuation;
343 next SHELLCOMMAND if /^$/;
345 if (/^(?:q(?:uit)?|bye|exit)\s*$/i) {
355 CPAN::Eval; # hide from the indexer
357 use vars qw($import_done);
358 CPAN->import(':DEFAULT') unless $import_done++;
359 CPAN->debug("eval[$eval]") if $CPAN::DEBUG;
366 eval { @line = Text::ParseWords::shellwords($_) };
367 warn($@), next SHELLCOMMAND if $@;
368 warn("Text::Parsewords could not parse the line [$_]"),
369 next SHELLCOMMAND unless @line;
370 $CPAN::META->debug("line[".join("|",@line)."]") if $CPAN::DEBUG;
371 my $command = shift @line;
373 local (*STDOUT)=*STDOUT;
374 @line = _redirect(@line);
375 CPAN::Shell->$command(@line)
377 my $command_error = $@;
380 if ($command_error) {
381 my $err = $command_error;
382 if (ref $err and $err->isa('CPAN::Exception::blocked_urllist')) {
383 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Client not fully configured, please proceed with configuring.$err");
384 $reported_error = ref $err;
386 # I'd prefer never to arrive here and make all errors exception objects
390 my $dv = Dumpvalue->new(tick => '"');
391 Carp::cluck(sprintf "Catching error: %s", $dv->stringify($err));
402 # pragmas for classic commands
411 # only commands that tell us something about failed distros
412 # eval necessary for people without an urllist
413 eval {CPAN::Shell->failed($CPAN::CurrentCommandId,1);};
415 unless (ref $err and $reported_error eq ref $err) {
420 soft_chdir_with_alternatives(\@cwd);
421 $CPAN::Frontend->myprint("\n");
423 $CPAN::CurrentCommandId++;
427 $commandline = ""; # I do want to be able to pass a default to
428 # shell, but on the second command I see no
431 CPAN::Queue->nullify_queue;
432 if ($try_detect_readline) {
433 if ($CPAN::META->has_inst("Term::ReadLine::Gnu")
435 $CPAN::META->has_inst("Term::ReadLine::Perl")
437 delete $INC{"Term/ReadLine.pm"};
439 local($SIG{__WARN__}) = CPAN::Shell::paintdots_onreload(\$redef);
440 require Term::ReadLine;
441 $CPAN::Frontend->myprint("\n$redef subroutines in ".
442 "Term::ReadLine redefined\n");
446 if ($term and $term->can("ornaments")) {
447 for ($CPAN::Config->{term_ornaments}) { # alias
449 if (not defined $last_term_ornaments
450 or $_ != $last_term_ornaments
452 local $Term::ReadLine::termcap_nowarn = 1;
453 $term->ornaments($_);
454 $last_term_ornaments = $_;
457 undef $last_term_ornaments;
461 for my $class (qw(Module Distribution)) {
462 # again unsafe meta access?
463 for my $dm (keys %{$CPAN::META->{readwrite}{"CPAN::$class"}}) {
464 next unless $CPAN::META->{readwrite}{"CPAN::$class"}{$dm}{incommandcolor};
465 CPAN->debug("BUG: $class '$dm' was in command state, resetting");
466 delete $CPAN::META->{readwrite}{"CPAN::$class"}{$dm}{incommandcolor};
470 $GOTOSHELL = 0; # not too often
471 $META->savehist if $CPAN::term && $CPAN::term->can("GetHistory");
476 soft_chdir_with_alternatives(\@cwd);
479 #-> CPAN::soft_chdir_with_alternatives ;
480 sub soft_chdir_with_alternatives ($) {
483 my $root = File::Spec->rootdir();
484 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{Warning: no good directory to chdir to!
485 Trying '$root' as temporary haven.
490 if (chdir $cwd->[0]) {
494 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{Could not chdir to "$cwd->[0]": $!
495 Trying to chdir to "$cwd->[1]" instead.
499 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie(qq{Could not chdir to "$cwd->[0]": $!});
507 if ( $Config::Config{d_flock} || $Config::Config{d_fcntl_can_lock} ) {
508 return flock $fh, $mode;
509 } elsif (!$Have_warned->{"d_flock"}++) {
510 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Your OS does not seem to support locking; continuing and ignoring all locking issues\n");
511 $CPAN::Frontend->mysleep(5);
518 sub _use_file_homedir () {
519 my $use_file_homedir = $CPAN::Config->{use_file_homedir};
520 unless (defined $use_file_homedir) {
521 if ($^O =~ /^(MSWin32|darwin)$/) {
522 $use_file_homedir = 1;
524 $use_file_homedir = 0;
527 if ($use_file_homedir
528 and not $CPAN::META->has_usable("File::HomeDir")) {
529 my $v = $File::HomeDir::VERSION;
530 if (CPAN::Version->vgt($v,0)) {
531 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("Version of File::HomeDir ($v) is insufficient. Please upgrade or try 'o conf init use_file_homedir'");
533 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("File::HomeDir not installed. Please install it or try 'o conf init use_file_homedir'");
536 return $use_file_homedir;
539 sub _yaml_module () {
540 my $yaml_module = $CPAN::Config->{yaml_module} || "YAML";
542 $yaml_module ne "YAML"
544 !$CPAN::META->has_inst($yaml_module)
546 # $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("'$yaml_module' not installed, falling back to 'YAML'\n");
547 $yaml_module = "YAML";
549 if ($yaml_module eq "YAML"
551 $CPAN::META->has_inst($yaml_module)
553 $YAML::VERSION < 0.60
555 !$Have_warned->{"YAML"}++
557 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Warning: YAML version '$YAML::VERSION' is too low, please upgrade!\n".
558 "I'll continue but problems are *very* likely to happen.\n"
560 $CPAN::Frontend->mysleep(5);
565 # CPAN::_yaml_loadfile
567 my($self,$local_file) = @_;
568 return +[] unless -s $local_file;
569 my $yaml_module = _yaml_module;
570 if ($CPAN::META->has_inst($yaml_module)) {
571 # temporarly enable yaml code deserialisation
573 # 5.6.2 could not do the local() with the reference
574 # so we do it manually instead
575 my $old_loadcode = ${"$yaml_module\::LoadCode"};
576 ${ "$yaml_module\::LoadCode" } = $CPAN::Config->{yaml_load_code} || 0;
579 if ($code = UNIVERSAL::can($yaml_module, "LoadFile")) {
580 eval { @yaml = $code->($local_file); };
582 # this shall not be done by the frontend
583 die CPAN::Exception::yaml_process_error->new($yaml_module,$local_file,"parse",$@);
585 } elsif ($code = UNIVERSAL::can($yaml_module, "Load")) {
587 open FH, $local_file or die "Could not open '$local_file': $!";
590 eval { @yaml = $code->($ystream); };
592 # this shall not be done by the frontend
593 die CPAN::Exception::yaml_process_error->new($yaml_module,$local_file,"parse",$@);
596 ${"$yaml_module\::LoadCode"} = $old_loadcode;
599 # this shall not be done by the frontend
600 die CPAN::Exception::yaml_not_installed->new($yaml_module, $local_file, "parse");
605 # CPAN::_yaml_dumpfile
607 my($self,$local_file,@what) = @_;
608 my $yaml_module = _yaml_module;
609 if ($CPAN::META->has_inst($yaml_module)) {
611 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($local_file, "FileHandle")) {
612 $code = UNIVERSAL::can($yaml_module, "Dump");
613 eval { print $local_file $code->(@what) };
614 } elsif ($code = UNIVERSAL::can($yaml_module, "DumpFile")) {
615 eval { $code->($local_file,@what); };
616 } elsif ($code = UNIVERSAL::can($yaml_module, "Dump")) {
618 open FH, ">$local_file" or die "Could not open '$local_file': $!";
619 print FH $code->(@what);
622 die CPAN::Exception::yaml_process_error->new($yaml_module,$local_file,"dump",$@);
625 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($local_file, "FileHandle")) {
626 # I think this case does not justify a warning at all
628 die CPAN::Exception::yaml_not_installed->new($yaml_module, $local_file, "dump");
633 sub _init_sqlite () {
634 unless ($CPAN::META->has_inst("CPAN::SQLite")) {
635 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{CPAN::SQLite not installed, trying to work without\n})
636 unless $Have_warned->{"CPAN::SQLite"}++;
639 require CPAN::SQLite::META; # not needed since CVS version of 2006-12-17
640 $CPAN::SQLite ||= CPAN::SQLite::META->new($CPAN::META);
644 my $negative_cache = {};
645 sub _sqlite_running {
646 if ($negative_cache->{time} && time < $negative_cache->{time} + 60) {
647 # need to cache the result, otherwise too slow
648 return $negative_cache->{fact};
650 $negative_cache = {}; # reset
652 my $ret = $CPAN::Config->{use_sqlite} && ($CPAN::SQLite || _init_sqlite());
653 return $ret if $ret; # fast anyway
654 $negative_cache->{time} = time;
655 return $negative_cache->{fact} = $ret;
659 $META ||= CPAN->new; # In case we re-eval ourselves we need the ||
661 # from here on only subs.
662 ################################################################################
664 sub _perl_fingerprint {
665 my($self,$other_fingerprint) = @_;
666 my $dll = eval {OS2::DLLname()};
669 $mtime_dll = (-f $dll ? (stat(_))[9] : '-1');
671 my $mtime_perl = (-f CPAN::find_perl ? (stat(_))[9] : '-1');
672 my $this_fingerprint = {
673 '$^X' => CPAN::find_perl,
674 sitearchexp => $Config::Config{sitearchexp},
675 'mtime_$^X' => $mtime_perl,
676 'mtime_dll' => $mtime_dll,
678 if ($other_fingerprint) {
679 if (exists $other_fingerprint->{'stat($^X)'}) { # repair fp from rev. 1.88_57
680 $other_fingerprint->{'mtime_$^X'} = $other_fingerprint->{'stat($^X)'}[9];
682 # mandatory keys since 1.88_57
683 for my $key (qw($^X sitearchexp mtime_dll mtime_$^X)) {
684 return unless $other_fingerprint->{$key} eq $this_fingerprint->{$key};
688 return $this_fingerprint;
692 sub suggest_myconfig () {
693 SUGGEST_MYCONFIG: if(!$INC{'CPAN/MyConfig.pm'}) {
694 $CPAN::Frontend->myprint("You don't seem to have a user ".
695 "configuration (MyConfig.pm) yet.\n");
696 my $new = CPAN::Shell::colorable_makemaker_prompt("Do you want to create a ".
697 "user configuration now? (Y/n)",
700 CPAN::Shell->mkmyconfig();
703 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("OK, giving up.");
708 #-> sub CPAN::all_objects ;
710 my($mgr,$class) = @_;
711 CPAN::HandleConfig->load unless $CPAN::Config_loaded++;
712 CPAN->debug("mgr[$mgr] class[$class]") if $CPAN::DEBUG;
714 values %{ $META->{readwrite}{$class} }; # unsafe meta access, ok
717 # Called by shell, not in batch mode. In batch mode I see no risk in
718 # having many processes updating something as installations are
719 # continually checked at runtime. In shell mode I suspect it is
720 # unintentional to open more than one shell at a time
722 #-> sub CPAN::checklock ;
725 my $lockfile = File::Spec->catfile($CPAN::Config->{cpan_home},".lock");
726 if (-f $lockfile && -M _ > 0) {
727 my $fh = FileHandle->new($lockfile) or
728 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("Could not open lockfile '$lockfile': $!");
729 my $otherpid = <$fh>;
730 my $otherhost = <$fh>;
732 if (defined $otherpid && $otherpid) {
735 if (defined $otherhost && $otherhost) {
738 my $thishost = hostname();
739 if (defined $otherhost && defined $thishost &&
740 $otherhost ne '' && $thishost ne '' &&
741 $otherhost ne $thishost) {
742 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie(sprintf("CPAN.pm panic: Lockfile '$lockfile'\n".
743 "reports other host $otherhost and other ".
744 "process $otherpid.\n".
745 "Cannot proceed.\n"));
746 } elsif ($RUN_DEGRADED) {
747 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Running in downgraded mode (experimental)\n");
748 } elsif (defined $otherpid && $otherpid) {
749 return if $$ == $otherpid; # should never happen
750 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(
752 There seems to be running another CPAN process (pid $otherpid). Contacting...
754 if (kill 0, $otherpid or $!{EPERM}) {
755 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{Other job is running.\n});
757 CPAN::Shell::colorable_makemaker_prompt
758 (qq{Shall I try to run in downgraded }.
759 qq{mode? (Y/n)},"y");
761 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Running in downgraded mode (experimental).
762 Please report if something unexpected happens\n");
764 for ($CPAN::Config) {
766 # $_->{build_dir_reuse} = 0; # 2006-11-17 akoenig Why was that?
767 $_->{commandnumber_in_prompt} = 0; # visibility
768 $_->{histfile} = ""; # who should win otherwise?
769 $_->{cache_metadata} = 0; # better would be a lock?
770 $_->{use_sqlite} = 0; # better would be a write lock!
771 $_->{auto_commit} = 0; # we are violent, do not persist
772 $_->{test_report} = 0; # Oliver Paukstadt had sent wrong reports in degraded mode
775 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("
776 You may want to kill the other job and delete the lockfile. On UNIX try:
781 } elsif (-w $lockfile) {
783 CPAN::Shell::colorable_makemaker_prompt
784 (qq{Other job not responding. Shall I overwrite }.
785 qq{the lockfile '$lockfile'? (Y/n)},"y");
786 $CPAN::Frontend->myexit("Ok, bye\n")
787 unless $ans =~ /^y/i;
790 qq{Lockfile '$lockfile' not writable by you. }.
791 qq{Cannot proceed.\n}.
793 qq{ rm '$lockfile'\n}.
794 qq{ and then rerun us.\n}
798 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie(sprintf("CPAN.pm panic: Found invalid lockfile ".
799 "'$lockfile', please remove. Cannot proceed.\n"));
802 my $dotcpan = $CPAN::Config->{cpan_home};
803 eval { File::Path::mkpath($dotcpan);};
805 # A special case at least for Jarkko.
810 $symlinkcpan = readlink $dotcpan;
811 die "readlink $dotcpan failed: $!" unless defined $symlinkcpan;
812 eval { File::Path::mkpath($symlinkcpan); };
816 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{
817 Working directory $symlinkcpan created.
821 unless (-d $dotcpan) {
823 Your configuration suggests "$dotcpan" as your
824 CPAN.pm working directory. I could not create this directory due
825 to this error: $firsterror\n};
827 As "$dotcpan" is a symlink to "$symlinkcpan",
828 I tried to create that, but I failed with this error: $seconderror
831 Please make sure the directory exists and is writable.
833 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn($mess);
834 return suggest_myconfig;
836 } # $@ after eval mkpath $dotcpan
837 if (0) { # to test what happens when a race condition occurs
838 for (reverse 1..10) {
844 if (!$RUN_DEGRADED && !$self->{LOCKFH}) {
846 unless ($fh = FileHandle->new("+>>$lockfile")) {
847 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{
849 Your configuration suggests that CPAN.pm should use a working
851 $CPAN::Config->{cpan_home}
852 Unfortunately we could not create the lock file
856 Please make sure that the configuration variable
857 \$CPAN::Config->{cpan_home}
858 points to a directory where you can write a .lock file. You can set
859 this variable in either a CPAN/MyConfig.pm or a CPAN/Config.pm in your
862 return suggest_myconfig;
865 while (!CPAN::_flock($fh, LOCK_EX|LOCK_NB)) {
867 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("Giving up\n");
869 $CPAN::Frontend->mysleep($sleep++);
870 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Could not lock lockfile with flock: $!; retrying\n");
876 $fh->print($$, "\n");
877 $fh->print(hostname(), "\n");
878 $self->{LOCK} = $lockfile;
879 $self->{LOCKFH} = $fh;
884 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("Got SIG$sig, leaving");
890 die "Got yet another signal" if $Signal > 1;
891 $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("Got another SIG$sig") if $Signal;
892 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Caught SIG$sig, trying to continue\n");
896 # From: Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>
897 # Subject: Re: deprecating SIGDIE
898 # To: perl5-porters@perl.org
899 # Date: Thu, 30 Sep 1999 14:58:40 -0700 (PDT)
901 # The original intent of __DIE__ was only to allow you to substitute one
902 # kind of death for another on an application-wide basis without respect
903 # to whether you were in an eval or not. As a global backstop, it should
904 # not be used any more lightly (or any more heavily :-) than class
905 # UNIVERSAL. Any attempt to build a general exception model on it should
906 # be politely squashed. Any bug that causes every eval {} to have to be
907 # modified should be not so politely squashed.
909 # Those are my current opinions. It is also my optinion that polite
910 # arguments degenerate to personal arguments far too frequently, and that
911 # when they do, it's because both people wanted it to, or at least didn't
912 # sufficiently want it not to.
916 # global backstop to cleanup if we should really die
917 $SIG{__DIE__} = \&cleanup;
918 $self->debug("Signal handler set.") if $CPAN::DEBUG;
921 #-> sub CPAN::DESTROY ;
923 &cleanup; # need an eval?
926 #-> sub CPAN::anycwd ;
929 $getcwd = $CPAN::Config->{'getcwd'} || 'cwd';
934 sub cwd {Cwd::cwd();}
936 #-> sub CPAN::getcwd ;
937 sub getcwd {Cwd::getcwd();}
939 #-> sub CPAN::fastcwd ;
940 sub fastcwd {Cwd::fastcwd();}
942 #-> sub CPAN::backtickcwd ;
943 sub backtickcwd {my $cwd = `cwd`; chomp $cwd; $cwd}
945 # Adapted from Probe::Perl
946 #-> sub CPAN::_perl_is_same
949 return MM->maybe_command($perl)
950 && `$perl -MConfig=myconfig -e print -e myconfig` eq Config->myconfig;
953 # Adapted in part from Probe::Perl
954 #-> sub CPAN::find_perl ;
956 if ( File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($^X) ) {
960 my $exe = $Config::Config{exe_ext};
962 File::Spec->catfile($CPAN::iCwd,$^X),
963 $Config::Config{'perlpath'},
965 for my $perl_name ($^X, 'perl', 'perl5', "perl$]") {
966 for my $path (File::Spec->path(), $Config::Config{'binexp'}) {
967 if ( defined($path) && length $path && -d $path ) {
968 my $perl = File::Spec->catfile($path,$perl_name);
969 push @candidates, $perl;
970 # try with extension if not provided already
972 # VMS might have a file version at the end
973 push @candidates, $perl . $exe
974 unless $perl =~ m/$exe(;\d+)?$/i;
975 } elsif (defined $exe && length $exe) {
976 push @candidates, $perl . $exe
977 unless $perl =~ m/$exe$/i;
982 for my $perl ( @candidates ) {
983 if (MM->maybe_command($perl) && _perl_is_same($perl)) {
989 return $^X; # default fall back
992 #-> sub CPAN::exists ;
994 my($mgr,$class,$id) = @_;
995 CPAN::HandleConfig->load unless $CPAN::Config_loaded++;
997 ### Carp::croak "exists called without class argument" unless $class;
999 $id =~ s/:+/::/g if $class eq "CPAN::Module";
1001 if (CPAN::_sqlite_running) {
1002 $exists = (exists $META->{readonly}{$class}{$id} or
1003 $CPAN::SQLite->set($class, $id));
1005 $exists = exists $META->{readonly}{$class}{$id};
1007 $exists ||= exists $META->{readwrite}{$class}{$id}; # unsafe meta access, ok
1010 #-> sub CPAN::delete ;
1012 my($mgr,$class,$id) = @_;
1013 delete $META->{readonly}{$class}{$id}; # unsafe meta access, ok
1014 delete $META->{readwrite}{$class}{$id}; # unsafe meta access, ok
1017 #-> sub CPAN::has_usable
1018 # has_inst is sometimes too optimistic, we should replace it with this
1019 # has_usable whenever a case is given
1021 my($self,$mod,$message) = @_;
1022 return 1 if $HAS_USABLE->{$mod};
1023 my $has_inst = $self->has_inst($mod,$message);
1024 return unless $has_inst;
1029 # these subroutines die if they believe the installed version is unusable;
1032 LWP => [ # we frequently had "Can't locate object
1033 # method "new" via package "LWP::UserAgent" at
1034 # (eval 69) line 2006
1036 sub {require LWP::UserAgent},
1037 sub {require HTTP::Request},
1038 sub {require URI::URL;
1039 unless (CPAN::Version->vge(URI::URL::->VERSION,0.08)) {
1040 for ("Will not use URI::URL, need 0.08\n") {
1041 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn($_);
1048 sub {require Net::FTP},
1049 sub {require Net::Config},
1054 unless (CPAN::Version->vge(HTTP::Tiny->VERSION, 0.005)) {
1055 for ("Will not use HTTP::Tiny, need version 0.005\n") {
1056 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn($_);
1062 'File::HomeDir' => [
1063 sub {require File::HomeDir;
1064 unless (CPAN::Version->vge(File::HomeDir::->VERSION, 0.65)) {
1065 for ("Will not use File::HomeDir, need 0.65\n") {
1066 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn($_);
1073 sub {require Archive::Tar;
1074 my $demand = "1.50";
1075 unless (CPAN::Version->vge(Archive::Tar::->VERSION, $demand)) {
1076 my $atv = Archive::Tar->VERSION;
1077 for ("You have Archive::Tar $atv, but $demand or later is recommended. Please upgrade.\n") {
1078 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn($_);
1079 # don't die, because we may need
1080 # Archive::Tar to upgrade
1087 # XXX we should probably delete from
1088 # %INC too so we can load after we
1089 # installed a new enough version --
1091 sub {require File::Temp;
1092 unless (CPAN::Version->vge(File::Temp::->VERSION,0.16)) {
1093 for ("Will not use File::Temp, need 0.16\n") {
1094 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn($_);
1101 if ($usable->{$mod}) {
1102 for my $c (0..$#{$usable->{$mod}}) {
1103 my $code = $usable->{$mod}[$c];
1104 my $ret = eval { &$code() };
1105 $ret = "" unless defined $ret;
1107 # warn "DEBUG: c[$c]\$\@[$@]ret[$ret]";
1112 return $HAS_USABLE->{$mod} = 1;
1115 #-> sub CPAN::has_inst
1117 my($self,$mod,$message) = @_;
1118 Carp::croak("CPAN->has_inst() called without an argument")
1119 unless defined $mod;
1120 my %dont = map { $_ => 1 } keys %{$CPAN::META->{dontload_hash}||{}},
1121 keys %{$CPAN::Config->{dontload_hash}||{}},
1122 @{$CPAN::Config->{dontload_list}||[]};
1123 if (defined $message && $message eq "no" # afair only used by Nox
1127 $CPAN::META->{dontload_hash}{$mod}||=1; # unsafe meta access, ok
1135 # checking %INC is wrong, because $INC{LWP} may be true
1136 # although $INC{"URI/URL.pm"} may have failed. But as
1137 # I really want to say "bla loaded OK", I have to somehow
1139 ### warn "$file in %INC"; #debug
1141 } elsif (eval { require $file }) {
1142 # eval is good: if we haven't yet read the database it's
1143 # perfect and if we have installed the module in the meantime,
1144 # it tries again. The second require is only a NOOP returning
1145 # 1 if we had success, otherwise it's retrying
1147 my $mtime = (stat $INC{$file})[9];
1148 # privileged files loaded by has_inst; Note: we use $mtime
1149 # as a proxy for a checksum.
1150 $CPAN::Shell::reload->{$file} = $mtime;
1151 my $v = eval "\$$mod\::VERSION";
1152 $v = $v ? " (v$v)" : "";
1153 CPAN::Shell->optprint("load_module","CPAN: $mod loaded ok$v\n");
1154 if ($mod eq "CPAN::WAIT") {
1155 push @CPAN::Shell::ISA, 'CPAN::WAIT';
1158 } elsif ($mod eq "Net::FTP") {
1159 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{
1160 Please, install Net::FTP as soon as possible. CPAN.pm installs it for you
1162 install Bundle::libnet
1164 }) unless $Have_warned->{"Net::FTP"}++;
1165 $CPAN::Frontend->mysleep(3);
1166 } elsif ($mod eq "Digest::SHA") {
1167 if ($Have_warned->{"Digest::SHA"}++) {
1168 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{CPAN: checksum security checks disabled }.
1169 qq{because Digest::SHA not installed.\n});
1171 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{
1172 CPAN: checksum security checks disabled because Digest::SHA not installed.
1173 Please consider installing the Digest::SHA module.
1176 $CPAN::Frontend->mysleep(2);
1178 } elsif ($mod eq "Module::Signature") {
1179 # NOT prefs_lookup, we are not a distro
1180 my $check_sigs = $CPAN::Config->{check_sigs};
1181 if (not $check_sigs) {
1182 # they do not want us:-(
1183 } elsif (not $Have_warned->{"Module::Signature"}++) {
1184 # No point in complaining unless the user can
1185 # reasonably install and use it.
1186 if (eval { require Crypt::OpenPGP; 1 } ||
1188 defined $CPAN::Config->{'gpg'}
1190 $CPAN::Config->{'gpg'} =~ /\S/
1193 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn(qq{
1194 CPAN: Module::Signature security checks disabled because Module::Signature
1195 not installed. Please consider installing the Module::Signature module.
1196 You may also need to be able to connect over the Internet to the public
1197 keyservers like pool.sks-keyservers.net or pgp.mit.edu.
1200 $CPAN::Frontend->mysleep(2);
1204 delete $INC{$file}; # if it inc'd LWP but failed during, say, URI
1209 #-> sub CPAN::instance ;
1211 my($mgr,$class,$id) = @_;
1212 CPAN::Index->reload;
1214 # unsafe meta access, ok?
1215 return $META->{readwrite}{$class}{$id} if exists $META->{readwrite}{$class}{$id};
1216 $META->{readwrite}{$class}{$id} ||= $class->new(ID => $id);
1224 #-> sub CPAN::_exit_messages ;
1225 sub _exit_messages {
1227 $self->{exit_messages} ||= [];
1230 #-> sub CPAN::cleanup ;
1232 # warn "cleanup called with arg[@_] End[$CPAN::End] Signal[$Signal]";
1233 local $SIG{__DIE__} = '';
1238 while ((undef,undef,undef,$subroutine) = caller(++$i)) {
1239 $ineval = 1, last if
1240 $subroutine eq '(eval)';
1242 return if $ineval && !$CPAN::End;
1243 return unless defined $META->{LOCK};
1244 return unless -f $META->{LOCK};
1246 $META->{cachemgr} ||= CPAN::CacheMgr->new('atexit');
1247 close $META->{LOCKFH};
1248 unlink $META->{LOCK};
1250 # Carp::cluck("DEBUGGING");
1251 if ( $CPAN::CONFIG_DIRTY ) {
1252 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Warning: Configuration not saved.\n");
1254 $CPAN::Frontend->myprint("Lockfile removed.\n");
1255 for my $msg ( @{ $META->_exit_messages } ) {
1256 $CPAN::Frontend->myprint($msg);
1260 #-> sub CPAN::readhist
1262 my($self,$term,$histfile) = @_;
1263 my $histsize = $CPAN::Config->{'histsize'} || 100;
1264 $term->Attribs->{'MaxHistorySize'} = $histsize if (defined($term->Attribs->{'MaxHistorySize'}));
1265 my($fh) = FileHandle->new;
1266 open $fh, "<$histfile" or return;
1270 $term->AddHistory($_);
1275 #-> sub CPAN::savehist
1278 my($histfile,$histsize);
1279 unless ($histfile = $CPAN::Config->{'histfile'}) {
1280 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("No history written (no histfile specified).\n");
1283 $histsize = $CPAN::Config->{'histsize'} || 100;
1285 unless ($CPAN::term->can("GetHistory")) {
1286 $CPAN::Frontend->mywarn("Terminal does not support GetHistory.\n");
1292 my @h = $CPAN::term->GetHistory;
1293 splice @h, 0, @h-$histsize if @h>$histsize;
1294 my($fh) = FileHandle->new;
1295 open $fh, ">$histfile" or $CPAN::Frontend->mydie("Couldn't open >$histfile: $!");
1296 local $\ = local $, = "\n";
1301 #-> sub CPAN::is_tested
1303 my($self,$what,$when) = @_;
1305 Carp::cluck("DEBUG: empty what");
1308 $self->{is_tested}{$what} = $when;
1311 #-> sub CPAN::reset_tested
1312 # forget all distributions tested -- resets what gets included in PERL5LIB
1315 $self->{is_tested} = {};
1318 #-> sub CPAN::is_installed
1319 # unsets the is_tested flag: as soon as the thing is installed, it is
1320 # not needed in set_perl5lib anymore
1322 my($self,$what) = @_;
1323 delete $self->{is_tested}{$what};
1326 sub _list_sorted_descending_is_tested {
1329 { ($self->{is_tested}{$b}||0) <=> ($self->{is_tested}{$a}||0) }
1330 keys %{$self->{is_tested}}
1333 #-> sub CPAN::set_perl5lib
1334 # Notes on max environment variable length:
1335 # - Win32 : XP or later, 8191; Win2000 or NT4, 2047
1339 my($self,$for) = @_;
1341 (undef,undef,undef,$for) = caller(1);
1344 $self->{is_tested} ||= {};
1345 return unless %{$self->{is_tested}};
1346 my $env = $ENV{PERL5LIB};
1347 $env = $ENV{PERLLIB} unless defined $env;
1349 push @env, split /\Q$Config::Config{path_sep}\E/, $env if defined $env and length $env;
1350 #my @dirs = map {("$_/blib/arch", "$_/blib/lib")} keys %{$self->{is_tested}};
1351 #$CPAN::Frontend->myprint("Prepending @dirs to PERL5LIB.\n");
1353 my @dirs = map {("$_/blib/arch", "$_/blib/lib")} $self->_list_sorted_descending_is_tested;
1357 $CPAN::Frontend->optprint('perl5lib', "Prepending @dirs to PERL5LIB for '$for'\n");
1358 $ENV{PERL5LIB} = join $Config::Config{path_sep}, @dirs, @env;
1359 } elsif (@dirs < 24 ) {
1360 my @d = map {my $cp = $_;
1361 $cp =~ s/^\Q$CPAN::Config->{build_dir}\E/%BUILDDIR%/;
1364 $CPAN::Frontend->optprint('perl5lib', "Prepending @d to PERL5LIB; ".
1365 "%BUILDDIR%=$CPAN::Config->{build_dir} ".
1368 $ENV{PERL5LIB} = join $Config::Config{path_sep}, @dirs, @env;
1370 my $cnt = keys %{$self->{is_tested}};
1371 $CPAN::Frontend->optprint('perl5lib', "Prepending blib/arch and blib/lib of ".
1372 "$cnt build dirs to PERL5LIB; ".
1375 $ENV{PERL5LIB} = join $Config::Config{path_sep}, @dirs, @env;
1387 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
1393 perl -MCPAN -e shell
1403 cpan> install Acme::Meta # in the shell
1405 CPAN::Shell->install("Acme::Meta"); # in perl
1409 cpan> install NWCLARK/Acme-Meta-0.02.tar.gz # in the shell
1412 install("NWCLARK/Acme-Meta-0.02.tar.gz"); # in perl
1416 $mo = CPAN::Shell->expandany($mod);
1417 $mo = CPAN::Shell->expand("Module",$mod); # same thing
1419 # distribution objects:
1421 $do = CPAN::Shell->expand("Module",$mod)->distribution;
1422 $do = CPAN::Shell->expandany($distro); # same thing
1423 $do = CPAN::Shell->expand("Distribution",
1424 $distro); # same thing
1428 The CPAN module automates or at least simplifies the make and install
1429 of perl modules and extensions. It includes some primitive searching
1430 capabilities and knows how to use LWP, HTTP::Tiny, Net::FTP and certain
1431 external download clients to fetch distributions from the net.
1433 These are fetched from one or more mirrored CPAN (Comprehensive
1434 Perl Archive Network) sites and unpacked in a dedicated directory.
1436 The CPAN module also supports named and versioned
1437 I<bundles> of modules. Bundles simplify handling of sets of
1438 related modules. See Bundles below.
1440 The package contains a session manager and a cache manager. The
1441 session manager keeps track of what has been fetched, built, and
1442 installed in the current session. The cache manager keeps track of the
1443 disk space occupied by the make processes and deletes excess space
1444 using a simple FIFO mechanism.
1446 All methods provided are accessible in a programmer style and in an
1447 interactive shell style.
1449 =head2 CPAN::shell([$prompt, $command]) Starting Interactive Mode
1451 Enter interactive mode by running
1453 perl -MCPAN -e shell
1459 which puts you into a readline interface. If C<Term::ReadKey> and
1460 either of C<Term::ReadLine::Perl> or C<Term::ReadLine::Gnu> are installed,
1461 history and command completion are supported.
1463 Once at the command line, type C<h> for one-page help
1464 screen; the rest should be self-explanatory.
1466 The function call C<shell> takes two optional arguments: one the
1467 prompt, the second the default initial command line (the latter
1468 only works if a real ReadLine interface module is installed).
1470 The most common uses of the interactive modes are
1474 =item Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules
1476 There are corresponding one-letter commands C<a>, C<b>, C<d>, and C<m>
1477 for each of the four categories and another, C<i> for any of the
1478 mentioned four. Each of the four entities is implemented as a class
1479 with slightly differing methods for displaying an object.
1481 Arguments to these commands are either strings exactly matching
1482 the identification string of an object, or regular expressions
1483 matched case-insensitively against various attributes of the
1484 objects. The parser only recognizes a regular expression when you
1485 enclose it with slashes.
1487 The principle is that the number of objects found influences how an
1488 item is displayed. If the search finds one item, the result is
1489 displayed with the rather verbose method C<as_string>, but if
1490 more than one is found, each object is displayed with the terse method
1495 cpan> m Acme::MetaSyntactic
1496 Module id = Acme::MetaSyntactic
1497 CPAN_USERID BOOK (Philippe Bruhat (BooK) <[...]>)
1499 CPAN_FILE B/BO/BOOK/Acme-MetaSyntactic-0.99.tar.gz
1500 UPLOAD_DATE 2006-11-06
1501 MANPAGE Acme::MetaSyntactic - Themed metasyntactic variables names
1502 INST_FILE /usr/local/lib/perl/5.10.0/Acme/MetaSyntactic.pm
1507 FULLNAME Philippe Bruhat (BooK)
1508 cpan> d BOOK/Acme-MetaSyntactic-0.99.tar.gz
1509 Distribution id = B/BO/BOOK/Acme-MetaSyntactic-0.99.tar.gz
1510 CPAN_USERID BOOK (Philippe Bruhat (BooK) <[...]>)
1511 CONTAINSMODS Acme::MetaSyntactic Acme::MetaSyntactic::Alias [...]
1512 UPLOAD_DATE 2006-11-06
1514 Module = Acme::MetaSyntactic::loremipsum (BOOK/Acme-MetaSyntactic-0.99.tar.gz)
1515 Module Text::Lorem (ADEOLA/Text-Lorem-0.3.tar.gz)
1516 Module Text::Lorem::More (RKRIMEN/Text-Lorem-More-0.12.tar.gz)
1517 Module Text::Lorem::More::Source (RKRIMEN/Text-Lorem-More-0.12.tar.gz)
1519 Distribution BEATNIK/Filter-NumberLines-0.02.tar.gz
1520 Module = DateTime::TimeZone::Europe::Berlin (DROLSKY/DateTime-TimeZone-0.7904.tar.gz)
1521 Module Filter::NumberLines (BEATNIK/Filter-NumberLines-0.02.tar.gz)
1524 The examples illustrate several aspects: the first three queries
1525 target modules, authors, or distros directly and yield exactly one
1526 result. The last two use regular expressions and yield several
1527 results. The last one targets all of bundles, modules, authors, and
1528 distros simultaneously. When more than one result is available, they
1529 are printed in one-line format.
1531 =item C<get>, C<make>, C<test>, C<install>, C<clean> modules or distributions
1533 These commands take any number of arguments and investigate what is
1534 necessary to perform the action. Argument processing is as follows:
1536 known module name in format Foo/Bar.pm module
1537 other embedded slash distribution
1538 - with trailing slash dot directory
1539 enclosing slashes regexp
1540 known module name in format Foo::Bar module
1542 If the argument is a distribution file name (recognized by embedded
1543 slashes), it is processed. If it is a module, CPAN determines the
1544 distribution file in which this module is included and processes that,
1545 following any dependencies named in the module's META.yml or
1546 Makefile.PL (this behavior is controlled by the configuration
1547 parameter C<prerequisites_policy>). If an argument is enclosed in
1548 slashes it is treated as a regular expression: it is expanded and if
1549 the result is a single object (distribution, bundle or module), this
1550 object is processed.
1554 install Dummy::Perl # installs the module
1555 install AUXXX/Dummy-Perl-3.14.tar.gz # installs that distribution
1556 install /Dummy-Perl-3.14/ # same if the regexp is unambiguous
1558 C<get> downloads a distribution file and untars or unzips it, C<make>
1559 builds it, C<test> runs the test suite, and C<install> installs it.
1561 Any C<make> or C<test> is run unconditionally. An
1563 install <distribution_file>
1565 is also run unconditionally. But for
1569 CPAN checks whether an install is needed and prints
1570 I<module up to date> if the distribution file containing
1571 the module doesn't need updating.
1573 CPAN also keeps track of what it has done within the current session
1574 and doesn't try to build a package a second time regardless of whether it
1575 succeeded or not. It does not repeat a test run if the test
1576 has been run successfully before. Same for install runs.
1578 The C<force> pragma may precede another command (currently: C<get>,
1579 C<make>, C<test>, or C<install>) to execute the command from scratch
1580 and attempt to continue past certain errors. See the section below on
1581 the C<force> and the C<fforce> pragma.
1583 The C<notest> pragma skips the test part in the build
1588 cpan> notest install Tk
1590 A C<clean> command results in a
1594 being executed within the distribution file's working directory.
1596 =item C<readme>, C<perldoc>, C<look> module or distribution
1598 C<readme> displays the README file of the associated distribution.
1599 C<Look> gets and untars (if not yet done) the distribution file,
1600 changes to the appropriate directory and opens a subshell process in
1601 that directory. C<perldoc> displays the module's pod documentation
1602 in html or plain text format.
1606 =item C<ls> globbing_expression
1608 The first form lists all distribution files in and below an author's
1609 CPAN directory as stored in the CHECKUMS files distributed on
1610 CPAN. The listing recurses into subdirectories.
1612 The second form limits or expands the output with shell
1613 globbing as in the following examples:
1619 The last example is very slow and outputs extra progress indicators
1620 that break the alignment of the result.
1622 Note that globbing only lists directories explicitly asked for, for
1623 example FOO/* will not list FOO/bar/Acme-Sthg-n.nn.tar.gz. This may be
1624 regarded as a bug that may be changed in some future version.
1628 The C<failed> command reports all distributions that failed on one of
1629 C<make>, C<test> or C<install> for some reason in the currently
1630 running shell session.
1632 =item Persistence between sessions
1634 If the C<YAML> or the C<YAML::Syck> module is installed a record of
1635 the internal state of all modules is written to disk after each step.
1636 The files contain a signature of the currently running perl version
1639 If the configurations variable C<build_dir_reuse> is set to a true
1640 value, then CPAN.pm reads the collected YAML files. If the stored
1641 signature matches the currently running perl, the stored state is
1642 loaded into memory such that persistence between sessions
1643 is effectively established.
1645 =item The C<force> and the C<fforce> pragma
1647 To speed things up in complex installation scenarios, CPAN.pm keeps
1648 track of what it has already done and refuses to do some things a
1649 second time. A C<get>, a C<make>, and an C<install> are not repeated.
1650 A C<test> is repeated only if the previous test was unsuccessful. The
1651 diagnostic message when CPAN.pm refuses to do something a second time
1652 is one of I<Has already been >C<unwrapped|made|tested successfully> or
1653 something similar. Another situation where CPAN refuses to act is an
1654 C<install> if the corresponding C<test> was not successful.
1656 In all these cases, the user can override this stubborn behaviour by
1657 prepending the command with the word force, for example:
1660 cpan> force make AUTHOR/Bar-3.14.tar.gz
1661 cpan> force test Baz
1662 cpan> force install Acme::Meta
1664 Each I<forced> command is executed with the corresponding part of its
1667 The C<fforce> pragma is a variant that emulates a C<force get> which
1668 erases the entire memory followed by the action specified, effectively
1669 restarting the whole get/make/test/install procedure from scratch.
1673 Interactive sessions maintain a lockfile, by default C<~/.cpan/.lock>.
1674 Batch jobs can run without a lockfile and not disturb each other.
1676 The shell offers to run in I<downgraded mode> when another process is
1677 holding the lockfile. This is an experimental feature that is not yet
1678 tested very well. This second shell then does not write the history
1679 file, does not use the metadata file, and has a different prompt.
1683 CPAN.pm installs signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM. While you are
1684 in the cpan-shell, it is intended that you can press C<^C> anytime and
1685 return to the cpan-shell prompt. A SIGTERM will cause the cpan-shell
1686 to clean up and leave the shell loop. You can emulate the effect of a
1687 SIGTERM by sending two consecutive SIGINTs, which usually means by
1688 pressing C<^C> twice.
1690 CPAN.pm ignores SIGPIPE. If the user sets C<inactivity_timeout>, a
1691 SIGALRM is used during the run of the C<perl Makefile.PL> or C<perl
1692 Build.PL> subprocess. A SIGALRM is also used during module version
1693 parsing, and is controlled by C<version_timeout>.
1699 The commands available in the shell interface are methods in
1700 the package CPAN::Shell. If you enter the shell command, your
1701 input is split by the Text::ParseWords::shellwords() routine, which
1702 acts like most shells do. The first word is interpreted as the
1703 method to be invoked, and the rest of the words are treated as the method's arguments.
1704 Continuation lines are supported by ending a line with a
1709 C<autobundle> writes a bundle file into the
1710 C<$CPAN::Config-E<gt>{cpan_home}/Bundle> directory. The file contains
1711 a list of all modules that are both available from CPAN and currently
1712 installed within @INC. The name of the bundle file is based on the
1713 current date and a counter.
1717 Note: this feature is still in alpha state and may change in future
1720 This commands provides a statistical overview over recent download
1721 activities. The data for this is collected in the YAML file
1722 C<FTPstats.yml> in your C<cpan_home> directory. If no YAML module is
1723 configured or YAML not installed, no stats are provided.
1727 mkmyconfig() writes your own CPAN::MyConfig file into your C<~/.cpan/>
1728 directory so that you can save your own preferences instead of the
1731 =head2 recent ***EXPERIMENTAL COMMAND***
1733 The C<recent> command downloads a list of recent uploads to CPAN and
1734 displays them I<slowly>. While the command is running, a $SIG{INT}
1735 exits the loop after displaying the current item.
1737 B<Note>: This command requires XML::LibXML installed.
1739 B<Note>: This whole command currently is just a hack and will
1740 probably change in future versions of CPAN.pm, but the general
1741 approach will likely remain.
1743 B<Note>: See also L<smoke>
1747 recompile() is a special command that takes no argument and
1748 runs the make/test/install cycle with brute force over all installed
1749 dynamically loadable extensions (aka XS modules) with 'force' in
1750 effect. The primary purpose of this command is to finish a network
1751 installation. Imagine you have a common source tree for two different
1752 architectures. You decide to do a completely independent fresh
1753 installation. You start on one architecture with the help of a Bundle
1754 file produced earlier. CPAN installs the whole Bundle for you, but
1755 when you try to repeat the job on the second architecture, CPAN
1756 responds with a C<"Foo up to date"> message for all modules. So you
1757 invoke CPAN's recompile on the second architecture and you're done.
1759 Another popular use for C<recompile> is to act as a rescue in case your
1760 perl breaks binary compatibility. If one of the modules that CPAN uses
1761 is in turn depending on binary compatibility (so you cannot run CPAN
1762 commands), then you should try the CPAN::Nox module for recovery.
1764 =head2 report Bundle|Distribution|Module
1766 The C<report> command temporarily turns on the C<test_report> config
1767 variable, then runs the C<force test> command with the given
1768 arguments. The C<force> pragma reruns the tests and repeats
1769 every step that might have failed before.
1771 =head2 smoke ***EXPERIMENTAL COMMAND***
1773 B<*** WARNING: this command downloads and executes software from CPAN to
1774 your computer of completely unknown status. You should never do
1775 this with your normal account and better have a dedicated well
1776 separated and secured machine to do this. ***>
1778 The C<smoke> command takes the list of recent uploads to CPAN as
1779 provided by the C<recent> command and tests them all. While the
1780 command is running $SIG{INT} is defined to mean that the current item
1783 B<Note>: This whole command currently is just a hack and will
1784 probably change in future versions of CPAN.pm, but the general
1785 approach will likely remain.
1787 B<Note>: See also L<recent>
1789 =head2 upgrade [Module|/Regex/]...
1791 The C<upgrade> command first runs an C<r> command with the given
1792 arguments and then installs the newest versions of all modules that
1793 were listed by that.
1795 =head2 The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
1797 Although it may be considered internal, the class hierarchy does matter
1798 for both users and programmer. CPAN.pm deals with the four
1799 classes mentioned above, and those classes all share a set of methods. Classical
1800 single polymorphism is in effect. A metaclass object registers all
1801 objects of all kinds and indexes them with a string. The strings
1802 referencing objects have a separated namespace (well, not completely
1807 words containing a "/" (slash) Distribution
1808 words starting with Bundle:: Bundle
1809 everything else Module or Author
1811 Modules know their associated Distribution objects. They always refer
1812 to the most recent official release. Developers may mark their releases
1813 as unstable development versions (by inserting an underbar into the
1814 module version number which will also be reflected in the distribution
1815 name when you run 'make dist'), so the really hottest and newest
1816 distribution is not always the default. If a module Foo circulates
1817 on CPAN in both version 1.23 and 1.23_90, CPAN.pm offers a convenient
1818 way to install version 1.23 by saying
1822 This would install the complete distribution file (say
1823 BAR/Foo-1.23.tar.gz) with all accompanying material. But if you would
1824 like to install version 1.23_90, you need to know where the
1825 distribution file resides on CPAN relative to the authors/id/
1826 directory. If the author is BAR, this might be BAR/Foo-1.23_90.tar.gz;
1827 so you would have to say
1829 install BAR/Foo-1.23_90.tar.gz
1831 The first example will be driven by an object of the class
1832 CPAN::Module, the second by an object of class CPAN::Distribution.
1834 =head2 Integrating local directories
1836 Note: this feature is still in alpha state and may change in future
1839 Distribution objects are normally distributions from the CPAN, but
1840 there is a slightly degenerate case for Distribution objects, too, of
1841 projects held on the local disk. These distribution objects have the
1842 same name as the local directory and end with a dot. A dot by itself
1843 is also allowed for the current directory at the time CPAN.pm was
1844 used. All actions such as C<make>, C<test>, and C<install> are applied
1845 directly to that directory. This gives the command C<cpan .> an
1846 interesting touch: while the normal mantra of installing a CPAN module
1847 without CPAN.pm is one of
1849 perl Makefile.PL perl Build.PL
1850 ( go and get prerequisites )
1852 make test ./Build test
1853 make install ./Build install
1855 the command C<cpan .> does all of this at once. It figures out which
1856 of the two mantras is appropriate, fetches and installs all
1857 prerequisites, takes care of them recursively, and finally finishes the
1858 installation of the module in the current directory, be it a CPAN
1861 The typical usage case is for private modules or working copies of
1862 projects from remote repositories on the local disk.
1866 The usual shell redirection symbols C< | > and C<< > >> are recognized
1867 by the cpan shell B<only when surrounded by whitespace>. So piping to
1868 pager or redirecting output into a file works somewhat as in a normal
1869 shell, with the stipulation that you must type extra spaces.
1871 =head1 CONFIGURATION
1873 When the CPAN module is used for the first time, a configuration
1874 dialogue tries to determine a couple of site specific options. The
1875 result of the dialog is stored in a hash reference C< $CPAN::Config >
1876 in a file CPAN/Config.pm.
1878 Default values defined in the CPAN/Config.pm file can be
1879 overridden in a user specific file: CPAN/MyConfig.pm. Such a file is
1880 best placed in C<$HOME/.cpan/CPAN/MyConfig.pm>, because C<$HOME/.cpan> is
1881 added to the search path of the CPAN module before the use() or
1882 require() statements. The mkmyconfig command writes this file for you.
1884 The C<o conf> command has various bells and whistles:
1888 =item completion support
1890 If you have a ReadLine module installed, you can hit TAB at any point
1891 of the commandline and C<o conf> will offer you completion for the
1892 built-in subcommands and/or config variable names.
1894 =item displaying some help: o conf help
1896 Displays a short help
1898 =item displaying current values: o conf [KEY]
1900 Displays the current value(s) for this config variable. Without KEY,
1901 displays all subcommands and config variables.
1907 If KEY starts and ends with a slash, the string in between is
1908 treated as a regular expression and only keys matching this regex
1915 =item changing of scalar values: o conf KEY VALUE
1917 Sets the config variable KEY to VALUE. The empty string can be
1918 specified as usual in shells, with C<''> or C<"">
1922 o conf wget /usr/bin/wget
1924 =item changing of list values: o conf KEY SHIFT|UNSHIFT|PUSH|POP|SPLICE|LIST
1926 If a config variable name ends with C<list>, it is a list. C<o conf
1927 KEY shift> removes the first element of the list, C<o conf KEY pop>
1928 removes the last element of the list. C<o conf KEYS unshift LIST>
1929 prepends a list of values to the list, C<o conf KEYS push LIST>
1930 appends a list of valued to the list.
1932 Likewise, C<o conf KEY splice LIST> passes the LIST to the corresponding
1935 Finally, any other list of arguments is taken as a new list value for
1936 the KEY variable discarding the previous value.
1940 o conf urllist unshift http://cpan.dev.local/CPAN
1941 o conf urllist splice 3 1
1942 o conf urllist http://cpan1.local http://cpan2.local ftp://ftp.perl.org
1944 =item reverting to saved: o conf defaults
1946 Reverts all config variables to the state in the saved config file.
1948 =item saving the config: o conf commit
1950 Saves all config variables to the current config file (CPAN/Config.pm
1951 or CPAN/MyConfig.pm that was loaded at start).
1955 The configuration dialog can be started any time later again by
1956 issuing the command C< o conf init > in the CPAN shell. A subset of
1957 the configuration dialog can be run by issuing C<o conf init WORD>
1958 where WORD is any valid config variable or a regular expression.
1960 =head2 Config Variables
1962 The following keys in the hash reference $CPAN::Config are
1965 applypatch path to external prg
1966 auto_commit commit all changes to config variables to disk
1967 build_cache size of cache for directories to build modules
1968 build_dir locally accessible directory to build modules
1969 build_dir_reuse boolean if distros in build_dir are persistent
1970 build_requires_install_policy
1971 to install or not to install when a module is
1972 only needed for building. yes|no|ask/yes|ask/no
1973 bzip2 path to external prg
1974 cache_metadata use serializer to cache metadata
1975 check_sigs if signatures should be verified
1976 colorize_debug Term::ANSIColor attributes for debugging output
1977 colorize_output boolean if Term::ANSIColor should colorize output
1978 colorize_print Term::ANSIColor attributes for normal output
1979 colorize_warn Term::ANSIColor attributes for warnings
1980 commandnumber_in_prompt
1981 boolean if you want to see current command number
1982 commands_quote preferred character to use for quoting external
1983 commands when running them. Defaults to double
1984 quote on Windows, single tick everywhere else;
1985 can be set to space to disable quoting
1986 connect_to_internet_ok
1987 whether to ask if opening a connection is ok before
1988 urllist is specified
1989 cpan_home local directory reserved for this package
1990 curl path to external prg
1991 dontload_hash DEPRECATED
1992 dontload_list arrayref: modules in the list will not be
1993 loaded by the CPAN::has_inst() routine
1994 ftp path to external prg
1995 ftp_passive if set, the envariable FTP_PASSIVE is set for downloads
1996 ftp_proxy proxy host for ftp requests
1997 ftpstats_period max number of days to keep download statistics
1998 ftpstats_size max number of items to keep in the download statistics
2000 gpg path to external prg
2001 gzip location of external program gzip
2002 halt_on_failure stop processing after the first failure of queued
2003 items or dependencies
2004 histfile file to maintain history between sessions
2005 histsize maximum number of lines to keep in histfile
2006 http_proxy proxy host for http requests
2007 inactivity_timeout breaks interactive Makefile.PLs or Build.PLs
2008 after this many seconds inactivity. Set to 0 to
2010 index_expire refetch index files after this many days
2011 inhibit_startup_message
2012 if true, suppress the startup message
2013 keep_source_where directory in which to keep the source (if we do)
2014 load_module_verbosity
2015 report loading of optional modules used by CPAN.pm
2016 lynx path to external prg
2017 make location of external make program
2018 make_arg arguments that should always be passed to 'make'
2019 make_install_make_command
2020 the make command for running 'make install', for
2022 make_install_arg same as make_arg for 'make install'
2023 makepl_arg arguments passed to 'perl Makefile.PL'
2024 mbuild_arg arguments passed to './Build'
2025 mbuild_install_arg arguments passed to './Build install'
2026 mbuild_install_build_command
2027 command to use instead of './Build' when we are
2028 in the install stage, for example 'sudo ./Build'
2029 mbuildpl_arg arguments passed to 'perl Build.PL'
2030 ncftp path to external prg
2031 ncftpget path to external prg
2032 no_proxy don't proxy to these hosts/domains (comma separated list)
2033 pager location of external program more (or any pager)
2034 password your password if you CPAN server wants one
2035 patch path to external prg
2036 patches_dir local directory containing patch files
2037 perl5lib_verbosity verbosity level for PERL5LIB additions
2039 per default all untar operations are done with
2040 Archive::Tar; by setting this variable to true
2041 the external tar command is used if available
2042 prefer_installer legal values are MB and EUMM: if a module comes
2043 with both a Makefile.PL and a Build.PL, use the
2044 former (EUMM) or the latter (MB); if the module
2045 comes with only one of the two, that one will be
2046 used no matter the setting
2047 prerequisites_policy
2048 what to do if you are missing module prerequisites
2049 ('follow' automatically, 'ask' me, or 'ignore')
2050 For 'follow', also sets PERL_AUTOINSTALL and
2051 PERL_EXTUTILS_AUTOINSTALL for "--defaultdeps" if
2053 prefs_dir local directory to store per-distro build options
2054 proxy_user username for accessing an authenticating proxy
2055 proxy_pass password for accessing an authenticating proxy
2056 randomize_urllist add some randomness to the sequence of the urllist
2057 scan_cache controls scanning of cache ('atstart', 'atexit' or 'never')
2058 shell your favorite shell
2059 show_unparsable_versions
2060 boolean if r command tells which modules are versionless
2061 show_upload_date boolean if commands should try to determine upload date
2062 show_zero_versions boolean if r command tells for which modules $version==0
2063 tar location of external program tar
2064 tar_verbosity verbosity level for the tar command
2065 term_is_latin deprecated: if true Unicode is translated to ISO-8859-1
2066 (and nonsense for characters outside latin range)
2067 term_ornaments boolean to turn ReadLine ornamenting on/off
2068 test_report email test reports (if CPAN::Reporter is installed)
2069 trust_test_report_history
2070 skip testing when previously tested ok (according to
2071 CPAN::Reporter history)
2072 unzip location of external program unzip
2073 urllist arrayref to nearby CPAN sites (or equivalent locations)
2074 use_file_homedir use File::HomeDir to determine home directory and storage
2076 use_sqlite use CPAN::SQLite for metadata storage (fast and lean)
2077 username your username if you CPAN server wants one
2078 version_timeout stops version parsing after this many seconds.
2079 Default is 15 secs. Set to 0 to disable.
2080 wait_list arrayref to a wait server to try (See CPAN::WAIT)
2081 wget path to external prg
2082 yaml_load_code enable YAML code deserialisation via CPAN::DeferredCode
2083 yaml_module which module to use to read/write YAML files
2085 You can set and query each of these options interactively in the cpan
2086 shell with the C<o conf> or the C<o conf init> command as specified below.
2090 =item C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>
2092 prints the current value of the I<scalar option>
2094 =item C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt> E<lt>valueE<gt>>
2096 Sets the value of the I<scalar option> to I<value>
2098 =item C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>
2100 prints the current value of the I<list option> in MakeMaker's
2103 =item C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>
2105 shifts or pops the array in the I<list option> variable
2107 =item C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt> [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
2109 works like the corresponding perl commands.
2111 =item interactive editing: o conf init [MATCH|LIST]
2113 Runs an interactive configuration dialog for matching variables.
2114 Without argument runs the dialog over all supported config variables.
2115 To specify a MATCH the argument must be enclosed by slashes.
2119 o conf init ftp_passive ftp_proxy
2122 Note: this method of setting config variables often provides more
2123 explanation about the functioning of a variable than the manpage.
2127 =head2 CPAN::anycwd($path): Note on config variable getcwd
2129 CPAN.pm changes the current working directory often and needs to
2130 determine its own current working directory. By default it uses
2131 Cwd::cwd, but if for some reason this doesn't work on your system,
2132 configure alternatives according to the following table:
2150 Calls the external command cwd.
2154 =head2 Note on the format of the urllist parameter
2156 urllist parameters are URLs according to RFC 1738. We do a little
2157 guessing if your URL is not compliant, but if you have problems with
2158 C<file> URLs, please try the correct format. Either:
2160 file://localhost/whatever/ftp/pub/CPAN/
2164 file:///home/ftp/pub/CPAN/
2166 =head2 The urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
2168 The C<urllist> parameter of the configuration table contains a list of
2169 URLs used for downloading. If the list contains any
2170 C<file> URLs, CPAN always tries there first. This
2171 feature is disabled for index files. So the recommendation for the
2172 owner of a CD-ROM with CPAN contents is: include your local, possibly
2173 outdated CD-ROM as a C<file> URL at the end of urllist, e.g.
2175 o conf urllist push file://localhost/CDROM/CPAN
2177 CPAN.pm will then fetch the index files from one of the CPAN sites
2178 that come at the beginning of urllist. It will later check for each
2179 module to see whether there is a local copy of the most recent version.
2181 Another peculiarity of urllist is that the site that we could
2182 successfully fetch the last file from automatically gets a preference
2183 token and is tried as the first site for the next request. So if you
2184 add a new site at runtime it may happen that the previously preferred
2185 site will be tried another time. This means that if you want to disallow
2186 a site for the next transfer, it must be explicitly removed from
2189 =head2 Maintaining the urllist parameter
2191 If you have YAML.pm (or some other YAML module configured in
2192 C<yaml_module>) installed, CPAN.pm collects a few statistical data
2193 about recent downloads. You can view the statistics with the C<hosts>
2194 command or inspect them directly by looking into the C<FTPstats.yml>
2195 file in your C<cpan_home> directory.
2197 To get some interesting statistics, it is recommended that
2198 C<randomize_urllist> be set; this introduces some amount of
2199 randomness into the URL selection.
2201 =head2 The C<requires> and C<build_requires> dependency declarations
2203 Since CPAN.pm version 1.88_51 modules declared as C<build_requires> by
2204 a distribution are treated differently depending on the config
2205 variable C<build_requires_install_policy>. By setting
2206 C<build_requires_install_policy> to C<no>, such a module is not
2207 installed. It is only built and tested, and then kept in the list of
2208 tested but uninstalled modules. As such, it is available during the
2209 build of the dependent module by integrating the path to the
2210 C<blib/arch> and C<blib/lib> directories in the environment variable
2211 PERL5LIB. If C<build_requires_install_policy> is set ti C<yes>, then
2212 both modules declared as C<requires> and those declared as
2213 C<build_requires> are treated alike. By setting to C<ask/yes> or
2214 C<ask/no>, CPAN.pm asks the user and sets the default accordingly.
2216 =head2 Configuration for individual distributions (I<Distroprefs>)
2218 (B<Note:> This feature has been introduced in CPAN.pm 1.8854 and is
2219 still considered beta quality)
2221 Distributions on CPAN usually behave according to what we call the
2222 CPAN mantra. Or since the advent of Module::Build we should talk about
2225 perl Makefile.PL perl Build.PL
2227 make test ./Build test
2228 make install ./Build install
2230 But some modules cannot be built with this mantra. They try to get
2231 some extra data from the user via the environment, extra arguments, or
2232 interactively--thus disturbing the installation of large bundles like
2233 Phalanx100 or modules with many dependencies like Plagger.
2235 The distroprefs system of C<CPAN.pm> addresses this problem by
2236 allowing the user to specify extra informations and recipes in YAML
2243 pass additional arguments to one of the four commands,
2247 set environment variables
2251 instantiate an Expect object that reads from the console, waits for
2252 some regular expressions and enters some answers
2256 temporarily override assorted C<CPAN.pm> configuration variables
2260 specify dependencies the original maintainer forgot
2264 disable the installation of an object altogether
2268 See the YAML and Data::Dumper files that come with the C<CPAN.pm>
2269 distribution in the C<distroprefs/> directory for examples.
2273 The YAML files themselves must have the C<.yml> extension; all other
2274 files are ignored (for two exceptions see I<Fallback Data::Dumper and
2275 Storable> below). The containing directory can be specified in
2276 C<CPAN.pm> in the C<prefs_dir> config variable. Try C<o conf init
2277 prefs_dir> in the CPAN shell to set and activate the distroprefs
2280 Every YAML file may contain arbitrary documents according to the YAML
2281 specification, and every document is treated as an entity that
2282 can specify the treatment of a single distribution.
2284 Filenames can be picked arbitrarily; C<CPAN.pm> always reads
2285 all files (in alphabetical order) and takes the key C<match> (see
2286 below in I<Language Specs>) as a hashref containing match criteria
2287 that determine if the current distribution matches the YAML document
2290 =head2 Fallback Data::Dumper and Storable
2292 If neither your configured C<yaml_module> nor YAML.pm is installed,
2293 CPAN.pm falls back to using Data::Dumper and Storable and looks for
2294 files with the extensions C<.dd> or C<.st> in the C<prefs_dir>
2295 directory. These files are expected to contain one or more hashrefs.
2296 For Data::Dumper generated files, this is expected to be done with by
2297 defining C<$VAR1>, C<$VAR2>, etc. The YAML shell would produce these
2300 ysh < somefile.yml > somefile.dd
2302 For Storable files the rule is that they must be constructed such that
2303 C<Storable::retrieve(file)> returns an array reference and the array
2304 elements represent one distropref object each. The conversion from
2305 YAML would look like so:
2307 perl -MYAML=LoadFile -MStorable=nstore -e '
2309 nstore(\@y, shift)' somefile.yml somefile.st
2311 In bootstrapping situations it is usually sufficient to translate only
2312 a few YAML files to Data::Dumper for crucial modules like
2313 C<YAML::Syck>, C<YAML.pm> and C<Expect.pm>. If you prefer Storable
2314 over Data::Dumper, remember to pull out a Storable version that writes
2315 an older format than all the other Storable versions that will need to
2320 The following example contains all supported keywords and structures
2321 with the exception of C<eexpect> which can be used instead of
2327 module: "Dancing::Queen"
2328 distribution: "^CHACHACHA/Dancing-"
2329 not_distribution: "\.zip$"
2330 perl: "/usr/local/cariba-perl/bin/perl"
2335 DANCING_FLOOR: "Shubiduh"
2341 - "--somearg=specialcase"
2346 - "Which is your favorite fruit"
2358 commandline: "echo SKIPPING make"
2371 WANT_TO_INSTALL: YES
2374 - "Do you really want to install"
2378 - "ABCDE/Fedcba-3.14-ABCDE-01.patch"
2384 Test::Exception: 0.25
2389 =head2 Language Specs
2391 Every YAML document represents a single hash reference. The valid keys
2392 in this hash are as follows:
2396 =item comment [scalar]
2400 =item cpanconfig [hash]
2402 Temporarily override assorted C<CPAN.pm> configuration variables.
2404 Supported are: C<build_requires_install_policy>, C<check_sigs>,
2405 C<make>, C<make_install_make_command>, C<prefer_installer>,
2406 C<test_report>. Please report as a bug when you need another one
2409 =item depends [hash] *** EXPERIMENTAL FEATURE ***
2411 All three types, namely C<configure_requires>, C<build_requires>, and
2412 C<requires> are supported in the way specified in the META.yml
2413 specification. The current implementation I<merges> the specified
2414 dependencies with those declared by the package maintainer. In a
2415 future implementation this may be changed to override the original
2418 =item disabled [boolean]
2420 Specifies that this distribution shall not be processed at all.
2422 =item features [array] *** EXPERIMENTAL FEATURE ***
2424 Experimental implementation to deal with optional_features from
2425 META.yml. Still needs coordination with installer software and
2426 currently works only for META.yml declaring C<dynamic_config=0>. Use
2431 The canonical name of a delegate distribution to install
2432 instead. Useful when a new version, although it tests OK itself,
2433 breaks something else or a developer release or a fork is already
2434 uploaded that is better than the last released version.
2436 =item install [hash]
2438 Processing instructions for the C<make install> or C<./Build install>
2439 phase of the CPAN mantra. See below under I<Processing Instructions>.
2443 Processing instructions for the C<make> or C<./Build> phase of the
2444 CPAN mantra. See below under I<Processing Instructions>.
2448 A hashref with one or more of the keys C<distribution>, C<modules>,
2449 C<perl>, C<perlconfig>, and C<env> that specify whether a document is
2450 targeted at a specific CPAN distribution or installation.
2451 Keys prefixed with C<not_> negates the corresponding match.
2453 The corresponding values are interpreted as regular expressions. The
2454 C<distribution> related one will be matched against the canonical
2455 distribution name, e.g. "AUTHOR/Foo-Bar-3.14.tar.gz".
2457 The C<module> related one will be matched against I<all> modules
2458 contained in the distribution until one module matches.
2460 The C<perl> related one will be matched against C<$^X> (but with the
2463 The value associated with C<perlconfig> is itself a hashref that is
2464 matched against corresponding values in the C<%Config::Config> hash
2465 living in the C<Config.pm> module.
2466 Keys prefixed with C<not_> negates the corresponding match.
2468 The value associated with C<env> is itself a hashref that is
2469 matched against corresponding values in the C<%ENV> hash.
2470 Keys prefixed with C<not_> negates the corresponding match.
2472 If more than one restriction of C<module>, C<distribution>, etc. is
2473 specified, the results of the separately computed match values must
2474 all match. If so, the hashref represented by the
2475 YAML document is returned as the preference structure for the current
2478 =item patches [array]
2480 An array of patches on CPAN or on the local disk to be applied in
2481 order via an external patch program. If the value for the C<-p>
2482 parameter is C<0> or C<1> is determined by reading the patch
2483 beforehand. The path to each patch is either an absolute path on the
2484 local filesystem or relative to a patch directory specified in the
2485 C<patches_dir> configuration variable or in the format of a canonical
2486 distroname. For examples please consult the distroprefs/ directory in
2487 the CPAN.pm distribution (these examples are not installed by
2490 Note: if the C<applypatch> program is installed and C<CPAN::Config>
2491 knows about it B<and> a patch is written by the C<makepatch> program,
2492 then C<CPAN.pm> lets C<applypatch> apply the patch. Both C<makepatch>
2493 and C<applypatch> are available from CPAN in the C<JV/makepatch-*>
2498 Processing instructions for the C<perl Makefile.PL> or C<perl
2499 Build.PL> phase of the CPAN mantra. See below under I<Processing
2504 Processing instructions for the C<make test> or C<./Build test> phase
2505 of the CPAN mantra. See below under I<Processing Instructions>.
2509 =head2 Processing Instructions
2515 Arguments to be added to the command line
2519 A full commandline to run via C<system()>.
2520 During execution, the environment variable PERL is set
2521 to $^X (but with an absolute path). If C<commandline> is specified,
2522 C<args> is not used.
2524 =item eexpect [hash]
2526 Extended C<expect>. This is a hash reference with four allowed keys,
2527 C<mode>, C<timeout>, C<reuse>, and C<talk>.
2529 You must install the C<Expect> module to use C<eexpect>. CPAN.pm
2530 does not install it for you.
2532 C<mode> may have the values C<deterministic> for the case where all
2533 questions come in the order written down and C<anyorder> for the case
2534 where the questions may come in any order. The default mode is
2537 C<timeout> denotes a timeout in seconds. Floating-point timeouts are
2538 OK. With C<mode=deterministic>, the timeout denotes the
2539 timeout per question; with C<mode=anyorder> it denotes the
2540 timeout per byte received from the stream or questions.
2542 C<talk> is a reference to an array that contains alternating questions
2543 and answers. Questions are regular expressions and answers are literal
2544 strings. The Expect module watches the stream from the
2545 execution of the external program (C<perl Makefile.PL>, C<perl
2546 Build.PL>, C<make>, etc.).
2548 For C<mode=deterministic>, the CPAN.pm injects the
2549 corresponding answer as soon as the stream matches the regular expression.
2551 For C<mode=anyorder> CPAN.pm answers a question as soon
2552 as the timeout is reached for the next byte in the input stream. In
2553 this mode you can use the C<reuse> parameter to decide what will
2554 happen with a question-answer pair after it has been used. In the
2555 default case (reuse=0) it is removed from the array, avoiding being
2556 used again accidentally. If you want to answer the
2557 question C<Do you really want to do that> several times, then it must
2558 be included in the array at least as often as you want this answer to
2559 be given. Setting the parameter C<reuse> to 1 makes this repetition
2564 Environment variables to be set during the command
2566 =item expect [array]
2568 You must install the C<Expect> module to use C<expect>. CPAN.pm
2569 does not install it for you.
2571 C<< expect: <array> >> is a short notation for this C<eexpect>:
2580 =head2 Schema verification with C<Kwalify>
2582 If you have the C<Kwalify> module installed (which is part of the
2583 Bundle::CPANxxl), then all your distroprefs files are checked for
2584 syntactic correctness.
2586 =head2 Example Distroprefs Files
2588 C<CPAN.pm> comes with a collection of example YAML files. Note that these
2589 are really just examples and should not be used without care because
2590 they cannot fit everybody's purpose. After all, the authors of the
2591 packages that ask questions had a need to ask, so you should watch
2592 their questions and adjust the examples to your environment and your
2593 needs. You have been warned:-)
2595 =head1 PROGRAMMER'S INTERFACE
2597 If you do not enter the shell, shell commands are
2598 available both as methods (C<CPAN::Shell-E<gt>install(...)>) and as
2599 functions in the calling package (C<install(...)>). Before calling low-level
2600 commands, it makes sense to initialize components of CPAN you need, e.g.:
2602 CPAN::HandleConfig->load;
2603 CPAN::Shell::setup_output;
2604 CPAN::Index->reload;
2606 High-level commands do such initializations automatically.
2608 There's currently only one class that has a stable interface -
2609 CPAN::Shell. All commands that are available in the CPAN shell are
2610 methods of the class CPAN::Shell. Each of the commands that produce
2611 listings of modules (C<r>, C<autobundle>, C<u>) also return a list of
2612 the IDs of all modules within the list.
2616 =item expand($type,@things)
2618 The IDs of all objects available within a program are strings that can
2619 be expanded to the corresponding real objects with the
2620 C<CPAN::Shell-E<gt>expand("Module",@things)> method. Expand returns a
2621 list of CPAN::Module objects according to the C<@things> arguments
2622 given. In scalar context, it returns only the first element of the
2625 =item expandany(@things)
2627 Like expand, but returns objects of the appropriate type, i.e.
2628 CPAN::Bundle objects for bundles, CPAN::Module objects for modules, and
2629 CPAN::Distribution objects for distributions. Note: it does not expand
2630 to CPAN::Author objects.
2632 =item Programming Examples
2634 This enables the programmer to do operations that combine
2635 functionalities that are available in the shell.
2637 # install everything that is outdated on my disk:
2638 perl -MCPAN -e 'CPAN::Shell->install(CPAN::Shell->r)'
2640 # install my favorite programs if necessary:
2641 for $mod (qw(Net::FTP Digest::SHA Data::Dumper)) {
2642 CPAN::Shell->install($mod);
2645 # list all modules on my disk that have no VERSION number
2646 for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/./")) {
2647 next unless $mod->inst_file;
2648 # MakeMaker convention for undefined $VERSION:
2649 next unless $mod->inst_version eq "undef";
2650 print "No VERSION in ", $mod->id, "\n";
2653 # find out which distribution on CPAN contains a module:
2654 print CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","Apache::Constants")->cpan_file
2656 Or if you want to schedule a I<cron> job to watch CPAN, you could list
2657 all modules that need updating. First a quick and dirty way:
2659 perl -e 'use CPAN; CPAN::Shell->r;'
2661 If you don't want any output should all modules be
2662 up to date, parse the output of above command for the regular
2663 expression C</modules are up to date/> and decide to mail the output
2664 only if it doesn't match.
2666 If you prefer to do it more in a programmerish style in one single
2667 process, something like this may better suit you:
2669 # list all modules on my disk that have newer versions on CPAN
2670 for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/./")) {
2671 next unless $mod->inst_file;
2672 next if $mod->uptodate;
2673 printf "Module %s is installed as %s, could be updated to %s from CPAN\n",
2674 $mod->id, $mod->inst_version, $mod->cpan_version;
2677 If that gives too much output every day, you may want to
2678 watch only for three modules. You can write
2680 for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/Apache|LWP|CGI/")) {
2682 as the first line instead. Or you can combine some of the above
2685 # watch only for a new mod_perl module
2686 $mod = CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","mod_perl");
2687 exit if $mod->uptodate;
2688 # new mod_perl arrived, let me know all update recommendations
2693 =head2 Methods in the other Classes
2697 =item CPAN::Author::as_glimpse()
2699 Returns a one-line description of the author
2701 =item CPAN::Author::as_string()
2703 Returns a multi-line description of the author
2705 =item CPAN::Author::email()
2707 Returns the author's email address
2709 =item CPAN::Author::fullname()
2711 Returns the author's name
2713 =item CPAN::Author::name()
2715 An alias for fullname
2717 =item CPAN::Bundle::as_glimpse()
2719 Returns a one-line description of the bundle
2721 =item CPAN::Bundle::as_string()
2723 Returns a multi-line description of the bundle
2725 =item CPAN::Bundle::clean()
2727 Recursively runs the C<clean> method on all items contained in the bundle.
2729 =item CPAN::Bundle::contains()
2731 Returns a list of objects' IDs contained in a bundle. The associated
2732 objects may be bundles, modules or distributions.
2734 =item CPAN::Bundle::force($method,@args)
2736 Forces CPAN to perform a task that it normally would have refused to
2737 do. Force takes as arguments a method name to be called and any number
2738 of additional arguments that should be passed to the called method.
2739 The internals of the object get the needed changes so that CPAN.pm
2740 does not refuse to take the action. The C<force> is passed recursively
2741 to all contained objects. See also the section above on the C<force>
2742 and the C<fforce> pragma.
2744 =item CPAN::Bundle::get()
2746 Recursively runs the C<get> method on all items contained in the bundle
2748 =item CPAN::Bundle::inst_file()
2750 Returns the highest installed version of the bundle in either @INC or
2751 C<< $CPAN::Config->{cpan_home} >>. Note that this is different from
2752 CPAN::Module::inst_file.
2754 =item CPAN::Bundle::inst_version()
2756 Like CPAN::Bundle::inst_file, but returns the $VERSION
2758 =item CPAN::Bundle::uptodate()
2760 Returns 1 if the bundle itself and all its members are uptodate.
2762 =item CPAN::Bundle::install()
2764 Recursively runs the C<install> method on all items contained in the bundle
2766 =item CPAN::Bundle::make()
2768 Recursively runs the C<make> method on all items contained in the bundle
2770 =item CPAN::Bundle::readme()
2772 Recursively runs the C<readme> method on all items contained in the bundle
2774 =item CPAN::Bundle::test()
2776 Recursively runs the C<test> method on all items contained in the bundle
2778 =item CPAN::Distribution::as_glimpse()
2780 Returns a one-line description of the distribution
2782 =item CPAN::Distribution::as_string()
2784 Returns a multi-line description of the distribution
2786 =item CPAN::Distribution::author
2788 Returns the CPAN::Author object of the maintainer who uploaded this
2791 =item CPAN::Distribution::pretty_id()
2793 Returns a string of the form "AUTHORID/TARBALL", where AUTHORID is the
2794 author's PAUSE ID and TARBALL is the distribution filename.
2796 =item CPAN::Distribution::base_id()
2798 Returns the distribution filename without any archive suffix. E.g
2801 =item CPAN::Distribution::clean()
2803 Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and
2804 runs C<make clean> there.
2806 =item CPAN::Distribution::containsmods()
2808 Returns a list of IDs of modules contained in a distribution file.
2809 Works only for distributions listed in the 02packages.details.txt.gz
2810 file. This typically means that just most recent version of a
2811 distribution is covered.
2813 =item CPAN::Distribution::cvs_import()
2815 Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and
2818 cvs -d $cvs_root import -m $cvs_log $cvs_dir $userid v$version
2822 =item CPAN::Distribution::dir()
2824 Returns the directory into which this distribution has been unpacked.
2826 =item CPAN::Distribution::force($method,@args)
2828 Forces CPAN to perform a task that it normally would have refused to
2829 do. Force takes as arguments a method name to be called and any number
2830 of additional arguments that should be passed to the called method.
2831 The internals of the object get the needed changes so that CPAN.pm
2832 does not refuse to take the action. See also the section above on the
2833 C<force> and the C<fforce> pragma.
2835 =item CPAN::Distribution::get()
2837 Downloads the distribution from CPAN and unpacks it. Does nothing if
2838 the distribution has already been downloaded and unpacked within the
2841 =item CPAN::Distribution::install()
2843 Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and
2844 runs the external command C<make install> there. If C<make> has not
2845 yet been run, it will be run first. A C<make test> is issued in
2846 any case and if this fails, the install is cancelled. The
2847 cancellation can be avoided by letting C<force> run the C<install> for
2850 This install method only has the power to install the distribution if
2851 there are no dependencies in the way. To install an object along with all
2852 its dependencies, use CPAN::Shell->install.
2854 Note that install() gives no meaningful return value. See uptodate().
2856 =item CPAN::Distribution::install_tested()
2858 Install all distributions that have tested sucessfully but
2859 not yet installed. See also C<is_tested>.
2861 =item CPAN::Distribution::isa_perl()
2863 Returns 1 if this distribution file seems to be a perl distribution.
2864 Normally this is derived from the file name only, but the index from
2865 CPAN can contain a hint to achieve a return value of true for other
2868 =item CPAN::Distribution::look()
2870 Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and
2871 opens a subshell there. Exiting the subshell returns.
2873 =item CPAN::Distribution::make()
2875 First runs the C<get> method to make sure the distribution is
2876 downloaded and unpacked. Changes to the directory where the
2877 distribution has been unpacked and runs the external commands C<perl
2878 Makefile.PL> or C<perl Build.PL> and C<make> there.
2880 =item CPAN::Distribution::perldoc()
2882 Downloads the pod documentation of the file associated with a
2883 distribution (in HTML format) and runs it through the external
2884 command I<lynx> specified in C<< $CPAN::Config->{lynx} >>. If I<lynx>
2885 isn't available, it converts it to plain text with the external
2886 command I<html2text> and runs it through the pager specified
2887 in C<< $CPAN::Config->{pager} >>.
2889 =item CPAN::Distribution::prefs()
2891 Returns the hash reference from the first matching YAML file that the
2892 user has deposited in the C<prefs_dir/> directory. The first
2893 succeeding match wins. The files in the C<prefs_dir/> are processed
2894 alphabetically, and the canonical distroname (e.g.
2895 AUTHOR/Foo-Bar-3.14.tar.gz) is matched against the regular expressions
2896 stored in the $root->{match}{distribution} attribute value.
2897 Additionally all module names contained in a distribution are matched
2898 against the regular expressions in the $root->{match}{module} attribute
2899 value. The two match values are ANDed together. Each of the two
2900 attributes are optional.
2902 =item CPAN::Distribution::prereq_pm()
2904 Returns the hash reference that has been announced by a distribution
2905 as the C<requires> and C<build_requires> elements. These can be
2906 declared either by the C<META.yml> (if authoritative) or can be
2907 deposited after the run of C<Build.PL> in the file C<./_build/prereqs>
2908 or after the run of C<Makfile.PL> written as the C<PREREQ_PM> hash in
2909 a comment in the produced C<Makefile>. I<Note>: this method only works
2910 after an attempt has been made to C<make> the distribution. Returns
2913 =item CPAN::Distribution::readme()
2915 Downloads the README file associated with a distribution and runs it
2916 through the pager specified in C<< $CPAN::Config->{pager} >>.
2918 =item CPAN::Distribution::reports()
2920 Downloads report data for this distribution from www.cpantesters.org
2921 and displays a subset of them.
2923 =item CPAN::Distribution::read_yaml()
2925 Returns the content of the META.yml of this distro as a hashref. Note:
2926 works only after an attempt has been made to C<make> the distribution.
2927 Returns undef otherwise. Also returns undef if the content of META.yml
2928 is not authoritative. (The rules about what exactly makes the content
2929 authoritative are still in flux.)
2931 =item CPAN::Distribution::test()
2933 Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and
2934 runs C<make test> there.
2936 =item CPAN::Distribution::uptodate()
2938 Returns 1 if all the modules contained in the distribution are
2939 uptodate. Relies on containsmods.
2941 =item CPAN::Index::force_reload()
2943 Forces a reload of all indices.
2945 =item CPAN::Index::reload()
2947 Reloads all indices if they have not been read for more than
2948 C<< $CPAN::Config->{index_expire} >> days.
2950 =item CPAN::InfoObj::dump()
2952 CPAN::Author, CPAN::Bundle, CPAN::Module, and CPAN::Distribution
2953 inherit this method. It prints the data structure associated with an
2954 object. Useful for debugging. Note: the data structure is considered
2955 internal and thus subject to change without notice.
2957 =item CPAN::Module::as_glimpse()
2959 Returns a one-line description of the module in four columns: The
2960 first column contains the word C<Module>, the second column consists
2961 of one character: an equals sign if this module is already installed
2962 and uptodate, a less-than sign if this module is installed but can be
2963 upgraded, and a space if the module is not installed. The third column
2964 is the name of the module and the fourth column gives maintainer or
2965 distribution information.
2967 =item CPAN::Module::as_string()
2969 Returns a multi-line description of the module
2971 =item CPAN::Module::clean()
2973 Runs a clean on the distribution associated with this module.
2975 =item CPAN::Module::cpan_file()
2977 Returns the filename on CPAN that is associated with the module.
2979 =item CPAN::Module::cpan_version()
2981 Returns the latest version of this module available on CPAN.
2983 =item CPAN::Module::cvs_import()
2985 Runs a cvs_import on the distribution associated with this module.
2987 =item CPAN::Module::description()
2989 Returns a 44 character description of this module. Only available for
2990 modules listed in The Module List (CPAN/modules/00modlist.long.html
2991 or 00modlist.long.txt.gz)
2993 =item CPAN::Module::distribution()
2995 Returns the CPAN::Distribution object that contains the current
2996 version of this module.
2998 =item CPAN::Module::dslip_status()
3000 Returns a hash reference. The keys of the hash are the letters C<D>,
3001 C<S>, C<L>, C<I>, and <P>, for development status, support level,
3002 language, interface and public licence respectively. The data for the
3003 DSLIP status are collected by pause.perl.org when authors register
3004 their namespaces. The values of the 5 hash elements are one-character
3005 words whose meaning is described in the table below. There are also 5
3006 hash elements C<DV>, C<SV>, C<LV>, C<IV>, and <PV> that carry a more
3007 verbose value of the 5 status variables.
3009 Where the 'DSLIP' characters have the following meanings:
3011 D - Development Stage (Note: *NO IMPLIED TIMESCALES*):
3012 i - Idea, listed to gain consensus or as a placeholder
3013 c - under construction but pre-alpha (not yet released)
3014 a/b - Alpha/Beta testing
3016 M - Mature (no rigorous definition)
3017 S - Standard, supplied with Perl 5
3022 u - Usenet newsgroup comp.lang.perl.modules
3023 n - None known, try comp.lang.perl.modules
3024 a - abandoned; volunteers welcome to take over maintainance
3027 p - Perl-only, no compiler needed, should be platform independent
3028 c - C and perl, a C compiler will be needed
3029 h - Hybrid, written in perl with optional C code, no compiler needed
3030 + - C++ and perl, a C++ compiler will be needed
3031 o - perl and another language other than C or C++
3034 f - plain Functions, no references used
3035 h - hybrid, object and function interfaces available
3036 n - no interface at all (huh?)
3037 r - some use of unblessed References or ties
3038 O - Object oriented using blessed references and/or inheritance
3041 p - Standard-Perl: user may choose between GPL and Artistic
3042 g - GPL: GNU General Public License
3043 l - LGPL: "GNU Lesser General Public License" (previously known as
3044 "GNU Library General Public License")
3045 b - BSD: The BSD License
3046 a - Artistic license alone
3047 2 - Artistic license 2.0 or later
3048 o - open source: appoved by www.opensource.org
3049 d - allows distribution without restrictions
3050 r - restricted distribtion
3051 n - no license at all
3053 =item CPAN::Module::force($method,@args)
3055 Forces CPAN to perform a task it would normally refuse to
3056 do. Force takes as arguments a method name to be invoked and any number
3057 of additional arguments to pass that method.
3058 The internals of the object get the needed changes so that CPAN.pm
3059 does not refuse to take the action. See also the section above on the
3060 C<force> and the C<fforce> pragma.
3062 =item CPAN::Module::get()
3064 Runs a get on the distribution associated with this module.
3066 =item CPAN::Module::inst_file()
3068 Returns the filename of the module found in @INC. The first file found
3069 is reported, just as perl itself stops searching @INC once it finds a
3072 =item CPAN::Module::available_file()
3074 Returns the filename of the module found in PERL5LIB or @INC. The
3075 first file found is reported. The advantage of this method over
3076 C<inst_file> is that modules that have been tested but not yet
3077 installed are included because PERL5LIB keeps track of tested modules.
3079 =item CPAN::Module::inst_version()
3081 Returns the version number of the installed module in readable format.
3083 =item CPAN::Module::available_version()
3085 Returns the version number of the available module in readable format.
3087 =item CPAN::Module::install()
3089 Runs an C<install> on the distribution associated with this module.
3091 =item CPAN::Module::look()
3093 Changes to the directory where the distribution associated with this
3094 module has been unpacked and opens a subshell there. Exiting the
3097 =item CPAN::Module::make()
3099 Runs a C<make> on the distribution associated with this module.
3101 =item CPAN::Module::manpage_headline()
3103 If module is installed, peeks into the module's manpage, reads the
3104 headline, and returns it. Moreover, if the module has been downloaded
3105 within this session, does the equivalent on the downloaded module even
3106 if it hasn't been installed yet.
3108 =item CPAN::Module::perldoc()
3110 Runs a C<perldoc> on this module.
3112 =item CPAN::Module::readme()
3114 Runs a C<readme> on the distribution associated with this module.
3116 =item CPAN::Module::reports()
3118 Calls the reports() method on the associated distribution object.
3120 =item CPAN::Module::test()
3122 Runs a C<test> on the distribution associated with this module.
3124 =item CPAN::Module::uptodate()
3126 Returns 1 if the module is installed and up-to-date.
3128 =item CPAN::Module::userid()
3130 Returns the author's ID of the module.
3134 =head2 Cache Manager
3136 Currently the cache manager only keeps track of the build directory
3137 ($CPAN::Config->{build_dir}). It is a simple FIFO mechanism that
3138 deletes complete directories below C<build_dir> as soon as the size of
3139 all directories there gets bigger than $CPAN::Config->{build_cache}
3140 (in MB). The contents of this cache may be used for later
3141 re-installations that you intend to do manually, but will never be
3142 trusted by CPAN itself. This is due to the fact that the user might
3143 use these directories for building modules on different architectures.
3145 There is another directory ($CPAN::Config->{keep_source_where}) where
3146 the original distribution files are kept. This directory is not
3147 covered by the cache manager and must be controlled by the user. If
3148 you choose to have the same directory as build_dir and as
3149 keep_source_where directory, then your sources will be deleted with
3150 the same fifo mechanism.
3154 A bundle is just a perl module in the namespace Bundle:: that does not
3155 define any functions or methods. It usually only contains documentation.
3157 It starts like a perl module with a package declaration and a $VERSION
3158 variable. After that the pod section looks like any other pod with the
3159 only difference being that I<one special pod section> exists starting with
3164 In this pod section each line obeys the format
3166 Module_Name [Version_String] [- optional text]
3168 The only required part is the first field, the name of a module
3169 (e.g. Foo::Bar, ie. I<not> the name of the distribution file). The rest
3170 of the line is optional. The comment part is delimited by a dash just
3171 as in the man page header.
3173 The distribution of a bundle should follow the same convention as
3174 other distributions.
3176 Bundles are treated specially in the CPAN package. If you say 'install
3177 Bundle::Tkkit' (assuming such a bundle exists), CPAN will install all
3178 the modules in the CONTENTS section of the pod. You can install your
3179 own Bundles locally by placing a conformant Bundle file somewhere into
3180 your @INC path. The autobundle() command which is available in the
3181 shell interface does that for you by including all currently installed
3182 modules in a snapshot bundle file.
3184 =head1 PREREQUISITES
3186 The CPAN program is trying to depend on as little as possible so the
3187 user can use it in hostile enviroment. It works better the more goodies
3188 the environment provides. For example if you try in the CPAN shell
3190 install Bundle::CPAN
3194 install Bundle::CPANxxl
3196 you will find the shell more convenient than the bare shell before.
3198 If you have a local mirror of CPAN and can access all files with
3199 "file:" URLs, then you only need a perl later than perl5.003 to run
3200 this module. Otherwise Net::FTP is strongly recommended. LWP may be
3201 required for non-UNIX systems, or if your nearest CPAN site is
3202 associated with a URL that is not C<ftp:>.
3204 If you have neither Net::FTP nor LWP, there is a fallback mechanism
3205 implemented for an external ftp command or for an external lynx
3210 =head2 Finding packages and VERSION
3212 This module presumes that all packages on CPAN
3218 declare their $VERSION variable in an easy to parse manner. This
3219 prerequisite can hardly be relaxed because it consumes far too much
3220 memory to load all packages into the running program just to determine
3221 the $VERSION variable. Currently all programs that are dealing with
3222 version use something like this
3224 perl -MExtUtils::MakeMaker -le \
3225 'print MM->parse_version(shift)' filename
3227 If you are author of a package and wonder if your $VERSION can be
3228 parsed, please try the above method.
3232 come as compressed or gzipped tarfiles or as zip files and contain a
3233 C<Makefile.PL> or C<Build.PL> (well, we try to handle a bit more, but
3234 with little enthusiasm).
3240 Debugging this module is more than a bit complex due to interference from
3241 the software producing the indices on CPAN, the mirroring process on CPAN,
3242 packaging, configuration, synchronicity, and even (gasp!) due to bugs
3243 within the CPAN.pm module itself.
3245 For debugging the code of CPAN.pm itself in interactive mode, some
3246 debugging aid can be turned on for most packages within
3251 =item o debug package...
3253 sets debug mode for packages.
3255 =item o debug -package...
3257 unsets debug mode for packages.
3261 turns debugging on for all packages.
3263 =item o debug number
3267 which sets the debugging packages directly. Note that C<o debug 0>
3268 turns debugging off.
3270 What seems a successful strategy is the combination of C<reload
3271 cpan> and the debugging switches. Add a new debug statement while
3272 running in the shell and then issue a C<reload cpan> and see the new
3273 debugging messages immediately without losing the current context.
3275 C<o debug> without an argument lists the valid package names and the
3276 current set of packages in debugging mode. C<o debug> has built-in
3279 For debugging of CPAN data there is the C<dump> command which takes
3280 the same arguments as make/test/install and outputs each object's
3281 Data::Dumper dump. If an argument looks like a perl variable and
3282 contains one of C<$>, C<@> or C<%>, it is eval()ed and fed to
3283 Data::Dumper directly.
3285 =head2 Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
3287 CPAN.pm works nicely without network access, too. If you maintain machines
3288 that are not networked at all, you should consider working with C<file:>
3289 URLs. You'll have to collect your modules somewhere first. So
3290 you might use CPAN.pm to put together all you need on a networked
3291 machine. Then copy the $CPAN::Config->{keep_source_where} (but not
3292 $CPAN::Config->{build_dir}) directory on a floppy. This floppy is kind
3293 of a personal CPAN. CPAN.pm on the non-networked machines works nicely
3294 with this floppy. See also below the paragraph about CD-ROM support.
3296 =head2 Basic Utilities for Programmers
3300 =item has_inst($module)
3302 Returns true if the module is installed. Used to load all modules into
3303 the running CPAN.pm that are considered optional. The config variable
3304 C<dontload_list> intercepts the C<has_inst()> call such
3305 that an optional module is not loaded despite being available. For
3306 example, the following command will prevent C<YAML.pm> from being
3309 cpan> o conf dontload_list push YAML
3311 See the source for details.
3313 =item has_usable($module)
3315 Returns true if the module is installed and in a usable state. Only
3316 useful for a handful of modules that are used internally. See the
3319 =item instance($module)
3321 The constructor for all the singletons used to represent modules,
3322 distributions, authors, and bundles. If the object already exists, this
3323 method returns the object; otherwise, it calls the constructor.
3329 There's no strong security layer in CPAN.pm. CPAN.pm helps you to
3330 install foreign, unmasked, unsigned code on your machine. We compare
3331 to a checksum that comes from the net just as the distribution file
3332 itself. But we try to make it easy to add security on demand:
3334 =head2 Cryptographically signed modules
3336 Since release 1.77, CPAN.pm has been able to verify cryptographically
3337 signed module distributions using Module::Signature. The CPAN modules
3338 can be signed by their authors, thus giving more security. The simple
3339 unsigned MD5 checksums that were used before by CPAN protect mainly
3340 against accidental file corruption.
3342 You will need to have Module::Signature installed, which in turn
3343 requires that you have at least one of Crypt::OpenPGP module or the
3344 command-line F<gpg> tool installed.
3346 You will also need to be able to connect over the Internet to the public
3347 keyservers, like pgp.mit.edu, and their port 11731 (the HKP protocol).
3349 The configuration parameter check_sigs is there to turn signature
3354 Most functions in package CPAN are exported by default. The reason
3355 for this is that the primary use is intended for the cpan shell or for
3360 When the CPAN shell enters a subshell via the look command, it sets
3361 the environment CPAN_SHELL_LEVEL to 1, or increments that variable if it is
3364 When CPAN runs, it sets the environment variable PERL5_CPAN_IS_RUNNING
3365 to the ID of the running process. It also sets
3366 PERL5_CPANPLUS_IS_RUNNING to prevent runaway processes which could
3367 happen with older versions of Module::Install.
3369 When running C<perl Makefile.PL>, the environment variable
3370 C<PERL5_CPAN_IS_EXECUTING> is set to the full path of the
3371 C<Makefile.PL> that is being executed. This prevents runaway processes
3372 with newer versions of Module::Install.
3374 When the config variable ftp_passive is set, all downloads will be run
3375 with the environment variable FTP_PASSIVE set to this value. This is
3376 in general a good idea as it influences both Net::FTP and LWP based
3377 connections. The same effect can be achieved by starting the cpan
3378 shell with this environment variable set. For Net::FTP alone, one can
3379 also always set passive mode by running libnetcfg.
3381 =head1 POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
3383 Populating a freshly installed perl with one's favorite modules is pretty
3384 easy if you maintain a private bundle definition file. To get a useful
3385 blueprint of a bundle definition file, the command autobundle can be used
3386 on the CPAN shell command line. This command writes a bundle definition
3387 file for all modules installed for the current perl
3388 interpreter. It's recommended to run this command once only, and from then
3389 on maintain the file manually under a private name, say
3390 Bundle/my_bundle.pm. With a clever bundle file you can then simply say
3392 cpan> install Bundle::my_bundle
3394 then answer a few questions and go out for coffee (possibly
3395 even in a different city).
3397 Maintaining a bundle definition file means keeping track of two
3398 things: dependencies and interactivity. CPAN.pm sometimes fails on
3399 calculating dependencies because not all modules define all MakeMaker
3400 attributes correctly, so a bundle definition file should specify
3401 prerequisites as early as possible. On the other hand, it's
3402 annoying that so many distributions need some interactive configuring. So
3403 what you can try to accomplish in your private bundle file is to have the
3404 packages that need to be configured early in the file and the gentle
3405 ones later, so you can go out for cofeee after a few minutes and leave CPAN.pm
3406 to churn away untended.
3408 =head1 WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
3410 Thanks to Graham Barr for contributing the following paragraphs about
3411 the interaction between perl, and various firewall configurations. For
3412 further information on firewalls, it is recommended to consult the
3413 documentation that comes with the I<ncftp> program. If you are unable to
3414 go through the firewall with a simple Perl setup, it is likely
3415 that you can configure I<ncftp> so that it works through your firewall.
3417 =head2 Three basic types of firewalls
3419 Firewalls can be categorized into three basic types.
3425 This is when the firewall machine runs a web server, and to access the
3426 outside world, you must do so via that web server. If you set environment
3427 variables like http_proxy or ftp_proxy to values beginning with http://,
3428 or in your web browser you've proxy information set, then you know
3429 you are running behind an http firewall.
3431 To access servers outside these types of firewalls with perl (even for
3432 ftp), you need LWP or HTTP::Tiny.
3436 This where the firewall machine runs an ftp server. This kind of
3437 firewall will only let you access ftp servers outside the firewall.
3438 This is usually done by connecting to the firewall with ftp, then
3439 entering a username like "user@outside.host.com".
3441 To access servers outside these type of firewalls with perl, you
3444 =item One-way visibility
3446 One-way visibility means these firewalls try to make themselves
3447 invisible to users inside the firewall. An FTP data connection is
3448 normally created by sending your IP address to the remote server and then
3449 listening for the return connection. But the remote server will not be able to
3450 connect to you because of the firewall. For these types of firewall,
3451 FTP connections need to be done in a passive mode.
3453 There are two that I can think off.
3459 If you are using a SOCKS firewall, you will need to compile perl and link
3460 it with the SOCKS library. This is what is normally called a 'socksified'
3461 perl. With this executable you will be able to connect to servers outside
3462 the firewall as if it were not there.
3466 This is when the firewall implemented in the kernel (via NAT, or networking
3467 address translation), it allows you to hide a complete network behind one
3468 IP address. With this firewall no special compiling is needed as you can
3469 access hosts directly.
3471 For accessing ftp servers behind such firewalls you usually need to
3472 set the environment variable C<FTP_PASSIVE> or the config variable
3473 ftp_passive to a true value.
3479 =head2 Configuring lynx or ncftp for going through a firewall
3481 If you can go through your firewall with e.g. lynx, presumably with a
3484 /usr/local/bin/lynx -pscott:tiger
3486 then you would configure CPAN.pm with the command
3488 o conf lynx "/usr/local/bin/lynx -pscott:tiger"
3490 That's all. Similarly for ncftp or ftp, you would configure something
3493 o conf ncftp "/usr/bin/ncftp -f /home/scott/ncftplogin.cfg"
3495 Your mileage may vary...
3503 I installed a new version of module X but CPAN keeps saying,
3504 I have the old version installed
3506 Probably you B<do> have the old version installed. This can
3507 happen if a module installs itself into a different directory in the
3508 @INC path than it was previously installed. This is not really a
3509 CPAN.pm problem, you would have the same problem when installing the
3510 module manually. The easiest way to prevent this behaviour is to add
3511 the argument C<UNINST=1> to the C<make install> call, and that is why
3512 many people add this argument permanently by configuring
3514 o conf make_install_arg UNINST=1
3518 So why is UNINST=1 not the default?
3520 Because there are people who have their precise expectations about who
3521 may install where in the @INC path and who uses which @INC array. In
3522 fine tuned environments C<UNINST=1> can cause damage.
3526 I want to clean up my mess, and install a new perl along with
3527 all modules I have. How do I go about it?
3529 Run the autobundle command for your old perl and optionally rename the
3530 resulting bundle file (e.g. Bundle/mybundle.pm), install the new perl
3531 with the Configure option prefix, e.g.
3533 ./Configure -Dprefix=/usr/local/perl-5.6.78.9
3535 Install the bundle file you produced in the first step with something like
3537 cpan> install Bundle::mybundle
3543 When I install bundles or multiple modules with one command
3544 there is too much output to keep track of.
3546 You may want to configure something like
3548 o conf make_arg "| tee -ai /root/.cpan/logs/make.out"
3549 o conf make_install_arg "| tee -ai /root/.cpan/logs/make_install.out"
3551 so that STDOUT is captured in a file for later inspection.
3556 I am not root, how can I install a module in a personal directory?
3558 First of all, you will want to use your own configuration, not the one
3559 that your root user installed. If you do not have permission to write
3560 in the cpan directory that root has configured, you will be asked if
3561 you want to create your own config. Answering "yes" will bring you into
3562 CPAN's configuration stage, using the system config for all defaults except
3563 things that have to do with CPAN's work directory, saving your choices to
3564 your MyConfig.pm file.
3566 You can also manually initiate this process with the following command:
3568 % perl -MCPAN -e 'mkmyconfig'
3574 from the CPAN shell.
3576 You will most probably also want to configure something like this:
3578 o conf makepl_arg "LIB=~/myperl/lib \
3579 INSTALLMAN1DIR=~/myperl/man/man1 \
3580 INSTALLMAN3DIR=~/myperl/man/man3 \
3581 INSTALLSCRIPT=~/myperl/bin \
3582 INSTALLBIN=~/myperl/bin"
3584 and then the equivalent command for Module::Build, which is
3586 o conf mbuildpl_arg "--lib=~/myperl/lib \
3587 --installman1dir=~/myperl/man/man1 \
3588 --installman3dir=~/myperl/man/man3 \
3589 --installscript=~/myperl/bin \
3590 --installbin=~/myperl/bin"
3592 You can make this setting permanent like all C<o conf> settings with
3593 C<o conf commit> or by setting C<auto_commit> beforehand.
3595 You will have to add ~/myperl/man to the MANPATH environment variable
3596 and also tell your perl programs to look into ~/myperl/lib, e.g. by
3599 use lib "$ENV{HOME}/myperl/lib";
3601 or setting the PERL5LIB environment variable.
3603 While we're speaking about $ENV{HOME}, it might be worth mentioning,
3604 that for Windows and Darwin (and when use_file_homedir is turned on)
3605 we use the File::HomeDir module that provides an equivalent to the
3606 concept of the home directory on Unix.
3608 Another thing you should bear in mind is that the UNINST parameter can
3609 be dangerous when you are installing into a private area because you
3610 might accidentally remove modules that other people depend on that are
3611 not using the private area.
3615 How to get a package, unwrap it, and make a change before building it?
3617 Have a look at the C<look> (!) command.
3621 I installed a Bundle and had a couple of fails. When I
3622 retried, everything resolved nicely. Can this be fixed to work
3625 The reason for this is that CPAN does not know the dependencies of all
3626 modules when it starts out. To decide about the additional items to
3627 install, it just uses data found in the META.yml file or the generated
3628 Makefile. An undetected missing piece breaks the process. But it may
3629 well be that your Bundle installs some prerequisite later than some
3630 depending item and thus your second try is able to resolve everything.
3631 Please note, CPAN.pm does not know the dependency tree in advance and
3632 cannot sort the queue of things to install in a topologically correct
3633 order. It resolves perfectly well B<if> all modules declare the
3634 prerequisites correctly with the PREREQ_PM attribute to MakeMaker or
3635 the C<requires> stanza of Module::Build. For bundles which fail and
3636 you need to install often, it is recommended to sort the Bundle
3637 definition file manually.
3641 In our intranet, we have many modules for internal use. How
3642 can I integrate these modules with CPAN.pm but without uploading
3643 the modules to CPAN?
3645 Have a look at the CPAN::Site module.
3649 When I run CPAN's shell, I get an error message about things in my
3650 C</etc/inputrc> (or C<~/.inputrc>) file.
3652 These are readline issues and can only be fixed by studying readline
3653 configuration on your architecture and adjusting the referenced file
3654 accordingly. Please make a backup of the C</etc/inputrc> or C<~/.inputrc>
3655 and edit them. Quite often harmless changes like uppercasing or
3656 lowercasing some arguments solves the problem.
3660 Some authors have strange characters in their names.
3662 Internally CPAN.pm uses the UTF-8 charset. If your terminal is
3663 expecting ISO-8859-1 charset, a converter can be activated by setting
3664 term_is_latin to a true value in your config file. One way of doing so
3667 cpan> o conf term_is_latin 1
3669 If other charset support is needed, please file a bugreport against
3670 CPAN.pm at rt.cpan.org and describe your needs. Maybe we can extend
3671 the support or maybe UTF-8 terminals become widely available.
3673 Note: this config variable is deprecated and will be removed in a
3674 future version of CPAN.pm. It will be replaced with the conventions
3675 around the family of $LANG and $LC_* environment variables.
3679 When an install fails for some reason and then I correct the error
3680 condition and retry, CPAN.pm refuses to install the module, saying
3681 C<Already tried without success>.
3683 Use the force pragma like so
3685 force install Foo::Bar
3691 and then C<make install> directly in the subshell.
3695 How do I install a "DEVELOPER RELEASE" of a module?
3697 By default, CPAN will install the latest non-developer release of a
3698 module. If you want to install a dev release, you have to specify the
3699 partial path starting with the author id to the tarball you wish to
3702 cpan> install KWILLIAMS/Module-Build-0.27_07.tar.gz
3704 Note that you can use the C<ls> command to get this path listed.
3708 How do I install a module and all its dependencies from the commandline,
3709 without being prompted for anything, despite my CPAN configuration
3712 CPAN uses ExtUtils::MakeMaker's prompt() function to ask its questions, so
3713 if you set the PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT environment variable, you shouldn't be
3714 asked any questions at all (assuming the modules you are installing are
3715 nice about obeying that variable as well):
3717 % PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 perl -MCPAN -e 'install My::Module'
3721 How do I create a Module::Build based Build.PL derived from an
3722 ExtUtils::MakeMaker focused Makefile.PL?
3724 http://search.cpan.org/dist/Module-Build-Convert/
3728 I'm frequently irritated with the CPAN shell's inability to help me
3729 select a good mirror.
3731 CPAN can now help you select a "good" mirror, based on which ones have the
3732 lowest 'ping' round-trip times. From the shell, use the command 'o conf init
3733 urllist' and allow CPAN to automatically select mirrors for you.
3735 Beyond that help, the urllist config parameter is yours. You can add and remove
3736 sites at will. You should find out which sites have the best uptodateness,
3737 bandwidth, reliability, etc. and are topologically close to you. Some people
3738 prefer fast downloads, others uptodateness, others reliability. You decide
3739 which to try in which order.
3741 Henk P. Penning maintains a site that collects data about CPAN sites:
3743 http://www.cs.uu.nl/people/henkp/mirmon/cpan.html
3745 Also, feel free to play with experimental features. Run
3747 o conf init randomize_urllist ftpstats_period ftpstats_size
3749 and choose your favorite parameters. After a few downloads running the
3750 C<hosts> command will probably assist you in choosing the best mirror
3755 Why do I get asked the same questions every time I start the shell?
3757 You can make your configuration changes permanent by calling the
3758 command C<o conf commit>. Alternatively set the C<auto_commit>
3759 variable to true by running C<o conf init auto_commit> and answering
3760 the following question with yes.
3764 Older versions of CPAN.pm had the original root directory of all
3765 tarballs in the build directory. Now there are always random
3766 characters appended to these directory names. Why was this done?
3768 The random characters are provided by File::Temp and ensure that each
3769 module's individual build directory is unique. This makes running
3770 CPAN.pm in concurrent processes simultaneously safe.
3774 Speaking of the build directory. Do I have to clean it up myself?
3776 You have the choice to set the config variable C<scan_cache> to
3777 C<never>. Then you must clean it up yourself. The other possible
3778 value, C<atstart> only cleans up the build directory when you start
3779 the CPAN shell. If you never start up the CPAN shell, you probably
3780 also have to clean up the build directory yourself.
3784 =head1 COMPATIBILITY
3786 =head2 OLD PERL VERSIONS
3788 CPAN.pm is regularly tested to run under 5.004, 5.005, and assorted
3789 newer versions. It is getting more and more difficult to get the
3790 minimal prerequisites working on older perls. It is close to
3791 impossible to get the whole Bundle::CPAN working there. If you're in
3792 the position to have only these old versions, be advised that CPAN is
3793 designed to work fine without the Bundle::CPAN installed.
3795 To get things going, note that GBARR/Scalar-List-Utils-1.18.tar.gz is
3796 compatible with ancient perls and that File::Temp is listed as a
3797 prerequisite but CPAN has reasonable workarounds if it is missing.
3801 This module and its competitor, the CPANPLUS module, are both much
3802 cooler than the other. CPAN.pm is older. CPANPLUS was designed to be
3803 more modular, but it was never intended to be compatible with CPAN.pm.
3807 In the year 2010 App::cpanminus was launched as a new approach to a
3808 cpan shell with a considerably smaller footprint. Very cool stuff.
3810 =head1 SECURITY ADVICE
3812 This software enables you to upgrade software on your computer and so
3813 is inherently dangerous because the newly installed software may
3814 contain bugs and may alter the way your computer works or even make it
3815 unusable. Please consider backing up your data before every upgrade.
3819 Please report bugs via L<http://rt.cpan.org/>
3821 Before submitting a bug, please make sure that the traditional method
3822 of building a Perl module package from a shell by following the
3823 installation instructions of that package still works in your
3828 Andreas Koenig C<< <andk@cpan.org> >>
3832 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
3833 modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
3835 See L<http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html>
3839 Kawai,Takanori provides a Japanese translation of a very old version
3841 L<http://homepage3.nifty.com/hippo2000/perltips/CPAN.htm>
3845 Many people enter the CPAN shell by running the L<cpan> utility
3846 program which is installed in the same directory as perl itself. So if
3847 you have this directory in your PATH variable (or some equivalent in
3848 your operating system) then typing C<cpan> in a console window will
3849 work for you as well. Above that the utility provides several
3850 commandline shortcuts.