3 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000,
4 * 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 by Larry Wall and others
6 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
7 * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
11 /* IMPORTANT NOTE: Everything whose name begins with an underscore is for
12 * internal core Perl use only. */
14 #ifndef HANDY_H /* Guard against nested #inclusion */
17 #if !defined(__STDC__)
25 # define Null(type) ((type)NULL)
30 =for apidoc AmU||Nullch
31 Null character pointer. (No longer available when C<PERL_CORE> is
34 =for apidoc AmU||Nullsv
35 Null SV pointer. (No longer available when C<PERL_CORE> is defined.)
40 # define Nullch Null(char*)
41 # define Nullfp Null(PerlIO*)
42 # define Nullsv Null(SV*)
54 /* The MUTABLE_*() macros cast pointers to the types shown, in such a way
55 * (compiler permitting) that casting away const-ness will give a warning;
59 * AV *av1 = (AV*)sv; <== BAD: the const has been silently cast away
60 * AV *av2 = MUTABLE_AV(sv); <== GOOD: it may warn
63 #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(PERL_GCC_BRACE_GROUPS_FORBIDDEN)
64 # define MUTABLE_PTR(p) ({ void *_p = (p); _p; })
66 # define MUTABLE_PTR(p) ((void *) (p))
69 #define MUTABLE_AV(p) ((AV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
70 #define MUTABLE_CV(p) ((CV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
71 #define MUTABLE_GV(p) ((GV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
72 #define MUTABLE_HV(p) ((HV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
73 #define MUTABLE_IO(p) ((IO *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
74 #define MUTABLE_SV(p) ((SV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
76 #if defined(I_STDBOOL) && !defined(PERL_BOOL_AS_CHAR)
83 /* bool is built-in for g++-2.6.3 and later, which might be used
84 for extensions. <_G_config.h> defines _G_HAVE_BOOL, but we can't
85 be sure _G_config.h will be included before this file. _G_config.h
86 also defines _G_HAVE_BOOL for both gcc and g++, but only g++
87 actually has bool. Hence, _G_HAVE_BOOL is pretty useless for us.
88 g++ can be identified by __GNUG__.
89 Andy Dougherty February 2000
91 #ifdef __GNUG__ /* GNU g++ has bool built-in */
92 # ifndef PERL_BOOL_AS_CHAR
107 /* cast-to-bool. A simple (bool) cast may not do the right thing: if bool is
108 * defined as char for example, then the cast from int is
109 * implementation-defined (bool)!!(cbool) in a ternary triggers a bug in xlc on
111 #define cBOOL(cbool) ((cbool) ? (bool)1 : (bool)0)
113 /* Try to figure out __func__ or __FUNCTION__ equivalent, if any.
114 * XXX Should really be a Configure probe, with HAS__FUNCTION__
115 * and FUNCTION__ as results.
116 * XXX Similarly, a Configure probe for __FILE__ and __LINE__ is needed. */
117 #if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || (defined(__SUNPRO_C)) /* C99 or close enough. */
118 # define FUNCTION__ __func__
120 # if (defined(USING_MSVC6)) || /* MSVC6 has neither __func__ nor __FUNCTION and no good workarounds, either. */ \
121 (defined(__DECC_VER)) /* Tru64 or VMS, and strict C89 being used, but not modern enough cc (in Tur64, -c99 not known, only -std1). */
122 # define FUNCTION__ ""
124 # define FUNCTION__ __FUNCTION__ /* Common extension. */
128 /* XXX A note on the perl source internal type system. The
129 original intent was that I32 be *exactly* 32 bits.
131 Currently, we only guarantee that I32 is *at least* 32 bits.
132 Specifically, if int is 64 bits, then so is I32. (This is the case
133 for the Cray.) This has the advantage of meshing nicely with
134 standard library calls (where we pass an I32 and the library is
135 expecting an int), but the disadvantage that an I32 is not 32 bits.
136 Andy Dougherty August 1996
138 There is no guarantee that there is *any* integral type with
139 exactly 32 bits. It is perfectly legal for a system to have
140 sizeof(short) == sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) == 8.
142 Similarly, there is no guarantee that I16 and U16 have exactly 16
145 For dealing with issues that may arise from various 32/64-bit
146 systems, we will ask Configure to check out
148 SHORTSIZE == sizeof(short)
149 INTSIZE == sizeof(int)
150 LONGSIZE == sizeof(long)
151 LONGLONGSIZE == sizeof(long long) (if HAS_LONG_LONG)
152 PTRSIZE == sizeof(void *)
153 DOUBLESIZE == sizeof(double)
154 LONG_DOUBLESIZE == sizeof(long double) (if HAS_LONG_DOUBLE).
158 #ifdef I_INTTYPES /* e.g. Linux has int64_t without <inttypes.h> */
159 # include <inttypes.h>
160 # ifdef INT32_MIN_BROKEN
162 # define INT32_MIN (-2147483647-1)
164 # ifdef INT64_MIN_BROKEN
166 # define INT64_MIN (-9223372036854775807LL-1)
182 /* INT64_C/UINT64_C are C99 from <stdint.h> (so they will not be
183 * available in strict C89 mode), but they are nice, so let's define
184 * them if necessary. */
185 #if defined(HAS_QUAD)
187 # undef PeRl_UINT64_C
188 /* Prefer the native integer types (int and long) over long long
189 * (which is not C89) and Win32-specific __int64. */
190 # if QUADKIND == QUAD_IS_INT && INTSIZE == 8
191 # define PeRl_INT64_C(c) (c)
192 # define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,U)
194 # if QUADKIND == QUAD_IS_LONG && LONGSIZE == 8
195 # define PeRl_INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,L)
196 # define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,UL)
198 # if QUADKIND == QUAD_IS_LONG_LONG && defined(HAS_LONG_LONG)
199 # define PeRl_INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,LL)
200 # define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,ULL)
202 # if QUADKIND == QUAD_IS___INT64
203 # define PeRl_INT64_C(c) CAT2(c,I64)
204 # define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) CAT2(c,UI64)
206 # ifndef PeRl_INT64_C
207 # define PeRl_INT64_C(c) ((I64)(c)) /* last resort */
208 # define PeRl_UINT64_C(c) ((U64)(c))
210 /* In OS X the INT64_C/UINT64_C are defined with LL/ULL, which will
211 * not fly with C89-pedantic gcc, so let's undefine them first so that
212 * we can redefine them with our native integer preferring versions. */
213 # if defined(PERL_DARWIN) && defined(PERL_GCC_PEDANTIC)
218 # define INT64_C(c) PeRl_INT64_C(c)
221 # define UINT64_C(c) PeRl_UINT64_C(c)
225 #if defined(UINT8_MAX) && defined(INT16_MAX) && defined(INT32_MAX)
227 /* I8_MAX and I8_MIN constants are not defined, as I8 is an ambiguous type.
228 Please search CHAR_MAX in perl.h for further details. */
229 #define U8_MAX UINT8_MAX
230 #define U8_MIN UINT8_MIN
232 #define I16_MAX INT16_MAX
233 #define I16_MIN INT16_MIN
234 #define U16_MAX UINT16_MAX
235 #define U16_MIN UINT16_MIN
237 #define I32_MAX INT32_MAX
238 #define I32_MIN INT32_MIN
239 #ifndef UINT32_MAX_BROKEN /* e.g. HP-UX with gcc messes this up */
240 # define U32_MAX UINT32_MAX
242 # define U32_MAX 4294967295U
244 #define U32_MIN UINT32_MIN
248 /* I8_MAX and I8_MIN constants are not defined, as I8 is an ambiguous type.
249 Please search CHAR_MAX in perl.h for further details. */
250 #define U8_MAX PERL_UCHAR_MAX
251 #define U8_MIN PERL_UCHAR_MIN
253 #define I16_MAX PERL_SHORT_MAX
254 #define I16_MIN PERL_SHORT_MIN
255 #define U16_MAX PERL_USHORT_MAX
256 #define U16_MIN PERL_USHORT_MIN
259 # define I32_MAX PERL_INT_MAX
260 # define I32_MIN PERL_INT_MIN
261 # define U32_MAX PERL_UINT_MAX
262 # define U32_MIN PERL_UINT_MIN
264 # define I32_MAX PERL_LONG_MAX
265 # define I32_MIN PERL_LONG_MIN
266 # define U32_MAX PERL_ULONG_MAX
267 # define U32_MIN PERL_ULONG_MIN
272 /* log(2) is pretty close to 0.30103, just in case anyone is grepping for it */
273 #define BIT_DIGITS(N) (((N)*146)/485 + 1) /* log2(10) =~ 146/485 */
274 #define TYPE_DIGITS(T) BIT_DIGITS(sizeof(T) * 8)
275 #define TYPE_CHARS(T) (TYPE_DIGITS(T) + 2) /* sign, NUL */
277 /* Unused by core; should be deprecated */
278 #define Ctl(ch) ((ch) & 037)
280 #if defined(PERL_CORE) || defined(PERL_EXT)
282 # define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
285 # define MAX(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
289 /* This is a helper macro to avoid preprocessor issues, replaced by nothing
290 * unless under DEBUGGING, where it expands to an assert of its argument,
291 * followed by a comma (hence the comma operator). If we just used a straight
292 * assert(), we would get a comma with nothing before it when not DEBUGGING.
294 * We also use empty definition under Coverity since the __ASSERT__
295 * checks often check for things that Really Cannot Happen, and Coverity
296 * detects that and gets all excited. */
298 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(__COVERITY__)
299 # define __ASSERT_(statement) assert(statement),
301 # define __ASSERT_(statement)
305 =head1 SV-Body Allocation
307 =for apidoc Ama|SV*|newSVpvs|const char* s
308 Like C<newSVpvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
311 =for apidoc Ama|SV*|newSVpvs_flags|const char* s|U32 flags
312 Like C<newSVpvn_flags>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of
313 a string/length pair.
315 =for apidoc Ama|SV*|newSVpvs_share|const char* s
316 Like C<newSVpvn_share>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of
317 a string/length pair and omits the hash parameter.
319 =for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs_flags|SV* sv|const char* s|I32 flags
320 Like C<sv_catpvn_flags>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead
321 of a string/length pair.
323 =for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs_nomg|SV* sv|const char* s
324 Like C<sv_catpvn_nomg>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of
325 a string/length pair.
327 =for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs|SV* sv|const char* s
328 Like C<sv_catpvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
331 =for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs_mg|SV* sv|const char* s
332 Like C<sv_catpvn_mg>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
335 =for apidoc Am|void|sv_setpvs|SV* sv|const char* s
336 Like C<sv_setpvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
339 =for apidoc Am|void|sv_setpvs_mg|SV* sv|const char* s
340 Like C<sv_setpvn_mg>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
343 =for apidoc Am|SV *|sv_setref_pvs|const char* s
344 Like C<sv_setref_pvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of
345 a string/length pair.
347 =head1 Memory Management
349 =for apidoc Ama|char*|savepvs|const char* s
350 Like C<savepvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
353 =for apidoc Ama|char*|savesharedpvs|const char* s
354 A version of C<savepvs()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory
355 which is shared between threads.
359 =for apidoc Am|HV*|gv_stashpvs|const char* name|I32 create
360 Like C<gv_stashpvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
363 =head1 Hash Manipulation Functions
365 =for apidoc Am|SV**|hv_fetchs|HV* tb|const char* key|I32 lval
366 Like C<hv_fetch>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
369 =for apidoc Am|SV**|hv_stores|HV* tb|const char* key|NULLOK SV* val
370 Like C<hv_store>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of a
372 and omits the hash parameter.
374 =head1 Lexer interface
376 =for apidoc Amx|void|lex_stuff_pvs|const char *pv|U32 flags
378 Like L</lex_stuff_pvn>, but takes a C<NUL>-terminated literal string instead of
379 a string/length pair.
384 /* concatenating with "" ensures that only literal strings are accepted as
386 #define STR_WITH_LEN(s) ("" s ""), (sizeof(s)-1)
388 /* note that STR_WITH_LEN() can't be used as argument to macros or functions
389 * that under some configurations might be macros, which means that it requires
390 * the full Perl_xxx(aTHX_ ...) form for any API calls where it's used.
393 /* STR_WITH_LEN() shortcuts */
394 #define newSVpvs(str) Perl_newSVpvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str))
395 #define newSVpvs_flags(str,flags) \
396 Perl_newSVpvn_flags(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), flags)
397 #define newSVpvs_share(str) Perl_newSVpvn_share(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), 0)
398 #define sv_catpvs_flags(sv, str, flags) \
399 Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), flags)
400 #define sv_catpvs_nomg(sv, str) \
401 Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), 0)
402 #define sv_catpvs(sv, str) \
403 Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), SV_GMAGIC)
404 #define sv_catpvs_mg(sv, str) \
405 Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), SV_GMAGIC|SV_SMAGIC)
406 #define sv_setpvs(sv, str) Perl_sv_setpvn(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str))
407 #define sv_setpvs_mg(sv, str) Perl_sv_setpvn_mg(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str))
408 #define sv_setref_pvs(rv, classname, str) \
409 Perl_sv_setref_pvn(aTHX_ rv, classname, STR_WITH_LEN(str))
410 #define savepvs(str) Perl_savepvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str))
411 #define savesharedpvs(str) Perl_savesharedpvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str))
412 #define gv_stashpvs(str, create) \
413 Perl_gv_stashpvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), create)
414 #define gv_fetchpvs(namebeg, add, sv_type) \
415 Perl_gv_fetchpvn_flags(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(namebeg), add, sv_type)
416 #define gv_fetchpvn(namebeg, len, add, sv_type) \
417 Perl_gv_fetchpvn_flags(aTHX_ namebeg, len, add, sv_type)
418 #define sv_catxmlpvs(dsv, str, utf8) \
419 Perl_sv_catxmlpvn(aTHX_ dsv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), utf8)
422 #define lex_stuff_pvs(pv,flags) Perl_lex_stuff_pvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(pv), flags)
424 #define get_cvs(str, flags) \
425 Perl_get_cvn_flags(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), (flags))
428 =head1 Miscellaneous Functions
430 =for apidoc Am|bool|strNE|char* s1|char* s2
431 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are different. Returns true
434 =for apidoc Am|bool|strEQ|char* s1|char* s2
435 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or
438 =for apidoc Am|bool|strLT|char* s1|char* s2
439 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the
440 second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
442 =for apidoc Am|bool|strLE|char* s1|char* s2
443 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or
444 equal to the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
446 =for apidoc Am|bool|strGT|char* s1|char* s2
447 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than
448 the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
450 =for apidoc Am|bool|strGE|char* s1|char* s2
451 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than
452 or equal to the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
454 =for apidoc Am|bool|strnNE|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
455 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are different. The C<len>
456 parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
457 wrapper for C<strncmp>).
459 =for apidoc Am|bool|strnEQ|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
460 Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are equal. The C<len>
461 parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
462 wrapper for C<strncmp>).
464 =for apidoc Am|bool|memEQ|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
465 Test two buffers (which may contain embedded C<NUL> characters, to see if they
466 are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare.
467 Returns zero if equal, or non-zero if non-equal.
469 =for apidoc Am|bool|memNE|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
470 Test two buffers (which may contain embedded C<NUL> characters, to see if they
471 are not equal. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare.
472 Returns zero if non-equal, or non-zero if equal.
478 #define strNE(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2))
479 #define strEQ(s1,s2) (!strcmp(s1,s2))
480 #define strLT(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) < 0)
481 #define strLE(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) <= 0)
482 #define strGT(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) > 0)
483 #define strGE(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) >= 0)
485 #define strnNE(s1,s2,l) (strncmp(s1,s2,l))
486 #define strnEQ(s1,s2,l) (!strncmp(s1,s2,l))
488 #define strNEs(s1,s2) (strncmp(s1,"" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1))
489 #define strEQs(s1,s2) (!strncmp(s1,"" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1))
492 # define memNE(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l))
493 # define memEQ(s1,s2,l) (!memcmp(s1,s2,l))
495 # define memNE(s1,s2,l) (bcmp(s1,s2,l))
496 # define memEQ(s1,s2,l) (!bcmp(s1,s2,l))
499 /* memEQ and memNE where second comparand is a string constant */
500 #define memEQs(s1, l, s2) \
501 (((sizeof(s2)-1) == (l)) && memEQ((s1), ("" s2 ""), (sizeof(s2)-1)))
502 #define memNEs(s1, l, s2) !memEQs(s1, l, s2)
504 /* memEQ and memNE where second comparand is a string constant
505 * and we can assume the length of s1 is at least that of the string */
506 #define _memEQs(s1, s2) \
507 (memEQ((s1), ("" s2 ""), (sizeof(s2)-1)))
508 #define _memNEs(s1, s2) (memNE((s1),("" s2 ""),(sizeof(s2)-1)))
510 #define memLT(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) < 0)
511 #define memLE(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) <= 0)
512 #define memGT(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) > 0)
513 #define memGE(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) >= 0)
518 * Unfortunately, the introduction of locales means that we
519 * can't trust isupper(), etc. to tell the truth. And when
520 * it comes to /\w+/ with tainting enabled, we *must* be able
521 * to trust our character classes.
523 * Therefore, the default tests in the text of Perl will be
524 * independent of locale. Any code that wants to depend on
525 * the current locale will use the tests that begin with "lc".
528 #ifdef HAS_SETLOCALE /* XXX Is there a better test for this? */
536 =head1 Character classification
537 This section is about functions (really macros) that classify characters
538 into types, such as punctuation versus alphabetic, etc. Most of these are
539 analogous to regular expression character classes. (See
540 L<perlrecharclass/POSIX Character Classes>.) There are several variants for
541 each class. (Not all macros have all variants; each item below lists the
542 ones valid for it.) None are affected by C<use bytes>, and only the ones
543 with C<LC> in the name are affected by the current locale.
545 The base function, e.g., C<isALPHA()>, takes an octet (either a C<char> or a
546 C<U8>) as input and returns a boolean as to whether or not the character
547 represented by that octet is (or on non-ASCII platforms, corresponds to) an
548 ASCII character in the named class based on platform, Unicode, and Perl rules.
549 If the input is a number that doesn't fit in an octet, FALSE is returned.
551 Variant C<isI<FOO>_A> (e.g., C<isALPHA_A()>) is identical to the base function
552 with no suffix C<"_A">. This variant is used to emphasize by its name that
553 only ASCII-range characters can return TRUE.
555 Variant C<isI<FOO>_L1> imposes the Latin-1 (or EBCDIC equivalent) character set
556 onto the platform. That is, the code points that are ASCII are unaffected,
557 since ASCII is a subset of Latin-1. But the non-ASCII code points are treated
558 as if they are Latin-1 characters. For example, C<isWORDCHAR_L1()> will return
559 true when called with the code point 0xDF, which is a word character in both
560 ASCII and EBCDIC (though it represents different characters in each).
562 Variant C<isI<FOO>_uvchr> is like the C<isI<FOO>_L1> variant, but accepts any UV code
563 point as input. If the code point is larger than 255, Unicode rules are used
564 to determine if it is in the character class. For example,
565 C<isWORDCHAR_uvchr(0x100)> returns TRUE, since 0x100 is LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
566 WITH MACRON in Unicode, and is a word character.
568 Variant C<isI<FOO>_utf8_safe> is like C<isI<FOO>_uvchr>, but is used for UTF-8
569 encoded strings. Each call classifies one character, even if the string
570 contains many. This variant takes two parameters. The first, C<p>, is a
571 pointer to the first byte of the character to be classified. (Recall that it
572 may take more than one byte to represent a character in UTF-8 strings.) The
573 second parameter, C<e>, points to anywhere in the string beyond the first
574 character, up to one byte past the end of the entire string. The suffix
575 C<_safe> in the function's name indicates that it will not attempt to read
576 beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is true (this
577 is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the input
578 character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may
579 return FALSE, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in
582 Variant C<isI<FOO>_utf8> is like C<isI<FOO>_utf8_safe>, but takes just a single
583 parameter, C<p>, which has the same meaning as the corresponding parameter does
584 in C<isI<FOO>_utf8_safe>. The function therefore can't check if it is reading
585 beyond the end of the string. Starting in Perl v5.30, it will take a second
586 parameter, becoming a synonym for C<isI<FOO>_utf8_safe>. At that time every
587 program that uses it will have to be changed to successfully compile. In the
588 meantime, the first runtime call to C<isI<FOO>_utf8> from each call point in the
589 program will raise a deprecation warning, enabled by default. You can convert
590 your program now to use C<isI<FOO>_utf8_safe>, and avoid the warnings, and get an
591 extra measure of protection, or you can wait until v5.30, when you'll be forced
592 to add the C<e> parameter.
594 Variant C<isI<FOO>_LC> is like the C<isI<FOO>_A> and C<isI<FOO>_L1> variants, but the
595 result is based on the current locale, which is what C<LC> in the name stands
596 for. If Perl can determine that the current locale is a UTF-8 locale, it uses
597 the published Unicode rules; otherwise, it uses the C library function that
598 gives the named classification. For example, C<isDIGIT_LC()> when not in a
599 UTF-8 locale returns the result of calling C<isdigit()>. FALSE is always
600 returned if the input won't fit into an octet. On some platforms where the C
601 library function is known to be defective, Perl changes its result to follow
602 the POSIX standard's rules.
604 Variant C<isI<FOO>_LC_uvchr> is like C<isI<FOO>_LC>, but is defined on any UV. It
605 returns the same as C<isI<FOO>_LC> for input code points less than 256, and
606 returns the hard-coded, not-affected-by-locale, Unicode results for larger ones.
608 Variant C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8_safe> is like C<isI<FOO>_LC_uvchr>, but is used for UTF-8
609 encoded strings. Each call classifies one character, even if the string
610 contains many. This variant takes two parameters. The first, C<p>, is a
611 pointer to the first byte of the character to be classified. (Recall that it
612 may take more than one byte to represent a character in UTF-8 strings.) The
613 second parameter, C<e>, points to anywhere in the string beyond the first
614 character, up to one byte past the end of the entire string. The suffix
615 C<_safe> in the function's name indicates that it will not attempt to read
616 beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is true (this
617 is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the input
618 character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may
619 return FALSE, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in
622 Variant C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8> is like C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8_safe>, but takes just a single
623 parameter, C<p>, which has the same meaning as the corresponding parameter does
624 in C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8_safe>. The function therefore can't check if it is reading
625 beyond the end of the string. Starting in Perl v5.30, it will take a second
626 parameter, becoming a synonym for C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8_safe>. At that time every
627 program that uses it will have to be changed to successfully compile. In the
628 meantime, the first runtime call to C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8> from each call point in
629 the program will raise a deprecation warning, enabled by default. You can
630 convert your program now to use C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8_safe>, and avoid the warnings,
631 and get an extra measure of protection, or you can wait until v5.30, when
632 you'll be forced to add the C<e> parameter.
634 =for apidoc Am|bool|isALPHA|char ch
635 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is an
636 alphabetic character, analogous to C<m/[[:alpha:]]/>.
637 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
639 C<isALPHA_A>, C<isALPHA_L1>, C<isALPHA_uvchr>, C<isALPHA_utf8_safe>,
640 C<isALPHA_LC>, C<isALPHA_LC_uvchr>, and C<isALPHA_LC_utf8_safe>.
642 =for apidoc Am|bool|isALPHANUMERIC|char ch
643 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a either an
644 alphabetic character or decimal digit, analogous to C<m/[[:alnum:]]/>.
645 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
647 C<isALPHANUMERIC_A>, C<isALPHANUMERIC_L1>, C<isALPHANUMERIC_uvchr>,
648 C<isALPHANUMERIC_utf8_safe>, C<isALPHANUMERIC_LC>, C<isALPHANUMERIC_LC_uvchr>,
649 and C<isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8_safe>.
651 =for apidoc Am|bool|isASCII|char ch
652 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is one of the 128
653 characters in the ASCII character set, analogous to C<m/[[:ascii:]]/>.
654 On non-ASCII platforms, it returns TRUE iff this
655 character corresponds to an ASCII character. Variants C<isASCII_A()> and
656 C<isASCII_L1()> are identical to C<isASCII()>.
657 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
659 C<isASCII_uvchr>, C<isASCII_utf8_safe>, C<isASCII_LC>, C<isASCII_LC_uvchr>, and
660 C<isASCII_LC_utf8_safe>. Note, however, that some platforms do not have the C
661 library routine C<isascii()>. In these cases, the variants whose names contain
662 C<LC> are the same as the corresponding ones without.
664 Also note, that because all ASCII characters are UTF-8 invariant (meaning they
665 have the exact same representation (always a single byte) whether encoded in
666 UTF-8 or not), C<isASCII> will give the correct results when called with any
667 byte in any string encoded or not in UTF-8. And similarly C<isASCII_utf8_safe>
668 will work properly on any string encoded or not in UTF-8.
670 =for apidoc Am|bool|isBLANK|char ch
671 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
672 character considered to be a blank, analogous to C<m/[[:blank:]]/>.
673 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
675 C<isBLANK_A>, C<isBLANK_L1>, C<isBLANK_uvchr>, C<isBLANK_utf8_safe>,
676 C<isBLANK_LC>, C<isBLANK_LC_uvchr>, and C<isBLANK_LC_utf8_safe>. Note,
677 however, that some platforms do not have the C library routine
678 C<isblank()>. In these cases, the variants whose names contain C<LC> are
679 the same as the corresponding ones without.
681 =for apidoc Am|bool|isCNTRL|char ch
682 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
683 control character, analogous to C<m/[[:cntrl:]]/>.
684 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
686 C<isCNTRL_A>, C<isCNTRL_L1>, C<isCNTRL_uvchr>, C<isCNTRL_utf8_safe>,
687 C<isCNTRL_LC>, C<isCNTRL_LC_uvchr>, and C<isCNTRL_LC_utf8_safe> On EBCDIC
688 platforms, you almost always want to use the C<isCNTRL_L1> variant.
690 =for apidoc Am|bool|isDIGIT|char ch
691 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
692 digit, analogous to C<m/[[:digit:]]/>.
693 Variants C<isDIGIT_A> and C<isDIGIT_L1> are identical to C<isDIGIT>.
694 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
696 C<isDIGIT_uvchr>, C<isDIGIT_utf8_safe>, C<isDIGIT_LC>, C<isDIGIT_LC_uvchr>, and
697 C<isDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe>.
699 =for apidoc Am|bool|isGRAPH|char ch
700 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
701 graphic character, analogous to C<m/[[:graph:]]/>.
702 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
703 variants C<isGRAPH_A>, C<isGRAPH_L1>, C<isGRAPH_uvchr>, C<isGRAPH_utf8_safe>,
704 C<isGRAPH_LC>, C<isGRAPH_LC_uvchr>, and C<isGRAPH_LC_utf8_safe>.
706 =for apidoc Am|bool|isLOWER|char ch
707 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
708 lowercase character, analogous to C<m/[[:lower:]]/>.
709 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
711 C<isLOWER_A>, C<isLOWER_L1>, C<isLOWER_uvchr>, C<isLOWER_utf8_safe>,
712 C<isLOWER_LC>, C<isLOWER_LC_uvchr>, and C<isLOWER_LC_utf8_safe>.
714 =for apidoc Am|bool|isOCTAL|char ch
715 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is an
717 The only two variants are C<isOCTAL_A> and C<isOCTAL_L1>; each is identical to
720 =for apidoc Am|bool|isPUNCT|char ch
721 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
722 punctuation character, analogous to C<m/[[:punct:]]/>.
723 Note that the definition of what is punctuation isn't as
724 straightforward as one might desire. See L<perlrecharclass/POSIX Character
725 Classes> for details.
726 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
727 variants C<isPUNCT_A>, C<isPUNCT_L1>, C<isPUNCT_uvchr>, C<isPUNCT_utf8_safe>,
728 C<isPUNCT_LC>, C<isPUNCT_LC_uvchr>, and C<isPUNCT_LC_utf8_safe>.
730 =for apidoc Am|bool|isSPACE|char ch
731 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
732 whitespace character. This is analogous
733 to what C<m/\s/> matches in a regular expression. Starting in Perl 5.18
734 this also matches what C<m/[[:space:]]/> does. Prior to 5.18, only the
735 locale forms of this macro (the ones with C<LC> in their names) matched
736 precisely what C<m/[[:space:]]/> does. In those releases, the only difference,
737 in the non-locale variants, was that C<isSPACE()> did not match a vertical tab.
738 (See L</isPSXSPC> for a macro that matches a vertical tab in all releases.)
739 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
741 C<isSPACE_A>, C<isSPACE_L1>, C<isSPACE_uvchr>, C<isSPACE_utf8_safe>,
742 C<isSPACE_LC>, C<isSPACE_LC_uvchr>, and C<isSPACE_LC_utf8_safe>.
744 =for apidoc Am|bool|isPSXSPC|char ch
745 (short for Posix Space)
746 Starting in 5.18, this is identical in all its forms to the
747 corresponding C<isSPACE()> macros.
748 The locale forms of this macro are identical to their corresponding
749 C<isSPACE()> forms in all Perl releases. In releases prior to 5.18, the
750 non-locale forms differ from their C<isSPACE()> forms only in that the
751 C<isSPACE()> forms don't match a Vertical Tab, and the C<isPSXSPC()> forms do.
752 Otherwise they are identical. Thus this macro is analogous to what
753 C<m/[[:space:]]/> matches in a regular expression.
754 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
755 variants C<isPSXSPC_A>, C<isPSXSPC_L1>, C<isPSXSPC_uvchr>, C<isPSXSPC_utf8_safe>,
756 C<isPSXSPC_LC>, C<isPSXSPC_LC_uvchr>, and C<isPSXSPC_LC_utf8_safe>.
758 =for apidoc Am|bool|isUPPER|char ch
759 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is an
760 uppercase character, analogous to C<m/[[:upper:]]/>.
761 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
762 variants C<isUPPER_A>, C<isUPPER_L1>, C<isUPPER_uvchr>, C<isUPPER_utf8_safe>,
763 C<isUPPER_LC>, C<isUPPER_LC_uvchr>, and C<isUPPER_LC_utf8_safe>.
765 =for apidoc Am|bool|isPRINT|char ch
766 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
767 printable character, analogous to C<m/[[:print:]]/>.
768 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
770 C<isPRINT_A>, C<isPRINT_L1>, C<isPRINT_uvchr>, C<isPRINT_utf8_safe>,
771 C<isPRINT_LC>, C<isPRINT_LC_uvchr>, and C<isPRINT_LC_utf8_safe>.
773 =for apidoc Am|bool|isWORDCHAR|char ch
774 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a character
775 that is a word character, analogous to what C<m/\w/> and C<m/[[:word:]]/> match
776 in a regular expression. A word character is an alphabetic character, a
777 decimal digit, a connecting punctuation character (such as an underscore), or
778 a "mark" character that attaches to one of those (like some sort of accent).
779 C<isALNUM()> is a synonym provided for backward compatibility, even though a
780 word character includes more than the standard C language meaning of
782 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
783 variants C<isWORDCHAR_A>, C<isWORDCHAR_L1>, C<isWORDCHAR_uvchr>, and
784 C<isWORDCHAR_utf8_safe>. C<isWORDCHAR_LC>, C<isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr>, and
785 C<isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8_safe> are also as described there, but additionally
786 include the platform's native underscore.
788 =for apidoc Am|bool|isXDIGIT|char ch
789 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a hexadecimal
790 digit. In the ASCII range these are C<[0-9A-Fa-f]>. Variants C<isXDIGIT_A()>
791 and C<isXDIGIT_L1()> are identical to C<isXDIGIT()>.
792 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
794 C<isXDIGIT_uvchr>, C<isXDIGIT_utf8_safe>, C<isXDIGIT_LC>, C<isXDIGIT_LC_uvchr>,
795 and C<isXDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe>.
797 =for apidoc Am|bool|isIDFIRST|char ch
798 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character can be the first
799 character of an identifier. This is very close to, but not quite the same as
800 the official Unicode property C<XID_Start>. The difference is that this
801 returns true only if the input character also matches L</isWORDCHAR>.
802 See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
804 C<isIDFIRST_A>, C<isIDFIRST_L1>, C<isIDFIRST_uvchr>, C<isIDFIRST_utf8_safe>,
805 C<isIDFIRST_LC>, C<isIDFIRST_LC_uvchr>, and C<isIDFIRST_LC_utf8_safe>.
807 =for apidoc Am|bool|isIDCONT|char ch
808 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character can be the
809 second or succeeding character of an identifier. This is very close to, but
810 not quite the same as the official Unicode property C<XID_Continue>. The
811 difference is that this returns true only if the input character also matches
812 L</isWORDCHAR>. See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for
814 explanation of variants C<isIDCONT_A>, C<isIDCONT_L1>, C<isIDCONT_uvchr>,
815 C<isIDCONT_utf8_safe>, C<isIDCONT_LC>, C<isIDCONT_LC_uvchr>, and
816 C<isIDCONT_LC_utf8_safe>.
818 =head1 Miscellaneous Functions
820 =for apidoc Am|U8|READ_XDIGIT|char str*
821 Returns the value of an ASCII-range hex digit and advances the string pointer.
822 Behaviour is only well defined when isXDIGIT(*str) is true.
824 =head1 Character case changing
825 Perl uses "full" Unicode case mappings. This means that converting a single
826 character to another case may result in a sequence of more than one character.
827 For example, the uppercase of C<E<223>> (LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S) is the two
828 character sequence C<SS>. This presents some complications The lowercase of
829 all characters in the range 0..255 is a single character, and thus
830 C<L</toLOWER_L1>> is furnished. But, C<toUPPER_L1> can't exist, as it couldn't
831 return a valid result for all legal inputs. Instead C<L</toUPPER_uvchr>> has
832 an API that does allow every possible legal result to be returned.) Likewise
833 no other function that is crippled by not being able to give the correct
834 results for the full range of possible inputs has been implemented here.
836 =for apidoc Am|U8|toUPPER|U8 ch
837 Converts the specified character to uppercase. If the input is anything but an
838 ASCII lowercase character, that input character itself is returned. Variant
839 C<toUPPER_A> is equivalent.
841 =for apidoc Am|UV|toUPPER_uvchr|UV cp|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
842 Converts the code point C<cp> to its uppercase version, and
843 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. The code
844 point is interpreted as native if less than 256; otherwise as Unicode. Note
845 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
846 bytes since the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
848 The first code point of the uppercased version is returned
849 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
850 changing>, that there may be more.)
852 =for apidoc Am|UV|toUPPER_utf8_safe|U8* p|U8* e|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
853 Converts the first UTF-8 encoded character in the sequence starting at C<p> and
854 extending no further than S<C<e - 1>> to its uppercase version, and
855 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. Note
856 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
857 bytes since the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
859 The first code point of the uppercased version is returned
860 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
861 changing>, that there may be more).
863 The suffix C<_safe> in the function's name indicates that it will not attempt
864 to read beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is
865 true (this is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the
866 input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the
867 function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the
868 implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
870 =for apidoc Am|UV|toUPPER_utf8|U8* p|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
871 This is like C<L</toUPPER_utf8_safe>>, but doesn't have the C<e>
872 parameter The function therefore can't check if it is reading
873 beyond the end of the string. Starting in Perl v5.30, it will take the C<e>
874 parameter, becoming a synonym for C<toUPPER_utf8_safe>. At that time every
875 program that uses it will have to be changed to successfully compile. In the
876 meantime, the first runtime call to C<toUPPER_utf8> from each call point in the
877 program will raise a deprecation warning, enabled by default. You can convert
878 your program now to use C<toUPPER_utf8_safe>, and avoid the warnings, and get an
879 extra measure of protection, or you can wait until v5.30, when you'll be forced
880 to add the C<e> parameter.
882 =for apidoc Am|U8|toFOLD|U8 ch
883 Converts the specified character to foldcase. If the input is anything but an
884 ASCII uppercase character, that input character itself is returned. Variant
885 C<toFOLD_A> is equivalent. (There is no equivalent C<to_FOLD_L1> for the full
886 Latin1 range, as the full generality of L</toFOLD_uvchr> is needed there.)
888 =for apidoc Am|UV|toFOLD_uvchr|UV cp|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
889 Converts the code point C<cp> to its foldcase version, and
890 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. The code
891 point is interpreted as native if less than 256; otherwise as Unicode. Note
892 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
893 bytes since the foldcase version may be longer than the original character.
895 The first code point of the foldcased version is returned
896 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
897 changing>, that there may be more).
899 =for apidoc Am|UV|toFOLD_utf8_safe|U8* p|U8* e|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
900 Converts the first UTF-8 encoded character in the sequence starting at C<p> and
901 extending no further than S<C<e - 1>> to its foldcase version, and
902 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. Note
903 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
904 bytes since the foldcase version may be longer than the original character.
906 The first code point of the foldcased version is returned
907 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
908 changing>, that there may be more).
910 The suffix C<_safe> in the function's name indicates that it will not attempt
911 to read beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is
912 true (this is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the
913 input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the
914 function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the
915 implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
917 =for apidoc Am|UV|toFOLD_utf8|U8* p|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
918 This is like C<L</toFOLD_utf8_safe>>, but doesn't have the C<e>
919 parameter The function therefore can't check if it is reading
920 beyond the end of the string. Starting in Perl v5.30, it will take the C<e>
921 parameter, becoming a synonym for C<toFOLD_utf8_safe>. At that time every
922 program that uses it will have to be changed to successfully compile. In the
923 meantime, the first runtime call to C<toFOLD_utf8> from each call point in the
924 program will raise a deprecation warning, enabled by default. You can convert
925 your program now to use C<toFOLD_utf8_safe>, and avoid the warnings, and get an
926 extra measure of protection, or you can wait until v5.30, when you'll be forced
927 to add the C<e> parameter.
929 =for apidoc Am|U8|toLOWER|U8 ch
930 Converts the specified character to lowercase. If the input is anything but an
931 ASCII uppercase character, that input character itself is returned. Variant
932 C<toLOWER_A> is equivalent.
934 =for apidoc Am|U8|toLOWER_L1|U8 ch
935 Converts the specified Latin1 character to lowercase. The results are
936 undefined if the input doesn't fit in a byte.
938 =for apidoc Am|U8|toLOWER_LC|U8 ch
939 Converts the specified character to lowercase using the current locale's rules,
940 if possible; otherwise returns the input character itself.
942 =for apidoc Am|UV|toLOWER_uvchr|UV cp|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
943 Converts the code point C<cp> to its lowercase version, and
944 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. The code
945 point is interpreted as native if less than 256; otherwise as Unicode. Note
946 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
947 bytes since the lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
949 The first code point of the lowercased version is returned
950 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
951 changing>, that there may be more).
954 =for apidoc Am|UV|toLOWER_utf8_safe|U8* p|U8* e|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
955 Converts the first UTF-8 encoded character in the sequence starting at C<p> and
956 extending no further than S<C<e - 1>> to its lowercase version, and
957 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. Note
958 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
959 bytes since the lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
961 The first code point of the lowercased version is returned
962 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
963 changing>, that there may be more).
965 The suffix C<_safe> in the function's name indicates that it will not attempt
966 to read beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is
967 true (this is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the
968 input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the
969 function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the
970 implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
972 =for apidoc Am|UV|toLOWER_utf8|U8* p|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
973 This is like C<L</toLOWER_utf8_safe>>, but doesn't have the C<e>
974 parameter The function therefore can't check if it is reading
975 beyond the end of the string. Starting in Perl v5.30, it will take the C<e>
976 parameter, becoming a synonym for C<toLOWER_utf8_safe>. At that time every
977 program that uses it will have to be changed to successfully compile. In the
978 meantime, the first runtime call to C<toLOWER_utf8> from each call point in the
979 program will raise a deprecation warning, enabled by default. You can convert
980 your program now to use C<toLOWER_utf8_safe>, and avoid the warnings, and get an
981 extra measure of protection, or you can wait until v5.30, when you'll be forced
982 to add the C<e> parameter.
984 =for apidoc Am|U8|toTITLE|U8 ch
985 Converts the specified character to titlecase. If the input is anything but an
986 ASCII lowercase character, that input character itself is returned. Variant
987 C<toTITLE_A> is equivalent. (There is no C<toTITLE_L1> for the full Latin1
988 range, as the full generality of L</toTITLE_uvchr> is needed there. Titlecase is
989 not a concept used in locale handling, so there is no functionality for that.)
991 =for apidoc Am|UV|toTITLE_uvchr|UV cp|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
992 Converts the code point C<cp> to its titlecase version, and
993 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. The code
994 point is interpreted as native if less than 256; otherwise as Unicode. Note
995 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
996 bytes since the titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
998 The first code point of the titlecased version is returned
999 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
1000 changing>, that there may be more).
1002 =for apidoc Am|UV|toTITLE_utf8_safe|U8* p|U8* e|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
1003 Converts the first UTF-8 encoded character in the sequence starting at C<p> and
1004 extending no further than S<C<e - 1>> to its titlecase version, and
1005 stores that in UTF-8 in C<s>, and its length in bytes in C<lenp>. Note
1006 that the buffer pointed to by C<s> needs to be at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1>
1007 bytes since the titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
1009 The first code point of the titlecased version is returned
1010 (but note, as explained at L<the top of this section|/Character case
1011 changing>, that there may be more).
1013 The suffix C<_safe> in the function's name indicates that it will not attempt
1014 to read beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is
1015 true (this is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the
1016 input character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the
1017 function may return the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER, at the discretion of the
1018 implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
1020 =for apidoc Am|UV|toTITLE_utf8|U8* p|U8* s|STRLEN* lenp
1021 This is like C<L</toLOWER_utf8_safe>>, but doesn't have the C<e>
1022 parameter The function therefore can't check if it is reading
1023 beyond the end of the string. Starting in Perl v5.30, it will take the C<e>
1024 parameter, becoming a synonym for C<toTITLE_utf8_safe>. At that time every
1025 program that uses it will have to be changed to successfully compile. In the
1026 meantime, the first runtime call to C<toTITLE_utf8> from each call point in the
1027 program will raise a deprecation warning, enabled by default. You can convert
1028 your program now to use C<toTITLE_utf8_safe>, and avoid the warnings, and get an
1029 extra measure of protection, or you can wait until v5.30, when you'll be forced
1030 to add the C<e> parameter.
1034 XXX Still undocumented isVERTWS_uvchr and _utf8; it's unclear what their names
1035 really should be. Also toUPPER_LC and toFOLD_LC, which are subject to change,
1036 and aren't general purpose as they don't work on U+DF, and assert against that.
1038 Note that these macros are repeated in Devel::PPPort, so should also be
1039 patched there. The file as of this writing is cpan/Devel-PPPort/parts/inc/misc
1043 /* Specify the widest unsigned type on the platform. Use U64TYPE because U64
1044 * is known only in the perl core, and this macro can be called from outside
1047 # define WIDEST_UTYPE U64TYPE
1049 # define WIDEST_UTYPE U32
1052 /* FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) returns true if c doesn't have a bit set other than in
1053 * the lower 8. It is designed to be hopefully bomb-proof, making sure that no
1054 * bits of information are lost even on a 64-bit machine, but to get the
1055 * compiler to optimize it out if possible. This is because Configure makes
1056 * sure that the machine has an 8-bit byte, so if c is stored in a byte, the
1057 * sizeof() guarantees that this evaluates to a constant true at compile time.
1059 * For Coverity, be always true, because otherwise Coverity thinks
1060 * it finds several expressions that are always true, independent
1061 * of operands. Well, they are, but that is kind of the point.
1063 #ifndef __COVERITY__
1064 /* The '| 0' part ensures a compiler error if c is not integer (like e.g., a
1066 #define FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) ( (sizeof(c) == 1) \
1067 || !(((WIDEST_UTYPE)((c) | 0)) & ~0xFF))
1069 #define FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) (1)
1073 # ifndef _ALL_SOURCE
1074 /* The native libc isascii() et.al. functions return the wrong results
1075 * on at least z/OS unless this is defined. */
1076 # error _ALL_SOURCE should probably be defined
1079 /* There is a simple definition of ASCII for ASCII platforms. But the
1080 * EBCDIC one isn't so simple, so is defined using table look-up like the
1081 * other macros below.
1083 * The cast here is used instead of '(c) >= 0', because some compilers emit
1084 * a warning that that test is always true when the parameter is an
1085 * unsigned type. khw supposes that it could be written as
1086 * && ((c) == '\0' || (c) > 0)
1087 * to avoid the message, but the cast will likely avoid extra branches even
1088 * with stupid compilers.
1090 * The '| 0' part ensures a compiler error if c is not integer (like e.g.,
1092 # define isASCII(c) ((WIDEST_UTYPE)((c) | 0) < 128)
1095 /* Take the eight possible bit patterns of the lower 3 bits and you get the
1096 * lower 3 bits of the 8 octal digits, in both ASCII and EBCDIC, so those bits
1097 * can be ignored. If the rest match '0', we have an octal */
1098 #define isOCTAL_A(c) (((WIDEST_UTYPE)((c) | 0) & ~7) == '0')
1100 #ifdef H_PERL /* If have access to perl.h, lookup in its table */
1102 /* Character class numbers. For internal core Perl use only. The ones less
1103 * than 32 are used in PL_charclass[] and the ones up through the one that
1104 * corresponds to <_HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC> are used by regcomp.h and
1105 * related files. PL_charclass ones use names used in l1_char_class_tab.h but
1106 * their actual definitions are here. If that file has a name not used here,
1109 * The first group of these is ordered in what I (khw) estimate to be the
1110 * frequency of their use. This gives a slight edge to exiting a loop earlier
1111 * (in reginclass() in regexec.c) */
1112 # define _CC_WORDCHAR 0 /* \w and [:word:] */
1113 # define _CC_DIGIT 1 /* \d and [:digit:] */
1114 # define _CC_ALPHA 2 /* [:alpha:] */
1115 # define _CC_LOWER 3 /* [:lower:] */
1116 # define _CC_UPPER 4 /* [:upper:] */
1117 # define _CC_PUNCT 5 /* [:punct:] */
1118 # define _CC_PRINT 6 /* [:print:] */
1119 # define _CC_ALPHANUMERIC 7 /* [:alnum:] */
1120 # define _CC_GRAPH 8 /* [:graph:] */
1121 # define _CC_CASED 9 /* [:lower:] or [:upper:] under /i */
1123 #define _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC 10
1124 /* The character classes above are implemented with swashes. The second group
1125 * (just below) contains the ones implemented without. These are also sorted
1126 * in rough order of the frequency of their use, except that \v should be last,
1127 * as it isn't a real Posix character class, and some (small) inefficiencies in
1128 * regular expression handling would be introduced by putting it in the middle
1129 * of those that are. Also, cntrl and ascii come after the others as it may be
1130 * useful to group these which have no members that match above Latin1, (or
1131 * above ASCII in the latter case) */
1133 # define _CC_SPACE 10 /* \s, [:space:] */
1134 # define _CC_PSXSPC _CC_SPACE /* XXX Temporary, can be removed
1135 when the deprecated isFOO_utf8()
1136 functions are removed */
1137 # define _CC_BLANK 11 /* [:blank:] */
1138 # define _CC_XDIGIT 12 /* [:xdigit:] */
1139 # define _CC_CNTRL 13 /* [:cntrl:] */
1140 # define _CC_ASCII 14 /* [:ascii:] */
1141 # define _CC_VERTSPACE 15 /* \v */
1143 # define _HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC _CC_VERTSPACE
1145 /* The members of the third group below do not need to be coordinated with data
1146 * structures in regcomp.[ch] and regexec.c. */
1147 # define _CC_IDFIRST 16
1148 # define _CC_CHARNAME_CONT 17
1149 # define _CC_NONLATIN1_FOLD 18
1150 # define _CC_NONLATIN1_SIMPLE_FOLD 19
1151 # define _CC_QUOTEMETA 20
1152 # define _CC_NON_FINAL_FOLD 21
1153 # define _CC_IS_IN_SOME_FOLD 22
1154 # define _CC_MNEMONIC_CNTRL 23
1156 # define _CC_IDCONT 24 /* XXX Temporary, can be removed when the deprecated
1157 isFOO_utf8() functions are removed */
1159 /* This next group is only used on EBCDIC platforms, so theoretically could be
1160 * shared with something entirely different that's only on ASCII platforms */
1161 # define _CC_UTF8_START_BYTE_IS_FOR_AT_LEAST_SURROGATE 28
1162 # define _CC_UTF8_IS_START 29
1163 # define _CC_UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START 30
1164 # define _CC_UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION 31
1166 * If more bits are needed, one could add a second word for non-64bit
1167 * QUAD_IS_INT systems, using some #ifdefs to distinguish between having a 2nd
1168 * word or not. The IS_IN_SOME_FOLD bit is the most easily expendable, as it
1169 * is used only for optimization (as of this writing), and differs in the
1170 * Latin1 range from the ALPHA bit only in two relatively unimportant
1171 * characters: the masculine and feminine ordinal indicators, so removing it
1172 * would just cause /i regexes which match them to run less efficiently.
1173 * Similarly the EBCDIC-only bits are used just for speed, and could be
1174 * replaced by other means */
1176 #if defined(PERL_CORE) || defined(PERL_EXT)
1177 /* An enum version of the character class numbers, to help compilers
1180 _CC_ENUM_ALPHA = _CC_ALPHA,
1181 _CC_ENUM_ALPHANUMERIC = _CC_ALPHANUMERIC,
1182 _CC_ENUM_ASCII = _CC_ASCII,
1183 _CC_ENUM_BLANK = _CC_BLANK,
1184 _CC_ENUM_CASED = _CC_CASED,
1185 _CC_ENUM_CNTRL = _CC_CNTRL,
1186 _CC_ENUM_DIGIT = _CC_DIGIT,
1187 _CC_ENUM_GRAPH = _CC_GRAPH,
1188 _CC_ENUM_LOWER = _CC_LOWER,
1189 _CC_ENUM_PRINT = _CC_PRINT,
1190 _CC_ENUM_PUNCT = _CC_PUNCT,
1191 _CC_ENUM_SPACE = _CC_SPACE,
1192 _CC_ENUM_UPPER = _CC_UPPER,
1193 _CC_ENUM_VERTSPACE = _CC_VERTSPACE,
1194 _CC_ENUM_WORDCHAR = _CC_WORDCHAR,
1195 _CC_ENUM_XDIGIT = _CC_XDIGIT
1196 } _char_class_number;
1199 #define POSIX_SWASH_COUNT _FIRST_NON_SWASH_CC
1200 #define POSIX_CC_COUNT (_HIGHEST_REGCOMP_DOT_H_SYNC + 1)
1202 #if defined(PERL_IN_UTF8_C) \
1203 || defined(PERL_IN_REGCOMP_C) \
1204 || defined(PERL_IN_REGEXEC_C)
1205 # if _CC_WORDCHAR != 0 || _CC_DIGIT != 1 || _CC_ALPHA != 2 || _CC_LOWER != 3 \
1206 || _CC_UPPER != 4 || _CC_PUNCT != 5 || _CC_PRINT != 6 \
1207 || _CC_ALPHANUMERIC != 7 || _CC_GRAPH != 8 || _CC_CASED != 9
1208 #error Need to adjust order of swash_property_names[]
1211 /* This is declared static in each of the few files that this is #defined for
1212 * to keep them from being publicly accessible. Hence there is a small amount
1213 * of wasted space */
1215 static const char* const swash_property_names[] = {
1231 EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[] = {
1232 # include "l1_char_class_tab.h"
1235 # else /* ! DOINIT */
1236 EXTCONST U32 PL_charclass[];
1240 /* The 1U keeps Solaris from griping when shifting sets the uppermost bit */
1241 # define _CC_mask(classnum) (1U << (classnum))
1243 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macro for defining macros like
1245 # define _generic_isCC(c, classnum) cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1246 && (PL_charclass[(U8) (c)] & _CC_mask(classnum)))
1248 /* The mask for the _A versions of the macros; it just adds in the bit for
1250 # define _CC_mask_A(classnum) (_CC_mask(classnum) | _CC_mask(_CC_ASCII))
1252 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macro for defining macros like
1253 * isALPHA_A. The foo_A version makes sure that both the desired bit and
1254 * the ASCII bit are present */
1255 # define _generic_isCC_A(c, classnum) (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1256 && ((PL_charclass[(U8) (c)] & _CC_mask_A(classnum)) \
1257 == _CC_mask_A(classnum)))
1259 # define isALPHA_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_ALPHA)
1260 # define isALPHANUMERIC_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_ALPHANUMERIC)
1261 # define isBLANK_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_BLANK)
1262 # define isCNTRL_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_CNTRL)
1263 # define isDIGIT_A(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_DIGIT) /* No non-ASCII digits */
1264 # define isGRAPH_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_GRAPH)
1265 # define isLOWER_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_LOWER)
1266 # define isPRINT_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_PRINT)
1267 # define isPUNCT_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_PUNCT)
1268 # define isSPACE_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_SPACE)
1269 # define isUPPER_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_UPPER)
1270 # define isWORDCHAR_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_WORDCHAR)
1271 # define isXDIGIT_A(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_XDIGIT) /* No non-ASCII xdigits
1273 # define isIDFIRST_A(c) _generic_isCC_A(c, _CC_IDFIRST)
1274 # define isALPHA_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_ALPHA)
1275 # define isALPHANUMERIC_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_ALPHANUMERIC)
1276 # define isBLANK_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_BLANK)
1278 /* continuation character for legal NAME in \N{NAME} */
1279 # define isCHARNAME_CONT(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_CHARNAME_CONT)
1281 # define isCNTRL_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_CNTRL)
1282 # define isGRAPH_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_GRAPH)
1283 # define isLOWER_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_LOWER)
1284 # define isPRINT_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_PRINT)
1285 # define isPSXSPC_L1(c) isSPACE_L1(c)
1286 # define isPUNCT_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_PUNCT)
1287 # define isSPACE_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_SPACE)
1288 # define isUPPER_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_UPPER)
1289 # define isWORDCHAR_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_WORDCHAR)
1290 # define isIDFIRST_L1(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_IDFIRST)
1293 # define isASCII(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_ASCII)
1296 /* Participates in a single-character fold with a character above 255 */
1297 # define _HAS_NONLATIN1_SIMPLE_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(c) ((! cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c))) || (PL_charclass[(U8) (c)] & _CC_mask(_CC_NONLATIN1_SIMPLE_FOLD)))
1299 /* Like the above, but also can be part of a multi-char fold */
1300 # define _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(c) ((! cBOOL(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c))) || (PL_charclass[(U8) (c)] & _CC_mask(_CC_NONLATIN1_FOLD)))
1302 # define _isQUOTEMETA(c) _generic_isCC(c, _CC_QUOTEMETA)
1303 # define _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c) \
1304 _generic_isCC(c, _CC_NON_FINAL_FOLD)
1305 # define _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c) \
1306 _generic_isCC(c, _CC_IS_IN_SOME_FOLD)
1307 # define _IS_MNEMONIC_CNTRL_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c) \
1308 _generic_isCC(c, _CC_MNEMONIC_CNTRL)
1309 #else /* else we don't have perl.h H_PERL */
1311 /* If we don't have perl.h, we are compiling a utility program. Below we
1312 * hard-code various macro definitions that wouldn't otherwise be available
1313 * to it. Most are coded based on first principles. These are written to
1314 * avoid EBCDIC vs. ASCII #ifdef's as much as possible. */
1315 # define isDIGIT_A(c) ((c) <= '9' && (c) >= '0')
1316 # define isBLANK_A(c) ((c) == ' ' || (c) == '\t')
1317 # define isSPACE_A(c) (isBLANK_A(c) \
1322 /* On EBCDIC, there are gaps between 'i' and 'j'; 'r' and 's'. Same for
1323 * uppercase. The tests for those aren't necessary on ASCII, but hurt only
1324 * performance (if optimization isn't on), and allow the same code to be
1325 * used for both platform types */
1326 # define isLOWER_A(c) ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z' \
1328 || ((c) >= 'j' && (c) <= 'r') \
1330 # define isUPPER_A(c) ((c) >= 'A' && (c) <= 'Z' \
1332 || ((c) >= 'J' && (c) <= 'R') \
1334 # define isALPHA_A(c) (isUPPER_A(c) || isLOWER_A(c))
1335 # define isALPHANUMERIC_A(c) (isALPHA_A(c) || isDIGIT_A(c))
1336 # define isWORDCHAR_A(c) (isALPHANUMERIC_A(c) || (c) == '_')
1337 # define isIDFIRST_A(c) (isALPHA_A(c) || (c) == '_')
1338 # define isXDIGIT_A(c) (isDIGIT_A(c) \
1339 || ((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'f') \
1340 || ((c) <= 'F' && (c) >= 'A'))
1341 # define isPUNCT_A(c) ((c) == '-' || (c) == '!' || (c) == '"' \
1342 || (c) == '#' || (c) == '$' || (c) == '%' \
1343 || (c) == '&' || (c) == '\'' || (c) == '(' \
1344 || (c) == ')' || (c) == '*' || (c) == '+' \
1345 || (c) == ',' || (c) == '.' || (c) == '/' \
1346 || (c) == ':' || (c) == ';' || (c) == '<' \
1347 || (c) == '=' || (c) == '>' || (c) == '?' \
1348 || (c) == '@' || (c) == '[' || (c) == '\\' \
1349 || (c) == ']' || (c) == '^' || (c) == '_' \
1350 || (c) == '`' || (c) == '{' || (c) == '|' \
1351 || (c) == '}' || (c) == '~')
1352 # define isGRAPH_A(c) (isALPHANUMERIC_A(c) || isPUNCT_A(c))
1353 # define isPRINT_A(c) (isGRAPH_A(c) || (c) == ' ')
1356 /* The below is accurate for the 3 EBCDIC code pages traditionally
1357 * supported by perl. The only difference between them in the controls
1358 * is the position of \n, and that is represented symbolically below */
1359 # define isCNTRL_A(c) ((c) == '\0' || (c) == '\a' || (c) == '\b' \
1360 || (c) == '\f' || (c) == '\n' || (c) == '\r' \
1361 || (c) == '\t' || (c) == '\v' \
1362 || ((c) <= 3 && (c) >= 1) /* SOH, STX, ETX */ \
1363 || (c) == 7 /* U+7F DEL */ \
1364 || ((c) <= 0x13 && (c) >= 0x0E) /* SO, SI */ \
1365 /* DLE, DC[1-3] */ \
1366 || (c) == 0x18 /* U+18 CAN */ \
1367 || (c) == 0x19 /* U+19 EOM */ \
1368 || ((c) <= 0x1F && (c) >= 0x1C) /* [FGRU]S */ \
1369 || (c) == 0x26 /* U+17 ETB */ \
1370 || (c) == 0x27 /* U+1B ESC */ \
1371 || (c) == 0x2D /* U+05 ENQ */ \
1372 || (c) == 0x2E /* U+06 ACK */ \
1373 || (c) == 0x32 /* U+16 SYN */ \
1374 || (c) == 0x37 /* U+04 EOT */ \
1375 || (c) == 0x3C /* U+14 DC4 */ \
1376 || (c) == 0x3D /* U+15 NAK */ \
1377 || (c) == 0x3F)/* U+1A SUB */
1378 # define isASCII(c) (isCNTRL_A(c) || isPRINT_A(c))
1379 # else /* isASCII is already defined for ASCII platforms, so can use that to
1381 # define isCNTRL_A(c) (isASCII(c) && ! isPRINT_A(c))
1384 /* The _L1 macros may be unnecessary for the utilities; I (khw) added them
1385 * during debugging, and it seems best to keep them. We may be called
1386 * without NATIVE_TO_LATIN1 being defined. On ASCII platforms, it doesn't
1387 * do anything anyway, so make it not a problem */
1388 # if ! defined(EBCDIC) && ! defined(NATIVE_TO_LATIN1)
1389 # define NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(ch) (ch)
1391 # define isALPHA_L1(c) (isUPPER_L1(c) || isLOWER_L1(c))
1392 # define isALPHANUMERIC_L1(c) (isALPHA_L1(c) || isDIGIT_A(c))
1393 # define isBLANK_L1(c) (isBLANK_A(c) \
1394 || (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1395 && NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xA0))
1396 # define isCNTRL_L1(c) (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && (! isPRINT_L1(c)))
1397 # define isGRAPH_L1(c) (isPRINT_L1(c) && (! isBLANK_L1(c)))
1398 # define isLOWER_L1(c) (isLOWER_A(c) \
1399 || (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1400 && ((NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) >= 0xDF \
1401 && NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) != 0xF7) \
1402 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xAA \
1403 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xBA \
1404 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xB5)))
1405 # define isPRINT_L1(c) (isPRINT_A(c) \
1406 || (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1407 && NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) >= 0xA0))
1408 # define isPUNCT_L1(c) (isPUNCT_A(c) \
1409 || (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1410 && (NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xA1 \
1411 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xA7 \
1412 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xAB \
1413 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xB6 \
1414 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xB7 \
1415 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xBB \
1416 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xBF)))
1417 # define isSPACE_L1(c) (isSPACE_A(c) \
1418 || (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1419 && (NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0x85 \
1420 || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) == 0xA0)))
1421 # define isUPPER_L1(c) (isUPPER_A(c) \
1422 || (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1423 && (NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) >= 0xC0 \
1424 && NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) <= 0xDE \
1425 && NATIVE_TO_LATIN1((U8) c) != 0xD7)))
1426 # define isWORDCHAR_L1(c) (isIDFIRST_L1(c) || isDIGIT_A(c))
1427 # define isIDFIRST_L1(c) (isALPHA_L1(c) || NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(c) == '_')
1428 # define isCHARNAME_CONT(c) (isWORDCHAR_L1(c) \
1433 /* The following are not fully accurate in the above-ASCII range. I (khw)
1434 * don't think it's necessary to be so for the purposes where this gets
1436 # define _isQUOTEMETA(c) (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && ! isWORDCHAR_L1(c))
1437 # define _IS_IN_SOME_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c) isALPHA_L1(c)
1439 /* And these aren't accurate at all. They are useful only for above
1440 * Latin1, which utilities and bootstrapping don't deal with */
1441 # define _IS_NON_FINAL_FOLD_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C(c) 0
1442 # define _HAS_NONLATIN1_SIMPLE_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(c) 0
1443 # define _HAS_NONLATIN1_FOLD_CLOSURE_ONLY_FOR_USE_BY_REGCOMP_DOT_C_AND_REGEXEC_DOT_C(c) 0
1445 /* Many of the macros later in this file are defined in terms of these. By
1446 * implementing them with a function, which converts the class number into
1447 * a call to the desired macro, all of the later ones work. However, that
1448 * function won't be actually defined when building a utility program (no
1449 * perl.h), and so a compiler error will be generated if one is attempted
1450 * to be used. And the above-Latin1 code points require Unicode tables to
1451 * be present, something unlikely to be the case when bootstrapping */
1452 # define _generic_isCC(c, classnum) \
1453 (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && S_bootstrap_ctype((U8) (c), (classnum), TRUE))
1454 # define _generic_isCC_A(c, classnum) \
1455 (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && S_bootstrap_ctype((U8) (c), (classnum), FALSE))
1456 #endif /* End of no perl.h H_PERL */
1458 #define isALPHANUMERIC(c) isALPHANUMERIC_A(c)
1459 #define isALPHA(c) isALPHA_A(c)
1460 #define isASCII_A(c) isASCII(c)
1461 #define isASCII_L1(c) isASCII(c)
1462 #define isBLANK(c) isBLANK_A(c)
1463 #define isCNTRL(c) isCNTRL_A(c)
1464 #define isDIGIT(c) isDIGIT_A(c)
1465 #define isGRAPH(c) isGRAPH_A(c)
1466 #define isIDFIRST(c) isIDFIRST_A(c)
1467 #define isLOWER(c) isLOWER_A(c)
1468 #define isPRINT(c) isPRINT_A(c)
1469 #define isPSXSPC_A(c) isSPACE_A(c)
1470 #define isPSXSPC(c) isPSXSPC_A(c)
1471 #define isPSXSPC_L1(c) isSPACE_L1(c)
1472 #define isPUNCT(c) isPUNCT_A(c)
1473 #define isSPACE(c) isSPACE_A(c)
1474 #define isUPPER(c) isUPPER_A(c)
1475 #define isWORDCHAR(c) isWORDCHAR_A(c)
1476 #define isXDIGIT(c) isXDIGIT_A(c)
1478 /* ASCII casing. These could also be written as
1479 #define toLOWER(c) (isASCII(c) ? toLOWER_LATIN1(c) : (c))
1480 #define toUPPER(c) (isASCII(c) ? toUPPER_LATIN1_MOD(c) : (c))
1481 which uses table lookup and mask instead of subtraction. (This would
1482 work because the _MOD does not apply in the ASCII range) */
1483 #define toLOWER(c) (isUPPER(c) ? (U8)((c) + ('a' - 'A')) : (c))
1484 #define toUPPER(c) (isLOWER(c) ? (U8)((c) - ('a' - 'A')) : (c))
1486 /* In the ASCII range, these are equivalent to what they're here defined to be.
1487 * But by creating these definitions, other code doesn't have to be aware of
1489 #define toFOLD(c) toLOWER(c)
1490 #define toTITLE(c) toUPPER(c)
1492 #define toLOWER_A(c) toLOWER(c)
1493 #define toUPPER_A(c) toUPPER(c)
1494 #define toFOLD_A(c) toFOLD(c)
1495 #define toTITLE_A(c) toTITLE(c)
1497 /* Use table lookup for speed; returns the input itself if is out-of-range */
1498 #define toLOWER_LATIN1(c) ((! FITS_IN_8_BITS(c)) \
1500 : PL_latin1_lc[ (U8) (c) ])
1501 #define toLOWER_L1(c) toLOWER_LATIN1(c) /* Synonym for consistency */
1503 /* Modified uc. Is correct uc except for three non-ascii chars which are
1504 * all mapped to one of them, and these need special handling; returns the
1505 * input itself if is out-of-range */
1506 #define toUPPER_LATIN1_MOD(c) ((! FITS_IN_8_BITS(c)) \
1508 : PL_mod_latin1_uc[ (U8) (c) ])
1509 #define IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE PL_in_utf8_CTYPE_locale
1511 /* Use foo_LC_uvchr() instead of these for beyond the Latin1 range */
1513 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macro for defining macros like
1514 * isALPHA_LC, which uses the current LC_CTYPE locale. 'c' is the code point
1515 * (0-255) to check. In a UTF-8 locale, the result is the same as calling
1516 * isFOO_L1(); the 'utf8_locale_classnum' parameter is something like
1517 * _CC_UPPER, which gives the class number for doing this. For non-UTF-8
1518 * locales, the code to actually do the test this is passed in 'non_utf8'. If
1519 * 'c' is above 255, 0 is returned. For accessing the full range of possible
1520 * code points under locale rules, use the macros based on _generic_LC_uvchr
1521 * instead of this. */
1522 #define _generic_LC_base(c, utf8_locale_classnum, non_utf8) \
1523 (! FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1525 : IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE \
1526 ? cBOOL(PL_charclass[(U8) (c)] & _CC_mask(utf8_locale_classnum)) \
1529 /* For internal core Perl use only: a helper macro for defining macros like
1530 * isALPHA_LC. 'c' is the code point (0-255) to check. The function name to
1531 * actually do this test is passed in 'non_utf8_func', which is called on 'c',
1532 * casting 'c' to the macro _LC_CAST, which should not be parenthesized. See
1533 * _generic_LC_base for more info */
1534 #define _generic_LC(c, utf8_locale_classnum, non_utf8_func) \
1535 _generic_LC_base(c,utf8_locale_classnum, \
1536 non_utf8_func( (_LC_CAST) (c)))
1538 /* For internal core Perl use only: like _generic_LC, but also returns TRUE if
1539 * 'c' is the platform's native underscore character */
1540 #define _generic_LC_underscore(c,utf8_locale_classnum,non_utf8_func) \
1541 _generic_LC_base(c, utf8_locale_classnum, \
1542 (non_utf8_func( (_LC_CAST) (c)) \
1543 || (char)(c) == '_'))
1545 /* These next three are also for internal core Perl use only: case-change
1547 #define _generic_toLOWER_LC(c, function, cast) (! FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1549 : (IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE) \
1550 ? PL_latin1_lc[ (U8) (c) ] \
1551 : (cast)function((cast)(c)))
1553 /* Note that the result can be larger than a byte in a UTF-8 locale. It
1554 * returns a single value, so can't adequately return the upper case of LATIN
1555 * SMALL LETTER SHARP S in a UTF-8 locale (which should be a string of two
1556 * values "SS"); instead it asserts against that under DEBUGGING, and
1557 * otherwise returns its input */
1558 #define _generic_toUPPER_LC(c, function, cast) \
1559 (! FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) \
1561 : ((! IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE) \
1562 ? (cast)function((cast)(c)) \
1563 : ((((U8)(c)) == MICRO_SIGN) \
1564 ? GREEK_CAPITAL_LETTER_MU \
1565 : ((((U8)(c)) == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS) \
1566 ? LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_Y_WITH_DIAERESIS \
1567 : ((((U8)(c)) == LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) \
1568 ? (__ASSERT_(0) (c)) \
1569 : PL_mod_latin1_uc[ (U8) (c) ])))))
1571 /* Note that the result can be larger than a byte in a UTF-8 locale. It
1572 * returns a single value, so can't adequately return the fold case of LATIN
1573 * SMALL LETTER SHARP S in a UTF-8 locale (which should be a string of two
1574 * values "ss"); instead it asserts against that under DEBUGGING, and
1575 * otherwise returns its input */
1576 #define _generic_toFOLD_LC(c, function, cast) \
1577 ((UNLIKELY((c) == MICRO_SIGN) && IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE) \
1578 ? GREEK_SMALL_LETTER_MU \
1579 : (__ASSERT_(! IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE \
1580 || (c) != LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S) \
1581 _generic_toLOWER_LC(c, function, cast)))
1583 /* Use the libc versions for these if available. */
1584 #if defined(HAS_ISASCII)
1585 # define isASCII_LC(c) (FITS_IN_8_BITS(c) && isascii( (U8) (c)))
1587 # define isASCII_LC(c) isASCII(c)
1590 #if defined(HAS_ISBLANK)
1591 # define isBLANK_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_BLANK, isblank)
1592 #else /* Unlike isASCII, varies if in a UTF-8 locale */
1593 # define isBLANK_LC(c) ((IN_UTF8_CTYPE_LOCALE) ? isBLANK_L1(c) : isBLANK(c))
1599 /* The Windows functions don't bother to follow the POSIX standard, which
1600 * for example says that something can't both be a printable and a control.
1601 * But Windows treats the \t control as a printable, and does such things
1602 * as making superscripts into both digits and punctuation. This tames
1603 * these flaws by assuming that the definitions of both controls and space
1604 * are correct, and then making sure that other definitions don't have
1605 * weirdnesses, by making sure that isalnum() isn't also ispunct(), etc.
1606 * Not all possible weirdnesses are checked for, just the ones that were
1607 * detected on actual Microsoft code pages */
1609 # define isCNTRL_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_CNTRL, iscntrl)
1610 # define isSPACE_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_SPACE, isspace)
1612 # define isALPHA_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_ALPHA, isalpha) \
1613 && isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c))
1614 # define isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_ALPHANUMERIC, isalnum) && \
1616 # define isDIGIT_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_DIGIT, isdigit) && \
1617 isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c))
1618 # define isGRAPH_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_GRAPH, isgraph) && isPRINT_LC(c))
1619 # define isIDFIRST_LC(c) (((c) == '_') \
1620 || (_generic_LC(c, _CC_IDFIRST, isalpha) && ! isPUNCT_LC(c)))
1621 # define isLOWER_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_LOWER, islower) && isALPHA_LC(c))
1622 # define isPRINT_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_PRINT, isprint) && ! isCNTRL_LC(c))
1623 # define isPUNCT_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_PUNCT, ispunct) && ! isCNTRL_LC(c))
1624 # define isUPPER_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_UPPER, isupper) && isALPHA_LC(c))
1625 # define isWORDCHAR_LC(c) (((c) == '_') || isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c))
1626 # define isXDIGIT_LC(c) (_generic_LC(c, _CC_XDIGIT, isxdigit) \
1627 && isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c))
1629 # define toLOWER_LC(c) _generic_toLOWER_LC((c), tolower, U8)
1630 # define toUPPER_LC(c) _generic_toUPPER_LC((c), toupper, U8)
1631 # define toFOLD_LC(c) _generic_toFOLD_LC((c), tolower, U8)
1633 #elif defined(CTYPE256) || (!defined(isascii) && !defined(HAS_ISASCII))
1634 /* For most other platforms */
1636 # define isALPHA_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_ALPHA, isalpha)
1637 # define isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_ALPHANUMERIC, isalnum)
1638 # define isCNTRL_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_CNTRL, iscntrl)
1639 # define isDIGIT_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_DIGIT, isdigit)
1640 # define isGRAPH_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_GRAPH, isgraph)
1641 # define isIDFIRST_LC(c) _generic_LC_underscore(c, _CC_IDFIRST, isalpha)
1642 # define isLOWER_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_LOWER, islower)
1643 # define isPRINT_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_PRINT, isprint)
1644 # define isPUNCT_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_PUNCT, ispunct)
1645 # define isSPACE_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_SPACE, isspace)
1646 # define isUPPER_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_UPPER, isupper)
1647 # define isWORDCHAR_LC(c) _generic_LC_underscore(c, _CC_WORDCHAR, isalnum)
1648 # define isXDIGIT_LC(c) _generic_LC(c, _CC_XDIGIT, isxdigit)
1651 # define toLOWER_LC(c) _generic_toLOWER_LC((c), tolower, U8)
1652 # define toUPPER_LC(c) _generic_toUPPER_LC((c), toupper, U8)
1653 # define toFOLD_LC(c) _generic_toFOLD_LC((c), tolower, U8)
1655 #else /* The final fallback position */
1657 # define isALPHA_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isalpha(c))
1658 # define isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isalnum(c))
1659 # define isCNTRL_LC(c) (isascii(c) && iscntrl(c))
1660 # define isDIGIT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isdigit(c))
1661 # define isGRAPH_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isgraph(c))
1662 # define isIDFIRST_LC(c) (isascii(c) && (isalpha(c) || (c) == '_'))
1663 # define isLOWER_LC(c) (isascii(c) && islower(c))
1664 # define isPRINT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isprint(c))
1665 # define isPUNCT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && ispunct(c))
1666 # define isSPACE_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isspace(c))
1667 # define isUPPER_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isupper(c))
1668 # define isWORDCHAR_LC(c) (isascii(c) && (isalnum(c) || (c) == '_'))
1669 # define isXDIGIT_LC(c) (isascii(c) && isxdigit(c))
1671 # define toLOWER_LC(c) (isascii(c) ? tolower(c) : (c))
1672 # define toUPPER_LC(c) (isascii(c) ? toupper(c) : (c))
1673 # define toFOLD_LC(c) (isascii(c) ? tolower(c) : (c))
1677 #define isIDCONT(c) isWORDCHAR(c)
1678 #define isIDCONT_A(c) isWORDCHAR_A(c)
1679 #define isIDCONT_L1(c) isWORDCHAR_L1(c)
1680 #define isIDCONT_LC(c) isWORDCHAR_LC(c)
1681 #define isPSXSPC_LC(c) isSPACE_LC(c)
1683 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macros for defining macros like
1684 * isALPHA_uvchr. 'c' is the code point to check. 'classnum' is the POSIX class
1685 * number defined earlier in this file. _generic_uvchr() is used for POSIX
1686 * classes where there is a macro or function 'above_latin1' that takes the
1687 * single argument 'c' and returns the desired value. These exist for those
1688 * classes which have simple definitions, avoiding the overhead of a hash
1689 * lookup or inversion list binary search. _generic_swash_uvchr() can be used
1690 * for classes where that overhead is faster than a direct lookup.
1691 * _generic_uvchr() won't compile if 'c' isn't unsigned, as it won't match the
1692 * 'above_latin1' prototype. _generic_isCC() macro does bounds checking, so
1693 * have duplicate checks here, so could create versions of the macros that
1694 * don't, but experiments show that gcc optimizes them out anyway. */
1696 /* Note that all ignore 'use bytes' */
1697 #define _generic_uvchr(classnum, above_latin1, c) ((c) < 256 \
1698 ? _generic_isCC(c, classnum) \
1700 #define _generic_swash_uvchr(classnum, c) ((c) < 256 \
1701 ? _generic_isCC(c, classnum) \
1702 : _is_uni_FOO(classnum, c))
1703 #define isALPHA_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_ALPHA, c)
1704 #define isALPHANUMERIC_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_ALPHANUMERIC, c)
1705 #define isASCII_uvchr(c) isASCII(c)
1706 #define isBLANK_uvchr(c) _generic_uvchr(_CC_BLANK, is_HORIZWS_cp_high, c)
1707 #define isCNTRL_uvchr(c) isCNTRL_L1(c) /* All controls are in Latin1 */
1708 #define isDIGIT_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_DIGIT, c)
1709 #define isGRAPH_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_GRAPH, c)
1710 #define isIDCONT_uvchr(c) \
1711 _generic_uvchr(_CC_WORDCHAR, _is_uni_perl_idcont, c)
1712 #define isIDFIRST_uvchr(c) \
1713 _generic_uvchr(_CC_IDFIRST, _is_uni_perl_idstart, c)
1714 #define isLOWER_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_LOWER, c)
1715 #define isPRINT_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_PRINT, c)
1717 #define isPUNCT_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_PUNCT, c)
1718 #define isSPACE_uvchr(c) _generic_uvchr(_CC_SPACE, is_XPERLSPACE_cp_high, c)
1719 #define isPSXSPC_uvchr(c) isSPACE_uvchr(c)
1721 #define isUPPER_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_UPPER, c)
1722 #define isVERTWS_uvchr(c) _generic_uvchr(_CC_VERTSPACE, is_VERTWS_cp_high, c)
1723 #define isWORDCHAR_uvchr(c) _generic_swash_uvchr(_CC_WORDCHAR, c)
1724 #define isXDIGIT_uvchr(c) _generic_uvchr(_CC_XDIGIT, is_XDIGIT_cp_high, c)
1726 #define toFOLD_uvchr(c,s,l) to_uni_fold(c,s,l)
1727 #define toLOWER_uvchr(c,s,l) to_uni_lower(c,s,l)
1728 #define toTITLE_uvchr(c,s,l) to_uni_title(c,s,l)
1729 #define toUPPER_uvchr(c,s,l) to_uni_upper(c,s,l)
1731 /* For backwards compatibility, even though '_uni' should mean official Unicode
1732 * code points, in Perl it means native for those below 256 */
1733 #define isALPHA_uni(c) isALPHA_uvchr(c)
1734 #define isALPHANUMERIC_uni(c) isALPHANUMERIC_uvchr(c)
1735 #define isASCII_uni(c) isASCII_uvchr(c)
1736 #define isBLANK_uni(c) isBLANK_uvchr(c)
1737 #define isCNTRL_uni(c) isCNTRL_uvchr(c)
1738 #define isDIGIT_uni(c) isDIGIT_uvchr(c)
1739 #define isGRAPH_uni(c) isGRAPH_uvchr(c)
1740 #define isIDCONT_uni(c) isIDCONT_uvchr(c)
1741 #define isIDFIRST_uni(c) isIDFIRST_uvchr(c)
1742 #define isLOWER_uni(c) isLOWER_uvchr(c)
1743 #define isPRINT_uni(c) isPRINT_uvchr(c)
1744 #define isPUNCT_uni(c) isPUNCT_uvchr(c)
1745 #define isSPACE_uni(c) isSPACE_uvchr(c)
1746 #define isPSXSPC_uni(c) isPSXSPC_uvchr(c)
1747 #define isUPPER_uni(c) isUPPER_uvchr(c)
1748 #define isVERTWS_uni(c) isVERTWS_uvchr(c)
1749 #define isWORDCHAR_uni(c) isWORDCHAR_uvchr(c)
1750 #define isXDIGIT_uni(c) isXDIGIT_uvchr(c)
1751 #define toFOLD_uni(c,s,l) toFOLD_uvchr(c,s,l)
1752 #define toLOWER_uni(c,s,l) toLOWER_uvchr(c,s,l)
1753 #define toTITLE_uni(c,s,l) toTITLE_uvchr(c,s,l)
1754 #define toUPPER_uni(c,s,l) toUPPER_uvchr(c,s,l)
1756 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macros for defining macros like
1757 * isALPHA_LC_uvchr. These are like isALPHA_LC, but the input can be any code
1758 * point, not just 0-255. Like _generic_uvchr, there are two versions, one for
1759 * simple class definitions; the other for more complex. These are like
1760 * _generic_uvchr, so see it for more info. */
1761 #define _generic_LC_uvchr(latin1, above_latin1, c) \
1762 (c < 256 ? latin1(c) : above_latin1(c))
1763 #define _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(latin1, classnum, c) \
1764 (c < 256 ? latin1(c) : _is_uni_FOO(classnum, c))
1766 #define isALPHA_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isALPHA_LC, _CC_ALPHA, c)
1767 #define isALPHANUMERIC_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isALPHANUMERIC_LC, \
1768 _CC_ALPHANUMERIC, c)
1769 #define isASCII_LC_uvchr(c) isASCII_LC(c)
1770 #define isBLANK_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_uvchr(isBLANK_LC, \
1771 is_HORIZWS_cp_high, c)
1772 #define isCNTRL_LC_uvchr(c) (c < 256 ? isCNTRL_LC(c) : 0)
1773 #define isDIGIT_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isDIGIT_LC, _CC_DIGIT, c)
1774 #define isGRAPH_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isGRAPH_LC, _CC_GRAPH, c)
1775 #define isIDCONT_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_uvchr(isIDCONT_LC, \
1776 _is_uni_perl_idcont, c)
1777 #define isIDFIRST_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_uvchr(isIDFIRST_LC, \
1778 _is_uni_perl_idstart, c)
1779 #define isLOWER_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isLOWER_LC, _CC_LOWER, c)
1780 #define isPRINT_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isPRINT_LC, _CC_PRINT, c)
1781 #define isPSXSPC_LC_uvchr(c) isSPACE_LC_uvchr(c)
1782 #define isPUNCT_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isPUNCT_LC, _CC_PUNCT, c)
1783 #define isSPACE_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_uvchr(isSPACE_LC, \
1784 is_XPERLSPACE_cp_high, c)
1785 #define isUPPER_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isUPPER_LC, _CC_UPPER, c)
1786 #define isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_swash_uvchr(isWORDCHAR_LC, \
1788 #define isXDIGIT_LC_uvchr(c) _generic_LC_uvchr(isXDIGIT_LC, \
1789 is_XDIGIT_cp_high, c)
1791 #define isBLANK_LC_uni(c) isBLANK_LC_uvchr(UNI_TO_NATIVE(c))
1793 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macros for defining macros like
1794 * isALPHA_utf8. These are like the earlier defined macros, but take an input
1795 * UTF-8 encoded string 'p'. If the input is in the Latin1 range, use
1796 * the Latin1 macro 'classnum' on 'p'. Otherwise use the value given by the
1797 * 'utf8' parameter. This relies on the fact that ASCII characters have the
1798 * same representation whether utf8 or not. Note that it assumes that the utf8
1799 * has been validated, and ignores 'use bytes' */
1800 #define _base_generic_utf8(enum_name, name, p, use_locale ) \
1801 _is_utf8_FOO(CAT2(_CC_, enum_name), \
1803 "is" STRINGIFY(name) "_utf8", \
1804 "is" STRINGIFY(name) "_utf8_safe", \
1805 1, use_locale, __FILE__,__LINE__)
1807 #define _generic_utf8(name, p) _base_generic_utf8(name, name, p, 0)
1809 /* The "_safe" macros make sure that we don't attempt to read beyond 'e', but
1810 * they don't otherwise go out of their way to look for malformed UTF-8. If
1811 * they can return accurate results without knowing if the input is otherwise
1812 * malformed, they do so. For example isASCII is accurate in spite of any
1813 * non-length malformations because it looks only at a single byte. Likewise
1814 * isDIGIT looks just at the first byte for code points 0-255, as all UTF-8
1815 * variant ones return FALSE. But, if the input has to be well-formed in order
1816 * for the results to be accurate, the macros will test and if malformed will
1817 * call a routine to die
1819 * Except for toke.c, the macros do assume that e > p, asserting that on
1820 * DEBUGGING builds. Much code that calls these depends on this being true,
1821 * for other reasons. toke.c is treated specially as using the regular
1822 * assertion breaks it in many ways. All strings that these operate on there
1823 * are supposed to have an extra NUL character at the end, so that *e = \0. A
1824 * bunch of code in toke.c assumes that this is true, so the assertion allows
1826 #ifdef PERL_IN_TOKE_C
1827 # define _utf8_safe_assert(p,e) ((e) > (p) || ((e) == (p) && *(p) == '\0'))
1829 # define _utf8_safe_assert(p,e) ((e) > (p))
1832 #define _generic_utf8_safe(classnum, p, e, above_latin1) \
1833 (__ASSERT_(_utf8_safe_assert(p, e)) \
1834 (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(p))) \
1835 ? _generic_isCC(*(p), classnum) \
1836 : (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*(p)) \
1837 ? ((LIKELY((e) - (p) > 1 && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*((p)+1)))) \
1838 ? _generic_isCC(EIGHT_BIT_UTF8_TO_NATIVE(*(p), *((p)+1 )), \
1840 : (_force_out_malformed_utf8_message( \
1841 (U8 *) (p), (U8 *) (e), 0, 1), 0)) \
1843 /* Like the above, but calls 'above_latin1(p)' to get the utf8 value.
1844 * 'above_latin1' can be a macro */
1845 #define _generic_func_utf8_safe(classnum, above_latin1, p, e) \
1846 _generic_utf8_safe(classnum, p, e, above_latin1(p, e))
1847 #define _generic_non_swash_utf8_safe(classnum, above_latin1, p, e) \
1848 _generic_utf8_safe(classnum, p, e, \
1849 (UNLIKELY((e) - (p) < UTF8SKIP(p)) \
1850 ? (_force_out_malformed_utf8_message( \
1851 (U8 *) (p), (U8 *) (e), 0, 1), 0) \
1853 /* Like the above, but passes classnum to _isFOO_utf8(), instead of having an
1854 * 'above_latin1' parameter */
1855 #define _generic_swash_utf8_safe(classnum, p, e) \
1856 _generic_utf8_safe(classnum, p, e, _is_utf8_FOO_with_len(classnum, p, e))
1858 /* Like the above, but should be used only when it is known that there are no
1859 * characters in the upper-Latin1 range (128-255 on ASCII platforms) which the
1860 * class is TRUE for. Hence it can skip the tests for this range.
1861 * 'above_latin1' should include its arguments */
1862 #define _generic_utf8_safe_no_upper_latin1(classnum, p, e, above_latin1) \
1863 (__ASSERT_(_utf8_safe_assert(p, e)) \
1864 (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(p))) \
1865 ? _generic_isCC(*(p), classnum) \
1866 : (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*(p))) \
1867 ? 0 /* Note that doesn't check validity for latin1 */ \
1870 /* NOTE that some of these macros have very similar ones in regcharclass.h.
1871 * For example, there is (at the time of this writing) an 'is_SPACE_utf8()'
1872 * there, differing in name only by an underscore from the one here
1873 * 'isSPACE_utf8(). The difference is that the ones here are probably more
1874 * efficient and smaller, using an O(1) array lookup for Latin1-range code
1875 * points; the regcharclass.h ones are implemented as a series of
1876 * "if-else-if-else ..." */
1878 #define isALPHA_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(ALPHA, p)
1879 #define isALPHANUMERIC_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(ALPHANUMERIC, p)
1880 #define isASCII_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(ASCII, p)
1881 #define isBLANK_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(BLANK, p)
1882 #define isCNTRL_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(CNTRL, p)
1883 #define isDIGIT_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(DIGIT, p)
1884 #define isGRAPH_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(GRAPH, p)
1885 #define isIDCONT_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(IDCONT, p)
1886 #define isIDFIRST_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(IDFIRST, p)
1887 #define isLOWER_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(LOWER, p)
1888 #define isPRINT_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(PRINT, p)
1889 #define isPSXSPC_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(PSXSPC, p)
1890 #define isPUNCT_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(PUNCT, p)
1891 #define isSPACE_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(SPACE, p)
1892 #define isUPPER_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(UPPER, p)
1893 #define isVERTWS_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(VERTSPACE, p)
1894 #define isWORDCHAR_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(WORDCHAR, p)
1895 #define isXDIGIT_utf8(p) _generic_utf8(XDIGIT, p)
1897 #define isALPHA_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_ALPHA, p, e)
1898 #define isALPHANUMERIC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1899 _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_ALPHANUMERIC, p, e)
1900 #define isASCII_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1901 /* Because ASCII is invariant under utf8, the non-utf8 macro \
1903 (__ASSERT_(_utf8_safe_assert(p, e)) isASCII(*(p)))
1904 #define isBLANK_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1905 _generic_non_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_BLANK, is_HORIZWS_high, p, e)
1908 /* Because all controls are UTF-8 invariants in EBCDIC, we can use this
1909 * more efficient macro instead of the more general one */
1910 # define isCNTRL_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1911 (__ASSERT_(_utf8_safe_assert(p, e)) isCNTRL_L1(*(p)))
1913 # define isCNTRL_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_utf8_safe(_CC_CNTRL, p, e, 0)
1916 #define isDIGIT_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1917 _generic_utf8_safe_no_upper_latin1(_CC_DIGIT, p, e, \
1918 _is_utf8_FOO_with_len(_CC_DIGIT, p, e))
1919 #define isGRAPH_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_GRAPH, p, e)
1920 #define isIDCONT_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_func_utf8_safe(_CC_WORDCHAR, \
1921 _is_utf8_perl_idcont_with_len, p, e)
1923 /* To prevent S_scan_word in toke.c from hanging, we have to make sure that
1924 * IDFIRST is an alnum. See
1925 * http://rt.perl.org/rt3/Ticket/Display.html?id=74022 for more detail than you
1926 * ever wanted to know about. (In the ASCII range, there isn't a difference.)
1927 * This used to be not the XID version, but we decided to go with the more
1928 * modern Unicode definition */
1929 #define isIDFIRST_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1930 _generic_func_utf8_safe(_CC_IDFIRST, \
1931 _is_utf8_perl_idstart_with_len, (U8 *) (p), (U8 *) (e))
1933 #define isLOWER_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_LOWER, p, e)
1934 #define isPRINT_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_PRINT, p, e)
1935 #define isPSXSPC_utf8_safe(p, e) isSPACE_utf8_safe(p, e)
1936 #define isPUNCT_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_PUNCT, p, e)
1937 #define isSPACE_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1938 _generic_non_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_SPACE, is_XPERLSPACE_high, p, e)
1939 #define isUPPER_utf8_safe(p, e) _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_UPPER, p, e)
1940 #define isVERTWS_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1941 _generic_non_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_VERTSPACE, is_VERTWS_high, p, e)
1942 #define isWORDCHAR_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1943 _generic_swash_utf8_safe(_CC_WORDCHAR, p, e)
1944 #define isXDIGIT_utf8_safe(p, e) \
1945 _generic_utf8_safe_no_upper_latin1(_CC_XDIGIT, p, e, \
1946 (UNLIKELY((e) - (p) < UTF8SKIP(p)) \
1947 ? (_force_out_malformed_utf8_message( \
1948 (U8 *) (p), (U8 *) (e), 0, 1), 0) \
1949 : is_XDIGIT_high(p)))
1951 #define toFOLD_utf8(p,s,l) to_utf8_fold(p,s,l)
1952 #define toLOWER_utf8(p,s,l) to_utf8_lower(p,s,l)
1953 #define toTITLE_utf8(p,s,l) to_utf8_title(p,s,l)
1954 #define toUPPER_utf8(p,s,l) to_utf8_upper(p,s,l)
1956 /* For internal core use only, subject to change */
1957 #define _toFOLD_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l,f) _to_utf8_fold_flags (p,e,s,l,f, "", 0)
1958 #define _toLOWER_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l,f) _to_utf8_lower_flags(p,e,s,l,f, "", 0)
1959 #define _toTITLE_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l,f) _to_utf8_title_flags(p,e,s,l,f, "", 0)
1960 #define _toUPPER_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l,f) _to_utf8_upper_flags(p,e,s,l,f, "", 0)
1962 #define toFOLD_utf8_safe(p,e,s,l) _toFOLD_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l, FOLD_FLAGS_FULL)
1963 #define toLOWER_utf8_safe(p,e,s,l) _toLOWER_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l, 0)
1964 #define toTITLE_utf8_safe(p,e,s,l) _toTITLE_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l, 0)
1965 #define toUPPER_utf8_safe(p,e,s,l) _toUPPER_utf8_flags(p,e,s,l, 0)
1967 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macros for defining macros like
1968 * isALPHA_LC_utf8. These are like _generic_utf8, but if the first code point
1969 * in 'p' is within the 0-255 range, it uses locale rules from the passed-in
1970 * 'macro' parameter */
1971 #define _generic_LC_utf8(name, p) _base_generic_utf8(name, name, p, 1)
1973 #define isALPHA_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(ALPHA, p)
1974 #define isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(ALPHANUMERIC, p)
1975 #define isASCII_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(ASCII, p)
1976 #define isBLANK_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(BLANK, p)
1977 #define isCNTRL_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(CNTRL, p)
1978 #define isDIGIT_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(DIGIT, p)
1979 #define isGRAPH_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(GRAPH, p)
1980 #define isIDCONT_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(IDCONT, p)
1981 #define isIDFIRST_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(IDFIRST, p)
1982 #define isLOWER_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(LOWER, p)
1983 #define isPRINT_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(PRINT, p)
1984 #define isPSXSPC_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(PSXSPC, p)
1985 #define isPUNCT_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(PUNCT, p)
1986 #define isSPACE_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(SPACE, p)
1987 #define isUPPER_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(UPPER, p)
1988 #define isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(WORDCHAR, p)
1989 #define isXDIGIT_LC_utf8(p) _generic_LC_utf8(XDIGIT, p)
1991 /* For internal core Perl use only: the base macros for defining macros like
1992 * isALPHA_LC_utf8_safe. These are like _generic_utf8, but if the first code
1993 * point in 'p' is within the 0-255 range, it uses locale rules from the
1994 * passed-in 'macro' parameter */
1995 #define _generic_LC_utf8_safe(macro, p, e, above_latin1) \
1996 (__ASSERT_(_utf8_safe_assert(p, e)) \
1997 (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*(p))) \
1999 : (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(*(p)) \
2000 ? ((LIKELY((e) - (p) > 1 && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*((p)+1)))) \
2001 ? macro(EIGHT_BIT_UTF8_TO_NATIVE(*(p), *((p)+1))) \
2002 : (_force_out_malformed_utf8_message( \
2003 (U8 *) (p), (U8 *) (e), 0, 1), 0)) \
2006 #define _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(macro, classnum, p, e) \
2007 _generic_LC_utf8_safe(macro, p, e, \
2008 _is_utf8_FOO_with_len(classnum, p, e))
2010 #define _generic_LC_func_utf8_safe(macro, above_latin1, p, e) \
2011 _generic_LC_utf8_safe(macro, p, e, above_latin1(p, e))
2013 #define _generic_LC_non_swash_utf8_safe(classnum, above_latin1, p, e) \
2014 _generic_LC_utf8_safe(classnum, p, e, \
2015 (UNLIKELY((e) - (p) < UTF8SKIP(p)) \
2016 ? (_force_out_malformed_utf8_message( \
2017 (U8 *) (p), (U8 *) (e), 0, 1), 0) \
2020 #define isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2021 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isALPHANUMERIC_LC, \
2022 _CC_ALPHANUMERIC, p, e)
2023 #define isALPHA_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2024 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isALPHA_LC, _CC_ALPHA, p, e)
2025 #define isASCII_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2026 (__ASSERT_(_utf8_safe_assert(p, e)) isASCII_LC(*(p)))
2027 #define isBLANK_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2028 _generic_LC_non_swash_utf8_safe(isBLANK_LC, is_HORIZWS_high, p, e)
2029 #define isCNTRL_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2030 _generic_LC_utf8_safe(isCNTRL_LC, p, e, 0)
2031 #define isDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2032 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isDIGIT_LC, _CC_DIGIT, p, e)
2033 #define isGRAPH_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2034 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isGRAPH_LC, _CC_GRAPH, p, e)
2035 #define isIDCONT_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2036 _generic_LC_func_utf8_safe(isIDCONT_LC, \
2037 _is_utf8_perl_idcont_with_len, p, e)
2038 #define isIDFIRST_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2039 _generic_LC_func_utf8_safe(isIDFIRST_LC, \
2040 _is_utf8_perl_idstart_with_len, p, e)
2041 #define isLOWER_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2042 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isLOWER_LC, _CC_LOWER, p, e)
2043 #define isPRINT_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2044 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isPRINT_LC, _CC_PRINT, p, e)
2045 #define isPSXSPC_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) isSPACE_LC_utf8_safe(p, e)
2046 #define isPUNCT_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2047 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isPUNCT_LC, _CC_PUNCT, p, e)
2048 #define isSPACE_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2049 _generic_LC_non_swash_utf8_safe(isSPACE_LC, is_XPERLSPACE_high, p, e)
2050 #define isUPPER_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2051 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isUPPER_LC, _CC_UPPER, p, e)
2052 #define isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2053 _generic_LC_swash_utf8_safe(isWORDCHAR_LC, _CC_WORDCHAR, p, e)
2054 #define isXDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe(p, e) \
2055 _generic_LC_non_swash_utf8_safe(isXDIGIT_LC, is_XDIGIT_high, p, e)
2057 /* Macros for backwards compatibility and for completeness when the ASCII and
2058 * Latin1 values are identical */
2059 #define isALPHAU(c) isALPHA_L1(c)
2060 #define isDIGIT_L1(c) isDIGIT_A(c)
2061 #define isOCTAL(c) isOCTAL_A(c)
2062 #define isOCTAL_L1(c) isOCTAL_A(c)
2063 #define isXDIGIT_L1(c) isXDIGIT_A(c)
2064 #define isALNUM(c) isWORDCHAR(c)
2065 #define isALNUMU(c) isWORDCHAR_L1(c)
2066 #define isALNUM_LC(c) isWORDCHAR_LC(c)
2067 #define isALNUM_uni(c) isWORDCHAR_uni(c)
2068 #define isALNUM_LC_uvchr(c) isWORDCHAR_LC_uvchr(c)
2069 #define isALNUM_utf8(p) isWORDCHAR_utf8(p)
2070 #define isALNUM_LC_utf8(p) isWORDCHAR_LC_utf8(p)
2071 #define isALNUMC_A(c) isALPHANUMERIC_A(c) /* Mnemonic: "C's alnum" */
2072 #define isALNUMC_L1(c) isALPHANUMERIC_L1(c)
2073 #define isALNUMC(c) isALPHANUMERIC(c)
2074 #define isALNUMC_LC(c) isALPHANUMERIC_LC(c)
2075 #define isALNUMC_uni(c) isALPHANUMERIC_uni(c)
2076 #define isALNUMC_LC_uvchr(c) isALPHANUMERIC_LC_uvchr(c)
2077 #define isALNUMC_utf8(p) isALPHANUMERIC_utf8(p)
2078 #define isALNUMC_LC_utf8(p) isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8(p)
2080 /* On EBCDIC platforms, CTRL-@ is 0, CTRL-A is 1, etc, just like on ASCII,
2081 * except that they don't necessarily mean the same characters, e.g. CTRL-D is
2082 * 4 on both systems, but that is EOT on ASCII; ST on EBCDIC.
2083 * '?' is special-cased on EBCDIC to APC, which is the control there that is
2084 * the outlier from the block that contains the other controls, just like
2085 * toCTRL('?') on ASCII yields DEL, the control that is the outlier from the C0
2086 * block. If it weren't special cased, it would yield a non-control.
2087 * The conversion works both ways, so toCTRL('D') is 4, and toCTRL(4) is D,
2090 # define toCTRL(c) (__ASSERT_(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c)) toUPPER(((U8)(c))) ^ 64)
2092 # define toCTRL(c) (__ASSERT_(FITS_IN_8_BITS(c)) \
2094 ? (UNLIKELY((c) == '?') \
2095 ? QUESTION_MARK_CTRL \
2096 : (NATIVE_TO_LATIN1(toUPPER((U8) (c))) ^ 64)) \
2097 : (UNLIKELY((c) == QUESTION_MARK_CTRL) \
2099 : (LATIN1_TO_NATIVE(((U8) (c)) ^ 64)))))
2102 /* Line numbers are unsigned, 32 bits. */
2104 #define NOLINE ((line_t) 4294967295UL) /* = FFFFFFFF */
2106 /* Helpful alias for version prescan */
2107 #define is_LAX_VERSION(a,b) \
2108 (a != Perl_prescan_version(aTHX_ a, FALSE, b, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL))
2110 #define is_STRICT_VERSION(a,b) \
2111 (a != Perl_prescan_version(aTHX_ a, TRUE, b, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL))
2113 #define BADVERSION(a,b,c) \
2119 /* Converts a character known to represent a hexadecimal digit (0-9, A-F, or
2120 * a-f) to its numeric value. READ_XDIGIT's argument is a string pointer,
2121 * which is advanced. The input is validated only by an assert() in DEBUGGING
2122 * builds. In both ASCII and EBCDIC the last 4 bits of the digits are 0-9; and
2123 * the last 4 bits of A-F and a-f are 1-6, so adding 9 yields 10-15 */
2124 #define XDIGIT_VALUE(c) (__ASSERT_(isXDIGIT(c)) (0xf & (isDIGIT(c) \
2127 #define READ_XDIGIT(s) (__ASSERT_(isXDIGIT(*s)) (0xf & (isDIGIT(*(s)) \
2131 /* Converts a character known to represent an octal digit (0-7) to its numeric
2132 * value. The input is validated only by an assert() in DEBUGGING builds. In
2133 * both ASCII and EBCDIC the last 3 bits of the octal digits range from 0-7. */
2134 #define OCTAL_VALUE(c) (__ASSERT_(isOCTAL(c)) (7 & (c)))
2136 /* Efficiently returns a boolean as to if two native characters are equivalent
2137 * case-insenstively. At least one of the characters must be one of [A-Za-z];
2138 * the ALPHA in the name is to remind you of that. This is asserted() in
2139 * DEBUGGING builds. Because [A-Za-z] are invariant under UTF-8, this macro
2140 * works (on valid input) for both non- and UTF-8-encoded bytes.
2142 * When one of the inputs is a compile-time constant and gets folded by the
2143 * compiler, this reduces to an AND and a TEST. On both EBCDIC and ASCII
2144 * machines, 'A' and 'a' differ by a single bit; the same with the upper and
2145 * lower case of all other ASCII-range alphabetics. On ASCII platforms, they
2146 * are 32 apart; on EBCDIC, they are 64. At compile time, this uses an
2147 * exclusive 'or' to find that bit and then inverts it to form a mask, with
2148 * just a single 0, in the bit position where the upper- and lowercase differ.
2150 #define isALPHA_FOLD_EQ(c1, c2) \
2151 (__ASSERT_(isALPHA_A(c1) || isALPHA_A(c2)) \
2152 ((c1) & ~('A' ^ 'a')) == ((c2) & ~('A' ^ 'a')))
2153 #define isALPHA_FOLD_NE(c1, c2) (! isALPHA_FOLD_EQ((c1), (c2)))
2156 =head1 Memory Management
2158 =for apidoc Am|void|Newx|void* ptr|int nitems|type
2159 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function.
2161 Memory obtained by this should B<ONLY> be freed with L</"Safefree">.
2163 In 5.9.3, Newx() and friends replace the older New() API, and drops
2164 the first parameter, I<x>, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify
2165 themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option,
2166 PERL_MEM_LOG (see L<perlhacktips/PERL_MEM_LOG>). The older API is still
2167 there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
2169 =for apidoc Am|void|Newxc|void* ptr|int nitems|type|cast
2170 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with
2171 cast. See also C<L</Newx>>.
2173 Memory obtained by this should B<ONLY> be freed with L</"Safefree">.
2175 =for apidoc Am|void|Newxz|void* ptr|int nitems|type
2176 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated
2177 memory is zeroed with C<memzero>. See also C<L</Newx>>.
2179 Memory obtained by this should B<ONLY> be freed with L</"Safefree">.
2181 =for apidoc Am|void|Renew|void* ptr|int nitems|type
2182 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function.
2184 Memory obtained by this should B<ONLY> be freed with L</"Safefree">.
2186 =for apidoc Am|void|Renewc|void* ptr|int nitems|type|cast
2187 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with
2190 Memory obtained by this should B<ONLY> be freed with L</"Safefree">.
2192 =for apidoc Am|void|Safefree|void* ptr
2193 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function.
2195 This should B<ONLY> be used on memory obtained using L</"Newx"> and friends.
2197 =for apidoc Am|void|Move|void* src|void* dest|int nitems|type
2198 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<src> is the
2199 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and
2200 C<type> is the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also C<L</Copy>>.
2202 =for apidoc Am|void *|MoveD|void* src|void* dest|int nitems|type
2203 Like C<Move> but returns C<dest>. Useful
2204 for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2207 =for apidoc Am|void|Copy|void* src|void* dest|int nitems|type
2208 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<src> is the
2209 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and
2210 C<type> is the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also C<L</Move>>.
2212 =for apidoc Am|void *|CopyD|void* src|void* dest|int nitems|type
2214 Like C<Copy> but returns C<dest>. Useful
2215 for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2218 =for apidoc Am|void|Zero|void* dest|int nitems|type
2220 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<dest> is the
2221 destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type.
2223 =for apidoc Am|void *|ZeroD|void* dest|int nitems|type
2225 Like C<Zero> but returns dest. Useful
2226 for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2229 =for apidoc Am|void|StructCopy|type *src|type *dest|type
2230 This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another.
2232 =for apidoc Am|void|PoisonWith|void* dest|int nitems|type|U8 byte
2234 Fill up memory with a byte pattern (a byte repeated over and over
2235 again) that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory.
2237 =for apidoc Am|void|PoisonNew|void* dest|int nitems|type
2239 PoisonWith(0xAB) for catching access to allocated but uninitialized memory.
2241 =for apidoc Am|void|PoisonFree|void* dest|int nitems|type
2243 PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
2245 =for apidoc Am|void|Poison|void* dest|int nitems|type
2247 PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
2251 /* Maintained for backwards-compatibility only. Use newSV() instead. */
2253 #define NEWSV(x,len) newSV(len)
2256 #define MEM_SIZE_MAX ((MEM_SIZE)~0)
2259 #ifdef PERL_MALLOC_WRAP
2261 /* This expression will be constant-folded at compile time. It checks
2262 * whether or not the type of the count n is so small (e.g. U8 or U16, or
2263 * U32 on 64-bit systems) that there's no way a wrap-around could occur.
2264 * As well as avoiding the need for a run-time check in some cases, it's
2265 * designed to avoid compiler warnings like:
2266 * comparison is always false due to limited range of data type
2267 * It's mathematically equivalent to
2268 * max(n) * sizeof(t) > MEM_SIZE_MAX
2271 # define _MEM_WRAP_NEEDS_RUNTIME_CHECK(n,t) \
2272 (8 * sizeof(n) + sizeof(t) > sizeof(MEM_SIZE))
2274 /* This is written in a slightly odd way to avoid various spurious
2275 * compiler warnings. We *want* to write the expression as
2276 * _MEM_WRAP_NEEDS_RUNTIME_CHECK(n,t) && (n > C)
2277 * (for some compile-time constant C), but even when the LHS
2278 * constant-folds to false at compile-time, g++ insists on emitting
2279 * warnings about the RHS (e.g. "comparison is always false"), so instead
2282 * (cond ? n : X) > C
2284 * where X is a constant with X > C always false. Choosing a value for X
2285 * is tricky. If 0, some compilers will complain about 0 > C always being
2286 * false; if 1, Coverity complains when n happens to be the constant value
2287 * '1', that cond ? 1 : 1 has the same value on both branches; so use C
2288 * for X and hope that nothing else whines.
2291 # define _MEM_WRAP_WILL_WRAP(n,t) \
2292 ((_MEM_WRAP_NEEDS_RUNTIME_CHECK(n,t) ? (MEM_SIZE)(n) : \
2293 MEM_SIZE_MAX/sizeof(t)) > MEM_SIZE_MAX/sizeof(t))
2295 # define MEM_WRAP_CHECK(n,t) \
2296 (void)(UNLIKELY(_MEM_WRAP_WILL_WRAP(n,t)) \
2297 && (croak_memory_wrap(),0))
2299 # define MEM_WRAP_CHECK_1(n,t,a) \
2300 (void)(UNLIKELY(_MEM_WRAP_WILL_WRAP(n,t)) \
2301 && (Perl_croak_nocontext("%s",(a)),0))
2303 #define MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) MEM_WRAP_CHECK(n,t),
2305 #define PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP(n) ((void)(((n) > MEM_SIZE_MAX - 2 * PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP_QUANTUM) ? (croak_memory_wrap(),0):0),((n-1+PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP_QUANTUM)&~((MEM_SIZE)PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP_QUANTUM-1)))
2308 #define MEM_WRAP_CHECK(n,t)
2309 #define MEM_WRAP_CHECK_1(n,t,a)
2310 #define MEM_WRAP_CHECK_2(n,t,a,b)
2311 #define MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t)
2313 #define PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP(n) (((n-1+PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP_QUANTUM)&~((MEM_SIZE)PERL_STRLEN_ROUNDUP_QUANTUM-1)))
2319 * If PERL_MEM_LOG is defined, all Newx()s, Renew()s, and Safefree()s
2320 * go through functions, which are handy for debugging breakpoints, but
2321 * which more importantly get the immediate calling environment (file and
2322 * line number, and C function name if available) passed in. This info can
2323 * then be used for logging the calls, for which one gets a sample
2324 * implementation unless -DPERL_MEM_LOG_NOIMPL is also defined.
2327 * - not all memory allocs get logged, only those
2328 * that go through Newx() and derivatives (while all
2329 * Safefrees do get logged)
2330 * - __FILE__ and __LINE__ do not work everywhere
2331 * - __func__ or __FUNCTION__ even less so
2332 * - I think more goes on after the perlio frees but
2333 * the thing is that STDERR gets closed (as do all
2334 * the file descriptors)
2335 * - no deeper calling stack than the caller of the Newx()
2336 * or the kind, but do I look like a C reflection/introspection
2338 * - the function prototypes for the logging functions
2339 * probably should maybe be somewhere else than handy.h
2340 * - one could consider inlining (macrofying) the logging
2341 * for speed, but I am too lazy
2342 * - one could imagine recording the allocations in a hash,
2343 * (keyed by the allocation address?), and maintain that
2344 * through reallocs and frees, but how to do that without
2345 * any News() happening...?
2346 * - lots of -Ddefines to get useful/controllable output
2347 * - lots of ENV reads
2351 # ifndef PERL_MEM_LOG_NOIMPL
2360 # if defined(PERL_IN_SV_C) /* those are only used in sv.c */
2361 void Perl_mem_log_new_sv(const SV *sv, const char *filename, const int linenumber, const char *funcname);
2362 void Perl_mem_log_del_sv(const SV *sv, const char *filename, const int linenumber, const char *funcname);
2369 #define MEM_LOG_ALLOC(n,t,a) Perl_mem_log_alloc(n,sizeof(t),STRINGIFY(t),a,__FILE__,__LINE__,FUNCTION__)
2370 #define MEM_LOG_REALLOC(n,t,v,a) Perl_mem_log_realloc(n,sizeof(t),STRINGIFY(t),v,a,__FILE__,__LINE__,FUNCTION__)
2371 #define MEM_LOG_FREE(a) Perl_mem_log_free(a,__FILE__,__LINE__,FUNCTION__)
2374 #ifndef MEM_LOG_ALLOC
2375 #define MEM_LOG_ALLOC(n,t,a) (a)
2377 #ifndef MEM_LOG_REALLOC
2378 #define MEM_LOG_REALLOC(n,t,v,a) (a)
2380 #ifndef MEM_LOG_FREE
2381 #define MEM_LOG_FREE(a) (a)
2384 #define Newx(v,n,t) (v = (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (t*)MEM_LOG_ALLOC(n,t,safemalloc((MEM_SIZE)((n)*sizeof(t))))))
2385 #define Newxc(v,n,t,c) (v = (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (c*)MEM_LOG_ALLOC(n,t,safemalloc((MEM_SIZE)((n)*sizeof(t))))))
2386 #define Newxz(v,n,t) (v = (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (t*)MEM_LOG_ALLOC(n,t,safecalloc((n),sizeof(t)))))
2389 /* pre 5.9.x compatibility */
2390 #define New(x,v,n,t) Newx(v,n,t)
2391 #define Newc(x,v,n,t,c) Newxc(v,n,t,c)
2392 #define Newz(x,v,n,t) Newxz(v,n,t)
2395 #define Renew(v,n,t) \
2396 (v = (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (t*)MEM_LOG_REALLOC(n,t,v,saferealloc((Malloc_t)(v),(MEM_SIZE)((n)*sizeof(t))))))
2397 #define Renewc(v,n,t,c) \
2398 (v = (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (c*)MEM_LOG_REALLOC(n,t,v,saferealloc((Malloc_t)(v),(MEM_SIZE)((n)*sizeof(t))))))
2401 #define Safefree(d) \
2402 ((d) ? (void)(safefree(MEM_LOG_FREE((Malloc_t)(d))), Poison(&(d), 1, Malloc_t)) : (void) 0)
2404 #define Safefree(d) safefree(MEM_LOG_FREE((Malloc_t)(d)))
2407 #define Move(s,d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (void)memmove((char*)(d),(const char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2408 #define Copy(s,d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (void)memcpy((char*)(d),(const char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2409 #define Zero(d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (void)memzero((char*)(d), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2411 #define MoveD(s,d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) memmove((char*)(d),(const char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2412 #define CopyD(s,d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) memcpy((char*)(d),(const char*)(s), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2414 #define ZeroD(d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) memzero((char*)(d), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2416 /* Using bzero(), which returns void. */
2417 #define ZeroD(d,n,t) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) memzero((char*)(d), (n) * sizeof(t)),d)
2420 #define PoisonWith(d,n,t,b) (MEM_WRAP_CHECK_(n,t) (void)memset((char*)(d), (U8)(b), (n) * sizeof(t)))
2421 #define PoisonNew(d,n,t) PoisonWith(d,n,t,0xAB)
2422 #define PoisonFree(d,n,t) PoisonWith(d,n,t,0xEF)
2423 #define Poison(d,n,t) PoisonFree(d,n,t)
2426 # define PERL_POISON_EXPR(x) x
2428 # define PERL_POISON_EXPR(x)
2431 #ifdef USE_STRUCT_COPY
2432 #define StructCopy(s,d,t) (*((t*)(d)) = *((t*)(s)))
2434 #define StructCopy(s,d,t) Copy(s,d,1,t)
2437 /* C_ARRAY_LENGTH is the number of elements in the C array (so you
2438 * want your zero-based indices to be less than but not equal to).
2440 * C_ARRAY_END is one past the last: half-open/half-closed range,
2441 * not last-inclusive range. */
2442 #define C_ARRAY_LENGTH(a) (sizeof(a)/sizeof((a)[0]))
2443 #define C_ARRAY_END(a) ((a) + C_ARRAY_LENGTH(a))
2447 # define Perl_va_copy(s, d) va_copy(d, s)
2449 # if defined(__va_copy)
2450 # define Perl_va_copy(s, d) __va_copy(d, s)
2452 # define Perl_va_copy(s, d) Copy(s, d, 1, va_list)
2457 /* convenience debug macros */
2459 #define pTHX_FORMAT "Perl interpreter: 0x%p"
2460 #define pTHX__FORMAT ", Perl interpreter: 0x%p"
2461 #define pTHX_VALUE_ (void *)my_perl,
2462 #define pTHX_VALUE (void *)my_perl
2463 #define pTHX__VALUE_ ,(void *)my_perl,
2464 #define pTHX__VALUE ,(void *)my_perl
2467 #define pTHX__FORMAT
2470 #define pTHX__VALUE_
2472 #endif /* USE_ITHREADS */
2474 /* Perl_deprecate was not part of the public API, and did not have a deprecate()
2475 shortcut macro defined without -DPERL_CORE. Neither codesearch.google.com nor
2476 CPAN::Unpack show any users outside the core. */
2478 # define deprecate(s) Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), \
2479 "Use of " s " is deprecated")
2480 # define deprecate_disappears_in(when,message) \
2481 Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), \
2482 message ", and will disappear in Perl " when)
2483 # define deprecate_fatal_in(when,message) \
2484 Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_DEPRECATED), \
2485 message ". Its use will be fatal in Perl " when)
2488 /* Internal macros to deal with gids and uids */
2491 # if Uid_t_size > IVSIZE
2492 # define sv_setuid(sv, uid) sv_setnv((sv), (NV)(uid))
2493 # define SvUID(sv) SvNV(sv)
2495 # if Uid_t_sign <= 0
2496 # define sv_setuid(sv, uid) sv_setiv((sv), (IV)(uid))
2497 # define SvUID(sv) SvIV(sv)
2499 # define sv_setuid(sv, uid) sv_setuv((sv), (UV)(uid))
2500 # define SvUID(sv) SvUV(sv)
2502 # endif /* Uid_t_size */
2504 # if Gid_t_size > IVSIZE
2505 # define sv_setgid(sv, gid) sv_setnv((sv), (NV)(gid))
2506 # define SvGID(sv) SvNV(sv)
2508 # if Gid_t_sign <= 0
2509 # define sv_setgid(sv, gid) sv_setiv((sv), (IV)(gid))
2510 # define SvGID(sv) SvIV(sv)
2512 # define sv_setgid(sv, gid) sv_setuv((sv), (UV)(gid))
2513 # define SvGID(sv) SvUV(sv)
2515 # endif /* Gid_t_size */
2519 #endif /* HANDY_H */
2522 * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
https://perl5.git.perl.org / perl5.git / blob