4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
5 * 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 by Larry Wall and others
7 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
8 * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
13 * 'You see: Mr. Drogo, he married poor Miss Primula Brandybuck. She was
14 * our Mr. Bilbo's first cousin on the mother's side (her mother being the
15 * youngest of the Old Took's daughters); and Mr. Drogo was his second
16 * cousin. So Mr. Frodo is his first *and* second cousin, once removed
17 * either way, as the saying is, if you follow me.' --the Gaffer
19 * [p.23 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/i: "A Long-Expected Party"]
22 /* This file contains the functions that create, manipulate and optimize
23 * the OP structures that hold a compiled perl program.
25 * A Perl program is compiled into a tree of OPs. Each op contains
26 * structural pointers (eg to its siblings and the next op in the
27 * execution sequence), a pointer to the function that would execute the
28 * op, plus any data specific to that op. For example, an OP_CONST op
29 * points to the pp_const() function and to an SV containing the constant
30 * value. When pp_const() is executed, its job is to push that SV onto the
33 * OPs are mainly created by the newFOO() functions, which are mainly
34 * called from the parser (in perly.y) as the code is parsed. For example
35 * the Perl code $a + $b * $c would cause the equivalent of the following
36 * to be called (oversimplifying a bit):
38 * newBINOP(OP_ADD, flags,
40 * newBINOP(OP_MULTIPLY, flags, newSVREF($b), newSVREF($c))
43 * Note that during the build of miniperl, a temporary copy of this file
44 * is made, called opmini.c.
48 Perl's compiler is essentially a 3-pass compiler with interleaved phases:
52 An execution-order pass
54 The bottom-up pass is represented by all the "newOP" routines and
55 the ck_ routines. The bottom-upness is actually driven by yacc.
56 So at the point that a ck_ routine fires, we have no idea what the
57 context is, either upward in the syntax tree, or either forward or
58 backward in the execution order. (The bottom-up parser builds that
59 part of the execution order it knows about, but if you follow the "next"
60 links around, you'll find it's actually a closed loop through the
63 Whenever the bottom-up parser gets to a node that supplies context to
64 its components, it invokes that portion of the top-down pass that applies
65 to that part of the subtree (and marks the top node as processed, so
66 if a node further up supplies context, it doesn't have to take the
67 plunge again). As a particular subcase of this, as the new node is
68 built, it takes all the closed execution loops of its subcomponents
69 and links them into a new closed loop for the higher level node. But
70 it's still not the real execution order.
72 The actual execution order is not known till we get a grammar reduction
73 to a top-level unit like a subroutine or file that will be called by
74 "name" rather than via a "next" pointer. At that point, we can call
75 into peep() to do that code's portion of the 3rd pass. It has to be
76 recursive, but it's recursive on basic blocks, not on tree nodes.
79 /* To implement user lexical pragmas, there needs to be a way at run time to
80 get the compile time state of %^H for that block. Storing %^H in every
81 block (or even COP) would be very expensive, so a different approach is
82 taken. The (running) state of %^H is serialised into a tree of HE-like
83 structs. Stores into %^H are chained onto the current leaf as a struct
84 refcounted_he * with the key and the value. Deletes from %^H are saved
85 with a value of PL_sv_placeholder. The state of %^H at any point can be
86 turned back into a regular HV by walking back up the tree from that point's
87 leaf, ignoring any key you've already seen (placeholder or not), storing
88 the rest into the HV structure, then removing the placeholders. Hence
89 memory is only used to store the %^H deltas from the enclosing COP, rather
90 than the entire %^H on each COP.
92 To cause actions on %^H to write out the serialisation records, it has
93 magic type 'H'. This magic (itself) does nothing, but its presence causes
94 the values to gain magic type 'h', which has entries for set and clear.
95 C<Perl_magic_sethint> updates C<PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash> with a store
96 record, with deletes written by C<Perl_magic_clearhint>. C<SAVEHINTS>
97 saves the current C<PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash> on the save stack, so that
98 it will be correctly restored when any inner compiling scope is exited.
104 #include "keywords.h"
106 #define CALL_PEEP(o) PL_peepp(aTHX_ o)
107 #define CALL_RPEEP(o) PL_rpeepp(aTHX_ o)
108 #define CALL_OPFREEHOOK(o) if (PL_opfreehook) PL_opfreehook(aTHX_ o)
110 #if defined(PL_OP_SLAB_ALLOC)
112 #ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
113 # define PERL_SLAB_SIZE 4096
114 # include <sys/mman.h>
117 #ifndef PERL_SLAB_SIZE
118 #define PERL_SLAB_SIZE 2048
122 Perl_Slab_Alloc(pTHX_ size_t sz)
126 * To make incrementing use count easy PL_OpSlab is an I32 *
127 * To make inserting the link to slab PL_OpPtr is I32 **
128 * So compute size in units of sizeof(I32 *) as that is how Pl_OpPtr increments
129 * Add an overhead for pointer to slab and round up as a number of pointers
131 sz = (sz + 2*sizeof(I32 *) -1)/sizeof(I32 *);
132 if ((PL_OpSpace -= sz) < 0) {
133 #ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
134 /* We need to allocate chunk by chunk so that we can control the VM
136 PL_OpPtr = (I32**) mmap(0, PERL_SLAB_SIZE*sizeof(I32*), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
137 MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
139 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "mapped %lu at %p\n",
140 (unsigned long) PERL_SLAB_SIZE*sizeof(I32*),
142 if(PL_OpPtr == MAP_FAILED) {
143 perror("mmap failed");
148 PL_OpPtr = (I32 **) PerlMemShared_calloc(PERL_SLAB_SIZE,sizeof(I32*));
153 /* We reserve the 0'th I32 sized chunk as a use count */
154 PL_OpSlab = (I32 *) PL_OpPtr;
155 /* Reduce size by the use count word, and by the size we need.
156 * Latter is to mimic the '-=' in the if() above
158 PL_OpSpace = PERL_SLAB_SIZE - (sizeof(I32)+sizeof(I32 **)-1)/sizeof(I32 **) - sz;
159 /* Allocation pointer starts at the top.
160 Theory: because we build leaves before trunk allocating at end
161 means that at run time access is cache friendly upward
163 PL_OpPtr += PERL_SLAB_SIZE;
165 #ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
166 /* We remember this slab. */
167 /* This implementation isn't efficient, but it is simple. */
168 PL_slabs = (I32**) realloc(PL_slabs, sizeof(I32**) * (PL_slab_count + 1));
169 PL_slabs[PL_slab_count++] = PL_OpSlab;
170 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log, "Allocate %p\n", PL_OpSlab));
173 assert( PL_OpSpace >= 0 );
174 /* Move the allocation pointer down */
176 assert( PL_OpPtr > (I32 **) PL_OpSlab );
177 *PL_OpPtr = PL_OpSlab; /* Note which slab it belongs to */
178 (*PL_OpSlab)++; /* Increment use count of slab */
179 assert( PL_OpPtr+sz <= ((I32 **) PL_OpSlab + PERL_SLAB_SIZE) );
180 assert( *PL_OpSlab > 0 );
181 return (void *)(PL_OpPtr + 1);
184 #ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
186 Perl_pending_Slabs_to_ro(pTHX) {
187 /* Turn all the allocated op slabs read only. */
188 U32 count = PL_slab_count;
189 I32 **const slabs = PL_slabs;
191 /* Reset the array of pending OP slabs, as we're about to turn this lot
192 read only. Also, do it ahead of the loop in case the warn triggers,
193 and a warn handler has an eval */
198 /* Force a new slab for any further allocation. */
202 void *const start = slabs[count];
203 const size_t size = PERL_SLAB_SIZE* sizeof(I32*);
204 if(mprotect(start, size, PROT_READ)) {
205 Perl_warn(aTHX_ "mprotect for %p %lu failed with %d",
206 start, (unsigned long) size, errno);
214 S_Slab_to_rw(pTHX_ void *op)
216 I32 * const * const ptr = (I32 **) op;
217 I32 * const slab = ptr[-1];
219 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SLAB_TO_RW;
221 assert( ptr-1 > (I32 **) slab );
222 assert( ptr < ( (I32 **) slab + PERL_SLAB_SIZE) );
224 if(mprotect(slab, PERL_SLAB_SIZE*sizeof(I32*), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE)) {
225 Perl_warn(aTHX_ "mprotect RW for %p %lu failed with %d",
226 slab, (unsigned long) PERL_SLAB_SIZE*sizeof(I32*), errno);
231 Perl_op_refcnt_inc(pTHX_ OP *o)
242 Perl_op_refcnt_dec(pTHX_ OP *o)
244 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_REFCNT_DEC;
249 # define Slab_to_rw(op)
253 Perl_Slab_Free(pTHX_ void *op)
255 I32 * const * const ptr = (I32 **) op;
256 I32 * const slab = ptr[-1];
257 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SLAB_FREE;
258 assert( ptr-1 > (I32 **) slab );
259 assert( ptr < ( (I32 **) slab + PERL_SLAB_SIZE) );
262 if (--(*slab) == 0) {
264 # define PerlMemShared PerlMem
267 #ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
268 U32 count = PL_slab_count;
269 /* Need to remove this slab from our list of slabs */
272 if (PL_slabs[count] == slab) {
274 /* Found it. Move the entry at the end to overwrite it. */
275 DEBUG_m(PerlIO_printf(Perl_debug_log,
276 "Deallocate %p by moving %p from %lu to %lu\n",
278 PL_slabs[PL_slab_count - 1],
279 PL_slab_count, count));
280 PL_slabs[count] = PL_slabs[--PL_slab_count];
281 /* Could realloc smaller at this point, but probably not
283 if(munmap(slab, PERL_SLAB_SIZE*sizeof(I32*))) {
284 perror("munmap failed");
292 PerlMemShared_free(slab);
294 if (slab == PL_OpSlab) {
301 * In the following definition, the ", (OP*)0" is just to make the compiler
302 * think the expression is of the right type: croak actually does a Siglongjmp.
304 #define CHECKOP(type,o) \
305 ((PL_op_mask && PL_op_mask[type]) \
306 ? ( op_free((OP*)o), \
307 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "'%s' trapped by operation mask", PL_op_desc[type]), \
309 : PL_check[type](aTHX_ (OP*)o))
311 #define RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER (PERL_INT_MAX / 2)
313 #define CHANGE_TYPE(o,type) \
315 o->op_type = (OPCODE)type; \
316 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type]; \
320 S_gv_ename(pTHX_ GV *gv)
322 SV* const tmpsv = sv_newmortal();
324 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_GV_ENAME;
326 gv_efullname3(tmpsv, gv, NULL);
327 return SvPV_nolen_const(tmpsv);
331 S_no_fh_allowed(pTHX_ OP *o)
333 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NO_FH_ALLOWED;
335 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Missing comma after first argument to %s function",
341 S_too_few_arguments(pTHX_ OP *o, const char *name)
343 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS;
345 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Not enough arguments for %s", name));
350 S_too_many_arguments(pTHX_ OP *o, const char *name)
352 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS;
354 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Too many arguments for %s", name));
359 S_bad_type(pTHX_ I32 n, const char *t, const char *name, const OP *kid)
361 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BAD_TYPE;
363 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Type of arg %d to %s must be %s (not %s)",
364 (int)n, name, t, OP_DESC(kid)));
368 S_no_bareword_allowed(pTHX_ const OP *o)
370 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NO_BAREWORD_ALLOWED;
373 return; /* various ok barewords are hidden in extra OP_NULL */
374 qerror(Perl_mess(aTHX_
375 "Bareword \"%"SVf"\" not allowed while \"strict subs\" in use",
379 /* "register" allocation */
382 Perl_allocmy(pTHX_ const char *const name, const STRLEN len, const U32 flags)
386 const bool is_our = (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our);
388 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ALLOCMY;
391 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: allocmy illegal flag bits 0x%" UVxf,
394 /* Until we're using the length for real, cross check that we're being
396 assert(strlen(name) == len);
398 /* complain about "my $<special_var>" etc etc */
402 (USE_UTF8_IN_NAMES && UTF8_IS_START(name[1])) ||
403 (name[1] == '_' && (*name == '$' || len > 2))))
405 /* name[2] is true if strlen(name) > 2 */
406 if (!isPRINT(name[1]) || strchr("\t\n\r\f", name[1])) {
407 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't use global %c^%c%.*s in \"%s\"",
408 name[0], toCTRL(name[1]), (int)(len - 2), name + 2,
409 PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
411 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't use global %.*s in \"%s\"", (int) len, name,
412 PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
416 /* allocate a spare slot and store the name in that slot */
418 off = pad_add_name(name, len,
419 is_our ? padadd_OUR :
420 PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? padadd_STATE : 0,
421 PL_parser->in_my_stash,
423 /* $_ is always in main::, even with our */
424 ? (PL_curstash && !strEQ(name,"$_") ? PL_curstash : PL_defstash)
428 /* anon sub prototypes contains state vars should always be cloned,
429 * otherwise the state var would be shared between anon subs */
431 if (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state && CvANON(PL_compcv))
432 CvCLONE_on(PL_compcv);
437 /* free the body of an op without examining its contents.
438 * Always use this rather than FreeOp directly */
441 S_op_destroy(pTHX_ OP *o)
443 if (o->op_latefree) {
451 # define forget_pmop(a,b) S_forget_pmop(aTHX_ a,b)
453 # define forget_pmop(a,b) S_forget_pmop(aTHX_ a)
459 Perl_op_free(pTHX_ OP *o)
466 if (o->op_latefreed) {
473 if (o->op_private & OPpREFCOUNTED) {
484 refcnt = OpREFCNT_dec(o);
487 /* Need to find and remove any pattern match ops from the list
488 we maintain for reset(). */
489 find_and_forget_pmops(o);
499 /* Call the op_free hook if it has been set. Do it now so that it's called
500 * at the right time for refcounted ops, but still before all of the kids
504 if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
505 register OP *kid, *nextkid;
506 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first; kid; kid = nextkid) {
507 nextkid = kid->op_sibling; /* Get before next freeing kid */
512 #ifdef PERL_DEBUG_READONLY_OPS
516 /* COP* is not cleared by op_clear() so that we may track line
517 * numbers etc even after null() */
518 if (type == OP_NEXTSTATE || type == OP_DBSTATE
519 || (type == OP_NULL /* the COP might have been null'ed */
520 && ((OPCODE)o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
521 || (OPCODE)o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE))) {
526 type = (OPCODE)o->op_targ;
529 if (o->op_latefree) {
535 #ifdef DEBUG_LEAKING_SCALARS
542 Perl_op_clear(pTHX_ OP *o)
547 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_CLEAR;
550 /* if (o->op_madprop && o->op_madprop->mad_next)
552 /* FIXME for MAD - if I uncomment these two lines t/op/pack.t fails with
553 "modification of a read only value" for a reason I can't fathom why.
554 It's the "" stringification of $_, where $_ was set to '' in a foreach
555 loop, but it defies simplification into a small test case.
556 However, commenting them out has caused ext/List/Util/t/weak.t to fail
559 mad_free(o->op_madprop);
565 switch (o->op_type) {
566 case OP_NULL: /* Was holding old type, if any. */
567 if (PL_madskills && o->op_targ != OP_NULL) {
568 o->op_type = (Optype)o->op_targ;
573 case OP_ENTEREVAL: /* Was holding hints. */
577 if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_REF)
578 || (PL_check[o->op_type] != Perl_ck_ftst))
584 if (! (o->op_type == OP_AELEMFAST && o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)) {
585 /* not an OP_PADAV replacement */
586 GV *gv = (o->op_type == OP_GV || o->op_type == OP_GVSV)
591 /* It's possible during global destruction that the GV is freed
592 before the optree. Whilst the SvREFCNT_inc is happy to bump from
593 0 to 1 on a freed SV, the corresponding SvREFCNT_dec from 1 to 0
594 will trigger an assertion failure, because the entry to sv_clear
595 checks that the scalar is not already freed. A check of for
596 !SvIS_FREED(gv) turns out to be invalid, because during global
597 destruction the reference count can be forced down to zero
598 (with SVf_BREAK set). In which case raising to 1 and then
599 dropping to 0 triggers cleanup before it should happen. I
600 *think* that this might actually be a general, systematic,
601 weakness of the whole idea of SVf_BREAK, in that code *is*
602 allowed to raise and lower references during global destruction,
603 so any *valid* code that happens to do this during global
604 destruction might well trigger premature cleanup. */
605 bool still_valid = gv && SvREFCNT(gv);
608 SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(gv);
610 if (cPADOPo->op_padix > 0) {
611 /* No GvIN_PAD_off(cGVOPo_gv) here, because other references
612 * may still exist on the pad */
613 pad_swipe(cPADOPo->op_padix, TRUE);
614 cPADOPo->op_padix = 0;
617 SvREFCNT_dec(cSVOPo->op_sv);
618 cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
621 int try_downgrade = SvREFCNT(gv) == 2;
624 gv_try_downgrade(gv);
628 case OP_METHOD_NAMED:
631 SvREFCNT_dec(cSVOPo->op_sv);
632 cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
635 Even if op_clear does a pad_free for the target of the op,
636 pad_free doesn't actually remove the sv that exists in the pad;
637 instead it lives on. This results in that it could be reused as
638 a target later on when the pad was reallocated.
641 pad_swipe(o->op_targ,1);
650 if (o->op_flags & (OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED|OPf_KIDS))
654 if (o->op_private & (OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF|OPpTRANS_TO_UTF)) {
656 if (cPADOPo->op_padix > 0) {
657 pad_swipe(cPADOPo->op_padix, TRUE);
658 cPADOPo->op_padix = 0;
661 SvREFCNT_dec(cSVOPo->op_sv);
662 cSVOPo->op_sv = NULL;
666 PerlMemShared_free(cPVOPo->op_pv);
667 cPVOPo->op_pv = NULL;
671 op_free(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot);
675 if (cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff) {
676 /* No GvIN_PAD_off here, because other references may still
677 * exist on the pad */
678 pad_swipe(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff, TRUE);
681 SvREFCNT_dec(MUTABLE_SV(cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv));
687 forget_pmop(cPMOPo, 1);
688 cPMOPo->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot = NULL;
689 /* we use the same protection as the "SAFE" version of the PM_ macros
690 * here since sv_clean_all might release some PMOPs
691 * after PL_regex_padav has been cleared
692 * and the clearing of PL_regex_padav needs to
693 * happen before sv_clean_all
696 if(PL_regex_pad) { /* We could be in destruction */
697 const IV offset = (cPMOPo)->op_pmoffset;
698 ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(cPMOPo));
699 PL_regex_pad[offset] = &PL_sv_undef;
700 sv_catpvn_nomg(PL_regex_pad[0], (const char *)&offset,
704 ReREFCNT_dec(PM_GETRE(cPMOPo));
705 PM_SETRE(cPMOPo, NULL);
711 if (o->op_targ > 0) {
712 pad_free(o->op_targ);
718 S_cop_free(pTHX_ COP* cop)
720 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_COP_FREE;
724 if (! specialWARN(cop->cop_warnings))
725 PerlMemShared_free(cop->cop_warnings);
726 cophh_free(CopHINTHASH_get(cop));
730 S_forget_pmop(pTHX_ PMOP *const o
736 HV * const pmstash = PmopSTASH(o);
738 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FORGET_PMOP;
740 if (pmstash && !SvIS_FREED(pmstash)) {
741 MAGIC * const mg = mg_find((const SV *)pmstash, PERL_MAGIC_symtab);
743 PMOP **const array = (PMOP**) mg->mg_ptr;
744 U32 count = mg->mg_len / sizeof(PMOP**);
749 /* Found it. Move the entry at the end to overwrite it. */
750 array[i] = array[--count];
751 mg->mg_len = count * sizeof(PMOP**);
752 /* Could realloc smaller at this point always, but probably
753 not worth it. Probably worth free()ing if we're the
756 Safefree(mg->mg_ptr);
773 S_find_and_forget_pmops(pTHX_ OP *o)
775 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FIND_AND_FORGET_PMOPS;
777 if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
778 OP *kid = cUNOPo->op_first;
780 switch (kid->op_type) {
785 forget_pmop((PMOP*)kid, 0);
787 find_and_forget_pmops(kid);
788 kid = kid->op_sibling;
794 Perl_op_null(pTHX_ OP *o)
798 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_NULL;
800 if (o->op_type == OP_NULL)
804 o->op_targ = o->op_type;
805 o->op_type = OP_NULL;
806 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_NULL];
810 Perl_op_refcnt_lock(pTHX)
818 Perl_op_refcnt_unlock(pTHX)
825 /* Contextualizers */
828 =for apidoc Am|OP *|op_contextualize|OP *o|I32 context
830 Applies a syntactic context to an op tree representing an expression.
831 I<o> is the op tree, and I<context> must be C<G_SCALAR>, C<G_ARRAY>,
832 or C<G_VOID> to specify the context to apply. The modified op tree
839 Perl_op_contextualize(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 context)
841 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_CONTEXTUALIZE;
843 case G_SCALAR: return scalar(o);
844 case G_ARRAY: return list(o);
845 case G_VOID: return scalarvoid(o);
847 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: op_contextualize bad context");
853 =head1 Optree Manipulation Functions
855 =for apidoc Am|OP*|op_linklist|OP *o
856 This function is the implementation of the L</LINKLIST> macro. It should
857 not be called directly.
863 Perl_op_linklist(pTHX_ OP *o)
867 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OP_LINKLIST;
872 /* establish postfix order */
873 first = cUNOPo->op_first;
876 o->op_next = LINKLIST(first);
879 if (kid->op_sibling) {
880 kid->op_next = LINKLIST(kid->op_sibling);
881 kid = kid->op_sibling;
895 S_scalarkids(pTHX_ OP *o)
897 if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
899 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
906 S_scalarboolean(pTHX_ OP *o)
910 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCALARBOOLEAN;
912 if (o->op_type == OP_SASSIGN && cBINOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_CONST) {
913 if (ckWARN(WARN_SYNTAX)) {
914 const line_t oldline = CopLINE(PL_curcop);
916 if (PL_parser && PL_parser->copline != NOLINE)
917 CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, PL_parser->copline);
918 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX), "Found = in conditional, should be ==");
919 CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, oldline);
926 Perl_scalar(pTHX_ OP *o)
931 /* assumes no premature commitment */
932 if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
933 || (o->op_flags & OPf_WANT)
934 || o->op_type == OP_RETURN)
939 o->op_flags = (o->op_flags & ~OPf_WANT) | OPf_WANT_SCALAR;
941 switch (o->op_type) {
943 scalar(cBINOPo->op_first);
948 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
958 if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
959 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
965 kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
967 kid = kid->op_sibling;
970 OP *sib = kid->op_sibling;
971 if (sib && kid->op_type != OP_LEAVEWHEN) {
972 if (sib->op_type == OP_BREAK && sib->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
982 PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
987 kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
990 Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_VOID), "Useless use of sort in scalar context");
997 Perl_scalarvoid(pTHX_ OP *o)
1001 const char* useless = NULL;
1005 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCALARVOID;
1007 /* trailing mad null ops don't count as "there" for void processing */
1009 o->op_type != OP_NULL &&
1011 o->op_sibling->op_type == OP_NULL)
1014 for (sib = o->op_sibling;
1015 sib && sib->op_type == OP_NULL;
1016 sib = sib->op_sibling) ;
1022 if (o->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE
1023 || o->op_type == OP_DBSTATE
1024 || (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_targ == OP_NEXTSTATE
1025 || o->op_targ == OP_DBSTATE)))
1026 PL_curcop = (COP*)o; /* for warning below */
1028 /* assumes no premature commitment */
1029 want = o->op_flags & OPf_WANT;
1030 if ((want && want != OPf_WANT_SCALAR)
1031 || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
1032 || o->op_type == OP_RETURN || o->op_type == OP_REQUIRE || o->op_type == OP_LEAVEWHEN)
1037 if ((o->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
1038 && (PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_TARGLEX))/* OPp share the meaning */
1040 return scalar(o); /* As if inside SASSIGN */
1043 o->op_flags = (o->op_flags & ~OPf_WANT) | OPf_WANT_VOID;
1045 switch (o->op_type) {
1047 if (!(PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_FOLDCONST))
1051 if (o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)
1055 if (o->op_private == 4)
1098 case OP_GETSOCKNAME:
1099 case OP_GETPEERNAME:
1104 case OP_GETPRIORITY:
1128 if (!(o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpOUR_INTRO)))
1129 /* Otherwise it's "Useless use of grep iterator" */
1130 useless = OP_DESC(o);
1134 kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
1135 if (kid && kid->op_type == OP_PUSHRE
1137 && !((PMOP*)kid)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff)
1139 && !((PMOP*)kid)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv)
1141 useless = OP_DESC(o);
1145 kid = cUNOPo->op_first;
1146 if (kid->op_type != OP_MATCH && kid->op_type != OP_SUBST &&
1147 kid->op_type != OP_TRANS) {
1150 useless = "negative pattern binding (!~)";
1154 if (cPMOPo->op_pmflags & PMf_NONDESTRUCT)
1155 useless = "non-destructive substitution (s///r)";
1162 if (!(o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpOUR_INTRO)) &&
1163 (!o->op_sibling || o->op_sibling->op_type != OP_READLINE))
1164 useless = "a variable";
1169 if (cSVOPo->op_private & OPpCONST_STRICT)
1170 no_bareword_allowed(o);
1172 if (ckWARN(WARN_VOID)) {
1174 SV* msv = sv_2mortal(Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_
1175 "a constant (%"SVf")", sv));
1176 useless = SvPV_nolen(msv);
1179 useless = "a constant (undef)";
1180 if (o->op_private & OPpCONST_ARYBASE)
1182 /* don't warn on optimised away booleans, eg
1183 * use constant Foo, 5; Foo || print; */
1184 if (cSVOPo->op_private & OPpCONST_SHORTCIRCUIT)
1186 /* the constants 0 and 1 are permitted as they are
1187 conventionally used as dummies in constructs like
1188 1 while some_condition_with_side_effects; */
1189 else if (SvNIOK(sv) && (SvNV(sv) == 0.0 || SvNV(sv) == 1.0))
1191 else if (SvPOK(sv)) {
1192 /* perl4's way of mixing documentation and code
1193 (before the invention of POD) was based on a
1194 trick to mix nroff and perl code. The trick was
1195 built upon these three nroff macros being used in
1196 void context. The pink camel has the details in
1197 the script wrapman near page 319. */
1198 const char * const maybe_macro = SvPVX_const(sv);
1199 if (strnEQ(maybe_macro, "di", 2) ||
1200 strnEQ(maybe_macro, "ds", 2) ||
1201 strnEQ(maybe_macro, "ig", 2))
1206 op_null(o); /* don't execute or even remember it */
1210 o->op_type = OP_PREINC; /* pre-increment is faster */
1211 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_PREINC];
1215 o->op_type = OP_PREDEC; /* pre-decrement is faster */
1216 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_PREDEC];
1220 o->op_type = OP_I_PREINC; /* pre-increment is faster */
1221 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_I_PREINC];
1225 o->op_type = OP_I_PREDEC; /* pre-decrement is faster */
1226 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_I_PREDEC];
1231 kid = cLOGOPo->op_first;
1232 if (kid->op_type == OP_NOT
1233 && (kid->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
1235 if (o->op_type == OP_AND) {
1237 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_OR];
1239 o->op_type = OP_AND;
1240 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_AND];
1249 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1254 if (o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)
1261 if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
1272 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1282 Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_VOID), "Useless use of %s in void context", useless);
1287 S_listkids(pTHX_ OP *o)
1289 if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
1291 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1298 Perl_list(pTHX_ OP *o)
1303 /* assumes no premature commitment */
1304 if (!o || (o->op_flags & OPf_WANT)
1305 || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
1306 || o->op_type == OP_RETURN)
1311 if ((o->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
1312 && (PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_TARGLEX))/* OPp share the meaning */
1314 return o; /* As if inside SASSIGN */
1317 o->op_flags = (o->op_flags & ~OPf_WANT) | OPf_WANT_LIST;
1319 switch (o->op_type) {
1322 list(cBINOPo->op_first);
1327 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1335 if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
1337 if (!o->op_next && cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_FLOP) {
1338 list(cBINOPo->op_first);
1339 return gen_constant_list(o);
1346 kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
1348 kid = kid->op_sibling;
1351 OP *sib = kid->op_sibling;
1352 if (sib && kid->op_type != OP_LEAVEWHEN) {
1353 if (sib->op_type == OP_BREAK && sib->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
1363 PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
1367 kid = cLISTOPo->op_first;
1374 S_scalarseq(pTHX_ OP *o)
1378 const OPCODE type = o->op_type;
1380 if (type == OP_LINESEQ || type == OP_SCOPE ||
1381 type == OP_LEAVE || type == OP_LEAVETRY)
1384 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling) {
1385 if (kid->op_sibling) {
1389 PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
1391 o->op_flags &= ~OPf_PARENS;
1392 if (PL_hints & HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE)
1393 o->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS;
1396 o = newOP(OP_STUB, 0);
1401 S_modkids(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type)
1403 if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
1405 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1406 op_lvalue(kid, type);
1412 =for apidoc Amx|OP *|op_lvalue|OP *o|I32 type
1414 Propagate lvalue ("modifiable") context to an op and its children.
1415 I<type> represents the context type, roughly based on the type of op that
1416 would do the modifying, although C<local()> is represented by OP_NULL,
1417 because it has no op type of its own (it is signalled by a flag on
1418 the lvalue op). This function detects things that can't be modified,
1419 such as C<$x+1>, and generates errors for them. It also flags things
1420 that need to behave specially in an lvalue context, such as C<$$x>
1421 which might have to vivify a reference in C<$x>.
1427 Perl_op_lvalue(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type)
1431 /* -1 = error on localize, 0 = ignore localize, 1 = ok to localize */
1434 if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count))
1437 if ((o->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY)
1438 && (PL_opargs[o->op_type] & OA_TARGLEX))/* OPp share the meaning */
1443 switch (o->op_type) {
1449 if (!(o->op_private & OPpCONST_ARYBASE))
1452 if (PL_eval_start && PL_eval_start->op_type == OP_CONST) {
1453 CopARYBASE_set(&PL_compiling,
1454 (I32)SvIV(cSVOPx(PL_eval_start)->op_sv));
1458 SAVECOPARYBASE(&PL_compiling);
1459 CopARYBASE_set(&PL_compiling, 0);
1461 else if (type == OP_REFGEN)
1464 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "That use of $[ is unsupported");
1467 if ((o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS) || PL_madskills)
1471 if ((type == OP_UNDEF || type == OP_REFGEN) &&
1472 !(o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)) {
1473 o->op_type = OP_RV2CV; /* entersub => rv2cv */
1474 /* The default is to set op_private to the number of children,
1475 which for a UNOP such as RV2CV is always 1. And w're using
1476 the bit for a flag in RV2CV, so we need it clear. */
1477 o->op_private &= ~1;
1478 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2CV];
1479 assert(cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_NULL);
1480 op_null(((LISTOP*)cUNOPo->op_first)->op_first);/* disable pushmark */
1483 else if (o->op_private & OPpENTERSUB_NOMOD)
1485 else { /* lvalue subroutine call */
1486 o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
1487 PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
1488 if (type == OP_GREPSTART || type == OP_ENTERSUB || type == OP_REFGEN) {
1489 /* Backward compatibility mode: */
1490 o->op_private |= OPpENTERSUB_INARGS;
1493 else { /* Compile-time error message: */
1494 OP *kid = cUNOPo->op_first;
1498 if (kid->op_type != OP_PUSHMARK) {
1499 if (kid->op_type != OP_NULL || kid->op_targ != OP_LIST)
1501 "panic: unexpected lvalue entersub "
1502 "args: type/targ %ld:%"UVuf,
1503 (long)kid->op_type, (UV)kid->op_targ);
1504 kid = kLISTOP->op_first;
1506 while (kid->op_sibling)
1507 kid = kid->op_sibling;
1508 if (!(kid->op_type == OP_NULL && kid->op_targ == OP_RV2CV)) {
1510 if (kid->op_type == OP_METHOD_NAMED
1511 || kid->op_type == OP_METHOD)
1515 NewOp(1101, newop, 1, UNOP);
1516 newop->op_type = OP_RV2CV;
1517 newop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2CV];
1518 newop->op_first = NULL;
1519 newop->op_next = (OP*)newop;
1520 kid->op_sibling = (OP*)newop;
1521 newop->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
1522 newop->op_private &= ~1;
1526 if (kid->op_type != OP_RV2CV)
1528 "panic: unexpected lvalue entersub "
1529 "entry via type/targ %ld:%"UVuf,
1530 (long)kid->op_type, (UV)kid->op_targ);
1531 kid->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
1532 break; /* Postpone until runtime */
1536 kid = kUNOP->op_first;
1537 if (kid->op_type == OP_NULL && kid->op_targ == OP_RV2SV)
1538 kid = kUNOP->op_first;
1539 if (kid->op_type == OP_NULL)
1541 "Unexpected constant lvalue entersub "
1542 "entry via type/targ %ld:%"UVuf,
1543 (long)kid->op_type, (UV)kid->op_targ);
1544 if (kid->op_type != OP_GV) {
1545 /* Restore RV2CV to check lvalueness */
1547 if (kid->op_next && kid->op_next != kid) { /* Happens? */
1548 okid->op_next = kid->op_next;
1549 kid->op_next = okid;
1552 okid->op_next = NULL;
1553 okid->op_type = OP_RV2CV;
1555 okid->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2CV];
1556 okid->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
1557 okid->op_private &= ~1;
1561 cv = GvCV(kGVOP_gv);
1571 /* grep, foreach, subcalls, refgen */
1572 if (type == OP_GREPSTART || type == OP_ENTERSUB || type == OP_REFGEN)
1574 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't modify %s in %s",
1575 (o->op_type == OP_NULL && (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
1577 : (o->op_type == OP_ENTERSUB
1578 ? "non-lvalue subroutine call"
1580 type ? PL_op_desc[type] : "local"));
1594 case OP_RIGHT_SHIFT:
1603 if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED))
1610 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1611 op_lvalue(kid, type);
1616 if (type == OP_REFGEN && o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS) {
1617 PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
1618 return o; /* Treat \(@foo) like ordinary list. */
1622 if (scalar_mod_type(o, type))
1624 ref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type);
1628 if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1629 o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
1635 PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
1638 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
1639 if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1640 o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
1644 ref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type);
1648 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
1663 PL_modcount = RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER;
1664 if (type == OP_REFGEN && o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)
1665 return o; /* Treat \(@foo) like ordinary list. */
1666 if (scalar_mod_type(o, type))
1668 if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1669 o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
1673 if (!type) /* local() */
1674 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't localize lexical variable %s",
1675 PAD_COMPNAME_PV(o->op_targ));
1683 if (type != OP_SASSIGN)
1687 if (o->op_private == 4) /* don't allow 4 arg substr as lvalue */
1692 if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1693 o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
1695 pad_free(o->op_targ);
1696 o->op_targ = pad_alloc(o->op_type, SVs_PADMY);
1697 assert(SvTYPE(PAD_SV(o->op_targ)) == SVt_NULL);
1698 if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
1699 op_lvalue(cBINOPo->op_first->op_sibling, type);
1704 ref(cBINOPo->op_first, o->op_type);
1705 if (type == OP_ENTERSUB &&
1706 !(o->op_private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO | OPpDEREF)))
1707 o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_DEFER;
1708 if (type == OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1709 o->op_private |= OPpMAYBE_LVSUB;
1719 if (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
1720 op_lvalue(cLISTOPo->op_last, type);
1725 if (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) /* do BLOCK */
1727 else if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
1729 if (o->op_targ != OP_LIST) {
1730 op_lvalue(cBINOPo->op_first, type);
1736 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1737 op_lvalue(kid, type);
1741 if (type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1743 break; /* op_lvalue()ing was handled by ck_return() */
1746 /* [20011101.069] File test operators interpret OPf_REF to mean that
1747 their argument is a filehandle; thus \stat(".") should not set
1749 if (type == OP_REFGEN &&
1750 PL_check[o->op_type] == Perl_ck_ftst)
1753 if (type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1754 o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
1756 if (type == OP_AASSIGN || type == OP_SASSIGN)
1757 o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_REF;
1758 else if (!type) { /* local() */
1761 o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
1762 o->op_flags &= ~OPf_SPECIAL;
1763 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
1768 Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_SYNTAX),
1769 "Useless localization of %s", OP_DESC(o));
1772 else if (type != OP_GREPSTART && type != OP_ENTERSUB
1773 && type != OP_LEAVESUBLV)
1774 o->op_flags |= OPf_REF;
1779 S_scalar_mod_type(const OP *o, I32 type)
1781 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SCALAR_MOD_TYPE;
1785 if (o->op_type == OP_RV2GV)
1809 case OP_RIGHT_SHIFT:
1829 S_is_handle_constructor(const OP *o, I32 numargs)
1831 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_HANDLE_CONSTRUCTOR;
1833 switch (o->op_type) {
1841 case OP_SELECT: /* XXX c.f. SelectSaver.pm */
1854 S_refkids(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type)
1856 if (o && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
1858 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1865 Perl_doref(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 type, bool set_op_ref)
1870 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DOREF;
1872 if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count))
1875 switch (o->op_type) {
1877 if ((type == OP_EXISTS || type == OP_DEFINED || type == OP_LOCK) &&
1878 !(o->op_flags & OPf_STACKED)) {
1879 o->op_type = OP_RV2CV; /* entersub => rv2cv */
1880 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2CV];
1881 assert(cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_NULL);
1882 op_null(((LISTOP*)cUNOPo->op_first)->op_first); /* disable pushmark */
1883 o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL;
1884 o->op_private &= ~1;
1889 for (kid = cUNOPo->op_first->op_sibling; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
1890 doref(kid, type, set_op_ref);
1893 if (type == OP_DEFINED)
1894 o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL; /* don't create GV */
1895 doref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type, set_op_ref);
1898 if (type == OP_RV2SV || type == OP_RV2AV || type == OP_RV2HV) {
1899 o->op_private |= (type == OP_RV2AV ? OPpDEREF_AV
1900 : type == OP_RV2HV ? OPpDEREF_HV
1902 o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
1909 o->op_flags |= OPf_REF;
1912 if (type == OP_DEFINED)
1913 o->op_flags |= OPf_SPECIAL; /* don't create GV */
1914 doref(cUNOPo->op_first, o->op_type, set_op_ref);
1920 o->op_flags |= OPf_REF;
1925 if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
1927 doref(cBINOPo->op_first, type, set_op_ref);
1931 doref(cBINOPo->op_first, o->op_type, set_op_ref);
1932 if (type == OP_RV2SV || type == OP_RV2AV || type == OP_RV2HV) {
1933 o->op_private |= (type == OP_RV2AV ? OPpDEREF_AV
1934 : type == OP_RV2HV ? OPpDEREF_HV
1936 o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
1946 if (!(o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
1948 doref(cLISTOPo->op_last, type, set_op_ref);
1958 S_dup_attrlist(pTHX_ OP *o)
1963 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DUP_ATTRLIST;
1965 /* An attrlist is either a simple OP_CONST or an OP_LIST with kids,
1966 * where the first kid is OP_PUSHMARK and the remaining ones
1967 * are OP_CONST. We need to push the OP_CONST values.
1969 if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
1970 rop = newSVOP(OP_CONST, o->op_flags, SvREFCNT_inc_NN(cSVOPo->op_sv));
1972 else if (o->op_type == OP_NULL)
1976 assert((o->op_type == OP_LIST) && (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS));
1978 for (o = cLISTOPo->op_first; o; o=o->op_sibling) {
1979 if (o->op_type == OP_CONST)
1980 rop = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, rop,
1981 newSVOP(OP_CONST, o->op_flags,
1982 SvREFCNT_inc_NN(cSVOPo->op_sv)));
1989 S_apply_attrs(pTHX_ HV *stash, SV *target, OP *attrs, bool for_my)
1994 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY_ATTRS;
1996 /* fake up C<use attributes $pkg,$rv,@attrs> */
1997 ENTER; /* need to protect against side-effects of 'use' */
1998 stashsv = stash ? newSVhek(HvNAME_HEK(stash)) : &PL_sv_no;
2000 #define ATTRSMODULE "attributes"
2001 #define ATTRSMODULE_PM "attributes.pm"
2004 /* Don't force the C<use> if we don't need it. */
2005 SV * const * const svp = hv_fetchs(GvHVn(PL_incgv), ATTRSMODULE_PM, FALSE);
2006 if (svp && *svp != &PL_sv_undef)
2007 NOOP; /* already in %INC */
2009 Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT,
2010 newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE), NULL);
2013 Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS,
2014 newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE),
2016 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
2017 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, stashsv),
2018 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
2019 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
2021 dup_attrlist(attrs))));
2027 S_apply_attrs_my(pTHX_ HV *stash, OP *target, OP *attrs, OP **imopsp)
2030 OP *pack, *imop, *arg;
2033 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY_ATTRS_MY;
2038 assert(target->op_type == OP_PADSV ||
2039 target->op_type == OP_PADHV ||
2040 target->op_type == OP_PADAV);
2042 /* Ensure that attributes.pm is loaded. */
2043 apply_attrs(stash, PAD_SV(target->op_targ), attrs, TRUE);
2045 /* Need package name for method call. */
2046 pack = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE));
2048 /* Build up the real arg-list. */
2049 stashsv = stash ? newSVhek(HvNAME_HEK(stash)) : &PL_sv_no;
2051 arg = newOP(OP_PADSV, 0);
2052 arg->op_targ = target->op_targ;
2053 arg = op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
2054 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, stashsv),
2055 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
2056 newUNOP(OP_REFGEN, 0,
2057 op_lvalue(arg, OP_REFGEN)),
2058 dup_attrlist(attrs)));
2060 /* Fake up a method call to import */
2061 meth = newSVpvs_share("import");
2062 imop = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED|OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_WANT_VOID,
2063 op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
2064 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, pack, list(arg)),
2065 newSVOP(OP_METHOD_NAMED, 0, meth)));
2066 imop->op_private |= OPpENTERSUB_NOMOD;
2068 /* Combine the ops. */
2069 *imopsp = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, *imopsp, imop);
2073 =notfor apidoc apply_attrs_string
2075 Attempts to apply a list of attributes specified by the C<attrstr> and
2076 C<len> arguments to the subroutine identified by the C<cv> argument which
2077 is expected to be associated with the package identified by the C<stashpv>
2078 argument (see L<attributes>). It gets this wrong, though, in that it
2079 does not correctly identify the boundaries of the individual attribute
2080 specifications within C<attrstr>. This is not really intended for the
2081 public API, but has to be listed here for systems such as AIX which
2082 need an explicit export list for symbols. (It's called from XS code
2083 in support of the C<ATTRS:> keyword from F<xsubpp>.) Patches to fix it
2084 to respect attribute syntax properly would be welcome.
2090 Perl_apply_attrs_string(pTHX_ const char *stashpv, CV *cv,
2091 const char *attrstr, STRLEN len)
2095 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY_ATTRS_STRING;
2098 len = strlen(attrstr);
2102 for (; isSPACE(*attrstr) && len; --len, ++attrstr) ;
2104 const char * const sstr = attrstr;
2105 for (; !isSPACE(*attrstr) && len; --len, ++attrstr) ;
2106 attrs = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, attrs,
2107 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
2108 newSVpvn(sstr, attrstr-sstr)));
2112 Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS,
2113 newSVpvs(ATTRSMODULE),
2114 NULL, op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
2115 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpv(stashpv,0)),
2116 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
2117 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0,
2118 newRV(MUTABLE_SV(cv))),
2123 S_my_kid(pTHX_ OP *o, OP *attrs, OP **imopsp)
2128 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_KID;
2130 if (!o || (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count))
2134 if (PL_madskills && type == OP_NULL && o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS) {
2135 (void)my_kid(cUNOPo->op_first, attrs, imopsp);
2139 if (type == OP_LIST) {
2141 for (kid = cLISTOPo->op_first; kid; kid = kid->op_sibling)
2142 my_kid(kid, attrs, imopsp);
2143 } else if (type == OP_UNDEF
2149 } else if (type == OP_RV2SV || /* "our" declaration */
2151 type == OP_RV2HV) { /* XXX does this let anything illegal in? */
2152 if (cUNOPo->op_first->op_type != OP_GV) { /* MJD 20011224 */
2153 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't declare %s in \"%s\"",
2155 PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our
2157 : PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
2159 GV * const gv = cGVOPx_gv(cUNOPo->op_first);
2160 PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
2161 PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
2162 apply_attrs(GvSTASH(gv),
2163 (type == OP_RV2SV ? GvSV(gv) :
2164 type == OP_RV2AV ? MUTABLE_SV(GvAV(gv)) :
2165 type == OP_RV2HV ? MUTABLE_SV(GvHV(gv)) : MUTABLE_SV(gv)),
2168 o->op_private |= OPpOUR_INTRO;
2171 else if (type != OP_PADSV &&
2174 type != OP_PUSHMARK)
2176 yyerror(Perl_form(aTHX_ "Can't declare %s in \"%s\"",
2178 PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our
2180 : PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state ? "state" : "my"));
2183 else if (attrs && type != OP_PUSHMARK) {
2186 PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
2187 PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
2189 /* check for C<my Dog $spot> when deciding package */
2190 stash = PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE(o->op_targ);
2192 stash = PL_curstash;
2193 apply_attrs_my(stash, o, attrs, imopsp);
2195 o->op_flags |= OPf_MOD;
2196 o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
2197 if (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state)
2198 o->op_private |= OPpPAD_STATE;
2203 Perl_my_attrs(pTHX_ OP *o, OP *attrs)
2207 int maybe_scalar = 0;
2209 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_ATTRS;
2211 /* [perl #17376]: this appears to be premature, and results in code such as
2212 C< our(%x); > executing in list mode rather than void mode */
2214 if (o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)
2224 o = my_kid(o, attrs, &rops);
2226 if (maybe_scalar && o->op_type == OP_PADSV) {
2227 o = scalar(op_append_list(OP_LIST, rops, o));
2228 o->op_private |= OPpLVAL_INTRO;
2231 o = op_append_list(OP_LIST, o, rops);
2233 PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
2234 PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
2239 Perl_sawparens(pTHX_ OP *o)
2241 PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
2243 o->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS;
2248 Perl_bind_match(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *left, OP *right)
2252 const OPCODE ltype = left->op_type;
2253 const OPCODE rtype = right->op_type;
2255 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BIND_MATCH;
2257 if ( (ltype == OP_RV2AV || ltype == OP_RV2HV || ltype == OP_PADAV
2258 || ltype == OP_PADHV) && ckWARN(WARN_MISC))
2260 const char * const desc
2261 = PL_op_desc[(rtype == OP_SUBST || rtype == OP_TRANS)
2262 ? (int)rtype : OP_MATCH];
2263 const char * const sample = ((ltype == OP_RV2AV || ltype == OP_PADAV)
2264 ? "@array" : "%hash");
2265 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC),
2266 "Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s)",
2267 desc, sample, sample);
2270 if (rtype == OP_CONST &&
2271 cSVOPx(right)->op_private & OPpCONST_BARE &&
2272 cSVOPx(right)->op_private & OPpCONST_STRICT)
2274 no_bareword_allowed(right);
2277 /* !~ doesn't make sense with s///r, so error on it for now */
2278 if (rtype == OP_SUBST && (cPMOPx(right)->op_pmflags & PMf_NONDESTRUCT) &&
2280 yyerror("Using !~ with s///r doesn't make sense");
2282 ismatchop = (rtype == OP_MATCH ||
2283 rtype == OP_SUBST ||
2285 && !(right->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL);
2286 if (ismatchop && right->op_private & OPpTARGET_MY) {
2288 right->op_private &= ~OPpTARGET_MY;
2290 if (!(right->op_flags & OPf_STACKED) && ismatchop) {
2293 right->op_flags |= OPf_STACKED;
2294 if (rtype != OP_MATCH &&
2295 ! (rtype == OP_TRANS &&
2296 right->op_private & OPpTRANS_IDENTICAL) &&
2297 ! (rtype == OP_SUBST &&
2298 (cPMOPx(right)->op_pmflags & PMf_NONDESTRUCT)))
2299 newleft = op_lvalue(left, rtype);
2302 if (right->op_type == OP_TRANS)
2303 o = newBINOP(OP_NULL, OPf_STACKED, scalar(newleft), right);
2305 o = op_prepend_elem(rtype, scalar(newleft), right);
2307 return newUNOP(OP_NOT, 0, scalar(o));
2311 return bind_match(type, left,
2312 pmruntime(newPMOP(OP_MATCH, 0), right, 0));
2316 Perl_invert(pTHX_ OP *o)
2320 return newUNOP(OP_NOT, OPf_SPECIAL, scalar(o));
2324 =for apidoc Amx|OP *|op_scope|OP *o
2326 Wraps up an op tree with some additional ops so that at runtime a dynamic
2327 scope will be created. The original ops run in the new dynamic scope,
2328 and then, provided that they exit normally, the scope will be unwound.
2329 The additional ops used to create and unwind the dynamic scope will
2330 normally be an C<enter>/C<leave> pair, but a C<scope> op may be used
2331 instead if the ops are simple enough to not need the full dynamic scope
2338 Perl_op_scope(pTHX_ OP *o)
2342 if (o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS || PERLDB_NOOPT || PL_tainting) {
2343 o = op_prepend_elem(OP_LINESEQ, newOP(OP_ENTER, 0), o);
2344 o->op_type = OP_LEAVE;
2345 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_LEAVE];
2347 else if (o->op_type == OP_LINESEQ) {
2349 o->op_type = OP_SCOPE;
2350 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_SCOPE];
2351 kid = ((LISTOP*)o)->op_first;
2352 if (kid->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || kid->op_type == OP_DBSTATE) {
2355 /* The following deals with things like 'do {1 for 1}' */
2356 kid = kid->op_sibling;
2358 (kid->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE || kid->op_type == OP_DBSTATE))
2363 o = newLISTOP(OP_SCOPE, 0, o, NULL);
2369 Perl_block_start(pTHX_ int full)
2372 const int retval = PL_savestack_ix;
2374 pad_block_start(full);
2376 PL_hints &= ~HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
2377 SAVECOMPILEWARNINGS();
2378 PL_compiling.cop_warnings = DUP_WARNINGS(PL_compiling.cop_warnings);
2380 CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(bhk_start, full);
2386 Perl_block_end(pTHX_ I32 floor, OP *seq)
2389 const int needblockscope = PL_hints & HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
2390 OP* retval = scalarseq(seq);
2392 CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(bhk_pre_end, &retval);
2395 CopHINTS_set(&PL_compiling, PL_hints);
2397 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE; /* propagate out */
2400 CALL_BLOCK_HOOKS(bhk_post_end, &retval);
2406 =head1 Compile-time scope hooks
2408 =for apidoc Ao||blockhook_register
2410 Register a set of hooks to be called when the Perl lexical scope changes
2411 at compile time. See L<perlguts/"Compile-time scope hooks">.
2417 Perl_blockhook_register(pTHX_ BHK *hk)
2419 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BLOCKHOOK_REGISTER;
2421 Perl_av_create_and_push(aTHX_ &PL_blockhooks, newSViv(PTR2IV(hk)));
2428 const PADOFFSET offset = Perl_pad_findmy(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN("$_"), 0);
2429 if (offset == NOT_IN_PAD || PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS_isOUR(offset)) {
2430 return newSVREF(newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, PL_defgv));
2433 OP * const o = newOP(OP_PADSV, 0);
2434 o->op_targ = offset;
2440 Perl_newPROG(pTHX_ OP *o)
2444 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEWPROG;
2449 PL_eval_root = newUNOP(OP_LEAVEEVAL,
2450 ((PL_in_eval & EVAL_KEEPERR)
2451 ? OPf_SPECIAL : 0), o);
2452 /* don't use LINKLIST, since PL_eval_root might indirect through
2453 * a rather expensive function call and LINKLIST evaluates its
2454 * argument more than once */
2455 PL_eval_start = op_linklist(PL_eval_root);
2456 PL_eval_root->op_private |= OPpREFCOUNTED;
2457 OpREFCNT_set(PL_eval_root, 1);
2458 PL_eval_root->op_next = 0;
2459 CALL_PEEP(PL_eval_start);
2462 if (o->op_type == OP_STUB) {
2463 PL_comppad_name = 0;
2465 S_op_destroy(aTHX_ o);
2468 PL_main_root = op_scope(sawparens(scalarvoid(o)));
2469 PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
2470 PL_main_start = LINKLIST(PL_main_root);
2471 PL_main_root->op_private |= OPpREFCOUNTED;
2472 OpREFCNT_set(PL_main_root, 1);
2473 PL_main_root->op_next = 0;
2474 CALL_PEEP(PL_main_start);
2477 /* Register with debugger */
2479 CV * const cv = get_cvs("DB::postponed", 0);
2483 XPUSHs(MUTABLE_SV(CopFILEGV(&PL_compiling)));
2485 call_sv(MUTABLE_SV(cv), G_DISCARD);
2492 Perl_localize(pTHX_ OP *o, I32 lex)
2496 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_LOCALIZE;
2498 if (o->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)
2499 /* [perl #17376]: this appears to be premature, and results in code such as
2500 C< our(%x); > executing in list mode rather than void mode */
2507 if ( PL_parser->bufptr > PL_parser->oldbufptr
2508 && PL_parser->bufptr[-1] == ','
2509 && ckWARN(WARN_PARENTHESIS))
2511 char *s = PL_parser->bufptr;
2514 /* some heuristics to detect a potential error */
2515 while (*s && (strchr(", \t\n", *s)))
2519 if (*s && strchr("@$%*", *s) && *++s
2520 && (isALNUM(*s) || UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s))) {
2523 while (*s && (isALNUM(*s) || UTF8_IS_CONTINUED(*s)))
2525 while (*s && (strchr(", \t\n", *s)))
2531 if (sigil && (*s == ';' || *s == '=')) {
2532 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PARENTHESIS),
2533 "Parentheses missing around \"%s\" list",
2535 ? (PL_parser->in_my == KEY_our
2537 : PL_parser->in_my == KEY_state
2547 o = op_lvalue(o, OP_NULL); /* a bit kludgey */
2548 PL_parser->in_my = FALSE;
2549 PL_parser->in_my_stash = NULL;
2554 Perl_jmaybe(pTHX_ OP *o)
2556 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_JMAYBE;
2558 if (o->op_type == OP_LIST) {
2560 = newSVREF(newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, gv_fetchpvs(";", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PV)));
2561 o = convert(OP_JOIN, 0, op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, o2, o));
2567 S_fold_constants(pTHX_ register OP *o)
2570 register OP * VOL curop;
2572 VOL I32 type = o->op_type;
2577 SV * const oldwarnhook = PL_warnhook;
2578 SV * const olddiehook = PL_diehook;
2582 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_FOLD_CONSTANTS;
2584 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_RETSCALAR)
2586 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_TARGET && !o->op_targ)
2587 o->op_targ = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);
2589 /* integerize op, unless it happens to be C<-foo>.
2590 * XXX should pp_i_negate() do magic string negation instead? */
2591 if ((PL_opargs[type] & OA_OTHERINT) && (PL_hints & HINT_INTEGER)
2592 && !(type == OP_NEGATE && cUNOPo->op_first->op_type == OP_CONST
2593 && (cUNOPo->op_first->op_private & OPpCONST_BARE)))
2595 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type = ++(o->op_type)];
2598 if (!(PL_opargs[type] & OA_FOLDCONST))
2603 /* XXX might want a ck_negate() for this */
2604 cUNOPo->op_first->op_private &= ~OPpCONST_STRICT;
2616 /* XXX what about the numeric ops? */
2617 if (PL_hints & HINT_LOCALE)
2622 if (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
2623 goto nope; /* Don't try to run w/ errors */
2625 for (curop = LINKLIST(o); curop != o; curop = LINKLIST(curop)) {
2626 const OPCODE type = curop->op_type;
2627 if ((type != OP_CONST || (curop->op_private & OPpCONST_BARE)) &&
2629 type != OP_SCALAR &&
2631 type != OP_PUSHMARK)
2637 curop = LINKLIST(o);
2638 old_next = o->op_next;
2642 oldscope = PL_scopestack_ix;
2643 create_eval_scope(G_FAKINGEVAL);
2645 /* Verify that we don't need to save it: */
2646 assert(PL_curcop == &PL_compiling);
2647 StructCopy(&PL_compiling, ¬_compiling, COP);
2648 PL_curcop = ¬_compiling;
2649 /* The above ensures that we run with all the correct hints of the
2650 currently compiling COP, but that IN_PERL_RUNTIME is not true. */
2651 assert(IN_PERL_RUNTIME);
2652 PL_warnhook = PERL_WARNHOOK_FATAL;
2659 sv = *(PL_stack_sp--);
2660 if (o->op_targ && sv == PAD_SV(o->op_targ)) /* grab pad temp? */
2661 pad_swipe(o->op_targ, FALSE);
2662 else if (SvTEMP(sv)) { /* grab mortal temp? */
2663 SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(sv);
2668 /* Something tried to die. Abandon constant folding. */
2669 /* Pretend the error never happened. */
2671 o->op_next = old_next;
2675 /* Don't expect 1 (setjmp failed) or 2 (something called my_exit) */
2676 PL_warnhook = oldwarnhook;
2677 PL_diehook = olddiehook;
2678 /* XXX note that this croak may fail as we've already blown away
2679 * the stack - eg any nested evals */
2680 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: fold_constants JMPENV_PUSH returned %d", ret);
2683 PL_warnhook = oldwarnhook;
2684 PL_diehook = olddiehook;
2685 PL_curcop = &PL_compiling;
2687 if (PL_scopestack_ix > oldscope)
2688 delete_eval_scope();
2697 if (type == OP_RV2GV)
2698 newop = newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, MUTABLE_GV(sv));
2700 newop = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, MUTABLE_SV(sv));
2701 op_getmad(o,newop,'f');
2709 S_gen_constant_list(pTHX_ register OP *o)
2713 const I32 oldtmps_floor = PL_tmps_floor;
2716 if (PL_parser && PL_parser->error_count)
2717 return o; /* Don't attempt to run with errors */
2719 PL_op = curop = LINKLIST(o);
2725 assert (!(curop->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL));
2726 assert(curop->op_type == OP_RANGE);
2728 PL_tmps_floor = oldtmps_floor;
2730 o->op_type = OP_RV2AV;
2731 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2AV];
2732 o->op_flags &= ~OPf_REF; /* treat \(1..2) like an ordinary list */
2733 o->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS; /* and flatten \(1..2,3) */
2734 o->op_opt = 0; /* needs to be revisited in rpeep() */
2735 curop = ((UNOP*)o)->op_first;
2736 ((UNOP*)o)->op_first = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, SvREFCNT_inc_NN(*PL_stack_sp--));
2738 op_getmad(curop,o,'O');
2747 Perl_convert(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, OP *o)
2750 if (!o || o->op_type != OP_LIST)
2751 o = newLISTOP(OP_LIST, 0, o, NULL);
2753 o->op_flags &= ~OPf_WANT;
2755 if (!(PL_opargs[type] & OA_MARK))
2756 op_null(cLISTOPo->op_first);
2758 o->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
2759 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
2760 o->op_flags |= flags;
2762 o = CHECKOP(type, o);
2763 if (o->op_type != (unsigned)type)
2766 return fold_constants(o);
2770 =head1 Optree Manipulation Functions
2773 /* List constructors */
2776 =for apidoc Am|OP *|op_append_elem|I32 optype|OP *first|OP *last
2778 Append an item to the list of ops contained directly within a list-type
2779 op, returning the lengthened list. I<first> is the list-type op,
2780 and I<last> is the op to append to the list. I<optype> specifies the
2781 intended opcode for the list. If I<first> is not already a list of the
2782 right type, it will be upgraded into one. If either I<first> or I<last>
2783 is null, the other is returned unchanged.
2789 Perl_op_append_elem(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *first, OP *last)
2797 if (first->op_type != (unsigned)type
2798 || (type == OP_LIST && (first->op_flags & OPf_PARENS)))
2800 return newLISTOP(type, 0, first, last);
2803 if (first->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)
2804 ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last->op_sibling = last;
2806 first->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
2807 ((LISTOP*)first)->op_first = last;
2809 ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last = last;
2814 =for apidoc Am|OP *|op_append_list|I32 optype|OP *first|OP *last
2816 Concatenate the lists of ops contained directly within two list-type ops,
2817 returning the combined list. I<first> and I<last> are the list-type ops
2818 to concatenate. I<optype> specifies the intended opcode for the list.
2819 If either I<first> or I<last> is not already a list of the right type,
2820 it will be upgraded into one. If either I<first> or I<last> is null,
2821 the other is returned unchanged.
2827 Perl_op_append_list(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *first, OP *last)
2835 if (first->op_type != (unsigned)type)
2836 return op_prepend_elem(type, first, last);
2838 if (last->op_type != (unsigned)type)
2839 return op_append_elem(type, first, last);
2841 ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last->op_sibling = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first;
2842 ((LISTOP*)first)->op_last = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_last;
2843 first->op_flags |= (last->op_flags & OPf_KIDS);
2846 if (((LISTOP*)last)->op_first && first->op_madprop) {
2847 MADPROP *mp = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_madprop;
2849 while (mp->mad_next)
2851 mp->mad_next = first->op_madprop;
2854 ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_madprop = first->op_madprop;
2857 first->op_madprop = last->op_madprop;
2858 last->op_madprop = 0;
2861 S_op_destroy(aTHX_ last);
2867 =for apidoc Am|OP *|op_prepend_elem|I32 optype|OP *first|OP *last
2869 Prepend an item to the list of ops contained directly within a list-type
2870 op, returning the lengthened list. I<first> is the op to prepend to the
2871 list, and I<last> is the list-type op. I<optype> specifies the intended
2872 opcode for the list. If I<last> is not already a list of the right type,
2873 it will be upgraded into one. If either I<first> or I<last> is null,
2874 the other is returned unchanged.
2880 Perl_op_prepend_elem(pTHX_ I32 type, OP *first, OP *last)
2888 if (last->op_type == (unsigned)type) {
2889 if (type == OP_LIST) { /* already a PUSHMARK there */
2890 first->op_sibling = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_sibling;
2891 ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first->op_sibling = first;
2892 if (!(first->op_flags & OPf_PARENS))
2893 last->op_flags &= ~OPf_PARENS;
2896 if (!(last->op_flags & OPf_KIDS)) {
2897 ((LISTOP*)last)->op_last = first;
2898 last->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
2900 first->op_sibling = ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first;
2901 ((LISTOP*)last)->op_first = first;
2903 last->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
2907 return newLISTOP(type, 0, first, last);
2915 Perl_newTOKEN(pTHX_ I32 optype, YYSTYPE lval, MADPROP* madprop)
2918 Newxz(tk, 1, TOKEN);
2919 tk->tk_type = (OPCODE)optype;
2920 tk->tk_type = 12345;
2922 tk->tk_mad = madprop;
2927 Perl_token_free(pTHX_ TOKEN* tk)
2929 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOKEN_FREE;
2931 if (tk->tk_type != 12345)
2933 mad_free(tk->tk_mad);
2938 Perl_token_getmad(pTHX_ TOKEN* tk, OP* o, char slot)
2943 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TOKEN_GETMAD;
2945 if (tk->tk_type != 12345) {
2946 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC),
2947 "Invalid TOKEN object ignored");
2954 /* faked up qw list? */
2956 tm->mad_type == MAD_SV &&
2957 SvPVX((SV *)tm->mad_val)[0] == 'q')
2964 /* pretend constant fold didn't happen? */
2965 if (mp->mad_key == 'f' &&
2966 (o->op_type == OP_CONST ||
2967 o->op_type == OP_GV) )
2969 token_getmad(tk,(OP*)mp->mad_val,slot);
2983 if (mp->mad_key == 'X')
2984 mp->mad_key = slot; /* just change the first one */
2994 Perl_op_getmad_weak(pTHX_ OP* from, OP* o, char slot)
3003 /* pretend constant fold didn't happen? */
3004 if (mp->mad_key == 'f' &&
3005 (o->op_type == OP_CONST ||
3006 o->op_type == OP_GV) )
3008 op_getmad(from,(OP*)mp->mad_val,slot);
3015 mp->mad_next = newMADPROP(slot,MAD_OP,from,0);
3018 o->op_madprop = newMADPROP(slot,MAD_OP,from,0);
3024 Perl_op_getmad(pTHX_ OP* from, OP* o, char slot)
3033 /* pretend constant fold didn't happen? */
3034 if (mp->mad_key == 'f' &&
3035 (o->op_type == OP_CONST ||
3036 o->op_type == OP_GV) )
3038 op_getmad(from,(OP*)mp->mad_val,slot);
3045 mp->mad_next = newMADPROP(slot,MAD_OP,from,1);
3048 o->op_madprop = newMADPROP(slot,MAD_OP,from,1);
3052 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(),
3053 "DESTROYING op = %0"UVxf"\n", PTR2UV(from));
3059 Perl_prepend_madprops(pTHX_ MADPROP* mp, OP* o, char slot)
3077 Perl_append_madprops(pTHX_ MADPROP* tm, OP* o, char slot)
3081 addmad(tm, &(o->op_madprop), slot);
3085 Perl_addmad(pTHX_ MADPROP* tm, MADPROP** root, char slot)
3106 Perl_newMADsv(pTHX_ char key, SV* sv)
3108 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEWMADSV;
3110 return newMADPROP(key, MAD_SV, sv, 0);
3114 Perl_newMADPROP(pTHX_ char key, char type, void* val, I32 vlen)
3117 Newxz(mp, 1, MADPROP);
3120 mp->mad_vlen = vlen;
3121 mp->mad_type = type;
3123 /* PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "NEW mp = %0x\n", mp); */
3128 Perl_mad_free(pTHX_ MADPROP* mp)
3130 /* PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "FREE mp = %0x\n", mp); */
3134 mad_free(mp->mad_next);
3135 /* if (PL_parser && PL_parser->lex_state != LEX_NOTPARSING && mp->mad_vlen)
3136 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "DESTROYING '%c'=<%s>\n", mp->mad_key & 255, mp->mad_val); */
3137 switch (mp->mad_type) {
3141 Safefree((char*)mp->mad_val);
3144 if (mp->mad_vlen) /* vlen holds "strong/weak" boolean */
3145 op_free((OP*)mp->mad_val);
3148 sv_free(MUTABLE_SV(mp->mad_val));
3151 PerlIO_printf(PerlIO_stderr(), "Unrecognized mad\n");
3160 =head1 Optree construction
3162 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newNULLLIST
3164 Constructs, checks, and returns a new C<stub> op, which represents an
3165 empty list expression.
3171 Perl_newNULLLIST(pTHX)
3173 return newOP(OP_STUB, 0);
3177 S_force_list(pTHX_ OP *o)
3179 if (!o || o->op_type != OP_LIST)
3180 o = newLISTOP(OP_LIST, 0, o, NULL);
3186 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newLISTOP|I32 type|I32 flags|OP *first|OP *last
3188 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any list type. I<type> is
3189 the opcode. I<flags> gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>, except that
3190 C<OPf_KIDS> will be set automatically if required. I<first> and I<last>
3191 supply up to two ops to be direct children of the list op; they are
3192 consumed by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
3198 Perl_newLISTOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first, OP *last)
3203 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_LISTOP);
3205 NewOp(1101, listop, 1, LISTOP);
3207 listop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
3208 listop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
3211 listop->op_flags = (U8)flags;
3215 else if (!first && last)
3218 first->op_sibling = last;
3219 listop->op_first = first;
3220 listop->op_last = last;
3221 if (type == OP_LIST) {
3222 OP* const pushop = newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0);
3223 pushop->op_sibling = first;
3224 listop->op_first = pushop;
3225 listop->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
3227 listop->op_last = pushop;
3230 return CHECKOP(type, listop);
3234 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newOP|I32 type|I32 flags
3236 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any base type (any type that
3237 has no extra fields). I<type> is the opcode. I<flags> gives the
3238 eight bits of C<op_flags>, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits
3245 Perl_newOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags)
3250 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_BASEOP
3251 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_BASEOP_OR_UNOP
3252 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_FILESTATOP
3253 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_LOOPEXOP);
3255 NewOp(1101, o, 1, OP);
3256 o->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
3257 o->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
3258 o->op_flags = (U8)flags;
3260 o->op_latefreed = 0;
3264 o->op_private = (U8)(0 | (flags >> 8));
3265 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_RETSCALAR)
3267 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_TARGET)
3268 o->op_targ = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);
3269 return CHECKOP(type, o);
3273 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newUNOP|I32 type|I32 flags|OP *first
3275 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any unary type. I<type> is
3276 the opcode. I<flags> gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>, except that
3277 C<OPf_KIDS> will be set automatically if required, and, shifted up eight
3278 bits, the eight bits of C<op_private>, except that the bit with value 1
3279 is automatically set. I<first> supplies an optional op to be the direct
3280 child of the unary op; it is consumed by this function and become part
3281 of the constructed op tree.
3287 Perl_newUNOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first)
3292 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_UNOP
3293 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_BASEOP_OR_UNOP
3294 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_FILESTATOP
3295 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_LOOPEXOP
3296 || type == OP_SASSIGN
3297 || type == OP_ENTERTRY
3298 || type == OP_NULL );
3301 first = newOP(OP_STUB, 0);
3302 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_MARK)
3303 first = force_list(first);
3305 NewOp(1101, unop, 1, UNOP);
3306 unop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
3307 unop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
3308 unop->op_first = first;
3309 unop->op_flags = (U8)(flags | OPf_KIDS);
3310 unop->op_private = (U8)(1 | (flags >> 8));
3311 unop = (UNOP*) CHECKOP(type, unop);
3315 return fold_constants((OP *) unop);
3319 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newBINOP|I32 type|I32 flags|OP *first|OP *last
3321 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any binary type. I<type>
3322 is the opcode. I<flags> gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>, except
3323 that C<OPf_KIDS> will be set automatically, and, shifted up eight bits,
3324 the eight bits of C<op_private>, except that the bit with value 1 or
3325 2 is automatically set as required. I<first> and I<last> supply up to
3326 two ops to be the direct children of the binary op; they are consumed
3327 by this function and become part of the constructed op tree.
3333 Perl_newBINOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, OP *first, OP *last)
3338 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_BINOP
3339 || type == OP_SASSIGN || type == OP_NULL );
3341 NewOp(1101, binop, 1, BINOP);
3344 first = newOP(OP_NULL, 0);
3346 binop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
3347 binop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
3348 binop->op_first = first;
3349 binop->op_flags = (U8)(flags | OPf_KIDS);
3352 binop->op_private = (U8)(1 | (flags >> 8));
3355 binop->op_private = (U8)(2 | (flags >> 8));
3356 first->op_sibling = last;
3359 binop = (BINOP*)CHECKOP(type, binop);
3360 if (binop->op_next || binop->op_type != (OPCODE)type)
3363 binop->op_last = binop->op_first->op_sibling;
3365 return fold_constants((OP *)binop);
3368 static int uvcompare(const void *a, const void *b)
3369 __attribute__nonnull__(1)
3370 __attribute__nonnull__(2)
3371 __attribute__pure__;
3372 static int uvcompare(const void *a, const void *b)
3374 if (*((const UV *)a) < (*(const UV *)b))
3376 if (*((const UV *)a) > (*(const UV *)b))
3378 if (*((const UV *)a+1) < (*(const UV *)b+1))
3380 if (*((const UV *)a+1) > (*(const UV *)b+1))
3386 S_pmtrans(pTHX_ OP *o, OP *expr, OP *repl)
3389 SV * const tstr = ((SVOP*)expr)->op_sv;
3392 (repl->op_type == OP_NULL)
3393 ? ((SVOP*)((LISTOP*)repl)->op_first)->op_sv :
3395 ((SVOP*)repl)->op_sv;
3398 const U8 *t = (U8*)SvPV_const(tstr, tlen);
3399 const U8 *r = (U8*)SvPV_const(rstr, rlen);
3403 register short *tbl;
3405 const I32 complement = o->op_private & OPpTRANS_COMPLEMENT;
3406 const I32 squash = o->op_private & OPpTRANS_SQUASH;
3407 I32 del = o->op_private & OPpTRANS_DELETE;
3410 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PMTRANS;
3412 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
3415 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF;
3418 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_TO_UTF;
3420 if (o->op_private & (OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF|OPpTRANS_TO_UTF)) {
3421 SV* const listsv = newSVpvs("# comment\n");
3423 const U8* tend = t + tlen;
3424 const U8* rend = r + rlen;
3438 const I32 from_utf = o->op_private & OPpTRANS_FROM_UTF;
3439 const I32 to_utf = o->op_private & OPpTRANS_TO_UTF;
3442 const U32 flags = UTF8_ALLOW_DEFAULT;
3446 t = tsave = bytes_to_utf8(t, &len);
3449 if (!to_utf && rlen) {
3451 r = rsave = bytes_to_utf8(r, &len);
3455 /* There are several snags with this code on EBCDIC:
3456 1. 0xFF is a legal UTF-EBCDIC byte (there are no illegal bytes).
3457 2. scan_const() in toke.c has encoded chars in native encoding which makes
3458 ranges at least in EBCDIC 0..255 range the bottom odd.
3462 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
3465 Newx(cp, 2*tlen, UV);
3467 transv = newSVpvs("");
3469 cp[2*i] = utf8n_to_uvuni(t, tend-t, &ulen, flags);
3471 if (t < tend && NATIVE_TO_UTF(*t) == 0xff) {
3473 cp[2*i+1] = utf8n_to_uvuni(t, tend-t, &ulen, flags);
3477 cp[2*i+1] = cp[2*i];
3481 qsort(cp, i, 2*sizeof(UV), uvcompare);
3482 for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
3484 diff = val - nextmin;
3486 t = uvuni_to_utf8(tmpbuf,nextmin);
3487 sv_catpvn(transv, (char*)tmpbuf, t - tmpbuf);
3489 U8 range_mark = UTF_TO_NATIVE(0xff);
3490 t = uvuni_to_utf8(tmpbuf, val - 1);
3491 sv_catpvn(transv, (char *)&range_mark, 1);
3492 sv_catpvn(transv, (char*)tmpbuf, t - tmpbuf);
3499 t = uvuni_to_utf8(tmpbuf,nextmin);
3500 sv_catpvn(transv, (char*)tmpbuf, t - tmpbuf);
3502 U8 range_mark = UTF_TO_NATIVE(0xff);
3503 sv_catpvn(transv, (char *)&range_mark, 1);
3505 t = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(tmpbuf, 0x7fffffff,
3506 UNICODE_ALLOW_SUPER);
3507 sv_catpvn(transv, (char*)tmpbuf, t - tmpbuf);
3508 t = (const U8*)SvPVX_const(transv);
3509 tlen = SvCUR(transv);
3513 else if (!rlen && !del) {
3514 r = t; rlen = tlen; rend = tend;
3517 if ((!rlen && !del) || t == r ||
3518 (tlen == rlen && memEQ((char *)t, (char *)r, tlen)))
3520 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_IDENTICAL;
3524 while (t < tend || tfirst <= tlast) {
3525 /* see if we need more "t" chars */
3526 if (tfirst > tlast) {
3527 tfirst = (I32)utf8n_to_uvuni(t, tend - t, &ulen, flags);
3529 if (t < tend && NATIVE_TO_UTF(*t) == 0xff) { /* illegal utf8 val indicates range */
3531 tlast = (I32)utf8n_to_uvuni(t, tend - t, &ulen, flags);
3538 /* now see if we need more "r" chars */
3539 if (rfirst > rlast) {
3541 rfirst = (I32)utf8n_to_uvuni(r, rend - r, &ulen, flags);
3543 if (r < rend && NATIVE_TO_UTF(*r) == 0xff) { /* illegal utf8 val indicates range */
3545 rlast = (I32)utf8n_to_uvuni(r, rend - r, &ulen, flags);
3554 rfirst = rlast = 0xffffffff;
3558 /* now see which range will peter our first, if either. */
3559 tdiff = tlast - tfirst;
3560 rdiff = rlast - rfirst;
3567 if (rfirst == 0xffffffff) {
3568 diff = tdiff; /* oops, pretend rdiff is infinite */
3570 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%04lx\t%04lx\tXXXX\n",
3571 (long)tfirst, (long)tlast);
3573 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%04lx\t\tXXXX\n", (long)tfirst);
3577 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%04lx\t%04lx\t%04lx\n",
3578 (long)tfirst, (long)(tfirst + diff),
3581 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ listsv, "%04lx\t\t%04lx\n",
3582 (long)tfirst, (long)rfirst);
3584 if (rfirst + diff > max)
3585 max = rfirst + diff;
3587 grows = (tfirst < rfirst &&
3588 UNISKIP(tfirst) < UNISKIP(rfirst + diff));
3600 else if (max > 0xff)
3605 PerlMemShared_free(cPVOPo->op_pv);
3606 cPVOPo->op_pv = NULL;
3608 swash = MUTABLE_SV(swash_init("utf8", "", listsv, bits, none));
3610 cPADOPo->op_padix = pad_alloc(OP_TRANS, SVs_PADTMP);
3611 SvREFCNT_dec(PAD_SVl(cPADOPo->op_padix));
3612 PAD_SETSV(cPADOPo->op_padix, swash);
3614 SvREADONLY_on(swash);
3616 cSVOPo->op_sv = swash;
3618 SvREFCNT_dec(listsv);
3619 SvREFCNT_dec(transv);
3621 if (!del && havefinal && rlen)
3622 (void)hv_store(MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(swash)), "FINAL", 5,
3623 newSVuv((UV)final), 0);
3626 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_GROWS;
3632 op_getmad(expr,o,'e');
3633 op_getmad(repl,o,'r');
3641 tbl = (short*)cPVOPo->op_pv;
3643 Zero(tbl, 256, short);
3644 for (i = 0; i < (I32)tlen; i++)
3646 for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 256; i++) {
3648 if (j >= (I32)rlen) {
3657 if (i < 128 && r[j] >= 128)
3667 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_IDENTICAL;
3669 else if (j >= (I32)rlen)
3674 PerlMemShared_realloc(tbl,
3675 (0x101+rlen-j) * sizeof(short));
3676 cPVOPo->op_pv = (char*)tbl;
3678 tbl[0x100] = (short)(rlen - j);
3679 for (i=0; i < (I32)rlen - j; i++)
3680 tbl[0x101+i] = r[j+i];
3684 if (!rlen && !del) {
3687 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_IDENTICAL;
3689 else if (!squash && rlen == tlen && memEQ((char*)t, (char*)r, tlen)) {
3690 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_IDENTICAL;
3692 for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
3694 for (i = 0, j = 0; i < (I32)tlen; i++,j++) {
3695 if (j >= (I32)rlen) {
3697 if (tbl[t[i]] == -1)
3703 if (tbl[t[i]] == -1) {
3704 if (t[i] < 128 && r[j] >= 128)
3711 if(del && rlen == tlen) {
3712 Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC), "Useless use of /d modifier in transliteration operator");
3713 } else if(rlen > tlen) {
3714 Perl_ck_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC), "Replacement list is longer than search list");
3718 o->op_private |= OPpTRANS_GROWS;
3720 op_getmad(expr,o,'e');
3721 op_getmad(repl,o,'r');
3731 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newPMOP|I32 type|I32 flags
3733 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any pattern matching type.
3734 I<type> is the opcode. I<flags> gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>
3735 and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of C<op_private>.
3741 Perl_newPMOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags)
3746 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_PMOP);
3748 NewOp(1101, pmop, 1, PMOP);
3749 pmop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
3750 pmop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
3751 pmop->op_flags = (U8)flags;
3752 pmop->op_private = (U8)(0 | (flags >> 8));
3754 if (PL_hints & HINT_RE_TAINT)
3755 pmop->op_pmflags |= PMf_RETAINT;
3756 if (PL_hints & HINT_LOCALE) {
3757 pmop->op_pmflags |= PMf_LOCALE;
3759 else if ((! (PL_hints & HINT_BYTES)) && (PL_hints & HINT_UNI_8_BIT)) {
3760 pmop->op_pmflags |= RXf_PMf_UNICODE;
3762 if (PL_hints & HINT_RE_FLAGS) {
3763 SV *reflags = Perl_refcounted_he_fetch_pvn(aTHX_
3764 PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash, STR_WITH_LEN("reflags"), 0, 0
3766 if (reflags && SvOK(reflags)) pmop->op_pmflags |= SvIV(reflags);
3767 reflags = Perl_refcounted_he_fetch_pvn(aTHX_
3768 PL_compiling.cop_hints_hash, STR_WITH_LEN("reflags_dul"), 0, 0
3770 if (reflags && SvOK(reflags)) {
3771 pmop->op_pmflags &= ~(RXf_PMf_LOCALE|RXf_PMf_UNICODE);
3772 pmop->op_pmflags |= SvIV(reflags);
3778 assert(SvPOK(PL_regex_pad[0]));
3779 if (SvCUR(PL_regex_pad[0])) {
3780 /* Pop off the "packed" IV from the end. */
3781 SV *const repointer_list = PL_regex_pad[0];
3782 const char *p = SvEND(repointer_list) - sizeof(IV);
3783 const IV offset = *((IV*)p);
3785 assert(SvCUR(repointer_list) % sizeof(IV) == 0);
3787 SvEND_set(repointer_list, p);
3789 pmop->op_pmoffset = offset;
3790 /* This slot should be free, so assert this: */
3791 assert(PL_regex_pad[offset] == &PL_sv_undef);
3793 SV * const repointer = &PL_sv_undef;
3794 av_push(PL_regex_padav, repointer);
3795 pmop->op_pmoffset = av_len(PL_regex_padav);
3796 PL_regex_pad = AvARRAY(PL_regex_padav);
3800 return CHECKOP(type, pmop);
3803 /* Given some sort of match op o, and an expression expr containing a
3804 * pattern, either compile expr into a regex and attach it to o (if it's
3805 * constant), or convert expr into a runtime regcomp op sequence (if it's
3808 * isreg indicates that the pattern is part of a regex construct, eg
3809 * $x =~ /pattern/ or split /pattern/, as opposed to $x =~ $pattern or
3810 * split "pattern", which aren't. In the former case, expr will be a list
3811 * if the pattern contains more than one term (eg /a$b/) or if it contains
3812 * a replacement, ie s/// or tr///.
3816 Perl_pmruntime(pTHX_ OP *o, OP *expr, bool isreg)
3821 I32 repl_has_vars = 0;
3825 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PMRUNTIME;
3827 if (o->op_type == OP_SUBST || o->op_type == OP_TRANS) {
3828 /* last element in list is the replacement; pop it */
3830 repl = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_last;
3831 kid = cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first;
3832 while (kid->op_sibling != repl)
3833 kid = kid->op_sibling;
3834 kid->op_sibling = NULL;
3835 cLISTOPx(expr)->op_last = kid;
3838 if (isreg && expr->op_type == OP_LIST &&
3839 cLISTOPx(expr)->op_first->op_sibling == cLISTOPx(expr)->op_last)
3841 /* convert single element list to element */
3842 OP* const oe = expr;
3843 expr = cLISTOPx(oe)->op_first->op_sibling;
3844 cLISTOPx(oe)->op_first->op_sibling = NULL;
3845 cLISTOPx(oe)->op_last = NULL;
3849 if (o->op_type == OP_TRANS) {
3850 return pmtrans(o, expr, repl);
3853 reglist = isreg && expr->op_type == OP_LIST;
3857 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
3860 if (expr->op_type == OP_CONST) {
3861 SV *pat = ((SVOP*)expr)->op_sv;
3862 U32 pm_flags = pm->op_pmflags & PMf_COMPILETIME;
3864 if (o->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL)
3865 pm_flags |= RXf_SPLIT;
3868 assert (SvUTF8(pat));
3869 } else if (SvUTF8(pat)) {
3870 /* Not doing UTF-8, despite what the SV says. Is this only if we're
3871 trapped in use 'bytes'? */
3872 /* Make a copy of the octet sequence, but without the flag on, as
3873 the compiler now honours the SvUTF8 flag on pat. */
3875 const char *const p = SvPV(pat, len);
3876 pat = newSVpvn_flags(p, len, SVs_TEMP);
3879 PM_SETRE(pm, CALLREGCOMP(pat, pm_flags));
3882 op_getmad(expr,(OP*)pm,'e');
3888 if (pm->op_pmflags & PMf_KEEP || !(PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL))
3889 expr = newUNOP((!(PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL)
3891 : OP_REGCMAYBE),0,expr);
3893 NewOp(1101, rcop, 1, LOGOP);
3894 rcop->op_type = OP_REGCOMP;
3895 rcop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_REGCOMP];
3896 rcop->op_first = scalar(expr);
3897 rcop->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS
3898 | ((PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL) ? OPf_SPECIAL : 0)
3899 | (reglist ? OPf_STACKED : 0);
3900 rcop->op_private = 1;
3903 rcop->op_targ = pad_alloc(rcop->op_type, SVs_PADTMP);
3905 /* /$x/ may cause an eval, since $x might be qr/(?{..})/ */
3908 /* establish postfix order */
3909 if (pm->op_pmflags & PMf_KEEP || !(PL_hints & HINT_RE_EVAL)) {
3911 rcop->op_next = expr;
3912 ((UNOP*)expr)->op_first->op_next = (OP*)rcop;
3915 rcop->op_next = LINKLIST(expr);
3916 expr->op_next = (OP*)rcop;
3919 op_prepend_elem(o->op_type, scalar((OP*)rcop), o);
3924 if (pm->op_pmflags & PMf_EVAL) {
3926 if (CopLINE(PL_curcop) < (line_t)PL_parser->multi_end)
3927 CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, (line_t)PL_parser->multi_end);
3929 else if (repl->op_type == OP_CONST)
3933 for (curop = LINKLIST(repl); curop!=repl; curop = LINKLIST(curop)) {
3934 if (curop->op_type == OP_SCOPE
3935 || curop->op_type == OP_LEAVE
3936 || (PL_opargs[curop->op_type] & OA_DANGEROUS)) {
3937 if (curop->op_type == OP_GV) {
3938 GV * const gv = cGVOPx_gv(curop);
3940 if (strchr("&`'123456789+-\016\022", *GvENAME(gv)))
3943 else if (curop->op_type == OP_RV2CV)
3945 else if (curop->op_type == OP_RV2SV ||
3946 curop->op_type == OP_RV2AV ||
3947 curop->op_type == OP_RV2HV ||
3948 curop->op_type == OP_RV2GV) {
3949 if (lastop && lastop->op_type != OP_GV) /*funny deref?*/
3952 else if (curop->op_type == OP_PADSV ||
3953 curop->op_type == OP_PADAV ||
3954 curop->op_type == OP_PADHV ||
3955 curop->op_type == OP_PADANY)
3959 else if (curop->op_type == OP_PUSHRE)
3960 NOOP; /* Okay here, dangerous in newASSIGNOP */
3970 || RX_EXTFLAGS(PM_GETRE(pm)) & RXf_EVAL_SEEN)))
3972 pm->op_pmflags |= PMf_CONST; /* const for long enough */
3973 op_prepend_elem(o->op_type, scalar(repl), o);
3976 if (curop == repl && !PM_GETRE(pm)) { /* Has variables. */
3977 pm->op_pmflags |= PMf_MAYBE_CONST;
3979 NewOp(1101, rcop, 1, LOGOP);
3980 rcop->op_type = OP_SUBSTCONT;
3981 rcop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[OP_SUBSTCONT];
3982 rcop->op_first = scalar(repl);
3983 rcop->op_flags |= OPf_KIDS;
3984 rcop->op_private = 1;
3987 /* establish postfix order */
3988 rcop->op_next = LINKLIST(repl);
3989 repl->op_next = (OP*)rcop;
3991 pm->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmreplroot = scalar((OP*)rcop);
3992 assert(!(pm->op_pmflags & PMf_ONCE));
3993 pm->op_pmstashstartu.op_pmreplstart = LINKLIST(rcop);
4002 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newSVOP|I32 type|I32 flags|SV *sv
4004 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that involves an
4005 embedded SV. I<type> is the opcode. I<flags> gives the eight bits
4006 of C<op_flags>. I<sv> gives the SV to embed in the op; this function
4007 takes ownership of one reference to it.
4013 Perl_newSVOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, SV *sv)
4018 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEWSVOP;
4020 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_SVOP
4021 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_PVOP_OR_SVOP
4022 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_FILESTATOP);
4024 NewOp(1101, svop, 1, SVOP);
4025 svop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
4026 svop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
4028 svop->op_next = (OP*)svop;
4029 svop->op_flags = (U8)flags;
4030 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_RETSCALAR)
4032 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_TARGET)
4033 svop->op_targ = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);
4034 return CHECKOP(type, svop);
4040 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newPADOP|I32 type|I32 flags|SV *sv
4042 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that involves a
4043 reference to a pad element. I<type> is the opcode. I<flags> gives the
4044 eight bits of C<op_flags>. A pad slot is automatically allocated, and
4045 is populated with I<sv>; this function takes ownership of one reference
4048 This function only exists if Perl has been compiled to use ithreads.
4054 Perl_newPADOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, SV *sv)
4059 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEWPADOP;
4061 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_SVOP
4062 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_PVOP_OR_SVOP
4063 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_FILESTATOP);
4065 NewOp(1101, padop, 1, PADOP);
4066 padop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
4067 padop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
4068 padop->op_padix = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);
4069 SvREFCNT_dec(PAD_SVl(padop->op_padix));
4070 PAD_SETSV(padop->op_padix, sv);
4073 padop->op_next = (OP*)padop;
4074 padop->op_flags = (U8)flags;
4075 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_RETSCALAR)
4077 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_TARGET)
4078 padop->op_targ = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);
4079 return CHECKOP(type, padop);
4082 #endif /* !USE_ITHREADS */
4085 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newGVOP|I32 type|I32 flags|GV *gv
4087 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that involves an
4088 embedded reference to a GV. I<type> is the opcode. I<flags> gives the
4089 eight bits of C<op_flags>. I<gv> identifies the GV that the op should
4090 reference; calling this function does not transfer ownership of any
4097 Perl_newGVOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, GV *gv)
4101 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEWGVOP;
4105 return newPADOP(type, flags, SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN(gv));
4107 return newSVOP(type, flags, SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN(gv));
4112 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newPVOP|I32 type|I32 flags|char *pv
4114 Constructs, checks, and returns an op of any type that involves an
4115 embedded C-level pointer (PV). I<type> is the opcode. I<flags> gives
4116 the eight bits of C<op_flags>. I<pv> supplies the C-level pointer, which
4117 must have been allocated using L</PerlMemShared_malloc>; the memory will
4118 be freed when the op is destroyed.
4124 Perl_newPVOP(pTHX_ I32 type, I32 flags, char *pv)
4129 assert((PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_PVOP_OR_SVOP
4130 || (PL_opargs[type] & OA_CLASS_MASK) == OA_LOOPEXOP);
4132 NewOp(1101, pvop, 1, PVOP);
4133 pvop->op_type = (OPCODE)type;
4134 pvop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[type];
4136 pvop->op_next = (OP*)pvop;
4137 pvop->op_flags = (U8)flags;
4138 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_RETSCALAR)
4140 if (PL_opargs[type] & OA_TARGET)
4141 pvop->op_targ = pad_alloc(type, SVs_PADTMP);
4142 return CHECKOP(type, pvop);
4150 Perl_package(pTHX_ OP *o)
4153 SV *const sv = cSVOPo->op_sv;
4158 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PACKAGE;
4160 save_hptr(&PL_curstash);
4161 save_item(PL_curstname);
4163 PL_curstash = gv_stashsv(sv, GV_ADD);
4165 sv_setsv(PL_curstname, sv);
4167 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
4168 PL_parser->copline = NOLINE;
4169 PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
4174 if (!PL_madskills) {
4179 pegop = newOP(OP_NULL,0);
4180 op_getmad(o,pegop,'P');
4186 Perl_package_version( pTHX_ OP *v )
4189 U32 savehints = PL_hints;
4190 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PACKAGE_VERSION;
4191 PL_hints &= ~HINT_STRICT_VARS;
4192 sv_setsv( GvSV(gv_fetchpvs("VERSION", GV_ADDMULTI, SVt_PV)), cSVOPx(v)->op_sv );
4193 PL_hints = savehints;
4202 Perl_utilize(pTHX_ int aver, I32 floor, OP *version, OP *idop, OP *arg)
4209 OP *pegop = newOP(OP_NULL,0);
4212 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTILIZE;
4214 if (idop->op_type != OP_CONST)
4215 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Module name must be constant");
4218 op_getmad(idop,pegop,'U');
4223 SV * const vesv = ((SVOP*)version)->op_sv;
4226 op_getmad(version,pegop,'V');
4227 if (!arg && !SvNIOKp(vesv)) {
4234 if (version->op_type != OP_CONST || !SvNIOKp(vesv))
4235 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Version number must be a constant number");
4237 /* Make copy of idop so we don't free it twice */
4238 pack = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVsv(((SVOP*)idop)->op_sv));
4240 /* Fake up a method call to VERSION */
4241 meth = newSVpvs_share("VERSION");
4242 veop = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED|OPf_SPECIAL,
4243 op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
4244 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, pack, list(version)),
4245 newSVOP(OP_METHOD_NAMED, 0, meth)));
4249 /* Fake up an import/unimport */
4250 if (arg && arg->op_type == OP_STUB) {
4252 op_getmad(arg,pegop,'S');
4253 imop = arg; /* no import on explicit () */
4255 else if (SvNIOKp(((SVOP*)idop)->op_sv)) {
4256 imop = NULL; /* use 5.0; */
4258 idop->op_private |= OPpCONST_NOVER;
4264 op_getmad(arg,pegop,'A');
4266 /* Make copy of idop so we don't free it twice */
4267 pack = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVsv(((SVOP*)idop)->op_sv));
4269 /* Fake up a method call to import/unimport */
4271 ? newSVpvs_share("import") : newSVpvs_share("unimport");
4272 imop = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED|OPf_SPECIAL,
4273 op_append_elem(OP_LIST,
4274 op_prepend_elem(OP_LIST, pack, list(arg)),
4275 newSVOP(OP_METHOD_NAMED, 0, meth)));
4278 /* Fake up the BEGIN {}, which does its thing immediately. */
4280 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpvs_share("BEGIN")),
4283 op_append_elem(OP_LINESEQ,
4284 op_append_elem(OP_LINESEQ,
4285 newSTATEOP(0, NULL, newUNOP(OP_REQUIRE, 0, idop)),
4286 newSTATEOP(0, NULL, veop)),
4287 newSTATEOP(0, NULL, imop) ));
4289 /* The "did you use incorrect case?" warning used to be here.
4290 * The problem is that on case-insensitive filesystems one
4291 * might get false positives for "use" (and "require"):
4292 * "use Strict" or "require CARP" will work. This causes
4293 * portability problems for the script: in case-strict
4294 * filesystems the script will stop working.
4296 * The "incorrect case" warning checked whether "use Foo"
4297 * imported "Foo" to your namespace, but that is wrong, too:
4298 * there is no requirement nor promise in the language that
4299 * a Foo.pm should or would contain anything in package "Foo".
4301 * There is very little Configure-wise that can be done, either:
4302 * the case-sensitivity of the build filesystem of Perl does not
4303 * help in guessing the case-sensitivity of the runtime environment.
4306 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
4307 PL_parser->copline = NOLINE;
4308 PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
4309 PL_cop_seqmax++; /* Purely for B::*'s benefit */
4312 if (!PL_madskills) {
4313 /* FIXME - don't allocate pegop if !PL_madskills */
4322 =head1 Embedding Functions
4324 =for apidoc load_module
4326 Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name.
4327 Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given.
4328 Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be any of
4329 PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS
4330 (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics
4331 similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION>. The optional trailing SV*
4332 arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import()
4333 method, similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST>. They must be
4334 terminated with a final NULL pointer. Note that this list can only
4335 be omitted when the PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT flag has been used.
4336 Otherwise at least a single NULL pointer to designate the default
4337 import list is required.
4342 Perl_load_module(pTHX_ U32 flags, SV *name, SV *ver, ...)
4346 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_LOAD_MODULE;
4348 va_start(args, ver);
4349 vload_module(flags, name, ver, &args);
4353 #ifdef PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
4355 Perl_load_module_nocontext(U32 flags, SV *name, SV *ver, ...)
4359 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_LOAD_MODULE_NOCONTEXT;
4360 va_start(args, ver);
4361 vload_module(flags, name, ver, &args);
4367 Perl_vload_module(pTHX_ U32 flags, SV *name, SV *ver, va_list *args)
4371 OP * const modname = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, name);
4373 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_VLOAD_MODULE;
4375 modname->op_private |= OPpCONST_BARE;
4377 veop = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, ver);
4381 if (flags & PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT) {
4382 imop = sawparens(newNULLLIST());
4384 else if (flags & PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS) {
4385 imop = va_arg(*args, OP*);
4390 sv = va_arg(*args, SV*);
4392 imop = op_append_elem(OP_LIST, imop, newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, sv));
4393 sv = va_arg(*args, SV*);
4397 /* utilize() fakes up a BEGIN { require ..; import ... }, so make sure
4398 * that it has a PL_parser to play with while doing that, and also
4399 * that it doesn't mess with any existing parser, by creating a tmp
4400 * new parser with lex_start(). This won't actually be used for much,
4401 * since pp_require() will create another parser for the real work. */
4404 SAVEVPTR(PL_curcop);
4405 lex_start(NULL, NULL, 0);
4406 utilize(!(flags & PERL_LOADMOD_DENY), start_subparse(FALSE, 0),
4407 veop, modname, imop);
4412 Perl_dofile(pTHX_ OP *term, I32 force_builtin)
4418 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DOFILE;
4420 if (!force_builtin) {
4421 gv = gv_fetchpvs("do", GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PVCV);
4422 if (!(gv && GvCVu(gv) && GvIMPORTED_CV(gv))) {
4423 GV * const * const gvp = (GV**)hv_fetchs(PL_globalstash, "do", FALSE);
4424 gv = gvp ? *gvp : NULL;
4428 if (gv && GvCVu(gv) && GvIMPORTED_CV(gv)) {
4429 doop = ck_subr(newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
4430 op_append_elem(OP_LIST, term,
4431 scalar(newUNOP(OP_RV2CV, 0,
4432 newGVOP(OP_GV, 0, gv))))));
4435 doop = newUNOP(OP_DOFILE, 0, scalar(term));
4441 =head1 Optree construction
4443 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newSLICEOP|I32 flags|OP *subscript|OP *listval
4445 Constructs, checks, and returns an C<lslice> (list slice) op. I<flags>
4446 gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>, except that C<OPf_KIDS> will
4447 be set automatically, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits of
4448 C<op_private>, except that the bit with value 1 or 2 is automatically
4449 set as required. I<listval> and I<subscript> supply the parameters of
4450 the slice; they are consumed by this function and become part of the
4451 constructed op tree.
4457 Perl_newSLICEOP(pTHX_ I32 flags, OP *subscript, OP *listval)
4459 return newBINOP(OP_LSLICE, flags,
4460 list(force_list(subscript)),
4461 list(force_list(listval)) );
4465 S_is_list_assignment(pTHX_ register const OP *o)
4473 if ((o->op_type == OP_NULL) && (o->op_flags & OPf_KIDS))
4474 o = cUNOPo->op_first;
4476 flags = o->op_flags;
4478 if (type == OP_COND_EXPR) {
4479 const I32 t = is_list_assignment(cLOGOPo->op_first->op_sibling);
4480 const I32 f = is_list_assignment(cLOGOPo->op_first->op_sibling->op_sibling);
4485 yyerror("Assignment to both a list and a scalar");
4489 if (type == OP_LIST &&
4490 (flags & OPf_WANT) == OPf_WANT_SCALAR &&
4491 o->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO)
4494 if (type == OP_LIST || flags & OPf_PARENS ||
4495 type == OP_RV2AV || type == OP_RV2HV ||
4496 type == OP_ASLICE || type == OP_HSLICE)
4499 if (type == OP_PADAV || type == OP_PADHV)
4502 if (type == OP_RV2SV)
4509 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newASSIGNOP|I32 flags|OP *left|I32 optype|OP *right
4511 Constructs, checks, and returns an assignment op. I<left> and I<right>
4512 supply the parameters of the assignment; they are consumed by this
4513 function and become part of the constructed op tree.
4515 If I<optype> is C<OP_ANDASSIGN>, C<OP_ORASSIGN>, or C<OP_DORASSIGN>, then
4516 a suitable conditional optree is constructed. If I<optype> is the opcode
4517 of a binary operator, such as C<OP_BIT_OR>, then an op is constructed that
4518 performs the binary operation and assigns the result to the left argument.
4519 Either way, if I<optype> is non-zero then I<flags> has no effect.
4521 If I<optype> is zero, then a plain scalar or list assignment is
4522 constructed. Which type of assignment it is is automatically determined.
4523 I<flags> gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>, except that C<OPf_KIDS>
4524 will be set automatically, and, shifted up eight bits, the eight bits
4525 of C<op_private>, except that the bit with value 1 or 2 is automatically
4532 Perl_newASSIGNOP(pTHX_ I32 flags, OP *left, I32 optype, OP *right)
4538 if (optype == OP_ANDASSIGN || optype == OP_ORASSIGN || optype == OP_DORASSIGN) {
4539 return newLOGOP(optype, 0,
4540 op_lvalue(scalar(left), optype),
4541 newUNOP(OP_SASSIGN, 0, scalar(right)));
4544 return newBINOP(optype, OPf_STACKED,
4545 op_lvalue(scalar(left), optype), scalar(right));
4549 if (is_list_assignment(left)) {
4550 static const char no_list_state[] = "Initialization of state variables"
4551 " in list context currently forbidden";
4553 bool maybe_common_vars = TRUE;
4556 /* Grandfathering $[ assignment here. Bletch.*/
4557 /* Only simple assignments like C<< ($[) = 1 >> are allowed */
4558 PL_eval_start = (left->op_type == OP_CONST) ? right : NULL;
4559 left = op_lvalue(left, OP_AASSIGN);
4562 else if (left->op_type == OP_CONST) {
4563 deprecate("assignment to $[");
4565 /* Result of assignment is always 1 (or we'd be dead already) */
4566 return newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSViv(1));
4568 curop = list(force_list(left));
4569 o = newBINOP(OP_AASSIGN, flags, list(force_list(right)), curop);
4570 o->op_private = (U8)(0 | (flags >> 8));
4572 if ((left->op_type == OP_LIST
4573 || (left->op_type == OP_NULL && left->op_targ == OP_LIST)))
4575 OP* lop = ((LISTOP*)left)->op_first;
4576 maybe_common_vars = FALSE;
4578 if (lop->op_type == OP_PADSV ||
4579 lop->op_type == OP_PADAV ||
4580 lop->op_type == OP_PADHV ||
4581 lop->op_type == OP_PADANY) {
4582 if (!(lop->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO))
4583 maybe_common_vars = TRUE;
4585 if (lop->op_private & OPpPAD_STATE) {
4586 if (left->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO) {
4587 /* Each variable in state($a, $b, $c) = ... */
4590 /* Each state variable in
4591 (state $a, my $b, our $c, $d, undef) = ... */
4593 yyerror(no_list_state);
4595 /* Each my variable in
4596 (state $a, my $b, our $c, $d, undef) = ... */
4598 } else if (lop->op_type == OP_UNDEF ||
4599 lop->op_type == OP_PUSHMARK) {
4600 /* undef may be interesting in
4601 (state $a, undef, state $c) */
4603 /* Other ops in the list. */
4604 maybe_common_vars = TRUE;
4606 lop = lop->op_sibling;
4609 else if ((left->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO)
4610 && ( left->op_type == OP_PADSV
4611 || left->op_type == OP_PADAV
4612 || left->op_type == OP_PADHV
4613 || left->op_type == OP_PADANY))
4615 if (left->op_type == OP_PADSV) maybe_common_vars = FALSE;
4616 if (left->op_private & OPpPAD_STATE) {
4617 /* All single variable list context state assignments, hence
4627 yyerror(no_list_state);
4631 /* PL_generation sorcery:
4632 * an assignment like ($a,$b) = ($c,$d) is easier than
4633 * ($a,$b) = ($c,$a), since there is no need for temporary vars.
4634 * To detect whether there are common vars, the global var
4635 * PL_generation is incremented for each assign op we compile.
4636 * Then, while compiling the assign op, we run through all the
4637 * variables on both sides of the assignment, setting a spare slot
4638 * in each of them to PL_generation. If any of them already have
4639 * that value, we know we've got commonality. We could use a
4640 * single bit marker, but then we'd have to make 2 passes, first
4641 * to clear the flag, then to test and set it. To find somewhere
4642 * to store these values, evil chicanery is done with SvUVX().
4645 if (maybe_common_vars) {
4648 for (curop = LINKLIST(o); curop != o; curop = LINKLIST(curop)) {
4649 if (PL_opargs[curop->op_type] & OA_DANGEROUS) {
4650 if (curop->op_type == OP_GV) {
4651 GV *gv = cGVOPx_gv(curop);
4653 || (int)GvASSIGN_GENERATION(gv) == PL_generation)
4655 GvASSIGN_GENERATION_set(gv, PL_generation);
4657 else if (curop->op_type == OP_PADSV ||
4658 curop->op_type == OP_PADAV ||
4659 curop->op_type == OP_PADHV ||
4660 curop->op_type == OP_PADANY)
4662 if (PAD_COMPNAME_GEN(curop->op_targ)
4663 == (STRLEN)PL_generation)
4665 PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set(curop->op_targ, PL_generation);
4668 else if (curop->op_type == OP_RV2CV)
4670 else if (curop->op_type == OP_RV2SV ||
4671 curop->op_type == OP_RV2AV ||
4672 curop->op_type == OP_RV2HV ||
4673 curop->op_type == OP_RV2GV) {
4674 if (lastop->op_type != OP_GV) /* funny deref? */
4677 else if (curop->op_type == OP_PUSHRE) {
4679 if (((PMOP*)curop)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff) {
4680 GV *const gv = MUTABLE_GV(PAD_SVl(((PMOP*)curop)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff));
4682 || (int)GvASSIGN_GENERATION(gv) == PL_generation)
4684 GvASSIGN_GENERATION_set(gv, PL_generation);
4688 = ((PMOP*)curop)->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv;
4691 || (int)GvASSIGN_GENERATION(gv) == PL_generation)
4693 GvASSIGN_GENERATION_set(gv, PL_generation);
4703 o->op_private |= OPpASSIGN_COMMON;
4706 if (right && right->op_type == OP_SPLIT && !PL_madskills) {
4707 OP* tmpop = ((LISTOP*)right)->op_first;
4708 if (tmpop && (tmpop->op_type == OP_PUSHRE)) {
4709 PMOP * const pm = (PMOP*)tmpop;
4710 if (left->op_type == OP_RV2AV &&
4711 !(left->op_private & OPpLVAL_INTRO) &&
4712 !(o->op_private & OPpASSIGN_COMMON) )
4714 tmpop = ((UNOP*)left)->op_first;
4715 if (tmpop->op_type == OP_GV
4717 && !pm->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff
4719 && !pm->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv
4723 pm->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetoff
4724 = cPADOPx(tmpop)->op_padix;
4725 cPADOPx(tmpop)->op_padix = 0; /* steal it */
4727 pm->op_pmreplrootu.op_pmtargetgv
4728 = MUTABLE_GV(cSVOPx(tmpop)->op_sv);
4729 cSVOPx(tmpop)->op_sv = NULL; /* steal it */
4731 pm->op_pmflags |= PMf_ONCE;
4732 tmpop = cUNOPo->op_first; /* to list (nulled) */
4733 tmpop = ((UNOP*)tmpop)->op_first; /* to pushmark */
4734 tmpop->op_sibling = NULL; /* don't free split */
4735 right->op_next = tmpop->op_next; /* fix starting loc */
4736 op_free(o); /* blow off assign */
4737 right->op_flags &= ~OPf_WANT;
4738 /* "I don't know and I don't care." */
4743 if (PL_modcount < RETURN_UNLIMITED_NUMBER &&
4744 ((LISTOP*)right)->op_last->op_type == OP_CONST)
4746 SV *sv = ((SVOP*)((LISTOP*)right)->op_last)->op_sv;
4747 if (SvIOK(sv) && SvIVX(sv) == 0)
4748 sv_setiv(sv, PL_modcount+1);
4756 right = newOP(OP_UNDEF, 0);
4757 if (right->op_type == OP_READLINE) {
4758 right->op_flags |= OPf_STACKED;
4759 return newBINOP(OP_NULL, flags, op_lvalue(scalar(left), OP_SASSIGN),
4763 PL_eval_start = right; /* Grandfathering $[ assignment here. Bletch.*/
4764 o = newBINOP(OP_SASSIGN, flags,
4765 scalar(right), op_lvalue(scalar(left), OP_SASSIGN) );
4769 if (!PL_madskills) { /* assignment to $[ is ignored when making a mad dump */
4770 deprecate("assignment to $[");
4772 o = newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSViv(CopARYBASE_get(&PL_compiling)));
4773 o->op_private |= OPpCONST_ARYBASE;
4781 =for apidoc Am|OP *|newSTATEOP|I32 flags|char *label|OP *o
4783 Constructs a state op (COP). The state op is normally a C<nextstate> op,
4784 but will be a C<dbstate> op if debugging is enabled for currently-compiled
4785 code. The state op is populated from L</PL_curcop> (or L</PL_compiling>).
4786 If I<label> is non-null, it supplies the name of a label to attach to
4787 the state op; this function takes ownership of the memory pointed at by
4788 I<label>, and will free it. I<flags> gives the eight bits of C<op_flags>
4791 If I<o> is null, the state op is returned. Otherwise the state op is
4792 combined with I<o> into a C<lineseq> list op, which is returned. I<o>
4793 is consumed by this function and becomes part of the returned op tree.
4799 Perl_newSTATEOP(pTHX_ I32 flags, char *label, OP *o)
4802 const U32 seq = intro_my();
4805 NewOp(1101, cop, 1, COP);
4806 if (PERLDB_LINE && CopLINE(PL_curcop) && PL_curstash != PL_debstash) {
4807 cop->op_type = OP_DBSTATE;
4808 cop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[ OP_DBSTATE ];
4811 cop->op_type = OP_NEXTSTATE;
4812 cop->op_ppaddr = PL_ppaddr[ OP_NEXTSTATE ];
4814 cop->op_flags = (U8)flags;
4815 CopHINTS_set(cop, PL_hints);
4817 cop->op_private |= NATIVE_HINTS;
4819 CopHINTS_set(&PL_compiling, CopHINTS_get(cop));
4820 cop->op_next = (OP*)cop;
4823 /* CopARYBASE is now "virtual", in that it's stored as a flag bit in
4824 CopHINTS and a possible value in cop_hints_hash, so no need to copy it.
4826 cop->cop_warnings = DUP_WARNINGS(PL_curcop->cop_warnings);
4827 CopHINTHASH_set(cop, cophh_copy(CopHINTHASH_get(PL_curcop)));
4829 Perl_store_cop_label(aTHX_ cop, label, strlen(label), 0);
4831 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
4832 /* It seems that we need to defer freeing this pointer, as other parts
4833 of the grammar end up wanting to copy it after this op has been
4838 if (PL_parser && PL_parser->copline == NOLINE)
4839 CopLINE_set(cop, CopLINE(PL_curcop));
4841 CopLINE_set(cop, PL_parser->copline);
4843 PL_parser->copline = NOLINE;
4846 CopFILE_set(cop, CopFILE(PL_curcop)); /* XXX share in a pvtable? */
4848 CopFILEGV_set(cop, CopFILEGV(PL_curcop));
4850 CopSTASH_set(cop, PL_curstash);
4852 if ((PERLDB_LINE || PERLDB_SAVESRC) && PL_curstash != PL_debstash) {
4853 /* this line can have a breakpoint - store the cop in IV */
4854 AV *av = CopFILEAVx(PL_curcop);