1 # Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
2 # The documentation is after the __END__
7 $XS_VERSION = $VERSION;
8 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
14 @EXPORT = qw(Dump mstat DeadCode DumpArray DumpWithOP DumpProg
15 fill_mstats mstats_fillhash mstats2hash runops_debug debug_flags);
16 @EXPORT_OK = qw(SvREFCNT CvGV);
17 %EXPORT_TAGS = ('ALL' => [@EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK]);
23 my $ops_rx = qr/^:opd(=[stP]*)?\b/;
24 my @db = grep m/$ops_rx/, @_;
25 @_ = grep !m/$ops_rx/, @_;
27 die "Too many :opd options" if @db > 1;
29 my $flags = ($db[0] =~ m/$ops_rx/ and $1);
30 $flags = 'st' unless defined $flags;
32 $f |= 2 if $flags =~ /s/;
33 $f |= 8 if $flags =~ /t/;
34 $f |= 64 if $flags =~ /P/;
38 goto &Exporter::import;
41 sub DumpWithOP ($;$) {
42 local($Devel::Peek::dump_ops)=1;
43 my $depth = @_ > 1 ? $_[1] : 4 ;
47 $D_flags = 'psltocPmfrxuLHXDSTR';
49 sub debug_flags (;$) {
51 for my $i (0 .. length($D_flags)-1) {
52 $out .= substr $D_flags, $i, 1 if $^D & (1<<$i);
56 if (defined $arg and $arg =~ /\D/) {
57 die "unknown flags in debug_flags()" if $arg =~ /[^-$D_flags]/;
58 my ($on,$off) = split /-/, "$arg-";
60 $num |= (1<<index($D_flags, $_)) for split //, $on;
61 $num &= ~(1<<index($D_flags, $_)) for split //, $off;
63 $^D = $num if defined $arg;
67 sub B::Deparse::pp_Devel_Peek_Dump {
68 my ($deparse,$op,$cx) = @_;
69 my @kids = $deparse->deparse($op->first, 6);
70 my $sib = $op->first->sibling;
71 if (ref $sib ne 'B::NULL') {
72 push @kids, $deparse->deparse($sib, 6);
74 return "Devel::Peek::Dump(" . join(", ", @kids) . ")";
82 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
91 DumpArray( 5, $a, $b, ... );
94 use Devel::Peek ':opd=st';
98 Devel::Peek contains functions which allows raw Perl datatypes to be
99 manipulated from a Perl script. This is used by those who do XS programming
100 to check that the data they are sending from C to Perl looks as they think
101 it should look. The trick, then, is to know what the raw datatype is
102 supposed to look like when it gets to Perl. This document offers some tips
103 and hints to describe good and bad raw data.
105 It is very possible that this document will fall far short of being useful
106 to the casual reader. The reader is expected to understand the material in
107 the first few sections of L<perlguts>.
109 Devel::Peek supplies a C<Dump()> function which can dump a raw Perl
110 datatype, and C<mstat("marker")> function to report on memory usage
111 (if perl is compiled with corresponding option). The function
112 DeadCode() provides statistics on the data "frozen" into inactive
113 C<CV>. Devel::Peek also supplies C<SvREFCNT()> which can query reference
114 counts on SVs. This document will take a passive, and safe, approach
115 to data debugging and for that it will describe only the C<Dump()>
118 All output is to STDERR.
120 The C<Dump()> function takes one or two arguments: something to dump, and
121 an optional limit for recursion and array elements (default is 4). The
122 first argument is evaluted in rvalue scalar context, with exceptions for
123 @array and %hash, which dump the array or hash itself. So C<Dump @array>
124 works, as does C<Dump $foo>. And C<Dump pos> will call C<pos> in rvalue
125 context, whereas C<Dump ${\pos}> will call it in lvalue context.
127 Function C<DumpArray()> allows dumping of multiple values (useful when you
128 need to analyze returns of functions).
130 The global variable $Devel::Peek::pv_limit can be set to limit the
131 number of character printed in various string values. Setting it to 0
134 If C<use Devel::Peek> directive has a C<:opd=FLAGS> argument,
135 this switches on debugging of opcode dispatch. C<FLAGS> should be a
136 combination of C<s>, C<t>, and C<P> (see
137 L<< B<-D> flags in perlrun|perlrun/B<-D>I<letters> >>).
139 C<:opd> is a shortcut for C<:opd=st>.
141 =head2 Runtime debugging
143 C<CvGV($cv)> return one of the globs associated to a subroutine reference $cv.
145 debug_flags() returns a string representation of C<$^D> (similar to
146 what is allowed for B<-D> flag). When called with a numeric argument,
147 sets $^D to the corresponding value. When called with an argument of
148 the form C<"flags-flags">, set on/off bits of C<$^D> corresponding to
149 letters before/after C<->. (The returned value is for C<$^D> before
152 runops_debug() returns true if the current I<opcode dispatcher> is the
153 debugging one. When called with an argument, switches to debugging or
154 non-debugging dispatcher depending on the argument (active for
155 newly-entered subs/etc only). (The returned value is for the dispatcher before the modification.)
157 =head2 Memory footprint debugging
159 When perl is compiled with support for memory footprint debugging
160 (default with Perl's malloc()), Devel::Peek provides an access to this API.
162 Use mstat() function to emit a memory state statistic to the terminal.
163 For more information on the format of output of mstat() see
164 L<perldebguts/Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>.
166 Three additional functions allow access to this statistic from Perl.
167 First, use C<mstats_fillhash(%hash)> to get the information contained
168 in the output of mstat() into %hash. The field of this hash are
170 minbucket nbuckets sbrk_good sbrk_slack sbrked_remains sbrks
171 start_slack topbucket topbucket_ev topbucket_odd total total_chain
174 Two additional fields C<free>, C<used> contain array references which
175 provide per-bucket count of free and used chunks. Two other fields
176 C<mem_size>, C<available_size> contain array references which provide
177 the information about the allocated size and usable size of chunks in
178 each bucket. Again, see L<perldebguts/Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
182 Keep in mind that only the first several "odd-numbered" buckets are
183 used, so the information on size of the "odd-numbered" buckets which are
184 not used is probably meaningless.
188 mem_size available_size minbucket nbuckets
190 is the property of a particular build of perl, and does not depend on
191 the current process. If you do not provide the optional argument to
192 the functions mstats_fillhash(), fill_mstats(), mstats2hash(), then
193 the information in fields C<mem_size>, C<available_size> is not
196 C<fill_mstats($buf)> is a much cheaper call (both speedwise and
197 memory-wise) which collects the statistic into $buf in
198 machine-readable form. At a later moment you may need to call
199 C<mstats2hash($buf, %hash)> to use this information to fill %hash.
201 All three APIs C<fill_mstats($buf)>, C<mstats_fillhash(%hash)>, and
202 C<mstats2hash($buf, %hash)> are designed to allocate no memory if used
203 I<the second time> on the same $buf and/or %hash.
205 So, if you want to collect memory info in a cycle, you may call
208 fill_mstats($_) for @buf;
209 mstats_fillhash(%report, 1); # Static info too
213 fill_mstats $_; # Collect statistic
216 mstats2hash($_, %report); # Preserve static info
217 # Do something with %report
222 The following examples don't attempt to show everything as that would be a
223 monumental task, and, frankly, we don't want this manpage to be an internals
224 document for Perl. The examples do demonstrate some basics of the raw Perl
225 datatypes, and should suffice to get most determined people on their way.
226 There are no guidewires or safety nets, nor blazed trails, so be prepared to
227 travel alone from this point and on and, if at all possible, don't fall into
228 the quicksand (it's bad for business).
230 Oh, one final bit of advice: take L<perlguts> with you. When you return we
231 expect to see it well-thumbed.
233 =head2 A simple scalar string
235 Let's begin by looking a simple scalar which is holding a string.
238 $a = 42; $a = "hello";
243 SV = PVIV(0xbc288) at 0xbe9a8
247 PV = 0xb2048 "hello"\0
251 This says C<$a> is an SV, a scalar. The scalar type is a PVIV, which is
252 capable of holding an integer (IV) and/or a string (PV) value. The scalar's
253 head is allocated at address 0xbe9a8, while the body is at 0xbc288.
254 Its reference count is 1. It has the C<POK> flag set, meaning its
255 current PV field is valid. Because POK is set we look at the PV item
256 to see what is in the scalar. The \0 at the end indicate that this
257 PV is properly NUL-terminated.
258 Note that the IV field still contains its old numeric value, but because
259 FLAGS doesn't have IOK set, we must ignore the IV item.
260 CUR indicates the number of characters in the PV. LEN indicates the
261 number of bytes allocated for the PV (at least one more than CUR, because
262 LEN includes an extra byte for the end-of-string marker, then usually
263 rounded up to some efficient allocation unit).
265 =head2 A simple scalar number
267 If the scalar contains a number the raw SV will be leaner.
275 SV = IV(0xbc818) at 0xbe9a8
280 This says C<$a> is an SV, a scalar. The scalar is an IV, a number. Its
281 reference count is 1. It has the C<IOK> flag set, meaning it is currently
282 being evaluated as a number. Because IOK is set we look at the IV item to
283 see what is in the scalar.
285 =head2 A simple scalar with an extra reference
287 If the scalar from the previous example had an extra reference:
296 SV = IV(0xbe860) at 0xbe9a8
301 Notice that this example differs from the previous example only in its
302 reference count. Compare this to the next example, where we dump C<$b>
305 =head2 A reference to a simple scalar
307 This shows what a reference looks like when it references a simple scalar.
316 SV = IV(0xf041c) at 0xbe9a0
320 SV = IV(0xbe860) at 0xbe9a8
325 Starting from the top, this says C<$b> is an SV. The scalar is an IV,
326 which is capable of holding an integer or reference value.
327 It has the C<ROK> flag set, meaning it is a reference (rather than an
328 integer or string). Notice that Dump
329 follows the reference and shows us what C<$b> was referencing. We see the
330 same C<$a> that we found in the previous example.
332 Note that the value of C<RV> coincides with the numbers we see when we
333 stringify $b. The addresses inside IV() are addresses of
334 C<X***> structures which hold the current state of an C<SV>. This
335 address may change during lifetime of an SV.
337 =head2 A reference to an array
339 This shows what a reference to an array looks like.
347 SV = IV(0xc85998) at 0xc859a8
351 SV = PVAV(0xc71e10) at 0xc70de8
359 SV = IV(0xc70f88) at 0xc70f98
364 This says C<$a> is a reference (ROK), which points to
365 another SV which is a PVAV, an array. The array has one element,
366 element zero, which is another SV. The field C<FILL> above indicates
367 the last element in the array, similar to C<$#$a>.
369 If C<$a> pointed to an array of two elements then we would see the
372 use Devel::Peek 'Dump';
378 SV = IV(0x158c998) at 0x158c9a8
382 SV = PVAV(0x1578e10) at 0x1577de8
390 SV = IV(0x1577f88) at 0x1577f98
395 SV = IV(0x158be88) at 0x158be98
400 Note that C<Dump> will not report I<all> the elements in the array,
401 only several first (depending on how deep it already went into the
404 =head2 A reference to a hash
406 The following shows the raw form of a reference to a hash.
414 SV = IV(0x55cb50b50fb0) at 0x55cb50b50fc0
418 SV = PVHV(0x55cb50b319c0) at 0x55cb50b2b758
421 ARRAY = 0x55cb50b941a0 (0:7, 1:1)
422 hash quality = 100.0%
426 Elt "hello" HASH = 0x3128ece4
427 SV = IV(0x55cb50b464f8) at 0x55cb50b46508
432 This shows C<$a> is a reference pointing to an SV. That SV is a PVHV, a hash.
434 The "quality" of a hash is defined as the total number of comparisons needed
435 to access every element once, relative to the expected number needed for a
436 random hash. The value can go over 100%.
438 The total number of comparisons is equal to the sum of the squares of the
439 number of entries in each bucket. For a random hash of C<<n>> keys into
440 C<<k>> buckets, the expected value is:
444 =head2 Dumping a large array or hash
446 The C<Dump()> function, by default, dumps up to 4 elements from a
447 toplevel array or hash. This number can be increased by supplying a
448 second argument to the function.
451 $a = [10,11,12,13,14];
454 Notice that C<Dump()> prints only elements 10 through 13 in the above code.
455 The following code will print all of the elements.
457 use Devel::Peek 'Dump';
458 $a = [10,11,12,13,14];
461 =head2 A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
463 This is what you really need to know as an XS programmer, of course. When
464 an XSUB returns a pointer to a C structure that pointer is stored in an SV
465 and a reference to that SV is placed on the XSUB stack. So the output from
466 an XSUB which uses something like the T_PTROBJ map might look something like
469 SV = IV(0xf381c) at 0xc859a8
473 SV = PVMG(0xbb3c8) at 0xc859a0
475 FLAGS = (OBJECT,IOK,pIOK)
479 STASH = 0xc1d10 "CookBookB::Opaque"
481 This shows that we have an SV which is a reference, which points at another
482 SV. In this case that second SV is a PVMG, a blessed scalar. Because it is
483 blessed it has the C<OBJECT> flag set. Note that an SV which holds a C
484 pointer also has the C<IOK> flag set. The C<STASH> is set to the package
485 name which this SV was blessed into.
487 The output from an XSUB which uses something like the T_PTRREF map, which
488 doesn't bless the object, might look something like this:
490 SV = IV(0xf381c) at 0xc859a8
494 SV = PVMG(0xbb3c8) at 0xc859a0
501 =head2 A reference to a subroutine
505 SV = IV(0x24d2dd8) at 0x24d2de8
509 SV = PVCV(0x24e5798) at 0x24e79d8
512 COMP_STASH = 0x22c9c50 "main"
513 START = 0x22eed60 ===> 0
515 GVGV::GV = 0x22de9d8 "MY" :: "top_targets"
521 PADNAME = 0x22e9ec0(0x22eed00) PAD = 0x22e9ea8(0x22eecd0)
522 OUTSIDE = 0x22c9fb0 (MAIN)
531 the subroutine is not an XSUB (since C<START> and C<ROOT> are
532 non-zero, and C<XSUB> is not listed, and is thus null);
536 that it was compiled in the package C<main>;
540 under the name C<MY::top_targets>;
544 inside a 5th eval in the program;
548 it is not currently executed (because C<DEPTH> is 0);
552 it has no prototype (C<PROTOTYPE> field is missing).
558 C<Dump>, C<mstat>, C<DeadCode>, C<DumpArray>, C<DumpWithOP> and
559 C<DumpProg>, C<fill_mstats>, C<mstats_fillhash>, C<mstats2hash> by
560 default. Additionally available C<SvREFCNT>, C<SvREFCNT_inc> and
565 Readers have been known to skip important parts of L<perlguts>, causing much
570 Ilya Zakharevich ilya@math.ohio-state.edu
572 Copyright (c) 1995-98 Ilya Zakharevich. All rights reserved.
573 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
574 modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
576 Author of this software makes no claim whatsoever about suitability,
577 reliability, edability, editability or usability of this product, and
578 should not be kept liable for any damage resulting from the use of
579 it. If you can use it, you are in luck, if not, I should not be kept
580 responsible. Keep a handy copy of your backup tape at hand.
584 L<perlguts>, and L<perlguts>, again.