2 # Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Stephen McCamant. All rights reserved.
3 # This program is free software; you can redistribute and/or modify it
4 # under the same terms as Perl itself.
6 # Note: we need to keep track of how many use declarations/BEGIN
7 # blocks this module uses, so we can avoid printing them when user
8 # asks for the BEGIN blocks in her program. Update the comments and
9 # the count in concise_specials if you add or delete one. The
10 # -MO=Concise counts as use #1.
13 use warnings; # uses #3 and #4, since warnings uses Carp
15 use Exporter (); # use #5
17 our $VERSION = "0.84";
18 our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
19 our @EXPORT_OK = qw( set_style set_style_standard add_callback
20 concise_subref concise_cv concise_main
21 add_style walk_output compile reset_sequence );
23 ( io => [qw( walk_output compile reset_sequence )],
24 style => [qw( add_style set_style_standard )],
25 cb => [qw( add_callback )],
26 mech => [qw( concise_subref concise_cv concise_main )], );
29 use B qw(class ppname main_start main_root main_cv cstring svref_2object
30 SVf_IOK SVf_NOK SVf_POK SVf_IVisUV SVf_FAKE OPf_KIDS OPf_SPECIAL
31 CVf_ANON PAD_FAKELEX_ANON PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI SVf_ROK);
35 ["(?(#label =>\n)?)(*( )*)#class (#addr) #name (?([#targ])?) "
36 . "#svclass~(?((#svaddr))?)~#svval~(?(label \"#coplabel\")?)\n",
37 "(*( )*)goto #class (#addr)\n",
40 ["#hyphseq2 (*( (x( ;)x))*)<#classsym> #exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"
41 . "~#flags(?(/#private)?)(?(:#hints)?)(x(;~->#next)x)\n"
42 , " (*( )*) goto #seq\n",
43 "(?(<#seq>)?)#exname#arg(?([#targarglife])?)"],
45 ["(x(;(*( )*))x)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)(x( ;\n)x)",
47 "(?(#seq)?)#noise#arg(?([#targarg])?)"],
49 ["#class (#addr)\n\top_next\t\t#nextaddr\n\top_sibling\t#sibaddr\n\t"
50 . "op_ppaddr\tPL_ppaddr[OP_#NAME]\n\top_type\t\t#typenum\n" .
51 ($] > 5.009 ? '' : "\top_seq\t\t#seqnum\n")
52 . "\top_flags\t#flagval\n\top_private\t#privval\t#hintsval\n"
53 . "(?(\top_first\t#firstaddr\n)?)(?(\top_last\t\t#lastaddr\n)?)"
54 . "(?(\top_sv\t\t#svaddr\n)?)",
57 "env" => [$ENV{B_CONCISE_FORMAT}, $ENV{B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT},
58 $ENV{B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT}],
61 # Renderings, ie how Concise prints, is controlled by these vars
63 our $stylename; # selects current style from %style
64 my $order = "basic"; # how optree is walked & printed: basic, exec, tree
66 # rendering mechanics:
67 # these 'formats' are the line-rendering templates
68 # they're updated from %style when $stylename changes
69 my ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
72 my $base = 36; # how <sequence#> is displayed
73 my $big_endian = 1; # more <sequence#> display
74 my $tree_style = 0; # tree-order details
75 my $banner = 1; # print banner before optree is traversed
76 my $do_main = 0; # force printing of main routine
77 my $show_src; # show source code
79 # another factor: can affect all styles!
80 our @callbacks; # allow external management
82 set_style_standard("concise");
88 ($format, $gotofmt, $treefmt) = @_;
89 #warn "set_style: deprecated, use set_style_standard instead\n"; # someday
90 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @_ == 3;
94 my ($newstyle,@args) = @_;
95 die "style '$newstyle' already exists, choose a new name\n"
96 if exists $style{$newstyle};
97 die "expecting 3 style-format args\n" unless @args == 3;
98 $style{$newstyle} = [@args];
99 $stylename = $newstyle; # update rendering state
102 sub set_style_standard {
103 ($stylename) = @_; # update rendering state
104 die "err: style '$stylename' unknown\n" unless exists $style{$stylename};
105 set_style(@{$style{$stylename}});
112 # output handle, used with all Concise-output printing
113 our $walkHandle; # public for your convenience
114 BEGIN { $walkHandle = \*STDOUT }
116 sub walk_output { # updates $walkHandle
118 return $walkHandle unless $handle; # allow use as accessor
120 if (ref $handle eq 'SCALAR') {
122 die "no perlio in this build, can't call walk_output (\\\$scalar)\n"
123 unless $Config::Config{useperlio};
124 # in 5.8+, open(FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE) writes to string
125 open my $tmp, '>', $handle; # but cant re-set existing STDOUT
126 $walkHandle = $tmp; # so use my $tmp as intermediate var
129 my $iotype = ref $handle;
130 die "expecting argument/object that can print\n"
131 unless $iotype eq 'GLOB' or $iotype and $handle->can('print');
132 $walkHandle = $handle;
136 my($order, $coderef, $name) = @_;
137 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
139 return concise_stashref(@_)
140 unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
141 concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $name);
144 sub concise_stashref {
147 foreach my $k (sort keys %$h) {
148 next unless defined $h->{$k};
150 my $coderef = *s{CODE} or next;
152 print "FUNC: ", *s, "\n";
153 my $codeobj = svref_2object($coderef);
154 next unless ref $codeobj eq 'B::CV';
155 eval { concise_cv_obj($order, $codeobj, $k) };
156 warn "err $@ on $codeobj" if $@;
160 # This should have been called concise_subref, but it was exported
161 # under this name in versions before 0.56
162 *concise_cv = \&concise_subref;
165 my ($order, $cv, $name) = @_;
166 # name is either a string, or a CODE ref (copy of $cv arg??)
170 if (ref($cv->XSUBANY) =~ /B::(\w+)/) {
171 print $walkHandle "$name is a constant sub, optimized to a $1\n";
175 print $walkHandle "$name is XS code\n";
178 if (class($cv->START) eq "NULL") {
180 if (ref $name eq 'CODE') {
181 print $walkHandle "coderef $name has no START\n";
183 elsif (exists &$name) {
184 print $walkHandle "$name exists in stash, but has no START\n";
187 print $walkHandle "$name not in symbol table\n";
191 sequence($cv->START);
192 if ($order eq "exec") {
193 walk_exec($cv->START);
195 elsif ($order eq "basic") {
196 # walk_topdown($cv->ROOT, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
197 my $root = $cv->ROOT;
198 unless (ref $root eq 'B::NULL') {
199 walk_topdown($root, sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
201 print $walkHandle "B::NULL encountered doing ROOT on $cv. avoiding disaster\n";
204 print $walkHandle tree($cv->ROOT, 0);
210 sequence(main_start);
212 if ($order eq "exec") {
213 return if class(main_start) eq "NULL";
214 walk_exec(main_start);
215 } elsif ($order eq "tree") {
216 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
217 print $walkHandle tree(main_root, 0);
218 } elsif ($order eq "basic") {
219 return if class(main_root) eq "NULL";
220 walk_topdown(main_root,
221 sub { $_[0]->concise($_[1]) }, 0);
225 sub concise_specials {
226 my($name, $order, @cv_s) = @_;
228 if ($name eq "BEGIN") {
229 splice(@cv_s, 0, 8); # skip 7 BEGIN blocks in this file. NOW 8 ??
230 } elsif ($name eq "CHECK") {
231 pop @cv_s; # skip the CHECK block that calls us
234 print $walkHandle "$name $i:\n";
236 concise_cv_obj($order, $cv, $name);
240 my $start_sym = "\e(0"; # "\cN" sometimes also works
241 my $end_sym = "\e(B"; # "\cO" respectively
243 my @tree_decorations =
244 ([" ", "--", "+-", "|-", "| ", "`-", "-", 1],
245 [" ", "-", "+", "+", "|", "`", "", 0],
246 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "qq", "wq", "tq", "x ", "mq", "q"), 1],
247 [" ", map("$start_sym$_$end_sym", "q", "w", "t", "x", "m"), "", 0],
250 my @render_packs; # collect -stash=<packages>
253 # set rendering state from options and args
256 @options = grep(/^-/, @_);
257 @args = grep(!/^-/, @_);
259 for my $o (@options) {
261 if ($o eq "-basic") {
263 } elsif ($o eq "-exec") {
265 } elsif ($o eq "-tree") {
269 elsif ($o eq "-compact") {
271 } elsif ($o eq "-loose") {
273 } elsif ($o eq "-vt") {
275 } elsif ($o eq "-ascii") {
279 elsif ($o =~ /^-base(\d+)$/) {
281 } elsif ($o eq "-bigendian") {
283 } elsif ($o eq "-littleendian") {
286 # miscellaneous, presentation
287 elsif ($o eq "-nobanner") {
289 } elsif ($o eq "-banner") {
292 elsif ($o eq "-main") {
294 } elsif ($o eq "-nomain") {
296 } elsif ($o eq "-src") {
299 elsif ($o =~ /^-stash=(.*)/) {
302 if (! %{$pkg.'::'}) {
306 if (!$Config::Config{usedl}
307 && keys %{$pkg.'::'} == 1
308 && $pkg->can('bootstrap')) {
309 # It is something that we're statically linked to, but hasn't
314 push @render_packs, $pkg;
317 elsif (exists $style{substr($o, 1)}) {
318 $stylename = substr($o, 1);
319 set_style_standard($stylename);
321 warn "Option $o unrecognized";
328 my (@args) = compileOpts(@_);
330 my @newargs = compileOpts(@_); # accept new rendering options
331 warn "disregarding non-options: @newargs\n" if @newargs;
333 for my $objname (@args) {
334 next unless $objname; # skip null args to avoid noisy responses
336 if ($objname eq "BEGIN") {
337 concise_specials("BEGIN", $order,
338 B::begin_av->isa("B::AV") ?
339 B::begin_av->ARRAY : ());
340 } elsif ($objname eq "INIT") {
341 concise_specials("INIT", $order,
342 B::init_av->isa("B::AV") ?
343 B::init_av->ARRAY : ());
344 } elsif ($objname eq "CHECK") {
345 concise_specials("CHECK", $order,
346 B::check_av->isa("B::AV") ?
347 B::check_av->ARRAY : ());
348 } elsif ($objname eq "UNITCHECK") {
349 concise_specials("UNITCHECK", $order,
350 B::unitcheck_av->isa("B::AV") ?
351 B::unitcheck_av->ARRAY : ());
352 } elsif ($objname eq "END") {
353 concise_specials("END", $order,
354 B::end_av->isa("B::AV") ?
355 B::end_av->ARRAY : ());
358 # convert function names to subrefs
361 print $walkHandle "B::Concise::compile($objname)\n"
365 $objname = "main::" . $objname unless $objname =~ /::/;
366 print $walkHandle "$objname:\n";
368 unless (exists &$objname) {
369 print $walkHandle "err: unknown function ($objname)\n";
372 $objref = \&$objname;
374 concise_subref($order, $objref, $objname);
377 for my $pkg (@render_packs) {
379 concise_stashref($order, \%{$pkg.'::'});
382 if (!@args or $do_main or @render_packs) {
383 print $walkHandle "main program:\n" if $do_main;
384 concise_main($order);
386 return @args; # something
391 my $lastnext; # remembers op-chain, used to insert gotos
393 my %opclass = ('OP' => "0", 'UNOP' => "1", 'BINOP' => "2", 'LOGOP' => "|",
394 'LISTOP' => "@", 'PMOP' => "/", 'SVOP' => "\$", 'GVOP' => "*",
395 'PVOP' => '"', 'LOOP' => "{", 'COP' => ";", 'PADOP' => "#");
397 no warnings 'qw'; # "Possible attempt to put comments..."; use #7
399 qw'# () sc ( @? 1 $* gv *{ m$ m@ m% m? p/ *$ $ $# & a& pt \\ s\\ rf bl
400 ` *? <> ?? ?/ r/ c/ // qr s/ /c y/ = @= C sC Cp sp df un BM po +1 +I
401 -1 -I 1+ I+ 1- I- ** * i* / i/ %$ i% x + i+ - i- . " << >> < i<
402 > i> <= i, >= i. == i= != i! <? i? s< s> s, s. s= s! s? b& b^ b| -0 -i
403 ! ~ a2 si cs rd sr e^ lg sq in %x %o ab le ss ve ix ri sf FL od ch cy
404 uf lf uc lc qm @ [f [ @[ eh vl ky dl ex % ${ @{ uk pk st jn ) )[ a@
405 a% sl +] -] [- [+ so rv GS GW MS MW .. f. .f && || ^^ ?: &= |= -> s{ s}
406 v} ca wa di rs ;; ; ;d }{ { } {} f{ it {l l} rt }l }n }r dm }g }e ^o
407 ^c ^| ^# um bm t~ u~ ~d DB db ^s se ^g ^r {w }w pf pr ^O ^K ^R ^W ^d ^v
408 ^e ^t ^k t. fc ic fl .s .p .b .c .l .a .h g1 s1 g2 s2 ?. l? -R -W -X -r
409 -w -x -e -o -O -z -s -M -A -C -S -c -b -f -d -p -l -u -g -k -t -T -B cd
410 co cr u. cm ut r. l@ s@ r@ mD uD oD rD tD sD wD cD f$ w$ p$ sh e$ k$ g3
411 g4 s4 g5 s5 T@ C@ L@ G@ A@ S@ Hg Hc Hr Hw Mg Mc Ms Mr Sg Sc So rq do {e
412 e} {t t} g6 G6 6e g7 G7 7e g8 G8 8e g9 G9 9e 6s 7s 8s 9s 6E 7E 8E 9E Pn
413 Pu GP SP EP Gn Gg GG SG EG g0 c$ lk t$ ;s n> // /= CO';
415 my $chars = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
417 sub op_flags { # common flags (see BASOP.op_flags in op.h)
420 push @v, "v" if ($x & 3) == 1;
421 push @v, "s" if ($x & 3) == 2;
422 push @v, "l" if ($x & 3) == 3;
423 push @v, "K" if $x & 4;
424 push @v, "P" if $x & 8;
425 push @v, "R" if $x & 16;
426 push @v, "M" if $x & 32;
427 push @v, "S" if $x & 64;
428 push @v, "*" if $x & 128;
434 return "-" . base_n(-$x) if $x < 0;
436 do { $str .= substr($chars, $x % $base, 1) } while $x = int($x / $base);
437 $str = reverse $str if $big_endian;
453 return "-" if not exists $sequence_num{$$op};
454 return base_n($sequence_num{$$op});
458 my($op, $sub, $level) = @_;
460 if ($op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
461 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
462 walk_topdown($kid, $sub, $level + 1);
465 if (class($op) eq "PMOP") {
466 my $maybe_root = $op->pmreplroot;
467 if (ref($maybe_root) and $maybe_root->isa("B::OP")) {
468 # It really is the root of the replacement, not something
469 # else stored here for lack of space elsewhere
470 walk_topdown($maybe_root, $sub, $level + 1);
476 my($ar, $level) = @_;
478 if (ref($l) eq "ARRAY") {
479 walklines($l, $level + 1);
487 my($top, $level) = @_;
490 my @todo = ([$top, \@lines]);
491 while (@todo and my($op, $targ) = @{shift @todo}) {
492 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
493 last if $opsseen{$$op}++;
495 my $name = $op->name;
496 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
499 push @todo, [$op->other, $ar];
500 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
503 push @todo, [$op->pmreplstart, $ar];
504 } elsif ($name =~ /^enter(loop|iter)$/) {
506 $labels{${$op->nextop}} = "NEXT";
507 $labels{${$op->lastop}} = "LAST";
508 $labels{${$op->redoop}} = "REDO";
510 $labels{$op->nextop->seq} = "NEXT";
511 $labels{$op->lastop->seq} = "LAST";
512 $labels{$op->redoop->seq} = "REDO";
517 walklines(\@lines, 0);
520 # The structure of this routine is purposely modeled after op.c's peep()
524 return if class($op) eq "NULL" or exists $sequence_num{$$op};
525 for (; $$op; $op = $op->next) {
526 last if exists $sequence_num{$$op};
527 my $name = $op->name;
528 if ($name =~ /^(null|scalar|lineseq|scope)$/) {
529 next if $oldop and $ {$op->next};
531 $sequence_num{$$op} = $seq_max++;
532 if (class($op) eq "LOGOP") {
533 my $other = $op->other;
534 $other = $other->next while $other->name eq "null";
536 } elsif (class($op) eq "LOOP") {
537 my $redoop = $op->redoop;
538 $redoop = $redoop->next while $redoop->name eq "null";
540 my $nextop = $op->nextop;
541 $nextop = $nextop->next while $nextop->name eq "null";
543 my $lastop = $op->lastop;
544 $lastop = $lastop->next while $lastop->name eq "null";
546 } elsif ($name eq "subst" and $ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
547 my $replstart = $op->pmreplstart;
548 $replstart = $replstart->next while $replstart->name eq "null";
549 sequence($replstart);
556 sub fmt_line { # generate text-line for op.
557 my($hr, $op, $text, $level) = @_;
559 $_->($hr, $op, \$text, \$level, $stylename) for @callbacks;
561 return '' if $hr->{SKIP}; # suppress line if a callback said so
562 return '' if $hr->{goto} and $hr->{goto} eq '-'; # no goto nowhere
564 # spec: (?(text1#varText2)?)
565 $text =~ s/\(\?\(([^\#]*?)\#(\w+)([^\#]*?)\)\?\)/
566 $hr->{$2} ? $1.$hr->{$2}.$3 : ""/eg;
568 # spec: (x(exec_text;basic_text)x)
569 $text =~ s/\(x\((.*?);(.*?)\)x\)/$order eq "exec" ? $1 : $2/egs;
572 $text =~ s/\(\*\(([^;]*?)\)\*\)/$1 x $level/egs;
574 # spec: (*(text1;text2)*)
575 $text =~ s/\(\*\((.*?);(.*?)\)\*\)/$1 x ($level - 1) . $2 x ($level>0)/egs;
577 # convert #Var to tag=>val form: Var\t#var
578 $text =~ s/\#([A-Z][a-z]+)(\d+)?/\t\u$1\t\L#$1$2/gs;
581 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)(\d+)/sprintf("%-$2s", $hr->{$1})/eg;
583 $text =~ s/\#([a-zA-Z]+)/$hr->{$1}/eg; # populate #var's
584 $text =~ s/[ \t]*~+[ \t]*/ /g; # squeeze tildes
586 $text = "# $hr->{src}\n$text" if $show_src and $hr->{src};
589 return "$text\n" if $text ne "" and $order ne "tree";
590 return $text; # suppress empty lines
593 our %priv; # used to display each opcode's BASEOP.op_private values
595 $priv{$_}{128} = "LVINTRO"
596 for ("pos", "substr", "vec", "threadsv", "gvsv", "rv2sv", "rv2hv", "rv2gv",
597 "rv2av", "rv2arylen", "aelem", "helem", "aslice", "hslice", "padsv",
598 "padav", "padhv", "enteriter", "entersub");
599 $priv{$_}{64} = "REFC" for ("leave", "leavesub", "leavesublv", "leavewrite");
600 $priv{"aassign"}{64} = "COMMON";
601 $priv{"aassign"}{32} = $] < 5.009 ? "PHASH" : "STATE";
602 $priv{"sassign"}{32} = "STATE";
603 $priv{"sassign"}{64} = "BKWARD";
604 $priv{$_}{64} = "RTIME" for ("match", "subst", "substcont", "qr");
605 @{$priv{"trans"}}{1,2,4,8,16,64} = ("<UTF", ">UTF", "IDENT", "SQUASH", "DEL",
607 $priv{transr} = $priv{trans};
608 $priv{"repeat"}{64} = "DOLIST";
609 $priv{"leaveloop"}{64} = "CONT";
610 $priv{$_}{4} = "DREFed" for (qw(rv2sv rv2av rv2hv));
611 @{$priv{$_}}{32,64,96} = ("DREFAV", "DREFHV", "DREFSV")
612 for (qw(rv2gv rv2sv padsv aelem helem));
613 $priv{$_}{16} = "STATE" for ("padav", "padhv", "padsv");
614 @{$priv{"entersub"}}{1,4,16,32,64} = qw( DREF INARGS DBG TARG NOMOD );
615 @{$priv{rv2cv}}{1,8,128} = ("CONST","AMPER","NO()");
616 $priv{"gv"}{32} = "EARLYCV";
617 $priv{"aelem"}{16} = $priv{"helem"}{16} = "LVDEFER";
618 $priv{$_}{16} = "OURINTR" for ("gvsv", "rv2sv", "rv2av", "rv2hv", "r2gv",
620 $priv{$_}{8} = 'LVSUB' for qw(rv2av rv2gv rv2hv padav padhv aelem helem
621 aslice hslice av2arylen keys rkeys substr pos vec);
622 $priv{$_}{16} = "TARGMY"
623 for (map(($_,"s$_"),"chop", "chomp"),
624 map(($_,"i_$_"), "postinc", "postdec", "multiply", "divide", "modulo",
625 "add", "subtract", "negate"), "pow", "concat", "stringify",
626 "left_shift", "right_shift", "bit_and", "bit_xor", "bit_or",
627 "complement", "atan2", "sin", "cos", "rand", "exp", "log", "sqrt",
628 "int", "hex", "oct", "abs", "length", "index", "rindex", "sprintf",
629 "ord", "chr", "crypt", "quotemeta", "join", "push", "unshift", "flock",
630 "chdir", "chown", "chroot", "unlink", "chmod", "utime", "rename",
631 "link", "symlink", "mkdir", "rmdir", "wait", "waitpid", "system",
632 "exec", "kill", "getppid", "getpgrp", "setpgrp", "getpriority",
633 "setpriority", "time", "sleep");
634 $priv{$_}{4} = "REVERSED" for ("enteriter", "iter");
635 @{$priv{"const"}}{4,8,16,32,64,128} = ("SHORT","STRICT","ENTERED",'$[',"BARE","WARN");
636 $priv{"flip"}{64} = $priv{"flop"}{64} = "LINENUM";
637 $priv{"list"}{64} = "GUESSED";
638 $priv{"delete"}{64} = "SLICE";
639 $priv{"exists"}{64} = "SUB";
640 @{$priv{"sort"}}{1,2,4,8,16,32,64} = ("NUM", "INT", "REV", "INPLACE","DESC","QSORT","STABLE");
641 $priv{"reverse"}{8} = "INPLACE";
642 $priv{"threadsv"}{64} = "SVREFd";
643 @{$priv{$_}}{16,32,64,128} = ("INBIN","INCR","OUTBIN","OUTCR")
644 for ("open", "backtick");
645 $priv{"exit"}{128} = "VMS";
646 $priv{$_}{2} = "FTACCESS"
647 for ("ftrread", "ftrwrite", "ftrexec", "fteread", "ftewrite", "fteexec");
648 $priv{"entereval"}{2} = "HAS_HH";
650 # Stacked filetests are post 5.8.x
651 $priv{$_}{4} = "FTSTACKED"
652 for ("ftrread", "ftrwrite", "ftrexec", "fteread", "ftewrite", "fteexec",
653 "ftis", "fteowned", "ftrowned", "ftzero", "ftsize", "ftmtime",
654 "ftatime", "ftctime", "ftsock", "ftchr", "ftblk", "ftfile", "ftdir",
655 "ftpipe", "ftlink", "ftsuid", "ftsgid", "ftsvtx", "fttty", "fttext",
657 # Lexical $_ is post 5.8.x
658 $priv{$_}{2} = "GREPLEX"
659 for ("mapwhile", "mapstart", "grepwhile", "grepstart");
662 our %hints; # used to display each COP's op_hints values
664 # strict refs, subs, vars
665 @hints{2,512,1024} = ('$', '&', '*');
666 # integers, locale, bytes, arybase
667 @hints{1,4,8,16,32} = ('i', 'l', 'b', '[');
668 # block scope, localise %^H, $^OPEN (in), $^OPEN (out)
669 @hints{256,131072,262144,524288} = ('{','%','<','>');
670 # overload new integer, float, binary, string, re
671 @hints{4096,8192,16384,32768,65536} = ('I', 'F', 'B', 'S', 'R');
673 @hints{1048576,2097152} = ('T', 'E');
674 # filetest access, UTF-8
675 @hints{4194304,8388608} = ('X', 'U');
680 for my $flag (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %$hash) {
681 if ($hash->{$flag} and $x & $flag and $x >= $flag) {
683 push @s, $hash->{$flag};
687 return join(",", @s);
692 _flags($priv{$name}, $x);
701 my($sv, $hr, $preferpv) = @_;
702 $hr->{svclass} = class($sv);
703 $hr->{svclass} = "UV"
704 if $hr->{svclass} eq "IV" and $sv->FLAGS & SVf_IVisUV;
705 Carp::cluck("bad concise_sv: $sv") unless $sv and $$sv;
706 $hr->{svaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $$sv);
707 if ($hr->{svclass} eq "GV" && $sv->isGV_with_GP()) {
709 my $stash = $gv->STASH->NAME; if ($stash eq "main") {
712 $stash = $stash . "::";
714 $hr->{svval} = "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
715 return "*$stash" . $gv->SAFENAME;
718 while (class($sv) eq "IV" && $sv->FLAGS & SVf_ROK) {
719 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
723 while (class($sv) eq "RV") {
724 $hr->{svval} .= "\\";
728 if (class($sv) eq "SPECIAL") {
729 $hr->{svval} .= ["Null", "sv_undef", "sv_yes", "sv_no"]->[$$sv];
730 } elsif ($preferpv && $sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
731 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
732 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_NOK) {
733 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->NV;
734 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_IOK) {
735 $hr->{svval} .= $sv->int_value;
736 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
737 $hr->{svval} .= cstring($sv->PV);
738 } elsif (class($sv) eq "HV") {
739 $hr->{svval} .= 'HASH';
742 $hr->{svval} = 'undef' unless defined $hr->{svval};
743 my $out = $hr->{svclass};
744 return $out .= " $hr->{svval}" ;
752 if ($fullnm eq '-e') {
753 $srclines{$fullnm} = [ $fullnm, "-src not supported for -e" ];
756 open (my $fh, '<', $fullnm)
757 or warn "# $fullnm: $!, (chdirs not supported by this feature yet)\n"
761 unshift @l, $fullnm; # like @{_<$fullnm} in debug, array starts at 1
762 $srclines{$fullnm} = \@l;
766 my ($op, $level, $format) = @_;
768 $h{exname} = $h{name} = $op->name;
769 $h{NAME} = uc $h{name};
770 $h{class} = class($op);
771 $h{extarg} = $h{targ} = $op->targ;
772 $h{extarg} = "" unless $h{extarg};
773 if ($h{name} eq "null" and $h{targ}) {
774 # targ holds the old type
775 $h{exname} = "ex-" . substr(ppname($h{targ}), 3);
777 } elsif ($op->name =~ /^leave(sub(lv)?|write)?$/) {
778 # targ potentially holds a reference count
779 if ($op->private & 64) {
780 my $refs = "ref" . ($h{targ} != 1 ? "s" : "");
781 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "$h{targ} $refs";
784 my $padname = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[0]->ARRAY)[$h{targ}];
785 if (defined $padname and class($padname) ne "SPECIAL") {
786 $h{targarg} = $padname->PVX;
787 if ($padname->FLAGS & SVf_FAKE) {
789 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:FAKE";
791 # These changes relate to the jumbo closure fix.
792 # See changes 19939 and 20005
795 if $padname->PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS & PAD_FAKELEX_ANON;
797 if $padname->PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS & PAD_FAKELEX_MULTI;
798 $fake .= ':' . $padname->PARENT_PAD_INDEX
799 if $curcv->CvFLAGS & CVf_ANON;
800 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:FAKE:$fake";
804 my $intro = $padname->COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW - $cop_seq_base;
805 my $finish = int($padname->COP_SEQ_RANGE_HIGH) - $cop_seq_base;
806 $finish = "end" if $finish == 999999999 - $cop_seq_base;
807 $h{targarglife} = "$h{targarg}:$intro,$finish";
810 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "t" . $h{targ};
814 $h{svclass} = $h{svaddr} = $h{svval} = "";
815 if ($h{class} eq "PMOP") {
816 my $precomp = $op->precomp;
817 if (defined $precomp) {
818 $precomp = cstring($precomp); # Escape literal control sequences
819 $precomp = "/$precomp/";
823 my $pmreplroot = $op->pmreplroot;
825 if (ref($pmreplroot) eq "B::GV") {
826 # with C<@stash_array = split(/pat/, str);>,
827 # *stash_array is stored in /pat/'s pmreplroot.
828 $h{arg} = "($precomp => \@" . $pmreplroot->NAME . ")";
829 } elsif (!ref($pmreplroot) and $pmreplroot) {
830 # same as the last case, except the value is actually a
831 # pad offset for where the GV is kept (this happens under
833 my $gv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$pmreplroot];
834 $h{arg} = "($precomp => \@" . $gv->NAME . ")";
835 } elsif ($ {$op->pmreplstart}) {
837 $pmreplstart = "replstart->" . seq($op->pmreplstart);
838 $h{arg} = "(" . join(" ", $precomp, $pmreplstart) . ")";
840 $h{arg} = "($precomp)";
842 } elsif ($h{class} eq "PVOP" and $h{name} !~ '^transr?\z') {
843 $h{arg} = '("' . $op->pv . '")';
844 $h{svval} = '"' . $op->pv . '"';
845 } elsif ($h{class} eq "COP") {
846 my $label = $op->label;
847 $h{coplabel} = $label;
848 $label = $label ? "$label: " : "";
854 my($stash, $cseq) = ($op->stash->NAME, $op->cop_seq - $cop_seq_base);
855 my $arybase = $op->arybase;
856 $arybase = $arybase ? ' $[=' . $arybase : "";
857 $h{arg} = "($label$stash $cseq $loc$arybase)";
859 fill_srclines($pathnm) unless exists $srclines{$pathnm};
860 # Would love to retain Jim's use of // but this code needs to be
862 my $line = $srclines{$pathnm}[$ln];
863 $line = "-src unavailable under -e" unless defined $line;
864 $h{src} = "$ln: $line";
866 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOOP") {
867 $h{arg} = "(next->" . seq($op->nextop) . " last->" . seq($op->lastop)
868 . " redo->" . seq($op->redoop) . ")";
869 } elsif ($h{class} eq "LOGOP") {
871 $h{arg} = "(other->" . seq($op->other) . ")";
873 elsif ($h{class} eq "SVOP" or $h{class} eq "PADOP") {
874 unless ($h{name} eq 'aelemfast' and $op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
875 my $idx = ($h{class} eq "SVOP") ? $op->targ : $op->padix;
876 my $preferpv = $h{name} eq "method_named";
877 if ($h{class} eq "PADOP" or !${$op->sv}) {
878 my $sv = (($curcv->PADLIST->ARRAY)[1]->ARRAY)[$idx];
879 $h{arg} = "[" . concise_sv($sv, \%h, $preferpv) . "]";
880 $h{targarglife} = $h{targarg} = "";
882 $h{arg} = "(" . concise_sv($op->sv, \%h, $preferpv) . ")";
886 $h{seq} = $h{hyphseq} = seq($op);
887 $h{seq} = "" if $h{seq} eq "-";
890 $h{label} = $labels{$$op};
892 $h{seqnum} = $op->seq;
893 $h{label} = $labels{$op->seq};
895 $h{next} = $op->next;
896 $h{next} = (class($h{next}) eq "NULL") ? "(end)" : seq($h{next});
897 $h{nextaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->next});
898 $h{sibaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->sibling});
899 $h{firstaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->first}) if $op->can("first");
900 $h{lastaddr} = sprintf("%#x", $ {$op->last}) if $op->can("last");
902 $h{classsym} = $opclass{$h{class}};
903 $h{flagval} = $op->flags;
904 $h{flags} = op_flags($op->flags);
905 $h{privval} = $op->private;
906 $h{private} = private_flags($h{name}, $op->private);
907 if ($op->can("hints")) {
908 $h{hintsval} = $op->hints;
909 $h{hints} = hints_flags($h{hintsval});
911 $h{hintsval} = $h{hints} = '';
913 $h{addr} = sprintf("%#x", $$op);
914 $h{typenum} = $op->type;
915 $h{noise} = $linenoise[$op->type];
917 return fmt_line(\%h, $op, $format, $level);
921 my($op, $level) = @_;
922 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
923 # insert a 'goto' line
924 my $synth = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
925 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext),
926 "goto" => seq($lastnext), # simplify goto '-' removal
928 print $walkHandle fmt_line($synth, $op, $gotofmt, $level+1);
930 $lastnext = $op->next;
931 print $walkHandle concise_op($op, $level, $format);
934 # B::OP::terse (see Terse.pm) now just calls this
936 my($op, $level) = @_;
938 # This isn't necessarily right, but there's no easy way to get
939 # from an OP to the right CV. This is a limitation of the
940 # ->terse() interface style, and there isn't much to do about
941 # it. In particular, we can die in concise_op if the main pad
942 # isn't long enough, or has the wrong kind of entries, compared to
943 # the pad a sub was compiled with. The fix for that would be to
944 # make a backwards compatible "terse" format that never even
945 # looked at the pad, just like the old B::Terse. I don't think
946 # that's worth the effort, though.
947 $curcv = main_cv unless $curcv;
949 if ($order eq "exec" and $lastnext and $$lastnext != $$op) {
951 my $h = {"seq" => seq($lastnext), "class" => class($lastnext),
952 "addr" => sprintf("%#x", $$lastnext)};
954 fmt_line($h, $op, $style{"terse"}[1], $level+1);
956 $lastnext = $op->next;
958 concise_op($op, $level, $style{"terse"}[0]);
964 my $style = $tree_decorations[$tree_style];
965 my($space, $single, $kids, $kid, $nokid, $last, $lead, $size) = @$style;
966 my $name = concise_op($op, $level, $treefmt);
967 if (not $op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
971 for (my $kid = $op->first; $$kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
972 push @lines, tree($kid, $level+1);
975 for ($i = $#lines; substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " "; $i--) {
976 $lines[$i] = $space . $lines[$i];
979 $lines[$i] = $last . $lines[$i];
981 if (substr($lines[$i], 0, 1) eq " ") {
982 $lines[$i] = $nokid . $lines[$i];
984 $lines[$i] = $kid . $lines[$i];
987 $lines[$i] = $kids . $lines[$i];
989 $lines[0] = $single . $lines[0];
991 return("$name$lead" . shift @lines,
992 map(" " x (length($name)+$size) . $_, @lines));
995 # *** Warning: fragile kludge ahead ***
996 # Because the B::* modules run in the same interpreter as the code
997 # they're compiling, their presence tends to distort the view we have of
998 # the code we're looking at. In particular, perl gives sequence numbers
999 # to COPs. If the program we're looking at were run on its own, this
1000 # would start at 1. Because all of B::Concise and all the modules it
1001 # uses are compiled first, though, by the time we get to the user's
1002 # program the sequence number is already pretty high, which could be
1003 # distracting if you're trying to tell OPs apart. Therefore we'd like to
1004 # subtract an offset from all the sequence numbers we display, to
1005 # restore the simpler view of the world. The trick is to know what that
1006 # offset will be, when we're still compiling B::Concise! If we
1007 # hardcoded a value, it would have to change every time B::Concise or
1008 # other modules we use do. To help a little, what we do here is compile
1009 # a little code at the end of the module, and compute the base sequence
1010 # number for the user's program as being a small offset later, so all we
1011 # have to worry about are changes in the offset.
1013 # [For 5.8.x and earlier perl is generating sequence numbers for all ops,
1014 # and using them to reference labels]
1017 # When you say "perl -MO=Concise -e '$a'", the output should look like:
1019 # 4 <@> leave[t1] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1021 #^ smallest OP sequence number should be 1
1022 # 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
1023 # ^ smallest COP sequence number should be 1
1024 # - <1> ex-rv2sv vK/1 ->4
1025 # 3 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->4
1027 # If the second of the marked numbers there isn't 1, it means you need
1028 # to update the corresponding magic number in the next line.
1029 # Remember, this needs to stay the last things in the module.
1031 # Why is this different for MacOS? Does it matter?
1032 my $cop_seq_mnum = $^O eq 'MacOS' ? 12 : 11;
1033 $cop_seq_base = svref_2object(eval 'sub{0;}')->START->cop_seq + $cop_seq_mnum;
1041 B::Concise - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
1045 perl -MO=Concise[,OPTIONS] foo.pl
1047 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1051 This compiler backend prints the internal OPs of a Perl program's syntax
1052 tree in one of several space-efficient text formats suitable for debugging
1053 the inner workings of perl or other compiler backends. It can print OPs in
1054 the order they appear in the OP tree, in the order they will execute, or
1055 in a text approximation to their tree structure, and the format of the
1056 information displayed is customizable. Its function is similar to that of
1057 perl's B<-Dx> debugging flag or the B<B::Terse> module, but it is more
1058 sophisticated and flexible.
1062 Here's two outputs (or 'renderings'), using the -exec and -basic
1063 (i.e. default) formatting conventions on the same code snippet.
1065 % perl -MO=Concise,-exec -e '$a = $b + 42'
1067 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v
1069 4 <$> const[IV 42] s
1070 * 5 <2> add[t3] sK/2
1073 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC
1075 In this -exec rendering, each opcode is executed in the order shown.
1076 The add opcode, marked with '*', is discussed in more detail.
1078 The 1st column is the op's sequence number, starting at 1, and is
1079 displayed in base 36 by default. Here they're purely linear; the
1080 sequences are very helpful when looking at code with loops and
1083 The symbol between angle brackets indicates the op's type, for
1084 example; <2> is a BINOP, <@> a LISTOP, and <#> is a PADOP, which is
1085 used in threaded perls. (see L</"OP class abbreviations">).
1087 The opname, as in B<'add[t1]'>, may be followed by op-specific
1088 information in parentheses or brackets (ex B<'[t1]'>).
1090 The op-flags (ex B<'sK/2'>) are described in (L</"OP flags
1093 % perl -MO=Concise -e '$a = $b + 42'
1094 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1096 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 -e:1) v ->3
1097 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1098 * 5 <2> add[t1] sK/2 ->6
1099 - <1> ex-rv2sv sK/1 ->4
1100 3 <$> gvsv(*b) s ->4
1101 4 <$> const(IV 42) s ->5
1102 - <1> ex-rv2sv sKRM*/1 ->7
1103 6 <$> gvsv(*a) s ->7
1105 The default rendering is top-down, so they're not in execution order.
1106 This form reflects the way the stack is used to parse and evaluate
1107 expressions; the add operates on the two terms below it in the tree.
1109 Nullops appear as C<ex-opname>, where I<opname> is an op that has been
1110 optimized away by perl. They're displayed with a sequence-number of
1111 '-', because they are not executed (they don't appear in previous
1112 example), they're printed here because they reflect the parse.
1114 The arrow points to the sequence number of the next op; they're not
1115 displayed in -exec mode, for obvious reasons.
1117 Note that because this rendering was done on a non-threaded perl, the
1118 PADOPs in the previous examples are now SVOPs, and some (but not all)
1119 of the square brackets have been replaced by round ones. This is a
1120 subtle feature to provide some visual distinction between renderings
1121 on threaded and un-threaded perls.
1126 Arguments that don't start with a hyphen are taken to be the names of
1127 subroutines to render; if no such functions are specified, the main
1128 body of the program (outside any subroutines, and not including use'd
1129 or require'd files) is rendered. Passing C<BEGIN>, C<UNITCHECK>,
1130 C<CHECK>, C<INIT>, or C<END> will cause all of the corresponding
1131 special blocks to be printed. Arguments must follow options.
1133 Options affect how things are rendered (ie printed). They're presented
1134 here by their visual effect, 1st being strongest. They're grouped
1135 according to how they interrelate; within each group the options are
1136 mutually exclusive (unless otherwise stated).
1138 =head2 Options for Opcode Ordering
1140 These options control the 'vertical display' of opcodes. The display
1141 'order' is also called 'mode' elsewhere in this document.
1147 Print OPs in the order they appear in the OP tree (a preorder
1148 traversal, starting at the root). The indentation of each OP shows its
1149 level in the tree, and the '->' at the end of the line indicates the
1150 next opcode in execution order. This mode is the default, so the flag
1151 is included simply for completeness.
1155 Print OPs in the order they would normally execute (for the majority
1156 of constructs this is a postorder traversal of the tree, ending at the
1157 root). In most cases the OP that usually follows a given OP will
1158 appear directly below it; alternate paths are shown by indentation. In
1159 cases like loops when control jumps out of a linear path, a 'goto'
1164 Print OPs in a text approximation of a tree, with the root of the tree
1165 at the left and 'left-to-right' order of children transformed into
1166 'top-to-bottom'. Because this mode grows both to the right and down,
1167 it isn't suitable for large programs (unless you have a very wide
1172 =head2 Options for Line-Style
1174 These options select the line-style (or just style) used to render
1175 each opcode, and dictates what info is actually printed into each line.
1181 Use the author's favorite set of formatting conventions. This is the
1186 Use formatting conventions that emulate the output of B<B::Terse>. The
1187 basic mode is almost indistinguishable from the real B<B::Terse>, and the
1188 exec mode looks very similar, but is in a more logical order and lacks
1189 curly brackets. B<B::Terse> doesn't have a tree mode, so the tree mode
1190 is only vaguely reminiscent of B<B::Terse>.
1194 Use formatting conventions in which the name of each OP, rather than being
1195 written out in full, is represented by a one- or two-character abbreviation.
1196 This is mainly a joke.
1200 Use formatting conventions reminiscent of B<B::Debug>; these aren't
1201 very concise at all.
1205 Use formatting conventions read from the environment variables
1206 C<B_CONCISE_FORMAT>, C<B_CONCISE_GOTO_FORMAT>, and C<B_CONCISE_TREE_FORMAT>.
1210 =head2 Options for tree-specific formatting
1216 Use a tree format in which the minimum amount of space is used for the
1217 lines connecting nodes (one character in most cases). This squeezes out
1218 a few precious columns of screen real estate.
1222 Use a tree format that uses longer edges to separate OP nodes. This format
1223 tends to look better than the compact one, especially in ASCII, and is
1228 Use tree connecting characters drawn from the VT100 line-drawing set.
1229 This looks better if your terminal supports it.
1233 Draw the tree with standard ASCII characters like C<+> and C<|>. These don't
1234 look as clean as the VT100 characters, but they'll work with almost any
1235 terminal (or the horizontal scrolling mode of less(1)) and are suitable
1236 for text documentation or email. This is the default.
1240 These are pairwise exclusive, i.e. compact or loose, vt or ascii.
1242 =head2 Options controlling sequence numbering
1248 Print OP sequence numbers in base I<n>. If I<n> is greater than 10, the
1249 digit for 11 will be 'a', and so on. If I<n> is greater than 36, the digit
1250 for 37 will be 'A', and so on until 62. Values greater than 62 are not
1251 currently supported. The default is 36.
1255 Print sequence numbers with the most significant digit first. This is the
1256 usual convention for Arabic numerals, and the default.
1258 =item B<-littleendian>
1260 Print sequence numbers with the least significant digit first. This is
1261 obviously mutually exclusive with bigendian.
1265 =head2 Other options
1271 With this option, the rendering of each statement (starting with the
1272 nextstate OP) will be preceded by the 1st line of source code that
1273 generates it. For example:
1277 2 <;> nextstate(main 1 junk.pl:1) v:{
1278 3 <0> padsv[$i:1,10] vM/LVINTRO
1279 # 3: for $i (0..9) {
1280 4 <;> nextstate(main 3 junk.pl:3) v:{
1284 8 <{> enteriter(next->j last->m redo->9)[$i:1,10] lKS
1286 l <|> and(other->9) vK/1
1288 9 <;> nextstate(main 2 junk.pl:4) v
1290 b <$> const[PV "line "] s
1295 =item B<-stash="somepackage">
1297 With this, "somepackage" will be required, then the stash is
1298 inspected, and each function is rendered.
1302 The following options are pairwise exclusive.
1308 Include the main program in the output, even if subroutines were also
1309 specified. This rendering is normally suppressed when a subroutine
1310 name or reference is given.
1314 This restores the default behavior after you've changed it with '-main'
1315 (it's not normally needed). If no subroutine name/ref is given, main is
1316 rendered, regardless of this flag.
1320 Renderings usually include a banner line identifying the function name
1321 or stringified subref. This suppresses the printing of the banner.
1323 TBC: Remove the stringified coderef; while it provides a 'cookie' for
1324 each function rendered, the cookies used should be 1,2,3.. not a
1325 random hex-address. It also complicates string comparison of two
1330 restores default banner behavior.
1332 =item B<-banneris> => subref
1334 TBC: a hookpoint (and an option to set it) for a user-supplied
1335 function to produce a banner appropriate for users needs. It's not
1336 ideal, because the rendering-state variables, which are a natural
1337 candidate for use in concise.t, are unavailable to the user.
1341 =head2 Option Stickiness
1343 If you invoke Concise more than once in a program, you should know that
1344 the options are 'sticky'. This means that the options you provide in
1345 the first call will be remembered for the 2nd call, unless you
1346 re-specify or change them.
1348 =head1 ABBREVIATIONS
1350 The concise style uses symbols to convey maximum info with minimal
1351 clutter (like hex addresses). With just a little practice, you can
1352 start to see the flowers, not just the branches, in the trees.
1354 =head2 OP class abbreviations
1356 These symbols appear before the op-name, and indicate the
1357 B:: namespace that represents the ops in your Perl code.
1359 0 OP (aka BASEOP) An OP with no children
1360 1 UNOP An OP with one child
1361 2 BINOP An OP with two children
1362 | LOGOP A control branch OP
1363 @ LISTOP An OP that could have lots of children
1364 / PMOP An OP with a regular expression
1365 $ SVOP An OP with an SV
1366 " PVOP An OP with a string
1367 { LOOP An OP that holds pointers for a loop
1368 ; COP An OP that marks the start of a statement
1369 # PADOP An OP with a GV on the pad
1371 =head2 OP flags abbreviations
1373 OP flags are either public or private. The public flags alter the
1374 behavior of each opcode in consistent ways, and are represented by 0
1375 or more single characters.
1377 v OPf_WANT_VOID Want nothing (void context)
1378 s OPf_WANT_SCALAR Want single value (scalar context)
1379 l OPf_WANT_LIST Want list of any length (list context)
1381 K OPf_KIDS There is a firstborn child.
1382 P OPf_PARENS This operator was parenthesized.
1383 (Or block needs explicit scope entry.)
1384 R OPf_REF Certified reference.
1385 (Return container, not containee).
1386 M OPf_MOD Will modify (lvalue).
1387 S OPf_STACKED Some arg is arriving on the stack.
1388 * OPf_SPECIAL Do something weird for this op (see op.h)
1390 Private flags, if any are set for an opcode, are displayed after a '/'
1392 8 <@> leave[1 ref] vKP/REFC ->(end)
1393 7 <2> sassign vKS/2 ->8
1395 They're opcode specific, and occur less often than the public ones, so
1396 they're represented by short mnemonics instead of single-chars; see
1397 F<op.h> for gory details, or try this quick 2-liner:
1399 $> perl -MB::Concise -de 1
1400 DB<1> |x \%B::Concise::priv
1402 =head1 FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS
1404 For each line-style ('concise', 'terse', 'linenoise', etc.) there are
1405 3 format-specs which control how OPs are rendered.
1407 The first is the 'default' format, which is used in both basic and exec
1408 modes to print all opcodes. The 2nd, goto-format, is used in exec
1409 mode when branches are encountered. They're not real opcodes, and are
1410 inserted to look like a closing curly brace. The tree-format is tree
1413 When a line is rendered, the correct format-spec is copied and scanned
1414 for the following items; data is substituted in, and other
1415 manipulations like basic indenting are done, for each opcode rendered.
1417 There are 3 kinds of items that may be populated; special patterns,
1418 #vars, and literal text, which is copied verbatim. (Yes, it's a set
1421 =head2 Special Patterns
1423 These items are the primitives used to perform indenting, and to
1424 select text from amongst alternatives.
1428 =item B<(x(>I<exec_text>B<;>I<basic_text>B<)x)>
1430 Generates I<exec_text> in exec mode, or I<basic_text> in basic mode.
1432 =item B<(*(>I<text>B<)*)>
1434 Generates one copy of I<text> for each indentation level.
1436 =item B<(*(>I<text1>B<;>I<text2>B<)*)>
1438 Generates one fewer copies of I<text1> than the indentation level, followed
1439 by one copy of I<text2> if the indentation level is more than 0.
1441 =item B<(?(>I<text1>B<#>I<var>I<Text2>B<)?)>
1443 If the value of I<var> is true (not empty or zero), generates the
1444 value of I<var> surrounded by I<text1> and I<Text2>, otherwise
1449 Any number of tildes and surrounding whitespace will be collapsed to
1456 These #vars represent opcode properties that you may want as part of
1457 your rendering. The '#' is intended as a private sigil; a #var's
1458 value is interpolated into the style-line, much like "read $this".
1460 These vars take 3 forms:
1466 A property named 'var' is assumed to exist for the opcodes, and is
1467 interpolated into the rendering.
1469 =item B<#>I<var>I<N>
1471 Generates the value of I<var>, left justified to fill I<N> spaces.
1472 Note that this means while you can have properties 'foo' and 'foo2',
1473 you cannot render 'foo2', but you could with 'foo2a'. You would be
1474 wise not to rely on this behavior going forward ;-)
1478 This ucfirst form of #var generates a tag-value form of itself for
1479 display; it converts '#Var' into a 'Var => #var' style, which is then
1480 handled as described above. (Imp-note: #Vars cannot be used for
1481 conditional-fills, because the => #var transform is done after the check
1486 The following variables are 'defined' by B::Concise; when they are
1487 used in a style, their respective values are plugged into the
1488 rendering of each opcode.
1490 Only some of these are used by the standard styles, the others are
1491 provided for you to delve into optree mechanics, should you wish to
1492 add a new style (see L</add_style> below) that uses them. You can
1493 also add new ones using L</add_callback>.
1499 The address of the OP, in hexadecimal.
1503 The OP-specific information of the OP (such as the SV for an SVOP, the
1504 non-local exit pointers for a LOOP, etc.) enclosed in parentheses.
1508 The B-determined class of the OP, in all caps.
1512 A single symbol abbreviating the class of the OP.
1516 The label of the statement or block the OP is the start of, if any.
1520 The name of the OP, or 'ex-foo' if the OP is a null that used to be a foo.
1524 The target of the OP, or nothing for a nulled OP.
1528 The address of the OP's first child, in hexadecimal.
1532 The OP's flags, abbreviated as a series of symbols.
1536 The numeric value of the OP's flags.
1540 The COP's hint flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible. An empty
1541 string if this is not a COP. Here are the symbols used:
1566 The numeric value of the COP's hint flags, or an empty string if this is not
1571 The sequence number of the OP, or a hyphen if it doesn't have one.
1575 'NEXT', 'LAST', or 'REDO' if the OP is a target of one of those in exec
1576 mode, or empty otherwise.
1580 The address of the OP's last child, in hexadecimal.
1588 The OP's name, in all caps.
1592 The sequence number of the OP's next OP.
1596 The address of the OP's next OP, in hexadecimal.
1600 A one- or two-character abbreviation for the OP's name.
1604 The OP's private flags, rendered with abbreviated names if possible.
1608 The numeric value of the OP's private flags.
1612 The sequence number of the OP. Note that this is a sequence number
1613 generated by B::Concise.
1617 5.8.x and earlier only. 5.9 and later do not provide this.
1619 The real sequence number of the OP, as a regular number and not adjusted
1620 to be relative to the start of the real program. (This will generally be
1621 a fairly large number because all of B<B::Concise> is compiled before
1626 Whether or not the op has been optimised by the peephole optimiser.
1628 Only available in 5.9 and later.
1632 The address of the OP's next youngest sibling, in hexadecimal.
1636 The address of the OP's SV, if it has an SV, in hexadecimal.
1640 The class of the OP's SV, if it has one, in all caps (e.g., 'IV').
1644 The value of the OP's SV, if it has one, in a short human-readable format.
1648 The numeric value of the OP's targ.
1652 The name of the variable the OP's targ refers to, if any, otherwise the
1653 letter t followed by the OP's targ in decimal.
1655 =item B<#targarglife>
1657 Same as B<#targarg>, but followed by the COP sequence numbers that delimit
1658 the variable's lifetime (or 'end' for a variable in an open scope) for a
1663 The numeric value of the OP's type, in decimal.
1667 =head1 One-Liner Command tips
1671 =item perl -MO=Concise,bar foo.pl
1673 Renders only bar() from foo.pl. To see main, drop the ',bar'. To see
1676 =item perl -MDigest::MD5=md5 -MO=Concise,md5 -e1
1678 Identifies md5 as an XS function. The export is needed so that BC can
1681 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,_POSIX_ARG_MAX -e1
1683 Identifies _POSIX_ARG_MAX as a constant sub, optimized to an IV.
1684 Although POSIX isn't entirely consistent across platforms, this is
1685 likely to be present in virtually all of them.
1687 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'print _POSIX_SAVED_IDS'
1689 This renders a print statement, which includes a call to the function.
1690 It's identical to rendering a file with a use call and that single
1691 statement, except for the filename which appears in the nextstate ops.
1693 =item perl -MPOSIX -MO=Concise,a -e 'sub a{_POSIX_SAVED_IDS}'
1695 This is B<very> similar to previous, only the first two ops differ. This
1696 subroutine rendering is more representative, insofar as a single main
1697 program will have many subs.
1699 =item perl -MB::Concise -e 'B::Concise::compile("-exec","-src", \%B::Concise::)->()'
1701 This renders all functions in the B::Concise package with the source
1702 lines. It eschews the O framework so that the stashref can be passed
1703 directly to B::Concise::compile(). See -stash option for a more
1704 convenient way to render a package.
1708 =head1 Using B::Concise outside of the O framework
1710 The common (and original) usage of B::Concise was for command-line
1711 renderings of simple code, as given in EXAMPLE. But you can also use
1712 B<B::Concise> from your code, and call compile() directly, and
1713 repeatedly. By doing so, you can avoid the compile-time only
1714 operation of O.pm, and even use the debugger to step through
1715 B::Concise::compile() itself.
1717 Once you're doing this, you may alter Concise output by adding new
1718 rendering styles, and by optionally adding callback routines which
1719 populate new variables, if such were referenced from those (just
1722 =head2 Example: Altering Concise Renderings
1724 use B::Concise qw(set_style add_callback);
1725 add_style($yourStyleName => $defaultfmt, $gotofmt, $treefmt);
1728 my ($h, $op, $format, $level, $stylename) = @_;
1729 $h->{variable} = some_func($op);
1731 $walker = B::Concise::compile(@options,@subnames,@subrefs);
1736 B<set_style> accepts 3 arguments, and updates the three format-specs
1737 comprising a line-style (basic-exec, goto, tree). It has one minor
1738 drawback though; it doesn't register the style under a new name. This
1739 can become an issue if you render more than once and switch styles.
1740 Thus you may prefer to use add_style() and/or set_style_standard()
1743 =head2 set_style_standard($name)
1745 This restores one of the standard line-styles: C<terse>, C<concise>,
1746 C<linenoise>, C<debug>, C<env>, into effect. It also accepts style
1747 names previously defined with add_style().
1751 This subroutine accepts a new style name and three style arguments as
1752 above, and creates, registers, and selects the newly named style. It is
1753 an error to re-add a style; call set_style_standard() to switch between
1756 =head2 add_callback ()
1758 If your newly minted styles refer to any new #variables, you'll need
1759 to define a callback subroutine that will populate (or modify) those
1760 variables. They are then available for use in the style you've
1763 The callbacks are called for each opcode visited by Concise, in the
1764 same order as they are added. Each subroutine is passed five
1767 1. A hashref, containing the variable names and values which are
1768 populated into the report-line for the op
1769 2. the op, as a B<B::OP> object
1770 3. a reference to the format string
1771 4. the formatting (indent) level
1772 5. the selected stylename
1774 To define your own variables, simply add them to the hash, or change
1775 existing values if you need to. The level and format are passed in as
1776 references to scalars, but it is unlikely that they will need to be
1777 changed or even used.
1779 =head2 Running B::Concise::compile()
1781 B<compile> accepts options as described above in L</OPTIONS>, and
1782 arguments, which are either coderefs, or subroutine names.
1784 It constructs and returns a $treewalker coderef, which when invoked,
1785 traverses, or walks, and renders the optrees of the given arguments to
1786 STDOUT. You can reuse this, and can change the rendering style used
1787 each time; thereafter the coderef renders in the new style.
1789 B<walk_output> lets you change the print destination from STDOUT to
1790 another open filehandle, or into a string passed as a ref (unless
1791 you've built perl with -Uuseperlio).
1793 my $walker = B::Concise::compile('-terse','aFuncName', \&aSubRef); # 1
1794 walk_output(\my $buf);
1795 $walker->(); # 1 renders -terse
1796 set_style_standard('concise'); # 2
1797 $walker->(); # 2 renders -concise
1798 $walker->(@new); # 3 renders whatever
1799 print "3 different renderings: terse, concise, and @new: $buf\n";
1801 When $walker is called, it traverses the subroutines supplied when it
1802 was created, and renders them using the current style. You can change
1803 the style afterwards in several different ways:
1805 1. call C<compile>, altering style or mode/order
1806 2. call C<set_style_standard>
1807 3. call $walker, passing @new options
1809 Passing new options to the $walker is the easiest way to change
1810 amongst any pre-defined styles (the ones you add are automatically
1811 recognized as options), and is the only way to alter rendering order
1812 without calling compile again. Note however that rendering state is
1813 still shared amongst multiple $walker objects, so they must still be
1814 used in a coordinated manner.
1816 =head2 B::Concise::reset_sequence()
1818 This function (not exported) lets you reset the sequence numbers (note
1819 that they're numbered arbitrarily, their goal being to be human
1820 readable). Its purpose is mostly to support testing, i.e. to compare
1821 the concise output from two identical anonymous subroutines (but
1822 different instances). Without the reset, B::Concise, seeing that
1823 they're separate optrees, generates different sequence numbers in
1828 Errors in rendering (non-existent function-name, non-existent coderef)
1829 are written to the STDOUT, or wherever you've set it via
1832 Errors using the various *style* calls, and bad args to walk_output(),
1833 result in die(). Use an eval if you wish to catch these errors and
1834 continue processing.
1838 Stephen McCamant, E<lt>smcc@CSUA.Berkeley.EDUE<gt>.