6 * 'The Chamber of Records,' said Gimli. 'I guess that is where we now stand.'
8 * [p.321 of _The Lord of the Rings_, II/v: "The Bridge of Khazad-Dûm"]
11 /* This file contains Perl's own implementation of the malloc library.
12 * It is used if Configure decides that, on your platform, Perl's
13 * version is better than the OS's, or if you give Configure the
14 * -Dusemymalloc command-line option.
18 Here are some notes on configuring Perl's malloc.
20 There are two macros which serve as bulk disablers of advanced
21 features of this malloc: NO_FANCY_MALLOC, PLAIN_MALLOC (undef by
22 default). Look in the list of default values below to understand
23 their exact effect. Defining NO_FANCY_MALLOC returns malloc.c to the
24 state of the malloc in Perl 5.004. Additionally defining PLAIN_MALLOC
25 returns it to the state as of Perl 5.000.
27 Note that some of the settings below may be ignored in the code based
28 on values of other macros. The PERL_CORE symbol is only defined when
29 perl itself is being compiled (so malloc can make some assumptions
30 about perl's facilities being available to it).
32 Each config option has a short description, followed by its name,
33 default value, and a comment about the default (if applicable). Some
34 options take a precise value, while the others are just boolean.
35 The boolean ones are listed first.
37 # Read configuration settings from malloc_cfg.h
38 HAVE_MALLOC_CFG_H undef
40 # Enable code for an emergency memory pool in $^M. See perlvar.pod
41 # for a description of $^M.
42 PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK !PLAIN_MALLOC
44 # Enable code for printing memory statistics.
45 DEBUGGING_MSTATS !PLAIN_MALLOC
47 # Move allocation info for small buckets into separate areas.
48 # Memory optimization (especially for small allocations, of the
49 # less than 64 bytes). Since perl usually makes a large number
50 # of small allocations, this is usually a win.
51 PACK_MALLOC (!PLAIN_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
53 # Add one page to big powers of two when calculating bucket size.
54 # This is targeted at big allocations, as are common in image
56 TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE !PLAIN_MALLOC
58 # Use intermediate bucket sizes between powers-of-two. This is
59 # generally a memory optimization, and a (small) speed pessimization.
60 BUCKETS_ROOT2 !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
62 # Do not check small deallocations for bad free(). Memory
63 # and speed optimization, error reporting pessimization.
64 IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE (!NO_FANCY_MALLOC && !RCHECK)
66 # Use table lookup to decide in which bucket a given allocation will go.
67 SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE !NO_FANCY_MALLOC
69 # Use a perl-defined sbrk() instead of the (presumably broken or
70 # missing) system-supplied sbrk().
73 # Use system malloc() (or calloc() etc.) to emulate sbrk(). Normally
74 # only used with broken sbrk()s.
75 PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC undef
77 # Which allocator to use if PERL_SBRK_VIA_MALLOC
78 SYSTEM_ALLOC(a) malloc(a)
80 # Minimal alignment (in bytes, should be a power of 2) of SYSTEM_ALLOC
81 SYSTEM_ALLOC_ALIGNMENT MEM_ALIGNBYTES
83 # Disable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
84 # optimization, error reporting pessimization.
87 # Enable memory overwrite checking with DEBUGGING. Memory and speed
88 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
89 RCHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK)
91 # Do not overwrite uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
92 # optimization, error reporting pessimization
95 # Overwrite uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
96 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
97 MALLOC_FILL (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK && !NO_MFILL)
99 # Do not check overwritten uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
100 # optimization, error reporting pessimization
103 # Check overwritten uninit areas with DEBUGGING. Speed
104 # pessimization, error reporting optimization
105 MALLOC_FILL_CHECK (DEBUGGING && !NO_RCHECK && !NO_FILL_CHECK)
107 # Failed allocations bigger than this size croak (if
108 # PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK is enabled) without touching $^M. See
109 # perlvar.pod for a description of $^M.
110 BIG_SIZE (1<<16) # 64K
112 # Starting from this power of two, add an extra page to the
113 # size of the bucket. This enables optimized allocations of sizes
114 # close to powers of 2. Note that the value is indexed at 0.
115 FIRST_BIG_POW2 15 # 32K, 16K is used too often
117 # Estimate of minimal memory footprint. malloc uses this value to
118 # request the most reasonable largest blocks of memory from the system.
121 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this.
124 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this percent of footprint.
127 # Round up sbrk()s to multiples of this multiple of 1/1000 of footprint.
128 MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000 (10 * MIN_SBRK_FRAC)
130 # Add this much memory to big powers of two to get the bucket size.
133 # This many sbrk() discontinuities should be tolerated even
134 # from the start without deciding that sbrk() is usually
136 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES 3
138 # This many continuous sbrk()s compensate for one discontinuous one.
139 SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE 50
141 # Some configurations may ask for 12-byte-or-so allocations which
142 # require 8-byte alignment (?!). In such situation one needs to
143 # define this to disable 12-byte bucket (will increase memory footprint)
144 STRICT_ALIGNMENT undef
146 # Do not allow configuration of runtime options at runtime
147 NO_MALLOC_DYNAMIC_CFG undef
149 # Do not allow configuration of runtime options via $ENV{PERL_MALLOC_OPT}
150 NO_PERL_MALLOC_ENV undef
152 [The variable consists of ;-separated parts of the form CODE=VALUE
153 with 1-character codes F, M, f, A, P, G, d, a, c for runtime
154 configuration of FIRST_SBRK, MIN_SBRK, MIN_SBRK_FRAC1000,
155 SBRK_ALLOW_FAILURES, SBRK_FAILURE_PRICE, sbrk_goodness,
156 filldead, fillalive, fillcheck. The last 3 are for DEBUGGING
157 build, and allow switching the tests for free()ed memory read,
158 uninit memory reads, and free()ed memory write.]
160 This implementation assumes that calling PerlIO_printf() does not
161 result in any memory allocation calls (used during a panic).
166 #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_CFG_H
167 # include "malloc_cfg.h"
170 #ifndef NO_FANCY_MALLOC
171 # ifndef SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
172 # define SMALL_BUCKET_VIA_TABLE
174 # ifndef BUCKETS_ROOT2
175 # define BUCKETS_ROOT2
177 # ifndef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
178 # define IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
182 #ifndef PLAIN_MALLOC /* Bulk enable features */
186 # ifndef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
187 # define TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
189 # ifndef PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
190 # define PERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK
192 # ifndef DEBUGGING_MSTATS
193 # define DEBUGGING_MSTATS
197 #define MIN_BUC_POW2 (sizeof(void*) > 4 ? 3 : 2) /* Allow for 4-byte arena. */
198 #define MIN_BUCKET (MIN_BUC_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
200 #define LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA 11
202 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK)
205 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK) && !defined(NO_MFILL) && !defined(MALLOC_FILL)
208 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(NO_RCHECK) && !defined(NO_FILL_CHECK) && !defined(MALLOC_FILL_CHECK)
209 # define MALLOC_FILL_CHECK
211 #if defined(RCHECK) && defined(IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE)
212 # undef IGNORE_SMALL_BAD_FREE
215 * malloc.c (Caltech) 2/21/82
216 * Chris Kingsley, kingsley@cit-20.
218 * This is a very fast storage allocator. It allocates blocks of a small
219 * number of different sizes, and keeps free lists of each size. Blocks that
220 * don't exactly fit are passed up to the next larger size. In this
221 * implementation, the available sizes are 2^n-4 (or 2^n-12) bytes long.
222 * If PACK_MALLOC is defined, small blocks are 2^n bytes long.
223 * This is designed for use in a program that uses vast quantities of memory,
224 * but bombs when it runs out.
226 * Modifications Copyright Ilya Zakharevich 1996-99.
228 * Still very quick, but much more thrifty. (Std config is 10% slower
229 * than it was, and takes 67% of old heap size for typical usage.)
231 * Allocations of small blocks are now table-driven to many different
232 * buckets. Sizes of really big buckets are increased to accommodate
233 * common size=power-of-2 blocks. Running-out-of-memory is made into
234 * an exception. Deeply configurable and thread-safe.
239 #define PERL_IN_MALLOC_C
241 #if defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT)
242 # define croak Perl_croak_nocontext
243 # define croak2 Perl_croak_nocontext
244 # define warn Perl_warn_nocontext
245 # define warn2 Perl_warn_nocontext
247 # define croak2 croak
251 # define PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE PL_thr_key
253 # define PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE 1
257 # define MUTEX_LOCK(l)
261 # define MUTEX_UNLOCK(l)
265 # define MALLOC_LOCK MUTEX_LOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
268 #ifndef MALLOC_UNLOCK
269 # define MALLOC_UNLOCK MUTEX_UNLOCK(&PL_malloc_mutex)
272 # ifndef fatalcroak /* make depend */
273 # define fatalcroak(mess) (write(2, (mess), strlen(mess)), exit(2))
278 # define DEBUG_m(a) \
280 if (PERL_MAYBE_ALIVE && PERL_GET_THX) { \
282 if (DEBUG_m_TEST) { \
283 PL_debug &= ~DEBUG_m_FLAG; \
285 PL_debug |= DEBUG_m_FLAG; \
291 #ifdef PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
292 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE aTHX
294 # define PERL_IS_ALIVE TRUE
301 * The memory is broken into "blocks" which occupy multiples of 2K (and
302 * generally speaking, have size "close" to a power of 2). The addresses
303 * of such *unused* blocks are kept in nextf[i] with big enough i. (nextf
304 * is an array of linked lists.) (Addresses of used blocks are not known.)
306 * Moreover, since the algorithm may try to "bite" smaller blocks out
307 * of unused bigger ones, there are also regions of "irregular" size,
308 * managed separately, by a linked list chunk_chain.
310 * The third type of storage is the sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, its
311 * end and size are kept in last_sbrk_top and sbrked_remains.
313 * Growing blocks "in place":
314 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
315 * The address of the block with the greatest address is kept in last_op
316 * (if not known, last_op is 0). If it is known that the memory above
317 * last_op is not continuous, or contains a chunk from chunk_chain,
318 * last_op is set to 0.
320 * The chunk with address last_op may be grown by expanding into
321 * sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space, or trying to sbrk() more continuous
324 * Management of last_op:
325 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
327 * free() never changes the boundaries of blocks, so is not relevant.
329 * The only way realloc() may change the boundaries of blocks is if it
330 * grows a block "in place". However, in the case of success such a
331 * chunk is automatically last_op, and it remains last_op. In the case
332 * of failure getpages_adjacent() clears last_op.
334 * malloc() may change blocks by calling morecore() only.
336 * morecore() may create new blocks by:
337 * a) biting pieces from chunk_chain (cannot create one above last_op);
338 * b) biting a piece from an unused block (if block was last_op, this
339 * may create a chunk from chain above last_op, thus last_op is
340 * invalidated in such a case).
341 * c) biting of sbrk()ed-but-not-yet-used space. This creates
342 * a block which is last_op.
343 * d) Allocating new pages by calling getpages();
345 * getpages() creates a new block. It marks last_op at the bottom of
346 * the chunk of memory it returns.
348 * Active pages footprint:
349 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
350 * Note that we do not need to traverse the lists in nextf[i], just take
351 * the first element of this list. However, we *need* to traverse the
352 * list in chunk_chain, but most the time it should be a very short one,
353 * so we do not step on a lot of pages we are not going to use.
357 * get_from_bigger_buckets(): forget to increment price => Quite
361 /* I don't much care whether these are defined in sys/types.h--LAW */
363 #define u_char unsigned char
364 #define u_int unsigned int
366 * I removed the definition of u_bigint which appeared to be u_bigint = UV
367 * u_bigint was only used in TWOK_MASKED and TWOK_SHIFT
368 * where I have used PTR2UV. RMB
370 #define u_short unsigned short
372 #if defined(RCHECK) && defined(PACK_MALLOC)
377 * The description below is applicable if PACK_MALLOC is not defined.
379 * The overhead on a block is at least 4 bytes. When free, this space
380 * contains a pointer to the next free block, and the bottom two bits must
381 * be zero. When in use, the first byte is set to MAGIC, and the second
382 * byte is the size index. The remaining bytes are for alignment.
383 * If range checking is enabled and the size of the block fits
384 * in two bytes, then the top two bytes hold the size of the requested block
385 * plus the range checking words, and the header word MINUS ONE.
388 union overhead *ov_next; /* when free */
389 #if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4
390 double strut; /* alignment problems */
391 # if MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 8
392 char sstrut[MEM_ALIGNBYTES]; /* for the sizing */
397 * Keep the ovu_index and ovu_magic in this order, having a char
398 * field first gives alignment indigestion in some systems, such as
401 u_char ovu_index; /* bucket # */
402 u_char ovu_magic; /* magic number */
404 /* Subtract one to fit into u_short for an extra bucket */
405 u_short ovu_size; /* block size (requested + overhead - 1) */
406 u_int ovu_rmagic; /* range magic number */
409 #define ov_magic ovu.ovu_magic
410 #define ov_index ovu.ovu_index
411 #define ov_size ovu.ovu_size
412 #define ov_rmagic ovu.ovu_rmagic
415 #define MAGIC 0xff /* magic # on accounting info */
416 #define RMAGIC 0x55555555 /* magic # on range info */
417 #define RMAGIC_C 0x55 /* magic # on range info */
420 # define RMAGIC_SZ sizeof (u_int) /* Overhead at end of bucket */
421 # ifdef TWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
422 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (12 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2) /* size-1 fits in short */
424 # define MAX_SHORT_BUCKET (13 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2)
430 #if !defined(PACK_MALLOC) && defined(BUCKETS_ROOT2)
431 # undef BUCKETS_ROOT2
435 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT 2
436 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 1
437 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 2
439 # define BUCKET_TABLE_SHIFT MIN_BUC_POW2
440 # define BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT 0
441 # define BUCKETS_PER_POW2 1
444 #if !defined(MEM_ALIGNBYTES) || ((MEM_ALIGNBYTES > 4) && !defined(STRICT_ALIGNMENT))
445 /* Figure out the alignment of void*. */
450 # define ALIGN_SMALL ((IV)((caddr_t)&(((struct aligner*)0)->p)))
452 # define ALIGN_SMALL MEM_ALIGNBYTES
455 #define IF_ALIGN_8(yes,no) ((ALIGN_SMALL>4) ? (yes) : (no))
458 # define MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE 13
459 static const u_short buck_size[MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE + 1] =
461 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80,
463 # define BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i) ((i) % 2 ? buck_size[i] : (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)))
464 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) ((i) <= MAX_BUCKET_BY_TABLE \
466 : ((1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) \
468 + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i)))
470 # define BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i) (1 << ((i) >> BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT))
471 # define BUCKET_SIZE(i) (BUCKET_SIZE_NO_SURPLUS(i) + POW2_OPTIMIZE_SURPLUS(i))
472 # define BUCKET_SIZE_REAL(i) (BUCKET_SIZE(i) - MEM_OVERHEAD(i))
477 /* In this case there are several possible layout of arenas depending
478 * on the size. Arenas are of sizes multiple to 2K, 2K-aligned, and
479 * have a size close to a power of 2.
481 * Arenas of the size >= 4K keep one chunk only. Arenas of size 2K
482 * may keep one chunk or multiple chunks. Here are the possible
485 * # One chunk only, chunksize 2^k + SOMETHING - ALIGN, k >= 11
487 * INDEX MAGIC1 UNUSED CHUNK1
489 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and chunksize 2^k-ALIGN, k>7
491 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
493 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size 2^k-ALIGN, k=7
495 * INDEX MAGIC1 MAGIC2 MAGIC3 UNUSED CHUNK1 UNUSED CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
497 * # Multichunk with sanity checking and size up to 80
499 * INDEX UNUSED MAGIC1 UNUSED MAGIC2 UNUSED ... CHUNK1 CHUNK2 CHUNK3 ...
501 * # No sanity check (usually up to 48=byte-long buckets)
502 * INDEX UNUSED CHUNK1 CHUNK2 ...
504 * Above INDEX and MAGIC are one-byte-long. Sizes of UNUSED are
505 * appropriate to keep algorithms simple and memory aligned. INDEX
506 * encodes the size of the chunk, while MAGICn encodes state (used,
507 * free or non-managed-by-us-so-it-indicates-a-bug) of CHUNKn. MAGIC
508 * is used for sanity checking purposes only. SOMETHING is 0 or 4K
509 * (to make size of big CHUNK accommodate allocations for powers of two
512 * [There is no need to alignment between chunks, since C rules ensure
513 * that structs which need 2^k alignment have sizeof which is
514 * divisible by 2^k. Thus as far as the last chunk is aligned at the
515 * end of the arena, and 2K-alignment does not contradict things,
516 * everything is going to be OK for sizes of chunks 2^n and 2^n +
517 * 2^k. Say, 80-bit buckets will be 16-bit aligned, and as far as we
518 * put allocations for requests in 65..80 range, all is fine.
520 * Note, however, that standard malloc() puts more strict
521 * requirements than the above C rules. Moreover, our algorithms of
522 * realloc() may break this idyll, but we suppose that realloc() does
523 * need not change alignment.]
525 * Is very important to make calculation of the offset of MAGICm as
526 * quick as possible, since it is done on each malloc()/free(). In
527 * fact it is so quick that it has quite little effect on the speed of
528 * doing malloc()/free(). [By default] We forego such calculations
529 * for small chunks, but only to save extra 3% of memory, not because
530 * of speed considerations.
532 * Here is the algorithm [which is the same for all the allocations
533 * schemes above], see OV_MAGIC(block,bucket). Let OFFSETm be the
534 * offset of the CHUNKm from the start of ARENA. Then offset of
535 * MAGICm is (OFFSET1 >> SHIFT) + ADDOFFSET. Here SHIFT and ADDOFFSET
536 * are numbers which depend on the size of the chunks only.
538 * Let as check some sanity conditions. Numbers OFFSETm>>SHIFT are
539 * different for all the chunks in the arena if 2^SHIFT is not greater
540 * than size of the chunks in the arena. MAGIC1 will not overwrite
541 * INDEX provided ADDOFFSET is >0 if OFFSET1 < 2^SHIFT. MAGIClast
542 * will not overwrite CHUNK1 if OFFSET1 > (OFFSETlast >> SHIFT) +
545 * Make SHIFT the maximal possible (there is no point in making it
546 * smaller). Since OFFSETlast is 2K - CHUNKSIZE, above restrictions
547 * give restrictions on OFFSET1 and on ADDOFFSET.
549 * In particular, for chunks of size 2^k with k>=6 we can put
550 * ADDOFFSET to be from 0 to 2^k - 2^(11-k), and have
551 * OFFSET1==chunksize. For chunks of size 80 OFFSET1 of 2K%80=48 is
552 * large enough to have ADDOFFSET between 1 and 16 (similarly for 96,
553 * when ADDOFFSET should be 1). In particular, keeping MAGICs for
554 * these sizes gives no additional size penalty.
556 * However, for chunks of size 2^k with k<=5 this gives OFFSET1 >=
557 * ADDOFSET + 2^(11-k). Keeping ADDOFFSET 0 allows for 2^(11-k)-2^(11-2k)
558 * chunks per arena. This is smaller than 2^(11-k) - 1 which are
559 * needed if no MAGIC is kept. [In fact, having a negative ADDOFFSET
560 * would allow for slightly more buckets per arena for k=2,3.]
562 * Similarly, for chunks of size 3/2*2^k with k<=5 MAGICs would span
563 * the area up to 2^(11-k)+ADDOFFSET. For k=4 this give optimal
564 * ADDOFFSET as -7..0. For k=3 ADDOFFSET can go up to 4 (with tiny
565 * savings for negative ADDOFFSET). For k=5 ADDOFFSET can go -1..16
566 * (with no savings for negative values).
568 * In particular, keeping ADDOFFSET 0 for sizes of chunks up to 2^6
569 * leads to tiny pessimizations in case of sizes 4, 8, 12, 24, and
570 * leads to no contradictions except for size=80 (or 96.)
572 * However, it also makes sense to keep no magic for sizes 48 or less.
573 * This is what we do. In this case one needs ADDOFFSET>=1 also for
574 * chunksizes 12, 24, and 48, unless one gets one less chunk per
577 * The algo of OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) keeps ADDOFFSET 0 until
578 * chunksize of 64, then makes it 1.
580 * This allows for an additional optimization: the above scheme leads
581 * to giant overheads for sizes 128 or more (one whole chunk needs to
582 * be sacrifised to keep INDEX). Instead we use chunks not of size
583 * 2^k, but of size 2^k-ALIGN. If we pack these chunks at the end of
584 * the arena, then the beginnings are still in different 2^k-long
585 * sections of the arena if k>=7 for ALIGN==4, and k>=8 if ALIGN=8.
586 * Thus for k>7 the above algo of calculating the offset of the magic
587 * will still give different answers for different chunks. And to
588 * avoid the overrun of MAGIC1 into INDEX, one needs ADDOFFSET of >=1.
589 * In the case k=7 we just move the first chunk an extra ALIGN
590 * backward inside the ARENA (this is done once per arena lifetime,
591 * thus is not a big overhead). */
592 # define MAX_PACKED_POW2 6
593 # define MAX_PACKED (MAX_PACKED_POW2 * BUCKETS_PER_POW2 + BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)
594 # define MAX_POW2_ALGO ((1<<(MAX_PACKED_POW2 + 1)) - M_OVERHEAD)
595 # define TWOK_MASK ((1<<LOG_OF_MIN_ARENA) - 1)
596 # define TWOK_MASKED(x) (PTR2UV(x) & ~TWOK_MASK)
597 # define TWOK_SHIFT(x) (PTR2UV(x) & TWOK_MASK)
598 # define OV_INDEXp(block) (INT2PTR(u_char*,TWOK_MASKED(block)))
599 # define OV_INDEX(block) (*OV_INDEXp(block))
600 # define OV_MAGIC(block,bucket) (*(OV_INDEXp(block) + \
601 (TWOK_SHIFT(block)>> \
602 (bucket>>BUCKET_POW2_SHIFT)) + \
603 (bucket >= MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT ? 1 : 0)))
604 /* A bucket can have a shift smaller than it size, we need to
605 shift its magic number so it will not overwrite index: */
606 # ifdef BUCKETS_ROOT2
607 # define MIN_NEEDS_SHIFT (7*BUCKETS_PER_POW2 - 1) /* Shift 80 greater than chunk 64. */