perly.y

   1 /*    perly.y
   2  *
   3  *    Copyright (c) 1991-2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Larry Wall
   4  *    Copyright (c) 2007, 2008 by Larry Wall and others
   5  *
   6  *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
   7  *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
   8  *
   9  */
  10
  11 /*
  12  * 'I see,' laughed Strider.  'I look foul and feel fair.  Is that it?
  13  *  All that is gold does not glitter, not all those who wander are lost.'
  14  *
  15  *     [p.171 of _The Lord of the Rings_, I/x: "Strider"]
  16  */
  17
  18 /*
  19  * This file holds the grammar for the Perl language. If edited, you need
  20  * to run regen_perly.pl, which re-creates the files perly.h, perly.tab
  21  * and perly.act which are derived from this.
  22  *
  23  * Note that these derived files are included and compiled twice; once
  24  * from perly.c, and once from madly.c. The second time, a number of MAD
  25  * macros are defined, which compile in extra code that allows the parse
  26  * tree to be accurately dumped. In particular:
  27  *
  28  * MAD            defined if compiling madly.c
  29  * DO_MAD(A)      expands to A  under madly.c, to null otherwise
  30  * IF_MAD(a,b)    expands to A under madly.c, to B otherwise
  31  * TOKEN_GETMAD() expands to token_getmad() under madly.c, to null otherwise
  32  * TOKEN_FREE()   similarly
  33  * OP_GETMAD()    similarly
  34  * IVAL(i)        expands to (i)->tk_lval.ival or (i)
  35  * PVAL(p)        expands to (p)->tk_lval.pval or (p)
  36  *
  37  * The main job of of this grammar is to call the various newFOO()
  38  * functions in op.c to build a syntax tree of OP structs.
  39  * It relies on the lexer in toke.c to do the tokenizing.
  40  *
  41  * Note: due to the way that the cleanup code works WRT to freeing ops on
  42  * the parse stack, it is dangerous to assign to the $n variables within
  43  * an action.
  44  */
  45
  46 /*  Make the parser re-entrant. */
  47
  48 %pure_parser
  49
  50 /* FIXME for MAD - is the new mintro on while and until important?  */
  51
  52 %start prog
  53
  54 %union {
  55     I32 ival; /* __DEFAULT__ (marker for regen_perly.pl;
  56                                 must always be 1st union member) */
  57     char *pval;
  58     OP *opval;
  59     GV *gvval;
  60 #ifdef PERL_IN_MADLY_C
  61     TOKEN* p_tkval;
  62     TOKEN* i_tkval;
  63 #else
  64     char *p_tkval;
  65     I32 i_tkval;
  66 #endif
  67 #ifdef PERL_MAD
  68     TOKEN* tkval;
  69 #endif
  70 }
  71
  72 %token <i_tkval> '{' '}' '[' ']' '-' '+' '$' '@' '%' '*' '&' ';'
  73
  74 %token <opval> WORD METHOD FUNCMETH THING PMFUNC PRIVATEREF
  75 %token <opval> FUNC0SUB UNIOPSUB LSTOPSUB
  76 %token <p_tkval> LABEL
  77 %token <i_tkval> FORMAT SUB ANONSUB PACKAGE USE
  78 %token <i_tkval> WHILE UNTIL IF UNLESS ELSE ELSIF CONTINUE FOR
  79 %token <i_tkval> GIVEN WHEN DEFAULT
  80 %token <i_tkval> LOOPEX DOTDOT YADAYADA
  81 %token <i_tkval> FUNC0 FUNC1 FUNC UNIOP LSTOP
  82 %token <i_tkval> RELOP EQOP MULOP ADDOP
  83 %token <i_tkval> DOLSHARP DO HASHBRACK NOAMP
  84 %token <i_tkval> LOCAL MY MYSUB REQUIRE
  85 %token <i_tkval> COLONATTR
  86
  87 %type <ival> prog progstart remember mremember
  88 %type <ival>  startsub startanonsub startformsub
  89 /* FIXME for MAD - are these two ival? */
  90 %type <ival> mydefsv mintro
  91
  92 %type <opval> decl format subrout mysubrout package use peg
  93
  94 %type <opval> block mblock lineseq line loop cond else
  95 %type <opval> expr term subscripted scalar ary hsh arylen star amper sideff
  96 %type <opval> argexpr nexpr texpr iexpr mexpr mnexpr miexpr
  97 %type <opval> listexpr listexprcom indirob listop method
  98 %type <opval> formname subname proto subbody cont my_scalar
  99 %type <opval> subattrlist myattrlist myattrterm myterm
 100 %type <opval> termbinop termunop anonymous termdo
 101 %type <opval> switch case
 102 %type <p_tkval> label
 103
 104 %nonassoc <i_tkval> PREC_LOW
 105 %nonassoc LOOPEX
 106
 107 %left <i_tkval> OROP DOROP
 108 %left <i_tkval> ANDOP
 109 %right <i_tkval> NOTOP
 110 %nonassoc LSTOP LSTOPSUB
 111 %left <i_tkval> ','
 112 %right <i_tkval> ASSIGNOP
 113 %right <i_tkval> '?' ':'
 114 %nonassoc DOTDOT YADAYADA
 115 %left <i_tkval> OROR DORDOR
 116 %left <i_tkval> ANDAND
 117 %left <i_tkval> BITOROP
 118 %left <i_tkval> BITANDOP
 119 %nonassoc EQOP
 120 %nonassoc RELOP
 121 %nonassoc UNIOP UNIOPSUB
 122 %nonassoc REQUIRE
 123 %left <i_tkval> SHIFTOP
 124 %left ADDOP
 125 %left MULOP
 126 %left <i_tkval> MATCHOP
 127 %right <i_tkval> '!' '~' UMINUS REFGEN
 128 %right <i_tkval> POWOP
 129 %nonassoc <i_tkval> PREINC PREDEC POSTINC POSTDEC
 130 %left <i_tkval> ARROW
 131 %nonassoc <i_tkval> ')'
 132 %left <i_tkval> '('
 133 %left '[' '{'
 134
 135 %token <i_tkval> PEG
 136
 137 %% /* RULES */
 138
 139 /* The whole program */
 140 prog    :       progstart
 141         /*CONTINUED*/   lineseq
 142                         { $$ = $1; newPROG(block_end($1,$2)); }
 143         ;
 144
 145 /* An ordinary block */
 146 block   :       '{' remember lineseq '}'
 147                         { if (PL_parser->copline > (line_t)IVAL($1))
 148                               PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 149                           $$ = block_end($2, $3);
 150                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
 151                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'}');
 152                         }
 153         ;
 154
 155 remember:       /* NULL */      /* start a full lexical scope */
 156                         { $$ = block_start(TRUE); }
 157         ;
 158
 159 mydefsv:        /* NULL */      /* lexicalize $_ */
 160                         { $$ = (I32) allocmy("$_"); }
 161         ;
 162
 163 progstart:
 164                 {
 165                     PL_parser->expect = XSTATE; $$ = block_start(TRUE);
 166                 }
 167         ;
 168
 169
 170 mblock  :       '{' mremember lineseq '}'
 171                         { if (PL_parser->copline > (line_t)IVAL($1))
 172                               PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 173                           $$ = block_end($2, $3);
 174                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
 175                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'}');
 176                         }
 177         ;
 178
 179 mremember:      /* NULL */      /* start a partial lexical scope */
 180                         { $$ = block_start(FALSE); }
 181         ;
 182
 183 /* A collection of "lines" in the program */
 184 lineseq :       /* NULL */
 185                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 186         |       lineseq decl
 187                         {
 188                         $$ = IF_MAD(
 189                                 append_list(OP_LINESEQ,
 190                                     (LISTOP*)$1, (LISTOP*)$2),
 191                                 $1);
 192                         }
 193         |       lineseq line
 194                         {   $$ = append_list(OP_LINESEQ,
 195                                 (LISTOP*)$1, (LISTOP*)$2);
 196                             PL_pad_reset_pending = TRUE;
 197                             if ($1 && $2)
 198                                 PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
 199                         }
 200         ;
 201
 202 /* A "line" in the program */
 203 line    :       label cond
 204                         { $$ = newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1), $2);
 205                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,((LISTOP*)$$)->op_first,'L'); }
 206         |       loop    /* loops add their own labels */
 207         |       switch  /* ... and so do switches */
 208                         { $$ = $1; }
 209         |       label case
 210                         { $$ = newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1), $2); }
 211         |       label ';'
 212                         {
 213                           if (PVAL($1)) {
 214                               $$ = newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1), newOP(OP_NULL, 0));
 215                               TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'L');
 216                               TOKEN_GETMAD($2,((LISTOP*)$$)->op_first,';');
 217                           }
 218                           else {
 219                               $$ = IF_MAD(
 220                                         newOP(OP_NULL, 0),
 221                                         (OP*)NULL);
 222                               PL_parser->copline = NOLINE;
 223                               TOKEN_FREE($1);
 224                               TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,';');
 225                           }
 226                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 227                         }
 228         |       label sideff ';'
 229                         {
 230                           $$ = newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1), $2);
 231                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 232                           DO_MAD({
 233                               /* sideff might already have a nexstate */
 234                               OP* op = ((LISTOP*)$$)->op_first;
 235                               if (op) {
 236                                   while (op->op_sibling &&
 237                                      op->op_sibling->op_type == OP_NEXTSTATE)
 238                                         op = op->op_sibling;
 239                                   token_getmad($1,op,'L');
 240                                   token_getmad($3,op,';');
 241                               }
 242                           })
 243                         }
 244         ;
 245
 246 /* An expression which may have a side-effect */
 247 sideff  :       error
 248                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 249         |       expr
 250                         { $$ = $1; }
 251         |       expr IF expr
 252                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_AND, 0, $3, $1);
 253                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'i');
 254                         }
 255         |       expr UNLESS expr
 256                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_OR, 0, $3, $1);
 257                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'i');
 258                         }
 259         |       expr WHILE expr
 260                         { $$ = newLOOPOP(OPf_PARENS, 1, scalar($3), $1);
 261                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'w');
 262                         }
 263         |       expr UNTIL iexpr
 264                         { $$ = newLOOPOP(OPf_PARENS, 1, $3, $1);
 265                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'w');
 266                         }
 267         |       expr FOR expr
 268                         { $$ = newFOROP(0, NULL, (line_t)IVAL($2),
 269                                         (OP*)NULL, $3, $1, (OP*)NULL);
 270                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,((LISTOP*)$$)->op_first->op_sibling,'w');
 271                         }
 272         |       expr WHEN expr
 273                         { $$ = newWHENOP($3, scope($1)); }
 274         ;
 275
 276 /* else and elsif blocks */
 277 else    :       /* NULL */
 278                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 279         |       ELSE mblock
 280                         { ($2)->op_flags |= OPf_PARENS; $$ = scope($2);
 281                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 282                         }
 283         |       ELSIF '(' mexpr ')' mblock else
 284                         { PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 285                             $$ = newCONDOP(0, newSTATEOP(OPf_SPECIAL,NULL,$3), scope($5), $6);
 286                             PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
 287                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'I');
 288                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 289                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 290                         }
 291         ;
 292
 293 /* Real conditional expressions */
 294 cond    :       IF '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock else
 295                         { PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 296                             $$ = block_end($3,
 297                                    newCONDOP(0, $4, scope($6), $7));
 298                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'I');
 299                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 300                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 301                         }
 302         |       UNLESS '(' remember miexpr ')' mblock else
 303                         { PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($1);
 304                             $$ = block_end($3,
 305                                    newCONDOP(0, $4, scope($6), $7));
 306                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'I');
 307                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 308                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 309                         }
 310         ;
 311
 312 /* Cases for a switch statement */
 313 case    :       WHEN '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock
 314         { $$ = block_end($3,
 315                 newWHENOP($4, scope($6))); }
 316         |       DEFAULT block
 317         { $$ = newWHENOP(0, scope($2)); }
 318         ;
 319
 320 /* Continue blocks */
 321 cont    :       /* NULL */
 322                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 323         |       CONTINUE block
 324                         { $$ = scope($2);
 325                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 326                         }
 327         ;
 328
 329 /* Loops: while, until, for, and a bare block */
 330 loop    :       label WHILE '(' remember texpr ')' mintro mblock cont
 331                         { OP *innerop;
 332                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)$2;
 333                             $$ = block_end($4,
 334                                    newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1),
 335                                      innerop = newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 336                                                 IVAL($2), $5, $8, $9, $7)));
 337                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,innerop,'L');
 338                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,innerop,'W');
 339                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,innerop,'(');
 340                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,innerop,')');
 341                         }
 342
 343         |       label UNTIL '(' remember iexpr ')' mintro mblock cont
 344                         { OP *innerop;
 345                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)$2;
 346                             $$ = block_end($4,
 347                                    newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1),
 348                                      innerop = newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 349                                                 IVAL($2), $5, $8, $9, $7)));
 350                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,innerop,'L');
 351                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,innerop,'W');
 352                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,innerop,'(');
 353                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,innerop,')');
 354                         }
 355         |       label FOR MY remember my_scalar '(' mexpr ')' mblock cont
 356                         { OP *innerop;
 357                           $$ = block_end($4,
 358                              innerop = newFOROP(0, PVAL($1), (line_t)IVAL($2),
 359                                             $5, $7, $9, $10));
 360                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first,'L');
 361                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'W');
 362                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'d');
 363                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'(');
 364                           TOKEN_GETMAD($8,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,')');
 365                         }
 366         |       label FOR scalar '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock cont
 367                         { OP *innerop;
 368                           $$ = block_end($5,
 369                              innerop = newFOROP(0, PVAL($1), (line_t)IVAL($2),
 370                                     mod($3, OP_ENTERLOOP), $6, $8, $9));
 371                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first,'L');
 372                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'W');
 373                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'(');
 374                           TOKEN_GETMAD($7,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,')');
 375                         }
 376         |       label FOR '(' remember mexpr ')' mblock cont
 377                         { OP *innerop;
 378                           $$ = block_end($4,
 379                              innerop = newFOROP(0, PVAL($1), (line_t)IVAL($2),
 380                                                     (OP*)NULL, $5, $7, $8));
 381                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first,'L');
 382                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'W');
 383                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,'(');
 384                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,((LISTOP*)innerop)->op_first->op_sibling,')');
 385                         }
 386         |       label FOR '(' remember mnexpr ';' texpr ';' mintro mnexpr ')'
 387                     mblock
 388                         /* basically fake up an initialize-while lineseq */
 389                         { OP *forop;
 390                           PL_parser->copline = (line_t)IVAL($2);
 391                           forop = newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1),
 392                                             newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 393                                                 IVAL($2), scalar($7),
 394                                                 $12, $10, $9));
 395 #ifdef MAD
 396                           forop = newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, append_elem(OP_LINESEQ,
 397                                 newSTATEOP(0,
 398                                            CopLABEL_alloc(($1)->tk_lval.pval),
 399                                            ($5 ? $5 : newOP(OP_NULL, 0)) ),
 400                                 forop));
 401
 402                           token_getmad($2,forop,'3');
 403                           token_getmad($3,forop,'(');
 404                           token_getmad($6,forop,'1');
 405                           token_getmad($8,forop,'2');
 406                           token_getmad($11,forop,')');
 407                           token_getmad($1,forop,'L');
 408 #else
 409                           if ($5) {
 410                                 forop = append_elem(OP_LINESEQ,
 411                                         newSTATEOP(0, CopLABEL_alloc($1), $5),
 412                                         forop);
 413                           }
 414
 415
 416 #endif
 417                           $$ = block_end($4, forop); }
 418         |       label block cont  /* a block is a loop that happens once */
 419                         { $$ = newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1),
 420                                  newWHILEOP(0, 1, (LOOP*)(OP*)NULL,
 421                                             NOLINE, (OP*)NULL, $2, $3, 0));
 422                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,((LISTOP*)$$)->op_first,'L'); }
 423         ;
 424
 425 /* Switch blocks */
 426 switch  :       label GIVEN '(' remember mydefsv mexpr ')' mblock
 427                         { PL_parser->copline = (line_t) $2;
 428                             $$ = block_end($4,
 429                                 newSTATEOP(0, PVAL($1),
 430                                     newGIVENOP($6, scope($8),
 431                                         (PADOFFSET) $5) )); }
 432         ;
 433
 434 /* determine whether there are any new my declarations */
 435 mintro  :       /* NULL */
 436                         { $$ = (PL_min_intro_pending &&
 437                             PL_max_intro_pending >=  PL_min_intro_pending);
 438                           intro_my(); }
 439
 440 /* Normal expression */
 441 nexpr   :       /* NULL */
 442                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 443         |       sideff
 444         ;
 445
 446 /* Boolean expression */
 447 texpr   :       /* NULL means true */
 448                         { YYSTYPE tmplval;
 449                           (void)scan_num("1", &tmplval);
 450                           $$ = tmplval.opval; }
 451         |       expr
 452         ;
 453
 454 /* Inverted boolean expression */
 455 iexpr   :       expr
 456                         { $$ = invert(scalar($1)); }
 457         ;
 458
 459 /* Expression with its own lexical scope */
 460 mexpr   :       expr
 461                         { $$ = $1; intro_my(); }
 462         ;
 463
 464 mnexpr  :       nexpr
 465                         { $$ = $1; intro_my(); }
 466         ;
 467
 468 miexpr  :       iexpr
 469                         { $$ = $1; intro_my(); }
 470         ;
 471
 472 /* Optional "MAIN:"-style loop labels */
 473 label   :       /* empty */
 474                         {
 475 #ifdef MAD
 476                           YYSTYPE tmplval;
 477                           tmplval.pval = NULL;
 478                           $$ = newTOKEN(OP_NULL, tmplval, 0);
 479 #else
 480                           $$ = NULL;
 481 #endif
 482                         }
 483         |       LABEL
 484         ;
 485
 486 /* Some kind of declaration - just hang on peg in the parse tree */
 487 decl    :       format
 488                         { $$ = $1; }
 489         |       subrout
 490                         { $$ = $1; }
 491         |       mysubrout
 492                         { $$ = $1; }
 493         |       package
 494                         { $$ = $1; }
 495         |       use
 496                         { $$ = $1; }
 497
 498     /* these two are only used by MAD */
 499
 500         |       peg
 501                         { $$ = $1; }
 502         ;
 503
 504 peg     :       PEG
 505                         { $$ = newOP(OP_NULL,0);
 506                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'p');
 507                         }
 508         ;
 509
 510 format  :       FORMAT startformsub formname block
 511                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 512 #ifdef MAD
 513                           $$ = newFORM($2, $3, $4);
 514                           prepend_madprops($1->tk_mad, $$, 'F');
 515                           $1->tk_mad = 0;
 516                           token_free($1);
 517 #else
 518                           newFORM($2, $3, $4);
 519                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 520 #endif
 521                         }
 522         ;
 523
 524 formname:       WORD            { $$ = $1; }
 525         |       /* NULL */      { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 526         ;
 527
 528 /* Unimplemented "my sub foo { }" */
 529 mysubrout:      MYSUB startsub subname proto subattrlist subbody
 530                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 531 #ifdef MAD
 532                           $$ = newMYSUB($2, $3, $4, $5, $6);
 533                           token_getmad($1,$$,'d');
 534 #else
 535                           newMYSUB($2, $3, $4, $5, $6);
 536                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 537 #endif
 538                         }
 539         ;
 540
 541 /* Subroutine definition */
 542 subrout :       SUB startsub subname proto subattrlist subbody
 543                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 544 #ifdef MAD
 545                           {
 546                               OP* o = newSVOP(OP_ANONCODE, 0,
 547                                 (SV*)newATTRSUB($2, $3, $4, $5, $6));
 548                               $$ = newOP(OP_NULL,0);
 549                               op_getmad(o,$$,'&');
 550                               op_getmad($3,$$,'n');
 551                               op_getmad($4,$$,'s');
 552                               op_getmad($5,$$,'a');
 553                               token_getmad($1,$$,'d');
 554                               append_madprops($6->op_madprop, $$, 0);
 555                               $6->op_madprop = 0;
 556                             }
 557 #else
 558                           newATTRSUB($2, $3, $4, $5, $6);
 559                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 560 #endif
 561                         }
 562         ;
 563
 564 startsub:       /* NULL */      /* start a regular subroutine scope */
 565                         { $$ = start_subparse(FALSE, 0);
 566                             SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv); }
 567
 568         ;
 569
 570 startanonsub:   /* NULL */      /* start an anonymous subroutine scope */
 571                         { $$ = start_subparse(FALSE, CVf_ANON);
 572                             SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv); }
 573         ;
 574
 575 startformsub:   /* NULL */      /* start a format subroutine scope */
 576                         { $$ = start_subparse(TRUE, 0);
 577                             SAVEFREESV(PL_compcv); }
 578         ;
 579
 580 /* Name of a subroutine - must be a bareword, could be special */
 581 subname :       WORD    { const char *const name = SvPV_nolen_const(((SVOP*)$1)->op_sv);
 582                           if (strEQ(name, "BEGIN") || strEQ(name, "END")
 583                               || strEQ(name, "INIT") || strEQ(name, "CHECK")
 584                               || strEQ(name, "UNITCHECK"))
 585                               CvSPECIAL_on(PL_compcv);
 586                           $$ = $1; }
 587         ;
 588
 589 /* Subroutine prototype */
 590 proto   :       /* NULL */
 591                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 592         |       THING
 593         ;
 594
 595 /* Optional list of subroutine attributes */
 596 subattrlist:    /* NULL */
 597                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
 598         |       COLONATTR THING
 599                         { $$ = $2;
 600                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 601                         }
 602         |       COLONATTR
 603                         { $$ = IF_MAD(
 604                                     newOP(OP_NULL, 0),
 605                                     (OP*)NULL
 606                                 );
 607                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 608                         }
 609         ;
 610
 611 /* List of attributes for a "my" variable declaration */
 612 myattrlist:     COLONATTR THING
 613                         { $$ = $2;
 614                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 615                         }
 616         |       COLONATTR
 617                         { $$ = IF_MAD(
 618                                     newOP(OP_NULL, 0),
 619                                     (OP*)NULL
 620                                 );
 621                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,':');
 622                         }
 623         ;
 624
 625 /* Subroutine body - either null or a block */
 626 subbody :       block   { $$ = $1; }
 627         |       ';'     { $$ = IF_MAD(
 628                                     newOP(OP_NULL,0),
 629                                     (OP*)NULL
 630                                 );
 631                           PL_parser->expect = XSTATE;
 632                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,';');
 633                         }
 634         ;
 635
 636 package :       PACKAGE WORD ';'
 637                         {
 638 #ifdef MAD
 639                           $$ = package($2);
 640                           token_getmad($1,$$,'o');
 641                           token_getmad($3,$$,';');
 642 #else
 643                           package($2);
 644                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 645 #endif
 646                         }
 647         ;
 648
 649 use     :       USE startsub
 650                         { CvSPECIAL_on(PL_compcv); /* It's a BEGIN {} */ }
 651                     WORD WORD listexpr ';'
 652                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 653 #ifdef MAD
 654                           $$ = utilize(IVAL($1), $2, $4, $5, $6);
 655                           token_getmad($1,$$,'o');
 656                           token_getmad($7,$$,';');
 657                           if (PL_parser->rsfp_filters &&
 658                                       AvFILLp(PL_parser->rsfp_filters) >= 0)
 659                               append_madprops(newMADPROP('!', MAD_NULL, NULL, 0), $$, 0);
 660 #else
 661                           utilize(IVAL($1), $2, $4, $5, $6);
 662                           $$ = (OP*)NULL;
 663 #endif
 664                         }
 665         ;
 666
 667 /* Ordinary expressions; logical combinations */
 668 expr    :       expr ANDOP expr
 669                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_AND, 0, $1, $3);
 670                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 671                         }
 672         |       expr OROP expr
 673                         { $$ = newLOGOP(IVAL($2), 0, $1, $3);
 674                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 675                         }
 676         |       expr DOROP expr
 677                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_DOR, 0, $1, $3);
 678                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 679                         }
 680         |       argexpr %prec PREC_LOW
 681         ;
 682
 683 /* Expressions are a list of terms joined by commas */
 684 argexpr :       argexpr ','
 685                         {
 686 #ifdef MAD
 687                           OP* op = newNULLLIST();
 688                           token_getmad($2,op,',');
 689                           $$ = append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, op);
 690 #else
 691                           $$ = $1;
 692 #endif
 693                         }
 694         |       argexpr ',' term
 695                         {
 696                           OP* term = $3;
 697                           DO_MAD(
 698                               term = newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, term);
 699                               token_getmad($2,term,',');
 700                           )
 701                           $$ = append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, term);
 702                         }
 703         |       term %prec PREC_LOW
 704         ;
 705
 706 /* List operators */
 707 listop  :       LSTOP indirob argexpr /* map {...} @args or print $fh @args */
 708                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), OPf_STACKED,
 709                                 prepend_elem(OP_LIST, newGVREF(IVAL($1),$2), $3) );
 710                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 711                         }
 712         |       FUNC '(' indirob expr ')'      /* print ($fh @args */
 713                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), OPf_STACKED,
 714                                 prepend_elem(OP_LIST, newGVREF(IVAL($1),$3), $4) );
 715                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 716                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 717                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 718                         }
 719         |       term ARROW method '(' listexprcom ')' /* $foo->bar(list) */
 720                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 721                                 append_elem(OP_LIST,
 722                                     prepend_elem(OP_LIST, scalar($1), $5),
 723                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $3)));
 724                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'A');
 725                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'(');
 726                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,')');
 727                         }
 728         |       term ARROW method                     /* $foo->bar */
 729                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 730                                 append_elem(OP_LIST, scalar($1),
 731                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $3)));
 732                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'A');
 733                         }
 734         |       METHOD indirob listexpr              /* new Class @args */
 735                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 736                                 append_elem(OP_LIST,
 737                                     prepend_elem(OP_LIST, $2, $3),
 738                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $1)));
 739                         }
 740         |       FUNCMETH indirob '(' listexprcom ')' /* method $object (@args) */
 741                         { $$ = convert(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 742                                 append_elem(OP_LIST,
 743                                     prepend_elem(OP_LIST, $2, $4),
 744                                     newUNOP(OP_METHOD, 0, $1)));
 745                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 746                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 747                         }
 748         |       LSTOP listexpr                       /* print @args */
 749                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), 0, $2);
 750                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 751                         }
 752         |       FUNC '(' listexprcom ')'             /* print (@args) */
 753                         { $$ = convert(IVAL($1), 0, $3);
 754                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 755                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 756                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 757                         }
 758         |       LSTOPSUB startanonsub block /* sub f(&@);   f { foo } ... */
 759                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
 760                           $<opval>$ = newANONATTRSUB($2, 0, (OP*)NULL, $3); }
 761                     listexpr            %prec LSTOP  /* ... @bar */
 762                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 763                                  append_elem(OP_LIST,
 764                                    prepend_elem(OP_LIST, $<opval>4, $5), $1));
 765                         }
 766         ;
 767
 768 /* Names of methods. May use $object->$methodname */
 769 method  :       METHOD
 770         |       scalar
 771         ;
 772
 773 /* Some kind of subscripted expression */
 774 subscripted:    star '{' expr ';' '}'        /* *main::{something} */
 775                         /* In this and all the hash accessors, ';' is
 776                          * provided by the tokeniser */
 777                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_GELEM, 0, $1, scalar($3));
 778                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 779                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
 780                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
 781                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
 782                         }
 783         |       scalar '[' expr ']'          /* $array[$element] */
 784                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_AELEM, 0, oopsAV($1), scalar($3));
 785                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
 786                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
 787                         }
 788         |       term ARROW '[' expr ']'      /* somearef->[$element] */
 789                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_AELEM, 0,
 790                                         ref(newAVREF($1),OP_RV2AV),
 791                                         scalar($4));
 792                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 793                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'[');
 794                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,']');
 795                         }
 796         |       subscripted '[' expr ']'    /* $foo->[$bar]->[$baz] */
 797                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_AELEM, 0,
 798                                         ref(newAVREF($1),OP_RV2AV),
 799                                         scalar($3));
 800                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
 801                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
 802                         }
 803         |       scalar '{' expr ';' '}'    /* $foo->{bar();} */
 804                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_HELEM, 0, oopsHV($1), jmaybe($3));
 805                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 806                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
 807                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
 808                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
 809                         }
 810         |       term ARROW '{' expr ';' '}' /* somehref->{bar();} */
 811                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_HELEM, 0,
 812                                         ref(newHVREF($1),OP_RV2HV),
 813                                         jmaybe($4));
 814                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 815                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 816                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'{');
 817                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,';');
 818                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,'}');
 819                         }
 820         |       subscripted '{' expr ';' '}' /* $foo->[bar]->{baz;} */
 821                         { $$ = newBINOP(OP_HELEM, 0,
 822                                         ref(newHVREF($1),OP_RV2HV),
 823                                         jmaybe($3));
 824                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
 825                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
 826                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
 827                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
 828                         }
 829         |       term ARROW '(' ')'          /* $subref->() */
 830                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 831                                    newCVREF(0, scalar($1)));
 832                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 833                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 834                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 835                         }
 836         |       term ARROW '(' expr ')'     /* $subref->(@args) */
 837                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 838                                    append_elem(OP_LIST, $4,
 839                                        newCVREF(0, scalar($1))));
 840                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'a');
 841                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
 842                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
 843                         }
 844
 845         |       subscripted '(' expr ')'   /* $foo->{bar}->(@args) */
 846                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 847                                    append_elem(OP_LIST, $3,
 848                                                newCVREF(0, scalar($1))));
 849                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 850                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
 851                         }
 852         |       subscripted '(' ')'        /* $foo->{bar}->() */
 853                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
 854                                    newCVREF(0, scalar($1)));
 855                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
 856                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
 857                         }
 858         |       '(' expr ')' '[' expr ']'            /* list slice */
 859                         { $$ = newSLICEOP(0, $5, $2);
 860                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
 861                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
 862                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'[');
 863                           TOKEN_GETMAD($6,$$,']');
 864                         }
 865         |       '(' ')' '[' expr ']'                 /* empty list slice! */
 866                         { $$ = newSLICEOP(0, $4, (OP*)NULL);
 867                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
 868                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,')');
 869                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'[');
 870                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,']');
 871                         }
 872     ;
 873
 874 /* Binary operators between terms */
 875 termbinop:      term ASSIGNOP term                     /* $x = $y */
 876                         { $$ = newASSIGNOP(OPf_STACKED, $1, IVAL($2), $3);
 877                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 878                         }
 879         |       term POWOP term                        /* $x ** $y */
 880                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 881                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 882                         }
 883         |       term MULOP term                        /* $x * $y, $x x $y */
 884                         {   if (IVAL($2) != OP_REPEAT)
 885                                 scalar($1);
 886                             $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, $1, scalar($3));
 887                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 888                         }
 889         |       term ADDOP term                        /* $x + $y */
 890                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 891                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 892                         }
 893         |       term SHIFTOP term                      /* $x >> $y, $x << $y */
 894                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 895                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 896                         }
 897         |       term RELOP term                        /* $x > $y, etc. */
 898                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 899                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 900                         }
 901         |       term EQOP term                         /* $x == $y, $x eq $y */
 902                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 903                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 904                         }
 905         |       term BITANDOP term                     /* $x & $y */
 906                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 907                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 908                         }
 909         |       term BITOROP term                      /* $x | $y */
 910                         { $$ = newBINOP(IVAL($2), 0, scalar($1), scalar($3));
 911                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 912                         }
 913         |       term DOTDOT term                       /* $x..$y, $x...$y */
 914                         {
 915                           $$ = newRANGE(IVAL($2), scalar($1), scalar($3));
 916                           DO_MAD({
 917                               UNOP *op;
 918                               op = (UNOP*)$$;
 919                               op = (UNOP*)op->op_first; /* get to flop */
 920                               op = (UNOP*)op->op_first; /* get to flip */
 921                               op = (UNOP*)op->op_first; /* get to range */
 922                               token_getmad($2,(OP*)op,'o');
 923                             })
 924                         }
 925         |       term ANDAND term                       /* $x && $y */
 926                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_AND, 0, $1, $3);
 927                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 928                         }
 929         |       term OROR term                         /* $x || $y */
 930                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_OR, 0, $1, $3);
 931                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 932                         }
 933         |       term DORDOR term                       /* $x // $y */
 934                         { $$ = newLOGOP(OP_DOR, 0, $1, $3);
 935                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 936                         }
 937         |       term MATCHOP term                      /* $x =~ /$y/ */
 938                         { $$ = bind_match(IVAL($2), $1, $3);
 939                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,
 940                                 ($$->op_type == OP_NOT
 941                                     ? ((UNOP*)$$)->op_first : $$),
 942                                 '~');
 943                         }
 944     ;
 945
 946 /* Unary operators and terms */
 947 termunop : '-' term %prec UMINUS                       /* -$x */
 948                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NEGATE, 0, scalar($2));
 949                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 950                         }
 951         |       '+' term %prec UMINUS                  /* +$x */
 952                         { $$ = IF_MAD(
 953                                     newUNOP(OP_NULL, 0, $2),
 954                                     $2
 955                                 );
 956                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'+');
 957                         }
 958         |       '!' term                               /* !$x */
 959                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NOT, 0, scalar($2));
 960                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 961                         }
 962         |       '~' term                               /* ~$x */
 963                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_COMPLEMENT, 0, scalar($2));
 964                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 965                         }
 966         |       term POSTINC                           /* $x++ */
 967                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_POSTINC, 0,
 968                                         mod(scalar($1), OP_POSTINC));
 969                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 970                         }
 971         |       term POSTDEC                           /* $x-- */
 972                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_POSTDEC, 0,
 973                                         mod(scalar($1), OP_POSTDEC));
 974                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'o');
 975                         }
 976         |       PREINC term                            /* ++$x */
 977                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_PREINC, 0,
 978                                         mod(scalar($2), OP_PREINC));
 979                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 980                         }
 981         |       PREDEC term                            /* --$x */
 982                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_PREDEC, 0,
 983                                         mod(scalar($2), OP_PREDEC));
 984                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
 985                         }
 986
 987     ;
 988
 989 /* Constructors for anonymous data */
 990 anonymous:      '[' expr ']'
 991                         { $$ = newANONLIST($2);
 992                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'[');
 993                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,']');
 994                         }
 995         |       '[' ']'
 996                         { $$ = newANONLIST((OP*)NULL);
 997                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'[');
 998                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,']');
 999                         }
1000         |       HASHBRACK expr ';' '}'  %prec '(' /* { foo => "Bar" } */
1001                         { $$ = newANONHASH($2);
1002                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
1003                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,';');
1004                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,'}');
1005                         }
1006         |       HASHBRACK ';' '}'       %prec '(' /* { } (';' by tokener) */
1007                         { $$ = newANONHASH((OP*)NULL);
1008                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'{');
1009                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,';');
1010                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'}');
1011                         }
1012         |       ANONSUB startanonsub proto subattrlist block    %prec '('
1013                         { SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(PL_compcv);
1014                           $$ = newANONATTRSUB($2, $3, $4, $5);
1015                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1016                           OP_GETMAD($3,$$,'s');
1017                           OP_GETMAD($4,$$,'a');
1018                         }
1019
1020     ;
1021
1022 /* Things called with "do" */
1023 termdo  :       DO term %prec UNIOP                     /* do $filename */
1024                         { $$ = dofile($2, IVAL($1));
1025                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1026                         }
1027         |       DO block        %prec '('               /* do { code */
1028                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NULL, OPf_SPECIAL, scope($2));
1029                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'D');
1030                         }
1031         |       DO WORD '(' ')'                         /* do somesub() */
1032                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB,
1033                             OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1034                             prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
1035                                 scalar(newCVREF(
1036                                     (OPpENTERSUB_AMPER<<8),
1037                                     scalar($2)
1038                                 )),(OP*)NULL)); dep();
1039                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1040                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1041                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1042                         }
1043         |       DO WORD '(' expr ')'                    /* do somesub(@args) */
1044                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB,
1045                             OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1046                             append_elem(OP_LIST,
1047                                 $4,
1048                                 scalar(newCVREF(
1049                                     (OPpENTERSUB_AMPER<<8),
1050                                     scalar($2)
1051                                 )))); dep();
1052                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1053                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1054                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
1055                         }
1056         |       DO scalar '(' ')'                      /* do $subref () */
1057                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1058                             prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
1059                                 scalar(newCVREF(0,scalar($2))), (OP*)NULL)); dep();
1060                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1061                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1062                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1063                         }
1064         |       DO scalar '(' expr ')'                 /* do $subref (@args) */
1065                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_SPECIAL|OPf_STACKED,
1066                             prepend_elem(OP_LIST,
1067                                 $4,
1068                                 scalar(newCVREF(0,scalar($2))))); dep();
1069                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1070                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,'(');
1071                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,')');
1072                         }
1073
1074         ;
1075
1076 term    :       termbinop
1077         |       termunop
1078         |       anonymous
1079         |       termdo
1080         |       term '?' term ':' term
1081                         { $$ = newCONDOP(0, $1, $3, $5);
1082                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'?');
1083                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,':');
1084                         }
1085         |       REFGEN term                          /* \$x, \@y, \%z */
1086                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_REFGEN, 0, mod($2,OP_REFGEN));
1087                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1088                         }
1089         |       myattrterm      %prec UNIOP
1090                         { $$ = $1; }
1091         |       LOCAL term      %prec UNIOP
1092                         { $$ = localize($2,IVAL($1));
1093                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'k');
1094                         }
1095         |       '(' expr ')'
1096                         { $$ = sawparens(IF_MAD(newUNOP(OP_NULL,0,$2), $2));
1097                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1098                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1099                         }
1100         |       '(' ')'
1101                         { $$ = sawparens(newNULLLIST());
1102                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1103                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,')');
1104                         }
1105         |       scalar  %prec '('
1106                         { $$ = $1; }
1107         |       star    %prec '('
1108                         { $$ = $1; }
1109         |       hsh     %prec '('
1110                         { $$ = $1; }
1111         |       ary     %prec '('
1112                         { $$ = $1; }
1113         |       arylen  %prec '('                    /* $#x, $#{ something } */
1114                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_AV2ARYLEN, 0, ref($1, OP_AV2ARYLEN));}
1115         |       subscripted
1116                         { $$ = $1; }
1117         |       ary '[' expr ']'                     /* array slice */
1118                         { $$ = prepend_elem(OP_ASLICE,
1119                                 newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0),
1120                                     newLISTOP(OP_ASLICE, 0,
1121                                         list($3),
1122                                         ref($1, OP_ASLICE)));
1123                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'[');
1124                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,']');
1125                         }
1126         |       ary '{' expr ';' '}'                 /* @hash{@keys} */
1127                         { $$ = prepend_elem(OP_HSLICE,
1128                                 newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0),
1129                                     newLISTOP(OP_HSLICE, 0,
1130                                         list($3),
1131                                         ref(oopsHV($1), OP_HSLICE)));
1132                             PL_parser->expect = XOPERATOR;
1133                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'{');
1134                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,';');
1135                           TOKEN_GETMAD($5,$$,'}');
1136                         }
1137         |       THING   %prec '('
1138                         { $$ = $1; }
1139         |       amper                                /* &foo; */
1140                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, 0, scalar($1)); }
1141         |       amper '(' ')'                        /* &foo() */
1142                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED, scalar($1));
1143                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1144                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1145                         }
1146         |       amper '(' expr ')'                   /* &foo(@args) */
1147                         {
1148                           $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1149                                 append_elem(OP_LIST, $3, scalar($1)));
1150                           DO_MAD({
1151                               OP* op = $$;
1152                               if (op->op_type == OP_CONST) { /* defeat const fold */
1153                                 op = (OP*)op->op_madprop->mad_val;
1154                               }
1155                               token_getmad($2,op,'(');
1156                               token_getmad($4,op,')');
1157                           })
1158                         }
1159         |       NOAMP WORD listexpr                  /* foo(@args) */
1160                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1161                             append_elem(OP_LIST, $3, scalar($2)));
1162                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1163                         }
1164         |       LOOPEX  /* loop exiting command (goto, last, dump, etc) */
1165                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), OPf_SPECIAL);
1166                             PL_hints |= HINT_BLOCK_SCOPE;
1167                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1168                         }
1169         |       LOOPEX term
1170                         { $$ = newLOOPEX(IVAL($1),$2);
1171                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1172                         }
1173         |       NOTOP argexpr                        /* not $foo */
1174                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_NOT, 0, scalar($2));
1175                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1176                         }
1177         |       UNIOP                                /* Unary op, $_ implied */
1178                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), 0);
1179                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1180                         }
1181         |       UNIOP block                          /* eval { foo }* */
1182                         { $$ = newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, $2);
1183                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1184                         }
1185         |       UNIOP term                           /* Unary op */
1186                         { $$ = newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, $2);
1187                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1188                         }
1189         |       REQUIRE                              /* require, $_ implied */
1190                         { $$ = newOP(OP_REQUIRE, $1 ? OPf_SPECIAL : 0);
1191                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1192                         }
1193         |       REQUIRE term                         /* require Foo */
1194                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_REQUIRE, $1 ? OPf_SPECIAL : 0, $2);
1195                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1196                         }
1197         |       UNIOPSUB
1198                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED, scalar($1)); }
1199         |       UNIOPSUB term                        /* Sub treated as unop */
1200                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1201                             append_elem(OP_LIST, $2, scalar($1))); }
1202         |       FUNC0                                /* Nullary operator */
1203                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), 0);
1204                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1205                         }
1206         |       FUNC0 '(' ')'
1207                         { $$ = newOP(IVAL($1), 0);
1208                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1209                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1210                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1211                         }
1212         |       FUNC0SUB                             /* Sub treated as nullop */
1213                         { $$ = newUNOP(OP_ENTERSUB, OPf_STACKED,
1214                                 scalar($1)); }
1215         |       FUNC1 '(' ')'                        /* not () */
1216                         { $$ = (IVAL($1) == OP_NOT)
1217                             ? newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSViv(0)))
1218                             : newOP(IVAL($1), OPf_SPECIAL);
1219
1220                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1221                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1222                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1223                         }
1224         |       FUNC1 '(' expr ')'                   /* not($foo) */
1225                         { $$ = newUNOP(IVAL($1), 0, $3);
1226                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'o');
1227                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1228                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1229                         }
1230         |       PMFUNC '(' argexpr ')'          /* m//, s///, tr/// */
1231                         { $$ = pmruntime($1, $3, 1);
1232                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,'(');
1233                           TOKEN_GETMAD($4,$$,')');
1234                         }
1235         |       WORD
1236         |       listop
1237         |       YADAYADA
1238                         {
1239                           $$ = newLISTOP(OP_DIE, 0, newOP(OP_PUSHMARK, 0),
1240                                 newSVOP(OP_CONST, 0, newSVpvs("Unimplemented")));
1241                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'X');
1242                         }
1243         ;
1244
1245 /* "my" declarations, with optional attributes */
1246 myattrterm:     MY myterm myattrlist
1247                         { $$ = my_attrs($2,$3);
1248                           DO_MAD(
1249                               token_getmad($1,$$,'d');
1250                               append_madprops($3->op_madprop, $$, 'a');
1251                               $3->op_madprop = 0;
1252                           )
1253                         }
1254         |       MY myterm
1255                         { $$ = localize($2,IVAL($1));
1256                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'d');
1257                         }
1258         ;
1259
1260 /* Things that can be "my"'d */
1261 myterm  :       '(' expr ')'
1262                         { $$ = sawparens($2);
1263                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1264                           TOKEN_GETMAD($3,$$,')');
1265                         }
1266         |       '(' ')'
1267                         { $$ = sawparens(newNULLLIST());
1268                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'(');
1269                           TOKEN_GETMAD($2,$$,')');
1270                         }
1271         |       scalar  %prec '('
1272                         { $$ = $1; }
1273         |       hsh     %prec '('
1274                         { $$ = $1; }
1275         |       ary     %prec '('
1276                         { $$ = $1; }
1277         ;
1278
1279 /* Basic list expressions */
1280 listexpr:       /* NULL */ %prec PREC_LOW
1281                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
1282         |       argexpr    %prec PREC_LOW
1283                         { $$ = $1; }
1284         ;
1285
1286 listexprcom:    /* NULL */
1287                         { $$ = (OP*)NULL; }
1288         |       expr
1289                         { $$ = $1; }
1290         |       expr ','
1291                         {
1292 #ifdef MAD
1293                           OP* op = newNULLLIST();
1294                           token_getmad($2,op,',');
1295                           $$ = append_elem(OP_LIST, $1, op);
1296 #else
1297                           $$ = $1;
1298 #endif
1299
1300                         }
1301         ;
1302
1303 /* A little bit of trickery to make "for my $foo (@bar)" actually be
1304    lexical */
1305 my_scalar:      scalar
1306                         { PL_parser->in_my = 0; $$ = my($1); }
1307         ;
1308
1309 amper   :       '&' indirob
1310                         { $$ = newCVREF(IVAL($1),$2);
1311                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'&');
1312                         }
1313         ;
1314
1315 scalar  :       '$' indirob
1316                         { $$ = newSVREF($2);
1317                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'$');
1318                         }
1319         ;
1320
1321 ary     :       '@' indirob
1322                         { $$ = newAVREF($2);
1323                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'@');
1324                         }
1325         ;
1326
1327 hsh     :       '%' indirob
1328                         { $$ = newHVREF($2);
1329                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'%');
1330                         }
1331         ;
1332
1333 arylen  :       DOLSHARP indirob
1334                         { $$ = newAVREF($2);
1335                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'l');
1336                         }
1337         ;
1338
1339 star    :       '*' indirob
1340                         { $$ = newGVREF(0,$2);
1341                           TOKEN_GETMAD($1,$$,'*');
1342                         }
1343         ;
1344
1345 /* Indirect objects */
1346 indirob :       WORD
1347                         { $$ = scalar($1); }
1348         |       scalar %prec PREC_LOW
1349                         { $$ = scalar($1); }
1350         |       block
1351                         { $$ = scope($1); }
1352
1353         |       PRIVATEREF
1354                         { $$ = $1; }
1355         ;