3 perlrebackslash - Perl Regular Expression Backslash Sequences and Escapes
7 The top level documentation about Perl regular expressions
10 This document describes all backslash and escape sequences. After
11 explaining the role of the backslash, it lists all the sequences that have
12 a special meaning in Perl regular expressions (in alphabetical order),
13 then describes each of them.
15 Most sequences are described in detail in different documents; the primary
16 purpose of this document is to have a quick reference guide describing all
17 backslash and escape sequences.
21 In a regular expression, the backslash can perform one of two tasks:
22 it either takes away the special meaning of the character following it
23 (for instance, C<\|> matches a vertical bar, it's not an alternation),
24 or it is the start of a backslash or escape sequence.
26 The rules determining what it is are quite simple: if the character
27 following the backslash is an ASCII punctuation (non-word) character (that is,
28 anything that is not a letter, digit, or underscore), then the backslash just
29 takes away any special meaning of the character following it.
31 If the character following the backslash is an ASCII letter or an ASCII digit,
32 then the sequence may be special; if so, it's listed below. A few letters have
33 not been used yet, so escaping them with a backslash doesn't change them to be
34 special. A future version of Perl may assign a special meaning to them, so if
35 you have warnings turned on, Perl issues a warning if you use such a
38 It is however guaranteed that backslash or escape sequences never have a
39 punctuation character following the backslash, not now, and not in a future
40 version of Perl 5. So it is safe to put a backslash in front of a non-word
43 Note that the backslash itself is special; if you want to match a backslash,
44 you have to escape the backslash with a backslash: C</\\/> matches a single
51 There is one exception. If you use an alphanumeric character as the
52 delimiter of your pattern (which you probably shouldn't do for readability
53 reasons), you have to escape the delimiter if you want to match
54 it. Perl won't warn then. See also L<perlop/Gory details of parsing
60 =head2 All the sequences and escapes
62 Those not usable within a bracketed character class (like C<[\da-z]>) are marked
65 \000 Octal escape sequence. See also \o{}.
66 \1 Absolute backreference. Not in [].
68 \A Beginning of string. Not in [].
69 \b{}, \b Boundary. (\b is a backspace in []).
70 \B{}, \B Not a boundary.
72 \C Single octet, even under UTF-8. Not in [].
74 \d Character class for digits.
75 \D Character class for non-digits.
77 \E Turn off \Q, \L and \U processing. Not in [].
79 \F Foldcase till \E. Not in [].
80 \g{}, \g1 Named, absolute or relative backreference.
82 \G Pos assertion. Not in [].
83 \h Character class for horizontal whitespace.
84 \H Character class for non horizontal whitespace.
85 \k{}, \k<>, \k'' Named backreference. Not in [].
86 \K Keep the stuff left of \K. Not in [].
87 \l Lowercase next character. Not in [].
88 \L Lowercase till \E. Not in [].
89 \n (Logical) newline character.
90 \N Any character but newline. Not in [].
91 \N{} Named or numbered (Unicode) character or sequence.
92 \o{} Octal escape sequence.
93 \p{}, \pP Character with the given Unicode property.
94 \P{}, \PP Character without the given Unicode property.
95 \Q Quote (disable) pattern metacharacters till \E. Not
98 \R Generic new line. Not in [].
99 \s Character class for whitespace.
100 \S Character class for non whitespace.
102 \u Titlecase next character. Not in [].
103 \U Uppercase till \E. Not in [].
104 \v Character class for vertical whitespace.
105 \V Character class for non vertical whitespace.
106 \w Character class for word characters.
107 \W Character class for non-word characters.
108 \x{}, \x00 Hexadecimal escape sequence.
109 \X Unicode "extended grapheme cluster". Not in [].
110 \z End of string. Not in [].
111 \Z End of string. Not in [].
113 =head2 Character Escapes
115 =head3 Fixed characters
117 A handful of characters have a dedicated I<character escape>. The following
118 table shows them, along with their ASCII code points (in decimal and hex),
119 their ASCII name, the control escape on ASCII platforms and a short
120 description. (For EBCDIC platforms, see L<perlebcdic/OPERATOR DIFFERENCES>.)
122 Seq. Code Point ASCII Cntrl Description.
124 \a 7 07 BEL \cG alarm or bell
125 \b 8 08 BS \cH backspace [1]
126 \e 27 1B ESC \c[ escape character
127 \f 12 0C FF \cL form feed
128 \n 10 0A LF \cJ line feed [2]
129 \r 13 0D CR \cM carriage return
136 C<\b> is the backspace character only inside a character class. Outside a
137 character class, C<\b> alone is a word-character/non-word-character
138 boundary, and C<\b{}> is some other type of boundary.
142 C<\n> matches a logical newline. Perl converts between C<\n> and your
143 OS's native newline character when reading from or writing to text files.
149 $str =~ /\t/; # Matches if $str contains a (horizontal) tab.
151 =head3 Control characters
153 C<\c> is used to denote a control character; the character following C<\c>
154 determines the value of the construct. For example the value of C<\cA> is
155 C<chr(1)>, and the value of C<\cb> is C<chr(2)>, etc.
156 The gory details are in L<perlop/"Regexp Quote-Like Operators">. A complete
157 list of what C<chr(1)>, etc. means for ASCII and EBCDIC platforms is in
158 L<perlebcdic/OPERATOR DIFFERENCES>.
160 Note that C<\c\> alone at the end of a regular expression (or doubled-quoted
161 string) is not valid. The backslash must be followed by another character.
162 That is, C<\c\I<X>> means C<chr(28) . 'I<X>'> for all characters I<X>.
164 To write platform-independent code, you must use C<\N{I<NAME>}> instead, like
165 C<\N{ESCAPE}> or C<\N{U+001B}>, see L<charnames>.
167 Mnemonic: I<c>ontrol character.
171 $str =~ /\cK/; # Matches if $str contains a vertical tab (control-K).
173 =head3 Named or numbered characters and character sequences
175 Unicode characters have a Unicode name and numeric code point (ordinal)
177 C<\N{}> construct to specify a character by either of these values.
178 Certain sequences of characters also have names.
180 To specify by name, the name of the character or character sequence goes
181 between the curly braces.
183 To specify a character by Unicode code point, use the form C<\N{U+I<code
184 point>}>, where I<code point> is a number in hexadecimal that gives the
185 code point that Unicode has assigned to the desired character. It is
186 customary but not required to use leading zeros to pad the number to 4
187 digits. Thus C<\N{U+0041}> means C<LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A>, and you will
188 rarely see it written without the two leading zeros. C<\N{U+0041}> means
189 "A" even on EBCDIC machines (where the ordinal value of "A" is not 0x41).
191 It is even possible to give your own names to characters and character
192 sequences. For details, see L<charnames>.
194 (There is an expanded internal form that you may see in debug output:
195 C<\N{U+I<code point>.I<code point>...}>.
196 The C<...> means any number of these I<code point>s separated by dots.
197 This represents the sequence formed by the characters. This is an internal
198 form only, subject to change, and you should not try to use it yourself.)
200 Mnemonic: I<N>amed character.
202 Note that a character or character sequence expressed as a named
203 or numbered character is considered a character without special
204 meaning by the regex engine, and will match "as is".
208 $str =~ /\N{THAI CHARACTER SO SO}/; # Matches the Thai SO SO character
210 use charnames 'Cyrillic'; # Loads Cyrillic names.
211 $str =~ /\N{ZHE}\N{KA}/; # Match "ZHE" followed by "KA".
215 There are two forms of octal escapes. Each is used to specify a character by
216 its code point specified in octal notation.
218 One form, available starting in Perl 5.14 looks like C<\o{...}>, where the dots
219 represent one or more octal digits. It can be used for any Unicode character.
221 It was introduced to avoid the potential problems with the other form,
222 available in all Perls. That form consists of a backslash followed by three
223 octal digits. One problem with this form is that it can look exactly like an
224 old-style backreference (see
225 L</Disambiguation rules between old-style octal escapes and backreferences>
226 below.) You can avoid this by making the first of the three digits always a
227 zero, but that makes \077 the largest code point specifiable.
229 In some contexts, a backslash followed by two or even one octal digits may be
230 interpreted as an octal escape, sometimes with a warning, and because of some
231 bugs, sometimes with surprising results. Also, if you are creating a regex
232 out of smaller snippets concatenated together, and you use fewer than three
233 digits, the beginning of one snippet may be interpreted as adding digits to the
234 ending of the snippet before it. See L</Absolute referencing> for more
235 discussion and examples of the snippet problem.
237 Note that a character expressed as an octal escape is considered
238 a character without special meaning by the regex engine, and will match
241 To summarize, the C<\o{}> form is always safe to use, and the other form is
242 safe to use for code points through \077 when you use exactly three digits to
245 Mnemonic: I<0>ctal or I<o>ctal.
247 =head4 Examples (assuming an ASCII platform)
250 $str =~ /\o{120}/; # Match, "\120" is "P".
251 $str =~ /\120/; # Same.
252 $str =~ /\o{120}+/; # Match, "\120" is "P",
253 # it's repeated at least once.
254 $str =~ /\120+/; # Same.
255 $str =~ /P\053/; # No match, "\053" is "+" and taken literally.
256 /\o{23073}/ # Black foreground, white background smiling face.
257 /\o{4801234567}/ # Raises a warning, and yields chr(4).
259 =head4 Disambiguation rules between old-style octal escapes and backreferences
261 Octal escapes of the C<\000> form outside of bracketed character classes
262 potentially clash with old-style backreferences (see L</Absolute referencing>
263 below). They both consist of a backslash followed by numbers. So Perl has to
264 use heuristics to determine whether it is a backreference or an octal escape.
265 Perl uses the following rules to disambiguate:
271 If the backslash is followed by a single digit, it's a backreference.
275 If the first digit following the backslash is a 0, it's an octal escape.
279 If the number following the backslash is N (in decimal), and Perl already
280 has seen N capture groups, Perl considers this a backreference. Otherwise,
281 it considers it an octal escape. If N has more than three digits, Perl
282 takes only the first three for the octal escape; the rest are matched as is.
287 /^($pat)\1000$/; # Matches 'aa'; there are 1000 capture groups.
288 /^$pat\1000$/; # Matches 'a@0'; there are 999 capture groups
289 # and \1000 is seen as \100 (a '@') and a '0'.
293 You can force a backreference interpretation always by using the C<\g{...}>
294 form. You can the force an octal interpretation always by using the C<\o{...}>
295 form, or for numbers up through \077 (= 63 decimal), by using three digits,
296 beginning with a "0".
298 =head3 Hexadecimal escapes
300 Like octal escapes, there are two forms of hexadecimal escapes, but both start
301 with the sequence C<\x>. This is followed by either exactly two hexadecimal
302 digits forming a number, or a hexadecimal number of arbitrary length surrounded
303 by curly braces. The hexadecimal number is the code point of the character you
306 Note that a character expressed as one of these escapes is considered a
307 character without special meaning by the regex engine, and will match
310 Mnemonic: heI<x>adecimal.
312 =head4 Examples (assuming an ASCII platform)
315 $str =~ /\x50/; # Match, "\x50" is "P".
316 $str =~ /\x50+/; # Match, "\x50" is "P", it is repeated at least once
317 $str =~ /P\x2B/; # No match, "\x2B" is "+" and taken literally.
319 /\x{2603}\x{2602}/ # Snowman with an umbrella.
320 # The Unicode character 2603 is a snowman,
321 # the Unicode character 2602 is an umbrella.
322 /\x{263B}/ # Black smiling face.
323 /\x{263b}/ # Same, the hex digits A - F are case insensitive.
327 A number of backslash sequences have to do with changing the character,
328 or characters following them. C<\l> will lowercase the character following
329 it, while C<\u> will uppercase (or, more accurately, titlecase) the
330 character following it. They provide functionality similar to the
331 functions C<lcfirst> and C<ucfirst>.
333 To uppercase or lowercase several characters, one might want to use
334 C<\L> or C<\U>, which will lowercase/uppercase all characters following
335 them, until either the end of the pattern or the next occurrence of
336 C<\E>, whichever comes first. They provide functionality similar to what
337 the functions C<lc> and C<uc> provide.
339 C<\Q> is used to quote (disable) pattern metacharacters, up to the next
340 C<\E> or the end of the pattern. C<\Q> adds a backslash to any character
341 that could have special meaning to Perl. In the ASCII range, it quotes
342 every character that isn't a letter, digit, or underscore. See
343 L<perlfunc/quotemeta> for details on what gets quoted for non-ASCII
344 code points. Using this ensures that any character between C<\Q> and
345 C<\E> will be matched literally, not interpreted as a metacharacter by
348 C<\F> can be used to casefold all characters following, up to the next C<\E>
349 or the end of the pattern. It provides the functionality similar to
352 Mnemonic: I<L>owercase, I<U>ppercase, I<F>old-case, I<Q>uotemeta, I<E>nd.
358 $miranda = "(Miranda)";
359 $str =~ /\u$sid/; # Matches 'Sid'
360 $str =~ /\L$greg/; # Matches 'greg'
361 $str =~ /\Q$miranda\E/; # Matches '(Miranda)', as if the pattern
362 # had been written as /\(Miranda\)/
364 =head2 Character classes
366 Perl regular expressions have a large range of character classes. Some of
367 the character classes are written as a backslash sequence. We will briefly
368 discuss those here; full details of character classes can be found in
371 C<\w> is a character class that matches any single I<word> character
372 (letters, digits, Unicode marks, and connector punctuation (like the
373 underscore)). C<\d> is a character class that matches any decimal
374 digit, while the character class C<\s> matches any whitespace character.
375 New in perl 5.10.0 are the classes C<\h> and C<\v> which match horizontal
376 and vertical whitespace characters.
378 The exact set of characters matched by C<\d>, C<\s>, and C<\w> varies
379 depending on various pragma and regular expression modifiers. It is
380 possible to restrict the match to the ASCII range by using the C</a>
381 regular expression modifier. See L<perlrecharclass>.
383 The uppercase variants (C<\W>, C<\D>, C<\S>, C<\H>, and C<\V>) are
384 character classes that match, respectively, any character that isn't a
385 word character, digit, whitespace, horizontal whitespace, or vertical
388 Mnemonics: I<w>ord, I<d>igit, I<s>pace, I<h>orizontal, I<v>ertical.
390 =head3 Unicode classes
392 C<\pP> (where C<P> is a single letter) and C<\p{Property}> are used to
393 match a character that matches the given Unicode property; properties
394 include things like "letter", or "thai character". Capitalizing the
395 sequence to C<\PP> and C<\P{Property}> make the sequence match a character
396 that doesn't match the given Unicode property. For more details, see
397 L<perlrecharclass/Backslash sequences> and
398 L<perlunicode/Unicode Character Properties>.
400 Mnemonic: I<p>roperty.
404 If capturing parenthesis are used in a regular expression, we can refer
405 to the part of the source string that was matched, and match exactly the
406 same thing. There are three ways of referring to such I<backreference>:
407 absolutely, relatively, and by name.
409 =for later add link to perlrecapture
411 =head3 Absolute referencing
413 Either C<\gI<N>> (starting in Perl 5.10.0), or C<\I<N>> (old-style) where I<N>
414 is a positive (unsigned) decimal number of any length is an absolute reference
415 to a capturing group.
417 I<N> refers to the Nth set of parentheses, so C<\gI<N>> refers to whatever has
418 been matched by that set of parentheses. Thus C<\g1> refers to the first
419 capture group in the regex.
421 The C<\gI<N>> form can be equivalently written as C<\g{I<N>}>
422 which avoids ambiguity when building a regex by concatenating shorter
423 strings. Otherwise if you had a regex C<qr/$a$b/>, and C<$a> contained
424 C<"\g1">, and C<$b> contained C<"37">, you would get C</\g137/> which is
425 probably not what you intended.
427 In the C<\I<N>> form, I<N> must not begin with a "0", and there must be at
428 least I<N> capturing groups, or else I<N> is considered an octal escape
429 (but something like C<\18> is the same as C<\0018>; that is, the octal escape
430 C<"\001"> followed by a literal digit C<"8">).
436 /(\w+) \g1/; # Finds a duplicated word, (e.g. "cat cat").
437 /(\w+) \1/; # Same thing; written old-style.
438 /(.)(.)\g2\g1/; # Match a four letter palindrome (e.g. "ABBA").
441 =head3 Relative referencing
443 C<\g-I<N>> (starting in Perl 5.10.0) is used for relative addressing. (It can
444 be written as C<\g{-I<N>>.) It refers to the I<N>th group before the
447 The big advantage of this form is that it makes it much easier to write
448 patterns with references that can be interpolated in larger patterns,
449 even if the larger pattern also contains capture groups.
456 \g{-1} # Refers to group 3 (B)
457 \g{-3} # Refers to group 1 (A)
459 /x; # Matches "ABBA".
461 my $qr = qr /(.)(.)\g{-2}\g{-1}/; # Matches 'abab', 'cdcd', etc.
462 /$qr$qr/ # Matches 'ababcdcd'.
464 =head3 Named referencing
466 C<\g{I<name>}> (starting in Perl 5.10.0) can be used to back refer to a
467 named capture group, dispensing completely with having to think about capture
470 To be compatible with .Net regular expressions, C<\g{name}> may also be
471 written as C<\k{name}>, C<< \k<name> >> or C<\k'name'>.
473 To prevent any ambiguity, I<name> must not start with a digit nor contain a
478 /(?<word>\w+) \g{word}/ # Finds duplicated word, (e.g. "cat cat")
479 /(?<word>\w+) \k{word}/ # Same.
480 /(?<word>\w+) \k<word>/ # Same.
481 /(?<letter1>.)(?<letter2>.)\g{letter2}\g{letter1}/
482 # Match a four letter palindrome (e.g. "ABBA")
486 Assertions are conditions that have to be true; they don't actually
487 match parts of the substring. There are six assertions that are written as
494 C<\A> only matches at the beginning of the string. If the C</m> modifier
495 isn't used, then C</\A/> is equivalent to C</^/>. However, if the C</m>
496 modifier is used, then C</^/> matches internal newlines, but the meaning
497 of C</\A/> isn't changed by the C</m> modifier. C<\A> matches at the beginning
498 of the string regardless whether the C</m> modifier is used.
502 C<\z> and C<\Z> match at the end of the string. If the C</m> modifier isn't
503 used, then C</\Z/> is equivalent to C</$/>; that is, it matches at the
504 end of the string, or one before the newline at the end of the string. If the
505 C</m> modifier is used, then C</$/> matches at internal newlines, but the
506 meaning of C</\Z/> isn't changed by the C</m> modifier. C<\Z> matches at
507 the end of the string (or just before a trailing newline) regardless whether
508 the C</m> modifier is used.
510 C<\z> is just like C<\Z>, except that it does not match before a trailing
511 newline. C<\z> matches at the end of the string only, regardless of the
512 modifiers used, and not just before a newline. It is how to anchor the
513 match to the true end of the string under all conditions.
517 C<\G> is usually used only in combination with the C</g> modifier. If the
518 C</g> modifier is used and the match is done in scalar context, Perl
519 remembers where in the source string the last match ended, and the next time,
520 it will start the match from where it ended the previous time.
522 C<\G> matches the point where the previous match on that string ended,
523 or the beginning of that string if there was no previous match.
525 =for later add link to perlremodifiers
529 =item \b{}, \b, \B{}, \B
531 C<\b{...}>, available starting in v5.22, matches a boundary (between two
532 characters, or before the first character of the string, or after the
533 final character of the string) based on the Unicode rules for the
534 boundary type specified inside the braces. The currently known boundary
535 types are given a few paragraphs below. C<\B{...}> matches at any place
536 between characters where C<\b{...}> of the same type doesn't match.
538 C<\b> when not immediately followed by a C<"{"> matches at any place
539 between a word (something matched by C<\w>) and a non-word character
540 (C<\W>); C<\B> when not immediately followed by a C<"{"> matches at any
541 place between characters where C<\b> doesn't match. To get better
542 word matching of natural language text, see L<\b{wb}> below.
545 and C<\B> assume there's a non-word character before the beginning and after
546 the end of the source string; so C<\b> will match at the beginning (or end)
547 of the source string if the source string begins (or ends) with a word
548 character. Otherwise, C<\B> will match.
550 Do not use something like C<\b=head\d\b> and expect it to match the
551 beginning of a line. It can't, because for there to be a boundary before
552 the non-word "=", there must be a word character immediately previous.
553 All plain C<\b> and C<\B> boundary determinations look for word
554 characters alone, not for
555 non-word characters nor for string ends. It may help to understand how
556 <\b> and <\B> work by equating them as follows:
558 \b really means (?:(?<=\w)(?!\w)|(?<!\w)(?=\w))
559 \B really means (?:(?<=\w)(?=\w)|(?<!\w)(?!\w))
561 In contrast, C<\b{...}> and C<\B{...}> may or may not match at the
562 beginning and end of the line, depending on the boundary type. These
563 implement the Unicode default boundaries, specified in
564 L<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/>.
565 The boundary types currently available are:
569 =item C<\b{gcb}> or C<\b{g}>
571 This matches a Unicode "Grapheme Cluster Boundary". (Actually Perl
572 always uses the improved "extended" grapheme cluster"). These are
573 explained below under L</C<\X>>. In fact, C<\X> is another way to get
574 the same functionality. It is equivalent to C</.+?\b{gcb}/>. Use
575 whichever is most convenient for your situation.
579 This matches a Unicode "Sentence Boundary". This is an aid to parsing
580 natural language sentences. It gives good, but imperfect results. For
581 example, it thinks that "Mr. Smith" is two sentences. More details are
582 at L<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/>. Note also that it thinks
583 that anything matching L</\R> (except form feed and vertical tab) is a
584 sentence boundary. C<\b{sb}> works with text designed for
585 word-processors which wrap lines
586 automatically for display, but hard-coded line boundaries are considered
587 to be essentially the ends of text blocks (paragraphs really), and hence
588 the ends of sententces. C<\b{sb}> doesn't do well with text containing
589 embedded newlines, like the source text of the document you are reading.
590 Such text needs to be preprocessed to get rid of the line separators
591 before looking for sentence boundaries. Some people view this as a bug
592 in the Unicode standard.
596 This matches a Unicode "Word Boundary". This gives better (though not
597 perfect) results for natural language processing than plain C<\b>
598 (without braces) does. For example, it understands that apostrophes can
599 be in the middle of words and that parentheses aren't (see the examples
600 below). More details are at L<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/>.
604 It is important to realize that these are default boundary definitions,
605 and that implementations may wish to tailor the results for particular
606 purposes and locales. Also note that Perl gives you the definitions
607 valid for the version of the Unicode Standard compiled into Perl. These
608 rules are not considered stable and have been somewhat more subject to
609 change than the rest of the Standard, and hence changing to a later Perl
610 version may give you a different Unicode version whose changes may not
611 be compatibile with what you coded for. If, necessary, you can
612 recompile Perl with an earlier version of the Unicode standard. More
613 information about that is in L<perluniprops/Unicode character properties
614 that are NOT accepted by Perl>
616 Unicode defines a fourth boundary type, accessible through the
617 L<Unicode::LineBreak> module.
619 Mnemonic: I<b>oundary.
625 "cat" =~ /\Acat/; # Match.
626 "cat" =~ /cat\Z/; # Match.
627 "cat\n" =~ /cat\Z/; # Match.
628 "cat\n" =~ /cat\z/; # No match.
630 "cat" =~ /\bcat\b/; # Matches.
631 "cats" =~ /\bcat\b/; # No match.
632 "cat" =~ /\bcat\B/; # No match.
633 "cats" =~ /\bcat\B/; # Match.
635 while ("cat dog" =~ /(\w+)/g) {
636 print $1; # Prints 'catdog'
638 while ("cat dog" =~ /\G(\w+)/g) {
639 print $1; # Prints 'cat'
642 my $s = "He said, \"Is pi 3.14? (I'm not sure).\"";
643 print join("|", $s =~ m/ ( .+? \b ) /xg), "\n";
644 print join("|", $s =~ m/ ( .+? \b{wb} ) /xg), "\n";
646 He| |said|, "|Is| |pi| |3|.|14|? (|I|'|m| |not| |sure
647 He| |said|,| |"|Is| |pi| |3.14|?| |(|I'm| |not| |sure|)|.|"
651 Here we document the backslash sequences that don't fall in one of the
652 categories above. These are:
658 (Deprecated.) C<\C> always matches a single octet, even if the source
660 in UTF-8 format, and the character to be matched is a multi-octet character.
661 This is very dangerous, because it violates
662 the logical character abstraction and can cause UTF-8 sequences to become malformed.
664 Use C<utf8::encode()> instead.
670 This appeared in perl 5.10.0. Anything matched left of C<\K> is
671 not included in C<$&>, and will not be replaced if the pattern is
672 used in a substitution. This lets you write C<s/PAT1 \K PAT2/REPL/x>
673 instead of C<s/(PAT1) PAT2/${1}REPL/x> or C<s/(?<=PAT1) PAT2/REPL/x>.
679 This feature, available starting in v5.12, matches any character
680 that is B<not> a newline. It is a short-hand for writing C<[^\n]>, and is
681 identical to the C<.> metasymbol, except under the C</s> flag, which changes
682 the meaning of C<.>, but not C<\N>.
684 Note that C<\N{...}> can mean a
685 L<named or numbered character
686 |/Named or numbered characters and character sequences>.
688 Mnemonic: Complement of I<\n>.
693 C<\R> matches a I<generic newline>; that is, anything considered a
694 linebreak sequence by Unicode. This includes all characters matched by
695 C<\v> (vertical whitespace), and the multi character sequence C<"\x0D\x0A">
696 (carriage return followed by a line feed, sometimes called the network
697 newline; it's the end of line sequence used in Microsoft text files opened
698 in binary mode). C<\R> is equivalent to C<< (?>\x0D\x0A|\v) >>. (The
699 reason it doesn't backtrack is that the sequence is considered
700 inseparable. That means that
702 "\x0D\x0A" =~ /^\R\x0A$/ # No match
704 fails, because the C<\R> matches the entire string, and won't backtrack
705 to match just the C<"\x0D">.) Since
706 C<\R> can match a sequence of more than one character, it cannot be put
707 inside a bracketed character class; C</[\R]/> is an error; use C<\v>
708 instead. C<\R> was introduced in perl 5.10.0.
710 Note that this does not respect any locale that might be in effect; it
711 matches according to the platform's native character set.
713 Mnemonic: none really. C<\R> was picked because PCRE already uses C<\R>,
714 and more importantly because Unicode recommends such a regular expression
715 metacharacter, and suggests C<\R> as its notation.
720 This matches a Unicode I<extended grapheme cluster>.
722 C<\X> matches quite well what normal (non-Unicode-programmer) usage
723 would consider a single character. As an example, consider a G with some sort
724 of diacritic mark, such as an arrow. There is no such single character in
725 Unicode, but one can be composed by using a G followed by a Unicode "COMBINING
726 UPWARDS ARROW BELOW", and would be displayed by Unicode-aware software as if it
727 were a single character.
729 The match is greedy and non-backtracking, so that the cluster is never
730 broken up into smaller components.
732 See also L<C<\b{gcb}>|/\b{}, \b, \B{}, \B>.
734 Mnemonic: eI<X>tended Unicode character.
740 $str =~ s/foo\Kbar/baz/g; # Change any 'bar' following a 'foo' to 'baz'
741 $str =~ s/(.)\K\g1//g; # Delete duplicated characters.
743 "\n" =~ /^\R$/; # Match, \n is a generic newline.
744 "\r" =~ /^\R$/; # Match, \r is a generic newline.
745 "\r\n" =~ /^\R$/; # Match, \r\n is a generic newline.
747 "P\x{307}" =~ /^\X$/ # \X matches a P with a dot above.